Introduction to Social Network Methods
Abstract
introduction to social networks, interesting the centrality chapter.
... In terms of social network analysis models, the centrality measure is one of the core levels and indicates the importance of social network nodes. The edge level refers to non-core nodes in the social network, that is, nodes with lower centrality metrics values that determine the importance of social network nodes [39,42,43]. ...
... The simplest and most common matrix is binary. If there is a connection, enter 1 in the cell; if there is no connection, enter 0. The "adjacency matrix" is the starting point for almost all network analysis, and represents who is next to whom or adjacent to whom in the "social space" mapped by the relationship being measured [43]. The data were mined by big data text and the study established the adjacency matrix of elements, with the specification of a 50*50 matrix of 0 and 1, through analysis to obtain the adjacency matrix in Fig. 10below. ...
... That is, for valuable data, density is usually defined as the average strength of all possible (rather than all actual) connections. The weighted average neighborhood density is called the clustering coefficient, and it is often wise to compare the clustering coefficient with the overall density when assessing the degree of clustering [43]. Macro-level indicators were analyzed and the network density of the SNA model was obtained as 0.3694 with a clustering coefficient of 0.550. ...
The way in which college students learn online has dramatically altered due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Using the triadic reciprocal determinism (TRD) theory, this study aimed to identify the key factors influencing college students' online learning experience through sentiment analysis, text mining, and social network analysis (SNA). Macro-and micro-level parsing was conducted on the SNA model, which was divided into core, mantle, and shell layers to determine the most influential factors in the core layer. This study found that learners' personal factors, learning behaviors, and related elements in the online learning environment significantly influenced the learning outcomes of college students enrolled in online courses. Additionally, this study explored the distribution of SNA model elements in the mantle and peripheral shell layers, which also impact the online learning experience of college students. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive overview of the various factors affecting college students' online learning experience, and highlights the importance of considering these factors when designing online learning environments for college students.
... In the square matrix, A n , the matrix elements are either one when there is a trade connection or zero when there is no trade connection between the two nodes. Table 1 lists more than 30 measures of network-level features [24][25][26]. The measures are categorized into three main groups: network size, network centralization, and connectivity. ...
... This study employs Ucinet 6.750 for network analysis and Gephi for visualization purposes (https://gephi.org/, accessed on 15 August 2023) [25]. ...
... Conversely, if the ego's partners have limited alternative choices, they cannot constrain the ego's behavior. The concept of constraint highlights that actors with numerous connections may lose autonomy rather than gain more freedom, and the balance of losses and gains is determined by the relationships among the actors [25,27]. For instance, in 2021, China (CHN) had the highest import volume, thus ranking first in terms of volume. ...
The challenging international landscape and exacerbated extreme weather conditions contribute to the instability of global grain trade, complicating its impact on food security. This complexity is particularly pronounced for varieties like rice, which are heavily affected by policy-driven trade restrictions. There is insufficient research on how a country’s rice trade characteristics affect food security. A network analysis approach is adopted to intricately dissect the structural characteristics of rice trade. To explore causality with food insecurity, this paper chooses structural holes and centrality as representatives of trade network characteristics and regresses them on the food insecurity indicator. With cross-national data spanning over 30 years, the network analysis provides a clear portrayal of the dynamic changes in international rice trade. The overall resilience of the trade network has increased, but specific countries’ vulnerability has also risen. Unlike the changing trends in features observed in grain and food trade networks, there is a notable intensification in the imbalance of power distribution in the rice trade network compared to over 30 years ago. The panel data regression results show that constraint, indicating the scarcity of structural holes or connections to stronger trading partners, significantly and positively influences a country’s level of food insecurity. Based on these findings, the policy proposal for importing countries emphasizes creating strategic trade connections. By choosing appropriate trade partners that reduce constraint, food security can be enhanced, even without improvements in other conditions.
... In addition, structural network metrics at the whole-network level (i.e., density 1 , within-pillar (between-pillar) density 2 ) were generated to better describe overarching connectedness in the Group/Collective's relations (Borgatti et al., 2022). At the node level, we calculated the eigenvector centrality 3 to determine the central actors in the network which gave us further insight into the collaborative governance arrangements (Hanneman & Riddle, 2005). ...
... Any incongruities were discussed among the team and a decision made about the final code to be used. 1 Network density describes the proportion of possible connections in the network that are actually present (Borgatti et al., 2022). 2 Within-pillar (between-pillar) density is defined as the sum of all ties actually present divided by the number of possible ties that could be established in one pillar (between two pillars) (Hanneman & Riddle, 2005). 3 A higher score means that the organization is more central in the network, and a low value indicates a more peripheral position (Hanneman & Riddle, 2005). ...
... 1 Network density describes the proportion of possible connections in the network that are actually present (Borgatti et al., 2022). 2 Within-pillar (between-pillar) density is defined as the sum of all ties actually present divided by the number of possible ties that could be established in one pillar (between two pillars) (Hanneman & Riddle, 2005). 3 A higher score means that the organization is more central in the network, and a low value indicates a more peripheral position (Hanneman & Riddle, 2005). ...
This study aims to investigate how an event leveraging collective’s network governance forms evolved from pre- to post-Games and how these forms influenced members’ collaborative engagement. We adopted a longitudinal qualitative case study approach. Our primary data sources included 996 pages of archival documents and 18 interviews with collective members. We found that in the pre- and during- Games stage, the leveraging collective adopted a shared participant-governed form with a facilitator. This participant-driven structure could enhance connectedness and collaborative engagement among member organizations. In the post-event phase, the collective assumed a pillar-governed form with a facilitator. Although this structure appeared to promote within-pillar collaboration, it could compromise cross-pillar integration. This study sheds light on the changing nature of an evolving leveraging collective from pre- to post-Games. This study also provides practical implications for how to maintain a leveraging collective and optimize collaborative engagement among member entities in the long term.
... In the context of this research, government reorganization, which included restructuring of the key organizations of disaster management system, is considered as a major environmental change to the field. What this implies is that change faced by one actor within the network affects other connected actors who are interdependent, bringing forth change to the whole network (Fligstein & McAdam, 2012). Based on the definition of network effectiveness, higher network effectiveness accounts for better performance since in disaster, multiple actors coordinate to achieve a common goal which otherwise would not have been accomplished. ...
... At the node level, centrality measures are used. The greater the centrality value, the better access to resources and a communicative power the node has (Hanneman & Riddle, 2005). ...
