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Análisis psicométrico de la Escala de Resiliencia en el Deporte del Fútbol

Authors:
Roberto Ruiz at Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
Roberto Ruiz
Ricardo De la Vega at Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
Ricardo De la Vega
António Fernando Boleto Rosado at University of Lisbon
António Fernando Boleto Rosado
Sidónio O Serpa at University of Lisbon
Sidónio O Serpa
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Abstract

Desde una perspectiva estrictamente deportiva, las exigencias del deporte a nivel competitivo conllevan el desarrollo de capacidades psicológicas de tolerancia y superación de adversidades propias de la práctica deportiva, que pueden relacionarse directa o indirectamente con el constructo de Resiliencia. Uno de los instrumentos diseñados es la escala de Resiliencia desarrollada por Wagnield y Young (1993), traducida al portugués por Pesce, Assis, Avanci, Santos, Malaquias y Carvalhaes (2005) utilizando muestra brasileña, yadaptada con muestra portuguesa por Vigário, Sérpa y Rosádo (2009). Los objetivos de nuestro estudio son: 1.- Describir los niveles de resiliencia globales de la escala adaptada al español con una muestra de futbolistas, comparándola con el estudio en portugués con muestra de estudiantes desarrollado por Vigário et al. (2009); 2.- Determinar las características psicométricas de la escala adaptada desarrollando un análisis factorial confirmatorio donde se establezcan comparaciones con la estructura extraída por Vigário et al. (2009). La muestra utilizada son 110 jugadores de fútbol de competición correspondientes a las categorías cadetes (n = 37), juveniles (n = 54) y senior (n = 19). El rango de edad es de 15 a 21 años, con una edad de media de 16.71 años. Los resultados muestran mayores valores observados de resiliencia global en la muestra de futbolistas que de estudiantes (p < .001). Asimismo, se confirma parcialmente la estructura factorial de dos factores propuesta, obteniendo mayores niveles de varianza explicada total en nuestro estudio (30.36%).
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Análisis psicométrico de la Escala de Resiliencia
en el deporte del fútbol
Roberto Ruiz, Ricardo de la Vega, Javier Poveda,
Antònio Rosado y Sidònio Serpa
PSYCHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE RESILIENCE SCALE IN THE SPORT OF FOOTBALL
KEYWORDS: Resilience, Football, Test, Psychometrics.
ABSTRACT: From a strictly athletic perspective, the demands of competition level sport lead to the development of capabilities for psychological tol-
erance and overcoming adversities related to engaging in sport, which can be related directly or indirectly with the construct of Resilience. One of the
instruments designed is the Resilience Scale developed by Wagnield and Young (1993), translated into Portuguese by Pesce, Assis, Avanci, Santos,
Malaquias and Carvalhaes (2005), which used a Brazilian sample and was adapted by Vigario, Serpa and Rosado (2009) using a Portuguese sample.
Our study aims: 1. –to describe the global resilience level of the scale adapted to Spanish with a sample of footballers, comparing it with the Portuguese
study using a sample of students developed by Vigario et al. (2009); 2. –to establish the psychometric characteristics of the adapted scale by developing
a confirmatory factorial analysis in which comparisons were made with the structure created by Vigario et al. (2009). The sample uconsisted in 110 foot-
ballers from official competitions divided into the age groups: 15 to 16 years old (n= 37), 17 to 18 years old (n= 54) and 19 years old and older (n=
19). The age range encompassed 15 to 21-year-olds with an average age of 16.71 years. The results show higher global Resilience in the footballer
sample than in the students’ (p< .001). It also partially confirmed the factorial structure of the two factors proposed, which obtained the highest levels
of total explained variance in our study (30.36%).
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Método
Participantes
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677636673UAEKG@367EH;35;V@FTB;5367$3?G7EFD3
7EF3436;H;6;637@FD7E53F79ADT3E5367F7<GH7@;>KE7@;ADH7D,34>3
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*A47DFA*G;L*;53D6A67>3.793"(AH763*AE36AK+;6W@;A+7DB3
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Nivel de Rendimiento
Regional Provincial Nacional Total
3F79ADT3 367F7
UAE   
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UAE   
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3UAE  
,AF3>    
Tabla 1. Tabla de contingencia de futbolistas en función de la categoría y el nivel de rendimiento.