... How does network effectiveness relate to environmental changes as posed in the research question? Fligstein and McAdam (2012) conceptualized 'strategic action fields' as 'constructed mesolevel social order in which actors are attuned to and interact with one another'. A field can be broken down into various subfields and the actors in these fields and subfields are interdependent (Fligstein & McAdam, 2012). ...
Governments grapple with the challenges of uncertainty and complexity in disasters due to interconnected actors. This research explores how government organizations can effectively operate during disasters. Two aspects of network effectiveness—structural and procedural approaches—are considered. The structural approach emphasizes the network stability, while the procedural approach focuses on the process of network evolution. Analysing and comparing response networks from two earthquakes in Korea, a crucial environmental change—government reorganization—between them was identified. This allowed to assess how environmental changes impact network effectiveness. The findings suggest that effective disaster management requires complementing centralized authority with actual power distribution, empowering subnetwork groups as centres of common knowledge base, and emphasizing coordination among organizations with diverse expertise.
... A relational context is studied through techniques to measure the social relationships that arise from bonds of different natures between and from a group of subjects (knots). Hanneman and Riddle (2005) highlight the basic idea of a social network: a set of actors (points, nodes, vertices) that can have relationships (edges, bonds, arcs) between them. Networks can have few or many actors and one or more types of relationships between pairs of actors. ...
... The concept of shorter distance is crucial in the case of information transmission and resource exchange. However, even closer actors can exercise greater power in the network than those positioned further away (Hanneman and Riddle, 2005). Specifically, the geodetic distance is a measure that indicates the shortest distance between two players in the network. ...
Democratic participation improves the chances of success of local development policies. New governance processes that directly involve the actors who inhabit the territories are necessary for the challenges that sustainable growth requires. Therefore, the feedback on the pre-existing conditions of cooperation and coexistence is essential for carrying out actions with a place-based logic of development. The Innovation Helix Model allows us to understand the relational dynamics and support territorial strategies in enhancing innovation processes that contemplate the relationship between civil society, public and private institutions, and the natural environment from the perspective of a democratic approach. In this way, ecosystemic innovation is a dynamic network of territorial actors interconnected within a delimited geographical space. This study proposes an innovative way of investigating territorial relationship networks. It examines and describes the network deriving from the policies implemented in an internal area of Sicily. The governance processes implemented through partnership agreements between local actors over ten years have created relationships measured and described through Social Network Analysis (SNA), specifically with Affiliation Networks and Community Detection with a bipartite structure. The study moves towards an innovative territory analysis, looking for the relational links and providing references for building bottom-up policies with greater awareness.
... In this study, the communication networks under SNA (refer to Figure 3) were developed using Gephi software, version 0.10.1 [66], which is a social network analysis open-source software. Before feeding the data into the software, an adjacency matrix was created in Microsoft Excel for all three post-flood management phases using binary units (1 = connection exists between two stakeholders; 0 = no connection between two stakeholders) [67] to identify the connection between the stakeholders. The results of the analysis discussed in Section 4.4 were classified into central parameter categories, highlighting the cooperation of key stakeholders in the network. ...
... Water 2024, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 30 source software. Before feeding the data into the software, an adjacency matrix was created in Microsoft Excel for all three post-flood management phases using binary units (1 = connection exists between two stakeholders; 0 = no connection between two stakeholders) [67] to identify the connection between the stakeholders. The results of the analysis discussed in Section 4.4 were classified into central parameter categories, highlighting the cooperation of key stakeholders in the network. ...
This study aimed to examine post-flood management, with a particular focus on enhancing the inclusivity of marginalised communities through stakeholder analysis. This study was based on an interpretivist mixed method approach, under which 30 semi-structured stakeholder interviews were conducted. Interest versus power versus actual engagement matrix, social network analysis, and thematic analysis techniques were employed under the stakeholder analysis tool to analyse the collected data. The findings highlight the lack of clearly defined responsibilities among key stakeholders. Marginalised communities and community-based organisations have a high level of interests but a low level of power in decision making, resulting in weak engagement and the exclusion of their perceptions. This lack of collaboration and coordination among stakeholders has made marginalised communities more vulnerable in post-flood situations, as their interests are not defended. The findings emphasise the importance of conducting stakeholder analysis in the decision-making process to enhance stakeholder engagement and interaction, as well as promote inclusivity of marginalised communities in the post-flood recovery efforts of the government. Finally, this study recommends developing strategies to improve collaboration among stakeholders, fostering inclusiveness and customising these strategies according to the different types of stakeholders identified through stakeholder analysis.
... we want to test the hypothesis about "Dominant teams" creating hierarchical structures in which they move more players to lower-ranked teams rather than to other highly ranked teams [28]. Our empirical section will test this hypothesis following the works of Hanneman and Riddle [29], Holland and Leinhardt [30], and Shumate and Palazzolo [31]. We start the empirical analysis using network analysis. ...
... Within the second group, we cite the literature that had already been discussed before- [2,28,29,34]. Therefore, for player transfers in the Spanish League, we will analyze sporting performance (measured by the team's number of points in previous seasons) but also the financial performance of that period (evaluated by two variables-the team's budget and the balance of transfers). ...
Transfers in the football world have become a hot topic in academic studies in recent years. Spanish league (La Liga) is one of the men’s professional football leagues that have driven some of the most notorious transfers. In this way, we test determinants for the transfer relationships of football players in the Spanish League in the most expensive seasons with records (2018/2019 and 2019/2020 seasons). Furthermore, we identify determinants for the values of the observed transfers. The empirical analysis shows relevant findings. We recognize two implications. First, Spanish soccer transfers are not random and this evidence reflects the environment of imperfect competition characterizing La Liga. Second, the nonrandomness of the transfer process can be associated with an increasing inequality among teams and with a threat to the competitive balance in professional sports.
... Figure 1. People, Process and Technology in a KM system [6] According to Edwards [6], the three major components of KM are People, Process and Technology. The interactions between the three components are shown in Figure 1. ...
... Figure 1. People, Process and Technology in a KM system [6] According to Edwards [6], the three major components of KM are People, Process and Technology. The interactions between the three components are shown in Figure 1. ...
Knowledge management has been on the agenda for both research and practitioners. Recently social network analysis is gaining more prominence in the knowledge management community. The purpose of this research is to examine the social aspect of knowledge management (KM) in an organization, and the relationship between social network (SN) and knowledge management. We review the literature of knowledge management and social networks, and explore a new dimension of knowledge management systems. We focus on communication and collaboration between uses of social networks and the future development of knowledge management in an organization. Our result indicate that there exists a general lack of user input (communication and / or collaboration) in traditional knowledge manage approaches. Addressing the drawbacks of current approaches, we conclude that social networks are a way to support knowledge management and collaboration in organizations.
... It is worth noting that, unlike analysis done with conventional data, there is no unambiguous notion of sample size for network data (Kolaczyk & Krivitsky, 2015) as mathematical approaches to network analysis usually treat the data as deterministic (Hanneman & Riddle, 2005 conducted by GED on synthetic networks while developing the formula for the Collaboration Index and results from the studies carried out on comparable ecosystems have shown that samples similar in size and distribution to the one used in Mauritius are able to effectively capture the intricacies and structure of an economic ecosystem. ...
... The absence of complete network data poses challenges in the interpretation of commonly used centrality metrics such as average degree, as they heavily rely on the participation of nodes in the study, and no approximations have been developed concerning the distribution samples of most descriptive statistics used in network analysis, as there are generally no viable ways of identifying populations and extracting samples using probabilistic methods (Hanneman, R. A. & Riddle, M., 2005). Therefore, our analysis focuses on alternative metrics unaffected by participation, such as weighted in-degree, as well as overall graph metrics like average shortest path length and our collaboration index. ...
This publication is an External Study report prepared for the Joint Research Centre (JRC), service. It aims to provide evidence-based scientific support to the European policymaking process.
This report supports the diagnostic phase for the formulation of the STI for SDGs roadmap of Mauritius. It focuses on the mapping of the entrepreneurial innovation-driven economic ecosystem's structure and social dynamics of Mauritius, assessing place-specific conditions and capacities. The analysis experiments participatory processes involving various stakeholders, aiming to discern effective interaction practices and evaluate foundational institutions, innovation capabilities, and entrepreneurship capacities.
The document unfolds in distinct sections, first presenting an overview of Mauritius' innovation-driven entrepreneurial economic ecosystem, followed by a detailed examination of the structural analysis methodology used by GED. The iEcosystem model is introduced to emphasize the significance of context in shaping economic ecosystems, drawing comparative results with other regions. Subsequently, the report offers recommendations informed by statistical correlation analyses between context and capacity indicators and selected SDGs, providing valuable insights for local actors designing programs and initiatives to foster entrepreneurship and innovation for sustainable development.
In conclusion, the report provides a comprehensive understanding of the innovation-driven entrepreneurial economic ecosystem in Mauritius, offering insights into its structure, context, and capacities. The findings aim to guide stakeholders in formulating the STI for SDGs roadmap, as well as to design initiatives to strengthen the ecosystem and promote sustainable development. The annex section further facilitates a deeper exploration of the methodologies employed in the document.
... A distância geodésica se refere à existência do caminho mais curto entre um ponto e outro, ou por quantos atores a informação precisa passar até chegar ao seu destino. Ainda que, aparentemente os pontos estejam distantes entre si, é muitas vezes a conexão "ótima" ou a mais "eficiente" entre dois atores, que deve, sempre que possível, contatar diretamente o ator que lhe interessa, evitando passar por dois ou mais intermediários (HANNEMAN, RIDDLE;2005). ...
... A distância geodésica se refere à existência do caminho mais curto entre um ponto e outro, ou por quantos atores a informação precisa passar até chegar ao seu destino. Ainda que, aparentemente os pontos estejam distantes entre si, é muitas vezes a conexão "ótima" ou a mais "eficiente" entre dois atores, que deve, sempre que possível, contatar diretamente o ator que lhe interessa, evitando passar por dois ou mais intermediários (HANNEMAN, RIDDLE;2005). ...
As instituições de ensino superior (IES) brasileiras têm buscado se adaptar em um ambiente de mudanças, tanto em termos de política educacional, demandas do setor produtivo, atualização dos docentes e expectativas dos alunos. Dentro deste contexto, este estudo objetiva elaborar uma rede entre os professores de uma IES Pública localizada no interior do Estado de São Paulo, visando entender o tipo de relação existente e os benefícios ou não deste tipo de relacionamento. Para a compreensão dos dados utilizou-se a Análise de Redes Sociais (ARS), com auxílio do software Gephi® para confecção das redes de relações entre os atores identificados. Tal método é um contraponto ao modelo centralizado e hierárquico comumente utilizado na gestão pública. Como resultados foram identificados 76 docentes que ministraram alguma disciplina no 1º semestre de 2019, sendo que dos professores identificados com maior grau de intermediação, apenas 1/4 ocupa cargos de gestores, enquanto que os demais, mesmo sem altos cargos, possuem mais acesso a informações e contatos, podendo influenciar diretamente toda a rede.
... Es decir, tanto actores como especies forestales y municipios, fueron considerados nodos vinculados por las actividades de reforestación. Esto permitió suponer un flujo de información (reforestación) entre nodos, por lo tanto, identificar la amplitud y diversidad de la estructura en red analizada, así como la distribución en red de la prominencia social entre los mismos (Hanneman y Riddle, 2005). Cada una de las bases de datos, se capturaron en el programa Microsoft Excel® y fueron procesadas con el programa Visone®, lo que permitió recrear modelos reticulares para analizar y visualizar estructuras en forma de redes sociales (Brandes y Wagner, 2004). ...
La deforestación es una problemática compleja y multifactorial. En México, este fenómeno se agudiza por la urbanización en las zonas metropolitanas. En la Cuenca de México, se encuentra la Sierra de Guadalupe, un Área Natural Protegida que ha sido devastada continuamente por los asentamientos humanos. En la porción de la sierra ubicada en el Estado de México, se ha tratado de contrarrestar la deforestación con reforestaciones en zonas degradadas. Sin embargo, estas actividades se han visto modificadas por las realidades sociales, económicas y políticas de dicha zona. El objetivo, fue analizar el proceso de reforestación en la Sierra de Guadalupe en el Estado de México, en el periodo 2009-2020, utilizando el análisis de redes sociales y la representación estructural generada entre actores sociales, lugares reforestados y especies empleadas. Los resultados mostraron que se han reforestado 416.9 hectáreas, incidiendo en 75 localidades, donde han participado alrededor de 300 actores sociales, utilizándose 50 especies, de las cuales, únicamente 15 son nativas del ecosistema de la Sierra de Guadalupe. Se observó una distribución desigual de los recursos utilizados en las reforestaciones, entre los municipios analizados, a pesar de ser parte del mismo corredor ecológico.
... The proportion of all possible ties that are actually present (Hanneman & Riddle, 2005). ...