2 de la Vega:Maquetación 1 19/12/11 12:18 Página 144
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@M>;E;EBE;5A?RFD;5A67>3E53>367*7E;>;7@5;37@7>67BADF767>8YF4A>

*7H;EF367(E;5A>A9T367>7BADF7.A>@Y?BB
Instrumento
+7:3363BF36A3>7EB3UA>>37E53>367*7E;>;7@5;367/39@;>6
K1AG@93B3DF;D67>3H7DE;V@BADFG9G7E367E3DDA>>363BAD
.;9MD;A7F3 $37E53>3 67D7E;>;7@5;3*+ 8G7 6;E7U363
BAD/39@;>6K1AG@97@K7H3>Y37>9D36A67D7E;>;7@5;3;@
6;H;6G3>K >3B7DEB75F;H367D7E;>;7@5;3 5A?A G@353D35F7DTEF;53
67B7DEA@3>;636BAE;F;H3CG783HAD757>3363BF35;V@/39@;>6K
1AG@9A@EF367G@FAF3>67TF7?E 7E5D;FAE67 8AD?3
BAE;F;H3CG7E7H3>AD3@67>7@67E35G7D6A3>FAF3>?7@F767
35G7D6A6A@67>AED7EG>F36AEH3DT3@7@FD7>AEKBG@FAE
+79Y@/39@;>6K1AG@9E75A@E;67D3@3>F3E>3EBG@FG3
5;A@7E7@>37E53>35G3@6AE7A4F;7@7@BG@FG35;A@7E;9G3>7EAEG
B7D;AD7E3BG@FAE
Procedimiento
+7B>3@F73G@ 7EFG6;A67E5D;BF;HA5ADD7>35;A@3>FD3@EH7DE3>
,D3E>3D757B5;V@67>37E53>367D7E;>;7@5;37@EGH7DE;V@BADFG
9G7E3.;9MD;A7F3>E7BDA57673>3FD36G55;V@67>3?;E?3
3>53EF7>>3@A3FD3HRE67FD7E7JB7DFAE6AE6A5FAD7E7@BE;5A>A9T3
KG@>;57@5;36A7@5;7@5;3E67>335F;H;6368TE;53K7>67BADF77J
B7DFA7@8YF4A>K3EG3B>;535;V@6GD3@F77>?7E67@AH;7?4D767
$AEA4<7F;HAE67>7EFG6;A8G7DA@BD7H;3?7@F77JBG7EFAE3
>AE7@FD7@36AD7E K8GF4A>;EF3EEA>;5;F3@6A 8AD?3>?7@F7G@5A@
E7@F;?;7@FAB3F7D@AB3D3>AE?7@AD7E673UAE(3D37>3@M>;E;E
67>AED7EG>F36AEA4F7@;6AE7@>3E7E53>3E67FA6AE>AEB3DF;5;B3@
F7EE7 :3 8D39?7@F36A >3 ?G7EFD3 7@8G@5;V@67 6AE H3D;34>7E
@;H7>675A?B7F;5;V@@35;A@3>D79;A@3>K>A53>K53F79ADT367
76365367F7E<GH7@;>7EKE7@;AD
Análisis de datos
>3@M>;E;E67>AED7EG>F36AEK>AEH3>AD7E 67E5D;BF;HAE67 >3
?G7EFD3E7D73>;L3DA@ ?76;3@F7 7> BDA9D3?37EF36TEF;5A (+/
+F3F;EF;5E.7DE;A@+(++!@5+7D73>;L3DA@3@M>;E;E67F7@
67@5;357@FD3>?76;3EK6;EB7DE;V@67EH;35;V@FTB;53B3D3>3E
H3D;34>7E5G3@F;F3F;H3E 3@M>;E;E678D75G7@5;3EK BAD57@F3<7E67
>AE67BADF;EF3E5A@3>FAEK43<AE@;H7>7E67D7E;>;7@5;33B>;535;V@
67>3BDG74367@AD?3>;63667>3E7E53>3E67D7E;>;7@5;3B3D3>3
?G7EFD367<G936AD7EK@A67BADF;EF3EGF;>;L35;V@673@M>;E;EB3
D3?RFD;5AE3@M>;E;E676;87D7@5;3?76;3E ?76;3@F7 G@&'.
G@;835FAD;3>B3D37>7EF34>75;?;7@FA676;87D7@5;3E67D7E;>;7@5;3
7@8G@5;V@67 >3 53F79ADT3 67763667BADF;H3B>;535;V@67>3
BDG74367 :A?A97@7;636 67H3D;3@L3E3@M>;E;E67 >38;34;>;636
?76;3@F77>>B:367DA@435:5A?B3D35;A@7E67>37E53>3FAF3>
67D7E;>;7@5;3?76;3@F77>3@M>;E;E676;87D7@5;367?76;3EB3D3
G@3?G7EFD3?76;3@F77>7EF36TEF;5A\F67EFG67@F]3@M>;E;E676;
87D7@5;3E3@;H7>67TF7?E7EF34>75;?;7@FA675A?B3D35;A@7E7@
>AE@;H7>7E678;34;>;636:3>>36AEK>35A?B3D35;V@67>37E53>3
67D7E;>;7@5;33@;H7>835FAD;3>3@M>;E;E7JB>AD3FAD;AK3@M>;E;E5A@
8;D?3FAD;A
Resultados
5A@F;@G35;V@E7BD7E7@F3@>AE3@M>;E;E67E5D;BF;HAE5A@E;
67D3@6A>3363BF35;V@3> 53EF7>>3@A 67 >3E53>367*7E;>;7@5;3
/39@;>6K1AG@9$AE3@M>;E;E67>37E53>39>A43>K>AE
6AE835FAD7EE7?G7EFD3@7@>3,34>3
N Mínimo Máximo Media Desviación típica
A?B7F7@5;3(7DEA@3>     
57BF35;V@67G@A?;E?AK67>3H;63     
+G?3,AF3>     
Tabla 2. Análisis descriptivos resiliencia en futbolistas.
Tabla 3. Futbolistas con baja y alta resiliencia.
Resiliencia Total
3<3*7E;>;7@5;3 >F3*7E;>;7@5;3
GF4A>;EF3E   
2 de la Vega:Maquetación 1 19/12/11 12:18 Página 145
A@7>A4<7F;HA677EF34>757DE;7J;EF7@6;87D7@5;3EE;9@;8;53
F;H3E7@FD73?4AE7EFG6;AE3B>;53?AE7>7EF36TEF;5AF67EFG67@F
B3D3G@3?G7EFD3$AED7EG>F36AEF34>3BD7E7@F3@6;87D7@5;3E
E;9@;8;53F;H3Ep A4F7@;7@6A7@ @G7EFDA7EFG6;AH3>AD7E
E;9@;8;53F;H3?7@F7EGB7D;AD7E3>AE A4F7@;6AE BAD.;9MD;A7F 3>

*A47DFA*G;L*;53D6A67>3.793"(AH763*AE36AK+;6W@;A+7DB3
 *7H;EF367(E;5A>A9T367>7BADF7.A>@Y?BB
pE53>3>A43>Fp7@8G@5;V@67>@;H7>67
D7@6;?;7@FA
$AE@;H7>7E678;34;>;636:3>>36AE7@>37E53>367D7E;>;7@5;3
3@;H7>9>A43>TF7?EK67>35FAD!TF7?EEA@3675G36AE
>B:367DA@435:  &G@@3>>KA4F7@;R@6AE7D7E
B75F;H3?7@F7G@>B:367K67+;@7?43D9A7@7>35
FAD!!TF7?EEV>AE7>>7933G@>B:367
(ADF3@FAE;5A?B3D3?AE>AE@;H7>7E678;34;>;63667@G7EFDA
7EFG6;A5A@>AE67.;9MD;A7F3>>B:3A4F7@7?AE
?3KAD7E@;H7>7E678;34;>;636
5A@F;@G35;V@,34>3E767E5D;47@>3E53D35F7DTEF;53EBE;
5A?RFD;53E67>AE TF7?E5A@D7>35;V@3EG3BADF35;V@3> @;H7>67
8;34;>;63667>37E53>39>A43>
$3F34>3 ?G7EFD3 >AE 67E5D;BF;HAE67 >3 7E53>3 F3@FA 7@>3
?G7EFD3BADFG9G7E35A?A7@>37EB3UA>3
Tabla 4. Aportación de cada ítem a la fiabilidad global del cuestionario.