Since the early 2000s when the possibility of a network approach in translation studies (TS) was noted, social network analysis (SNA) has been applied to explore the relational complexity of various translational agents in practical, industrial, academic, and educational settings. Through a systematic review, this paper shows that SNA's major contributions to TS have been mainly in areas of translation history, translation economy, translation scientometrics, translation education, and online collaborative translation. It also identifies how SNA has adapted to and complemented other methodological and theoretical approaches in TS under two paradigms, i.e., explanatory structuralist and exploratory complex paradigms. In light of the review, strengths and weakness of these paradigms are discussed, and suggestions are provided for further research on their confluence, which is characterized by a less reductionist analytic model with appropriate explanatory power in a closer symbiosis between complexity theory and SNA.
... Antropoloji, sosyal psikoloji, iletişim, ekonomi ve matematik gibi birçok alanda sıklıkla uygulanan bir yöntemdir (Freeman, 2004). Sosyal ağ analizinin ilişkilerin analizinde kullanılabileceğine dair birçok görüş vardır (Hanneman & Riddle, 2005). Sosyal ağ analizi, sosyal aktörleri birbirine bağlayan yapısal bağlar hakkındaki sezgileri haklı çıkarmaktadır (Freeman, 2004) Sosyal ağ analizi, bir topluluğun yapısını anlamak için o topluluğun aktörlerinin birbirleriyle olan ilişkilerindeki örüntülerin ortaya çıkarılmasını sağlayan bir yaklaşımdır. ...
By the increasing importance of STEM fields, the need for STEM professions is increasing day by day. This situation makes it necessary to examine the studies on STEM fields. For this purpose, the study examined the co-authorship relationships between researchers working on STEM professions and attitudes towards STEM by creating a social network. In the Web of Science Core Collection database between 1983-2023, 6371 publications were reached as a result of the query containing the words “STEM Career”, “STEM Jobs”, “STEM Occupation”, “STEM Vocation” and “STEM Attitude”. In our study, the relationships between 10989 authors, 237 universities and 121 countries in the co -authorship network were modeled. As a result of the collaborations between authors in the network, prominent communities were found with the Louvain algorithm. The findings of the analysis reveal the characteristic patterns of scientific collaborations in the social network, the prominent authors, universities and countries in the field. As a resultof our study, when the collaborations between countries are analyzed, it is seen that the top 10 countries are the USA, the UK, Australia and Canada, while the leading universities in the ranking are University of Washington, Vanderbilt University, Purdue Universtity and University of Colorado. Although there has been an increase in collaborations between authors since 2010, a remarkable increase has been observed in collaborations between countries since 2016.
... Betweenness centrality Betweenness centrality is used to measure a network's "mediation" role (Zhang & Luo, 2017). The value of this centrality in a social network analysis signifies that this actor holds a critical position in the network's structure due to its ability to serve as a bridge or intermediary between other actors (Hanneman et al., 2005. Betweenness centrality measures the extent to which an actor lies on the shortest path between pairs of other actors in the network (Everett & Borgatti 2005). ...
... Therefore, the greater the disparity in risk perceptions, the higher the likelihood of an interorganizational collaborative arrangement. (Dekker et al., 2007;Hanneman & Riddle, 2005;Huang, 2014;Krackhardt, 1988). A QAP is also an appropriate method for examining dyadic relationships. ...
Interorganizational collaboration is a means, through which governments to effectively respond to disasters. However, the extent to which collaboration risks embedded in interorganizational relationships shape such collaborative arrangements largely remains unanswered. This study examined the impact of collaboration risks as perceived by organizational representatives with regard to emergency management (EM). To this end, we conducted an EM survey in Seoul in 2015 and analyzed the data using a quadratic assignment procedure logistic regression. The dyadic network analytic results demonstrated that the aggregate risks as perceived by paired organizations are negatively associated with the establishment of collaboration ties. In contrast, a significant disparity in the perceived risk levels between paired organizations promotes collaborative network arrangements; when one party perceives substantially lower collaboration risks relative to the other, it can create a favorable condition for both parties to initiate interorganizational collaboration. K E Y W O R D S collaboration risk, emergency management, interorganizational collaboration, risk perception disparity
... Two dependent variables were calculated from the name generator (and the two 258 ns): network density and tie strength. Both variables represent the depth of one's 259 relationship that is computed based on the number of alters and the closeness between 260 them (Hanneman & Riddle, 2005), but each one focuses on a different aspect. Network 261 density focuses on the extent to which the network as a whole is dense (Granovetter, 262 1973). ...
Drawing on the literature on person-culture fit, we investigated how culture (assessed as national-level familism), personality (tapped by attachment styles) and their interactions predicted social network characteristics in 21 nations/areas ( N = 2977). Multilevel mixed modeling showed that familism predicted smaller network size but greater density, tie strength, and multiplexity. Attachment avoidance predicted smaller network size, and lower density, tie strength, and multiplexity. Attachment anxiety was related to lower density and tie strength. Familism enhanced avoidance’s association with network size and reduced its association with density, tie strength, and multiplexity. Familism also enhanced anxiety’s association with network size, tie strength, and multiplexity. These findings contribute to theory building on attachment and culture, highlight the significance of culture by personality interaction for the understanding of social networks, and call attention to the importance of sampling multiple countries.
... Using linear algebra, this matrix can be solved for its steady state outcome either iteratively, through matrix multiplication, or directly through retrieval of its Eigen vectors. This modeling method is common in the field of population modeling (Caswell, 2002), and has been applied extensively for analysis of large social networks on the internet (Hanneman & Riddle, 2005). However, credit for this "input-output" modelling method's development belongs to W. W. Leontiff, winner of the 1973 Nobel Prize for economics who used his model to analyze complex interactions in economic systems by mapping the flow of goods from producers to consumers (Leontief, 1936). ...
Bioavailable phosphorus loads exported to Lake Michigan from the Milwaukee and Sheboygan River Watersheds appear to have increased in the last 40 years despite meeting total phosphorus (TP) loading goals set by the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement (GLWQA).Overall, bioavailability of P delivered from the Milwaukee and Sheboygan Rivers was highest during the warmer months, which coincides with the nearshore nuisance algae growth season. However, first order loss rates of SRP calculated during baseflow recession were also greatest during the summer, suggesting that increased river residence time during the summer could reduce export of bioavailable P. Observations of phosphorus partitioning combined with historic USGS monitoring data parallels trends seen in several Lake Erie watersheds with an increase in soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and decreases in particulate phosphorus (PP) export. Suspended sediment loads from the Milwaukee and Sheboygan watersheds are relatively P rich (mean 2.3 ± 0.66 ugP/mg) and relatively bioavailable at 39% and 33% respectively (using NaOH-extractable P as an index of bioavailability). Incubation experiments showed that over time river PP, and in particular NaOH-extractable P, releases P to the SRP pool. A seasonal increase in the PP:SRP ratio parallels increases in the percent bioavailability within the particulate P pool due to an increased contribution of NaOH-extractable P. This pattern coincides somewhat with prevalent midwest land use practices such as harvest of grain corn, but may also be driven by a combination of temperature and pH dependent coprecipitation and sorption phosphate buffering mechanisms on fine-grained particles that move SRP to the PP pool. However, this phosphate buffering mechanism may be offset by land use practices that increase soil P-Content, reducing the number of SRP sorption sites on particles. Moreover, P-rich fine-grained particles that do not settle in harbors but are discharged to the nearshore may desorb phosphate due to changes in equilibrium kinetics. Upon entering the lake, fine-grained P-rich particles can be intercepted by invasive mussel filtration, potentially releasing SRP to nearshore nuisance algae and thereby increasing the retention of P within the nearshore zone. Nearshore lake sediments were collected to test this hypothesis by examining lake sediments for fine-grained particles with high sorption capacity. Sorption experiments revealed that particles with high sorption capacity were present in the sediments. P-content saturation kinetics were modeled as a function of initial P-content, initial SRP concentration, and time. Results indicate that, though multiple size fractions of sediment exist in the lake sediment, it is the small (< 30 µm) fine-grained particles that have the highest sorption capacity. Invasive quagga mussels were “fed” a variety of PP sources including algae culture, lake sediments (bulk and fine-grained), and river water in laboratory experiments. Mussel filtration rates did not appear to be affected by food source “quality”. Likewise, with the exception of P-rich fine-grained particles, food source quality did not seem to affect mussel excretion rates. Throughout mussel experiments, excretion rates rarely differed from baseline (i.e. control) rates. However, feeding on fine-grained particles resulted in significantly greater SRP excretion rates, which may be due to release of loosely sorbed P on these particles. Bulk egestion (i.e. the production of feces and pseudofeces), was regulated by initial TSS concentrations within the feeding chamber. The initial P-content of particulates fed to mussels was compared with the P-content in egested material. For most food groups, P content declined following passage through the mussel gut. The percent change in P-content varied from 15 – 75 % depending on food source. The only exception was bulk lake sediments, which had a very low initial P-content (i.e. ~0.8 µg/mg). This work provides more evidence that supports the nearshore shunt hypothesis and suggests that tighter restrictions of non-point source P loading may be necessary. River restoration projects that increase river residence time and phosphate assimilation are likely valuable and may be quantifiable with calculations of first order SRP loss rates. Natural phosphate buffering mechanisms such as coprecipitation and sorption may provide a phosphate management tool, but should be paired with management actions that reduce upstream soil P-content and enhance in-route particle settling through increased residence time. Mussels continue to pose a management challenge, but better mechanistic understanding of processes affecting PP quality, transport, and mussel digestion may inform modeling efforts that identify optimal management strategies for the nearshore zone.
Also found at:
https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/3367
... Estas relações (estatisticamente calculadas e caracterizadas) tornam-se compreensíveis através da sua visualização (grafos) (Cherven, 2015). Para saber mais sobre a forma de implementar uma investigação com base em análise de rede, é possível consultar um vasto volume de literatura (Borgatti et al, 2009;Conrado Filho & Santos, 2018;Hanneman & Riddle, 2005;Hansen et al., 2010;Lemieux & Ouimet, 2012;Scott, 2000). Do ponto de vista da análise, não vamos explorá-la no ponto seguinte, pelo que notaremos apenas que se trata de medidas estatísticas (Backstrom, 2012;Flynn, et al., 2010;Opsahl et al., 2010;Otte & Rousseau, 2002). ...
Resumo: neste capítulo apresentam-se e discutem-se as principais técnicas de seleção de casos, recolha e análise de dados (mais) usadas em investigação quantitativa na área da Comunicação Organizacional/Institucional/Estratégica. Privilegia-se a apresentação de um panorama, enunciando os critérios para selecionar ou excluir cada uma delas, em detrimento de uma lógica de aprofundamento, deixando o trabalho de as examinar com mais detalhe (com vista à sua implementação) ao/à investigador/a que se inicia no trabalho de pesquisa (o público a que se dirige este texto). Procura-se criar um percurso, do paradigma positivista às preocupações éticas, passando pelos métodos e pelas técnicas, assente num princípio de coerência epistemológica e metodológica.
... It can be modeled as an undirected graph where a node u, called ego, must be connected to all other nodes, and there may exist other edges between those nodes. Ego-networks are often constructed from surveys or extracted from larger networks [1]. See Fig. 1 for examples of ego-networks. ...
An ego-network is a graph representing the interactions of a node (
ego
) with its neighbors and the interactions among those neighbors. A sequence of ego-networks having the same ego can thus model the evolution of these interactions over time. We introduce the problem of segmenting a sequence of ego-networks into
$k$
segments, for any given integer
$k$
. Each segment is represented by a summary network, and the goal is to minimize the total loss of representing
$k$
segments by
$k$
summaries. The problem allows partitioning the sequence into homogeneous segments with respect to the activities or properties of the ego (e.g., to identify time periods when a user acquired different circles of friends in a social network) and to compactly represent each segment with a summary. The main challenge is to construct a summary that represents a collection of ego-networks with minimum loss. To address this challenge, we employ Jaccard Median (JM), a well-known NP-hard problem for summarizing sets, for which, however, no effective and efficient algorithms are known. We develop a series of algorithms for JM offering different effectiveness/efficiency trade-offs: (I) an exact exponential-time algorithm, based on Mixed Integer Linear Programming; (II) exact and approximation polynomial-time algorithms for minimizing an upper bound of the objective function of JM; and (III) efficient heuristics for JM, which are based on an effective scoring scheme and one of them also on sketching. We also study a generalization of the segmentation problem, in which there may be multiple edges between a pair of nodes in an ego-network. To tackle this problem, we develop a series of algorithms, based on a more general problem than JM, called Weighted Jaccard Median WJM: (I) an exact exponential-time algorithm, based on Mixed Integer Linear Programming; (II) exact algorithms for minimizing an upper bound of the objective function of WJM; and (III) efficient heuristics, based on the percentiles of edge multiplicities and one of them also on divide-and-conquer. By building upon the above results, we design algorithms for segmenting a sequence of ego-networks. Experiments with 10 real datasets and with synthetic datasets show that our algorithms produce optimal or near-optimal solutions to JM or to WJM, and that they substantially outperform state-of-the-art methods which can be employed for ego-network segmentation.