Media de la Escala Varianza de la escala Correlación del Alpha de Cronbach
si el ítem si el ítem ítem con la Escala si el ítem
es eliminado es eliminado es eliminado
;F7?    
;F7?    
;F7?    
;F7?    
;F7?    
;F7?    
;F7?    
;F7?    
;F7?    
;F7?    
;F7?    
;F7?    
;F7?    
;F7?    
;F7?    
;F7?    
;F7?    
;F7?    
;F7?    
;F7?    
;F7?    
;F7?    
;F7?    
;F7?    
;F7?    
Media Desviación Máximo Mínimo
típica
%G7EFD3BADFG9G7E3677EFG6;3@F7En    
%G7EFD3678GF4A>;EF3E7EB3UA>7E    
Tabla 5. Descriptivos de las puntuaciones obtenidas por Vigário et al. (2009) y el presente estudio.
2 de la Vega:Maquetación 1 19/12/11 12:18 Página 146
5A@F;@G35;V@E75A?B3D3>37EFDG5FGD3835FAD;3>A4F7@;637@
@G7EFD3?G7EFD35A@>3A4F7@;637@>3?G7EFD3BADFG9G7E3B>;
53@6A>3BDG74367#3;E7D%7K7D'>=;@A4F7@7?AEG@H3>AD67
K7@>3BDG74367E87D;5;636673D>7FFE7A4F;7@7G@H3>AD
670 5A@G@3pEFAE63FAE;@6;53@CG7
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Valor de test = 128.96
T df Sig. (2-tailed) Diferencia de medias 95% Intervalo de confianza
de la diferencia
%7@AD %3KAD
+G?3,AF3>      
Tabla 6. Análisis de diferencia de medias mediante el estadístico de contraste t de student para una muestra.
Estudiantes Futbolistas
N= 207 N= 110
(15-21 años) (15 a 21 años)
Media Desviación Media Desviación tP
típica típica
TF7?      
TF7?      
TF7?      
TF7?      
TF7?      
TF7?      
TF7?      
TF7?      
TF7?      
TF7?      
TF7?      
TF7?      
TF7?      
TF7?      
TF7?      
TF7?      
TF7?      
TF7?      
TF7?      
TF7?      
TF7?      
TF7?      
TF7?      
TF7?      
TF7?      
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Tabla 7. Comparación de las puntuaciones de los ítems obtenidos por Vigário et al. (2009) y el presente estudio, aplicando el estadístico de contraste
t de student para una muestra.
2 de la Vega:Maquetación 1 19/12/11 12:18 Página 147
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6AE67>3EG?3FAF3>67>37E53>3673?4AE9DGBAEK>3EEG47E53>3E
5A?B7F7@5;3B7DEA@3>K357BF35;V@67G@A?;E?AK>3H;63$AE
63FAE ?3@;8;7EF3@ CG7 >AE 8GF4A>;EF3E F;7@7@ G@ BDA?76;A 67
KG@367EH;35;V@FTB;53677@>3BG@FG35;V@67>3
7E53>3 FAF3> A?A 5A@5>GE;V@E7 67F7D?;@3 CG7 7> 67 >3
?G7EFD3BAE77G@33>F3D7E;>;7@5;3E79Y@>37E53>3
*A47DFA*G;L*;53D6A67>3.793"(AH763*AE36AK+;6W@;A+7DB3
 *7H;EF367(E;5A>A9T367>7BADF7.A>@Y?BB
Autovalores iniciales Extracción de la carga de las sumas de cuartiles
Componentes Total % de varianza % acumulativo Total % de varianza % acumulativo
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
  
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
Tabla 8. Porcentaje de varianza explicada de los factores extraídos con autovalores mayores de 1 mediante la aplicación del Análisis
Factorial Exploratorio.
2 de la Vega:Maquetación 1 19/12/11 12:18 Página 148
@M>;E;EBE;5A?RFD;5A67>3E53>367*7E;>;7@5;37@7>67BADF767>8YF4A>

*7H;EF367(E;5A>A9T367>7BADF7.A>@Y?BB
Autovalores iniciales Extracción de la carga de las sumas de cuarteles Autovalores iniciales
Componentes Total % de varianza Total % de varianza Total % de varianza Total
      
      
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
Tabla 9. Porcentaje de varianza explicada mediante la aplicación del Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio con dos factores.
Escala portuguesa de Vigário et al. (2009) Adaptación al Castellano (presente estudio)
Ítems Factor I Factor II Ítems Factor I Factor II
;F7? .58  ;F7? .43 
;F7? .47  ;F7? .56 
;F7? .44  ;F7? .22* 
;F7? .31  ;F7?  .32
;F7? .40  ;F7? .70 
;F7? .39  ;F7? .32 
;F7?  .58 ;F7?  .53
;F7?  .54 ;F7? .54 
;F7? .44  ;F7?  .49
;F7? .66  ;F7? .47 
;F7?  .54 ;F7?  .41
;F7?  .15* ;F7? .52 
;F7? .39  ;F7?  .55
;F7? .31  ;F7? .61 
;F7? .49  ;F7? .54 
;F7?  .31 ;F7? .40 
;F7? .62  ;F7? .69 
;F7? .29*  ;F7?  .39
;F7? .24*  ;F7?  .57
;F7? .32  ;F7? -.33 
;F7?  .56 ;F7? .63 
;F7?  .28* ;F7?  .42
;F7? .59  ;F7? .69 
;F7? .59  ;F7? .53 
;F7?  .32 ;F7?  .35
+3FGD35;A@7E835FAD;3>7E;@87D;AD7E335FAD5A;@5;67@5;3E67TF7?E35FAD5A;@5;67@5;3E67
TF7?EE53>3,AF3>5A;@5;67@5;3E67TF7?E
Tabla 10. Comparación de las correlaciones ítem-factor de la escala portuguesa y española.
2 de la Vega:Maquetación 1 19/12/11 12:18 Página 149
A@D7EB75FA3>38;34;>;63667>37E53>3E7BG76738;D?3DCG7
3@;H7>9>A43>K7@7>35FAD!EA@3675G36AEE;4;7@7@7>35FAD
!!A4F;7@7@;H7>7E43<AEEF7:75:ABG7676747DE77@FD7AFDAE835
FAD7E3> D76G5;6A@Y?7DA67 TF7?E CG75A?BA@7@>3 7E53>3
@G@3D7H;E;V@673DFT5G>AE67E3DDA>>363BAD/39@;>6
>38;34;>;636 67>37E53>3 E77@5A@FD3437@FD7 K ?;7@F3E
CG77@>3H7DE;V@BADFG9G7E367.;9MD;A7F3>E7A4FGH;7
DA@H3>AD7E67>B:367DA@435:67
A@D7EB75FA3>35A?B3D35;V@67>37E53>3BADFG9G7E3.;
9MD;A7F3>K>3363BF35;V@ 3>53EF7>>3@A7@ 7> 8YF4A>E7
?G7EFD3@5>3D3?7@F7 6;87D7@5;3E 7EF36TEF;53?7@F7E;9@;8;53F;H3E
7@>37E53>3 FAF3>67D7E;>;7@5;33>5A?B3D3D>3EBG@FG35;A@7E67
>37E53>3AD;9;@3>5A@>3?G7EFD3678GF4A>;EF3E383HAD677EFAE
EF3E6;87D7@5;3EE75A@8;D?3@3EGH7L5A@>AE3@M>;E;ED73>;L36AE
3@;H7>67TF7?E6A@67E7?G7EFD3@6;87D7@5;3EE;9@;8;53F;H3E7@
67>AETF7?EFAF3>7E
$AED7EG>F36AE?G7EFD3@CG77J;EF7G@@;H7>?76;A 67367
5G35;V@67>AE63FAEK?G7EFD3B3D3>3D73>;L35;V@67G@3@M>;E;E
675A?BA@7@F7EBD;@5;B3>7E?76;63#3;E7D%7K7D'>=;@
K3ET5A?A>33675G35;V@67>AE63FAEB3D3>3D73>;L35;V@
677EF73@M>;E;E3> H7D;8;53DE7CG7>3E H3D;34>7E5A@E;67D363EE7
7@5G7@FD3@ 5ADD7>35;A@363E ,7EF67 E87D;5;636673D>7FF0
 pEFAE63FAEEA@E;?;>3D7E3>AEA4F7@;
6AEBAD.;9MD;A7F3>E;4;7@>AE@;H7>7EA4F7@;6AE7@>3
?76;6367#3;E7D%7K7D'>=;@EA@3>9A?7@AD7E8D7@F73
K?GKE;?;>3D7E3>AEA4F7@;6AE7@7>,7EF67E87D;5;636
673D>7FF0p
/3>9@;>6K1AG@97@EG3@M>;E;E835FAD;3>>>793DA@3
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2 de la Vega:Maquetación 1 19/12/11 12:18 Página 150