... Interestingly, the randomly generated configuration networks had an increase in the number of users who retweeted both Musk and a hate group at least once, for both the 2021 and 2022 networks. It has been shown that having a low threshold for inclusion, in this case node degree, can introduce noise and skew results [20,9,4], so the t-testing will be conducted on a threshold of 2+ retweets to account for this. The number of unique users who retweeted both Musk and a hate group 2+ times in both original networks and apathetic generated networks can be seen in Fig. 2. The resulting t-values (i.e., t-test statistics) for users who retweeted both Elon Musk and a hate group 2+ times are shown in Table 2. ...
Using data collected from one-week periods in 2021 and 2022, both before and after billionaire Elon Musk’s acquisition of Twitter, we generated Twitter retweet networks to examine the connection between Musk and hate groups as designated by the US Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) in three separate hate ideologies: white nationalists / alt-right, anti-Semitics, and anti-LGBTQ. Utilizing the configuration model to generate random retweet networks, we successfully found a direct link between Twitter users who retweet Musk and users who retweet several SPLC-defined hate groups. Results show that Musk’s Tweets and general rhetoric have a potential appeal to hateful users on Twitter.
... Table 2 presents 75 frequently cited works with at least 10 citations. Near 22% of these references are books, three of which are methods books (Borgatti et al., 2002;Hanneman & Riddle, 2005;Wasserman & Faust, 1994). UCINET is the most popular network analysis tool, followed by Python and R also being widely used. ...
Despite the importance of social network analysis (SNA) in public administration, comprehensive reviews on this topic are rare. This study aims to fill this gap by focusing on the application of SNA in network research within public administration. This research analyzes 144 empirical papers from top public administration journals (January 1997–January 2022), utilizing bibliometric and content analyses. The study identifies social capital, the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF), the ecology of games framework, and resource dependence theory as the predominant theoretical foundations of SNA. The primary focus of these works is on collective action problems and public service delivery, with a trend towards the integration and comparison of theories. Through content analysis, we find a notable shift in SNA application from descriptive analysis to network inference, predominantly using Exponential Random Graph Models (ERGMs). It also reveals the growing significance of network visualization in SNA. The study concludes with potential future directions for SNA in public administration, highlighting its evolving role and significance.
... A social network is a set of actors that have a relationship with one another. The networks have actors (aka nodes) and relations (aka edges) among pairs of actors [26]. While defining the characteristics of OSNs, we follow the definition of OSNs given by [6]. ...
Social networking websites usage is becoming popular these days among individuals and organizations. Several organizations and researchers started investigating how social networking websites can be used as a potential tool to innovate and improve the sales of products. However, in the hustle of using social networking sites, the users knowingly or unknowingly expose their personal data to unintended users. The literature identifies the need for privacy scores of a social networking website so that the users can easily identify the level of disclosure of their personal information on the website. Quantifying privacy on social networking websites is a new and trending area of research. We propose a novel approach to calculate the privacy score of a user on a social networking website. The calculated privacy score of the user takes into account the user’s personal profile attributes and settings along with the network characteristics of the social network.
... Koneksi yang terhambat seringkali menyebabkan proses pengembangan bisnis petani menjadi tidak optimal, karena terdapat potensi sumberdaya yang tidak termanfaatkan dengan baik. Dimensi yang digunakan untuk menganalisis peranan aktor dalam jaringan bisnis petani muda adalah dimensi sentralitas, yang telah banyak digunakan dalam penelitian -penelitian sebelum nya (Hanneman & Riddle, 2005;Neumeyer & Santos, 2018). Analisis sentralitas yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini meliputi indikator derajat sentralitas, sentralitas kedekatan, sentralitas perantara dan eigencentrality. ...
This paper aims to find out the actors that play the most role in the entrepreneurial ecosystem of young farmers in West Java. The analysis tool used is centrality analysis based on network theory, using the Gephi 9.2 application. Informants and respondents in this study consisted of actors involved in the entrepreneurial ecosystem of young farmers, including young farmers, government, financial institutions, universities, markets and social communities. The determination of informants is determined purposively, namely by looking at their role and involvement in the business process of young horticultural farmers, spread across Garut Regency, Cianjur Regency and Bandung Regency, West Java. Indicators of the degree of centrality, centrality of proximity, centrality of intermediaries and Eigencentrality, show that social societies are actors that consistently interact and connect a lot with young farmers. The social community acts as a liaison actor between young farmers and other agricultural stakeholders, always providing positive motivation and encouragement for farmers in agricultural activities. Social community actors must remain involved in horticultural agribusiness in West Java, especially champion farmers, community leaders and agricultural communities. Social community actors not only provide support in the aspects of labor and social capital, but become important actors in creating a conducive and productive farming climate, thus becoming an attraction for the younger generation of agriculture.
Komunikasi yang efektif merupakan kunci utama dalam menjalankan dan mengembangkan sebuah organisasi. Tanpa komunikasi yang baik, berbagai upaya dan strategi organisasi tidak akan berjalan dengan optimal. Buku ini dirancang untuk memberikan pemahaman komprehensif tentang konsep-konsep dasar komunikasi organisasi, tantangan-tantangan yang sering dihadapi, serta solusi praktis yang dapat diimplementasikan untuk meningkatkan efektivitas komunikasi di dalam organisasi.
Setiap bab dalam buku ini membahas berbagai topik penting mulai dari teori-teori komunikasi, peran komunikasi dalam membangun budaya organisasi, teknik-teknik komunikasi yang efektif, hingga penggunaan teknologi dalam komunikasi organisasi. Selain itu, kami juga menyertakan studi kasus dan contoh nyata dari berbagai jenis organisasi untuk memberikan gambaran praktis tentang penerapan strategi komunikasi yang efektif.
This study aims to conduct a bibliometric and meta-analysis of compulsory citizenship behaviors research. Using the R programming language and the bibliometric package, we analyzed 44 articles from the Web of Science (WoS) database that focused on "compulsory citizenship behavior". Additionally, a correlation-based meta-analysis was conducted on 53 independent studies with a total sample size of 17,491.
In the bibliometric analysis, Tongji University, Huaqiao University and Istanbul University emerged as the most influential institutions in the field of compulsory citizenship behaviors with a publication rate of 5.41% out of 74 institutions. Hongdan Zhao was identified as the most productive author. Among the 27 most published journals in this field, Frontiers in Psychology (18.18%) ranks first. According to the meta-analysis results, compulsory citizenship behaviors are negatively related to demographic variables such as gender and number of children. When its relationship with the variables is examined, compulsory citizenship behaviors was positively associated with job stress, moral disengagement, burnout, felt obligation, work-family conflict, organizational based self esteem, abusive supervision perception, feeling trusted, organizational cynicism, work alienation, counterproductive workplace behaviors, facades of conformity, turnover intention, anger toward organization, citizenship pressure, and careerism. Furthermore, job satisfaction, job autonomy, leader-member exchange, psychological safety, organizational identification, and organizational commitment were negatively associated with compulsory citizenship behaviors.
According to the above findings, compulsory citizenship behaviors (CCB) are positively related to job stress, burnout, work alienation, iturnover intention and careerism; It can be said that it is negatively related to perceptions, attitudes and behaviors such as job satisfaction, job autonomy and organizational commitment. Considering these correlation values, it can be said that compulsory citizenship behaviors are leading to an undesirable results for organizations, have a characteristic increasing negative perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors.
Energy resources are fundamental inputs in almost every sector and play a crucial role in development and economic stability. This situation has increased the importance of keeping energy costs low, becoming a significant factor in attaining global superiority. In the contemporary era, where states represent the highest level of the organization, the strategic importance of these resources has been further exposed. The strategic value of energy resources, predominantly encompassing fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas, and coal, has precipitated intense global competition. The dynamics of energy resource trade have transcended mere profit-driven motives, transforming into a tool wielded by governments for various political objectives. This paradigm shifts underscores the vitality of energy supply security, prompting the formulation of energy trade networks guided by policies and national strategies. Within these networks, participating actors exhibit diverse traits shaped by distinct circumstances, assuming varied roles through pre-existing relationships. The purpose of the research is to examine the energy trade network of Türkiye, implementing the social network analysis method that integrates empirical data and mathematical approaches. The study aims to unveil pivotal aspects of the network, including its size within the global energy trade landscape, density, relational ties among actors, centrality, and brokerage degrees. The research aims to contribute valuable insights to understanding Türkiye's positioning in the global energy trade through these analyses. The results indicate that the volume of Türkiye's energy trade network accounts for around 1/3 of the global energy trade. While no single dominant actor exists in the network, specific entities demonstrate significant brokerage power. The analysis highlights the impact of global energy players, including Russia, the United States, and some European countries. Finally, the study involves recommendations for future research, anticipating a continued exploration of the complicated dynamics shaping energy trade networks on a global scale.
In an era where social interactions are increasingly digitized, Social Network Analysis (SNA) has emerged as an essential tool to understand the complexity of social networks formed on social media such as Instagram, Facebook, Lingkedin and Twitter. Through the collection and analysis of data on connections between users, interaction patterns, and communication behaviors, SNA allows us to uncover hidden social structures and identify the patterns underlying interactions within them. For example, by analyzing centrality, we can identify key users who act as central points in the network, similar to important figures in human social networks. In addition, clustering analysis and community detection allow us to identify groups of users with similar interests or characteristics, similar to how individuals form communities in the real world. The benefits of this SNA approach are vast, from understanding user behavior, identifying ongoing trends, to optimizing marketing and promotion strategies on social media platforms. The main goal is to deepen the understanding of social dynamics in the digital environment, so that it can provide valuable insights for various fields such as academics, business practitioners, and policymakers. Thus, SNA is not only a powerful analytical tool, but also a foundation for the development of smarter and more effective strategies in harnessing the potential of social media for communication, interaction, and collaboration in contemporary society.
Graph theory is a mathematical discipline that explores the connections between objects depicted as nodes and edges. In social network analysis, graph theory is used to model and analyze social structures through graph representations of individuals and their relationshipsSocial media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn offer valuable data for this analysis, with users depicted as nodes and their interactions (such as friends, followers, or connections) represented as edges. The use of graph theory in social network analysis encompasses various elements, including identifying communities, measuring centrality, detecting influence, and analyzing information diffusion. In this paper, we will explore the extension of graph theory within the context of Social Network Analysis. Then we will also discuss one of the applications of this theory in one feature of a well-known social media platform, Facebook. By using this graph theory, modeling of social network relationships is easier to analyze. The application of graph theory to social media platforms also helps in understanding social dynamics, identifying trends, and developing more effective marketing and advertising strategies. Graph theory provides a powerful analytical tool to explore and understand the complexity of social interactions in large and dynamic networks, providing valuable insights in fields such as sociology, marketing, security, and technology development.
Background: Shared leadership is regarded as a fundamental approach to complexity leadership theory in terms of adaptability and flexibility. It emerges from communication among team members in a complex environment and consists of three dimensions: task coordination, personal support, and information sharing. Purpose: This study investigates shared leadership and its dimensions which are task coordination, personal support, and information sharing using social network analysis. By incorporating social network theory, the social and relational aspects of shared leadership can be revealed and emphasized. Study design/methodology/approach: Social network analysis was used to test the hypotheses on the data collected from the employees of a tourism organization. Findings/conclusions: The findings indicate that the individuals in task coordination, personal support and information sharing networks have a medium or low percentage of degree centrality in the social networks of their units or departments. The social networks of task coordination, personal support and information sharing have a high percentage of degree density when all individuals are treated as a total network and individuals in different departments and units as separate networks. This situation is led by the more balanced distribution of the power among the actors, dense communication between the members and intense network relations in task coordination, personal support and information sharing networks. Limitations/future research: The present study focuses only on internal network relations. As a future body of work, the study could be expanded to include both external and internal network relations to provide a wider understanding of the shared leadership concept. As another future body of work, to reach more generalizable results, this study can be expanded with a meta-analysis that will be performed on the results obtained by applying the survey on other organizations and processing the data collected with social network analysis methods again.