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Referencias
3DG6K"K%3DCG74D7G5C(Hijas e hijos de madres resilientes3D57>A@376;E3
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E7>85A@8;67@57Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12
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2 de la Vega:Maquetación 1 19/12/11 12:18 Página 151
... To measure resilience, the Resilience Scale (ER) designed by Wagnild andYoung in 1987 (Wagnild andYoung, 1993), and adapted to Spanish by Ruiz et al. (2012), was administered. This scale evaluates the degree of individual resilience and resilience as a positive personality characteristic, which favors adaptation. ...
... Finally, the Inventory of Bumout in Athletes Revised (IBD-R; Garcés de Los Fayos Ruiz et al., 2012) was administered, with 19 items to measure the three dimensions of bumout proposed by Maslach and Jackson (1981): Emotional Exhaustion, Reduced Personal Accomplishment and Depersonalization, and with an overall internal consistency of 0.75. The response format was Likert-type, with five response alternatives. ...
Relationship between resilience, optimism, and burnout in Pan-American athletes
Article
Full-text available
  • Nov 2022
Aim A series of knowledge has been developed on burnout syndrome in the sports context that has allowed to generate a solid theoretical structure that requires new contributions to delve into those aspects that have been less addressed, as is the case of optimism and resilience when it comes to linking them to the syndrome in top-performance athletes. For this purpose, the Burnout Inventory for Athletes (IBD-r), the Resilience Scale adapted to Spanish, and the Life Orientation Scale-Revised (LOT-R) for optimism were used. Methods From this perspective, the study was approached with 121 Uruguayan athletes who participated in the last Pan-American Games, assuming practically all the subjects who have this level of sport (142) considering gender and type of sport. Results The results indicate that 67% of the sample presents burnout symptoms for the emotional exhaustion dimension, and moderate resilience and optimism. Although there are no significant differences attributable to gender or type of sport, this contribution allows us to continue focusing on future work and further analysis. The type of sport presented statistically significant differences in relation to the personal competence dimension and the type of sport. Conclusion Resilience and optimism obtained a clear influence on the occurrence of burnout, in a statistically negative sense, showing themselves as interesting prevention strategies for future lines of research, where it is essential to design interventions that teach emotional skills to manage adversity and prevent burnout.