This study examined the characteristics and effects of the quota transfer system implemented in the Japanese Pacific bluefin (PBF) tuna Thunnus orientalis fisheries. Social network analysis revealed that from fishing year (FY) 2018 to FY2021, the number of management units involved in quota transfer increased, the network became denser, and approximately half of the transfer pairs were maintained in the following year. The results of network structure analysis, including triad census and block modeling, showed that some management units (e.g., minister-managed purse seines, Ishikawa prefecture) play an important role in facilitating unilateral transfers and virtually mediate transfers between other units. A brief analysis using initial/final quota and catch data suggested that while the system helped with quota compliance and contributed to effective quota use, there was little evidence that quota allocation or catch was significantly concentrated after the introduction of the quota transfer system. These findings suggest that quota transfers could be further promoted by: (1) sharing up-to-date information on quota use and transfer networks; (2) providing highly accurate forecasts of sea conditions and PBF arrival; (3) semi-automating the matching and approval process; (4) encouraging multi-level quota transfers; and (5) creating more incentives for transferors.
In practical decision-making, linguistic term set is a useful tool to describe the uncertainty and fuzziness of data sources. However, in some decisions, when the data source is unreliable or the decision involves future factors, the evaluation given by the linguistic term set will have a certain degree of error. This paper proposes a binary risk linguistic set based on linguistic term set and R-set. The binary risk linguistic set considers the linguistic term set and the risk factors that may lead to errors in language evaluation. In order to facilitate the use of binary risk linguistic set, the risk conversion function and operational laws are introduced. Next, since group decision-making involves multiple experts, considering the social relations between experts, a method to estimate the missing values in the social network matrix is proposed by utilizing the trust intensity propagation operator and the relationship intensity propagation operator. Risk perception can reflect the subjective judgment of experts on the characteristics and severity of a particular risk, and different judgment results can reflect the attitude of experts to risk. Hereby, this study proposes a risk clustering method based on the risk perception of experts. Furthermore, we propose an adaptive weight updating method based on social network matrix. Then, a binary risk linguistic fuzzy behavioral TOPSIS method is proposed to deal with the multi-attribute large-scale group decision-making (MALSGDM) problem. Finally, a case study is used to demonstrate the feasibility of the presented method, and its effectiveness is validated through comparison with other MALSGDM methods. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, this study also perform sensitivity and stability assessments of the decision-makers’ weight and behavior characteristics.
Antifeminist groups have made extensive use of online platforms to mobilise and spread their political ideas. Existing studies of online antifeminism tend to focus their analyses primarily on how masculinities are constructed through antifeminist discourses. This article takes a different approach by exploring how the social position of antifeminist political players is related to their effective use of online platforms. Through an empirical study of an influential antifeminist blogosphere that emerged in Sweden in the mid-2000s, it is shown how the mostly anonymous antifeminist bloggers are, in fact, well-resourced activists who, due to their educational resources and communicative skills, could effectively use political blogs to promote their cause. Consequently, despite their claims of being marginalised and victimised, these predominantly male antifeminist activists actually occupy a privileged position in relation to historically marginalised groups, a position that affords them new possibilities to attack feminist achievements and actors through online platforms.
Pentingnya posisi seseorang di dalam jaringan ataupun suatu organisasi tidak hanya ditentukanoleh seberapa banyak ia terhubung oleh banyak orang tetapi apakah seseorang menjadi jembatan dariorang-orang yang memiliki banyak jaringan. Jadi bukanlah faktor centraliti yang merupakan faktor utamaseseorang dianggap penting, tetapi information broker, yaitu seseorang yang bukan pusat dariketerhubungan banyak orang namun memiliki hubungan dengan orang-orang yang memiliki banyakpengikut, memegang peranan yang lebih penting. Analisa Jejaring Sosial (AJS) memberikan peranpenting dalam menggambarkan interaksi informal dimana ia menggambarkan keadaan interaksi manusiasebagai mana keadaan nyata. Salah satu bentuk jejaring sosial yang dapat dianalisa adalah kepengurusanDekanat FMIPA Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta (UNY) sampai dengan kepengurusan pada JurusanPendidikan Matematika FMIPA UNY. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa jejaring sosial padastruktur kepengurusan tersebut berdasar garis komando. Dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak bantuMicrosoft NodeXL, struktur kepengurusan Dekanat FMIPA UNY dibawa ke dalam bentuk matematis(teori graf), selanjutnya dianalisa dan diambil kesimpulan dari jejaring sosial yang terjadi berdasarkanproperti/fitur dari graf yang terbentuk. Hasil dari penelitian ini diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa meskipunDekan menduduki posisi teratas dan penting, namun kedudukan Ketua/Sekretaris Jurusan PendidikanMatematika, Kepala Bagian TU dan Kepala Labotorium Pendidikan Matematika, juga menduduki posisipenting didalam kepengurusan Dekanat FMIPA UNY.Kata Kunci: Analisis Jejaring Sosial, Microsoft NodeXL.
Bid-rigging harms economies and societies. While existing research has primarily focused on quantifying the economic damages resulting from bid-rigging cartels, there is a relative dearth of studies exploring how firms interact and the specific techniques they use to rig tenders. Our paper examines the bidding behaviours associated with bid-rigging. Specifically, we investigate how cartel companies exploit legal opportunities, engage in joint and similar bidding and adapt tactics based on the number of colluding bidders. Our study relies on judicial evidence and a dataset of 1,242 companies (including 112 colluding entities) participating in 357 roadwork bid auctions in Italy. Through bootstrap logistic regressions, we analyse company-level indicators and their association with cartel involvement. The results reveal that cartels frequently exploit subcontracts and price similarity. Moreover, we find that bid-rigging tactics vary depending on the number of bidding cartel companies involved. When colluding companies are the majority of bidders, cartels rely on widespread member participation to cover a broad range of prices. Conversely, when cartel companies constitute less than half of the bidders, they tend to form temporary associations. These findings untangle the complexity inherent in cartel agreements and strategies, highlighting the importance of assessing firm interactions and relational patterns within co-bidding networks for a comprehensive understanding of collusive dynamics.
Estudantes de enfermagem e da área da saúde podem adquirir a capacidade de lidar com sucesso na adversidade, e a interação entre eles resulta em redes de aprendizagem. O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar as diferenças entre as medidas de centralidade, a partir da análise de redes sociais, do engajamento e da resiliência dos estudantes nos anos do curso. A pesquisa quantitativa e descritiva possibilitou a análise das redes de apoio e de amizade e do grau de resiliência e engajamento dos estudantes além da identificação da forma como os estudantes trocam informações acadêmicas e de amizade. Constatou-se que não há diferença nas medidas de engajamento e resiliência de estudantes de diferentes anos do curso de enfermagem, exceto para a dimensão absorção, e que existe uma relação entre a interação dos estudantes com o engajamento e a resiliência nos primeiros anos do curso de enfermagem. Os resultados podem ser aplicados às estratégias educativas e no ambiente de trabalho dos profissionais da saúde.
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