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... Entre los intentos por valorar los niveles de resiliencia, la escala diseñada por Wagnild y Young en la década de los noventa, constituida originalmente por 25 ítems, ha sido una de las más validadas en distintas latitudes (Cabello et al., 2017;Rodríguez et al., 2009;Romero, 2017;Sánchez-Teruel, 2015). Esta ha sido implementada en distintas investigaciones en las que se han realizado análisis psicométricos y de adaptación en el 4 campo del fútbol (Ruiz et al., 2012), en el voleibol (Trigueros et al., 2017), así como estudios de validez en el contexto de la educación física (Trigueros et al., 2020). ...
Propiedades psicométricas de la escala de resiliencia de Wagnild y Young en personas adultas mayores costarricensesPsychometric Properties of The Wagnild and Young Resilience Scale in Costa Rican Older AdultsPropriedades psicométricas da escala de resiliência wagnild e young em pessoas idosas da Costa Rica
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2024
Objetivo: Analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la escala de resiliencia de Wagnild y Young, versión argentina, en un grupo de personas adultas mayores costarricenses. Materiales y métodos: Se contó con un grupo piloto (N = 40, X = 69.38) y otro para el análisis de las propiedades psicométricas (N = 100, X = 69.31). Se utilizó la escala de resiliencia de Wagnild y Young, versión argentina, de 25 ítems. Se efectuó un análisis por juicio de personas expertas y un estudio piloto, para establecer la escala por validar; posterior a esto, se realizó el estudio de validación completo. Se aplicaron análisis factoriales y alfa de Cronbach. Resultados: El análisis factorial extrajo dos factores denominados: a) “capacidad de autoeficacia” y b) “capacidad de propósito y sentido de vida”. La consistencia interna en el nivel global fue 0.84 (21 ítems); para el primer factor, 0.81, y para el segundo factor, 0.74. Conclusiones: El instrumento es confiable y válido para valorar los niveles de resiliencia desde una óptica integral e interdisciplinaria, en una población de personas adultas mayores con las características similares a las de la muestra estudiada. A futuro, se recomienda realizar análisis cualitativos para delimitar mejor los constructos, con base en las características de la población.
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... La literatura científica que une el ámbito de la resiliencia y el de la actividad física ha sido escasa durante algunos años (Fletcher & Sarkar, 2012;Gucciardi et al., 2011;Morgan et al., 2013;Ortiz et al., 2022;Ozan & Secer, 2022;Reche et al.2014;Ruiz et al., 2012) y especialmente relacionada con los deportes de competición. ...
Actividad física y resiliencia. Una práctica en Europa para la inclusión social (Physical activity and resilience. A practice in Europe for social inclusion)
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2024
El presente estudio asume el supuesto previo de que la resiliencia aplicada a los programas deportivos puede ser muy útil para favorecer la inclusión social. En ese sentido, se presenta una propuesta a partir de la sistematización de 6 experiencias, en diferentes países europeos, en las que converge la voluntad de promover la resiliencia y la inclusión social a través de la práctica deportiva. El objetivo del estudio es identificar los aspectos clave que se deben tener en cuenta para dotar de un carácter resiliente las experiencias deportivas, con el propósito de mejorar su valor educativo e inclusivo. Se ha implementado una metodología cualitativa utilizándose como técnicas de recogida de la información 6 grupos de discusión y 6 matrices DAFO. La aportación más importante del presente estudio es la concreción de acciones —por parte de los equipos profesionales y académicos— basadas en la experiencia diaria de los mismos. Estas acciones se organizan a partir de 3 ejes temporales, triangulados con 6 aspectos de la resiliencia aplicados en una organización social. En la discusión se hace hincapié en la importancia de incluir un cambio de mentalidad en los equipos profesionales de la práctica deportiva para asumir un modelo de la resiliencia y facilitar así la inclusión social. Palabras clave: Inclusión social - Resiliencia - Actividad física - Sistematización de experiencias Abstract. This study assumes the previous assumption that resilience applied to sports programmes can be very useful to promote social inclusion. In this sense, a systematic proposal is presented based on 6 experiences from different European countries that are united by the desire to promote resilience and social inclusion through sport. The aim of the study is to identify the key aspects to be taken into account in order to make sport experiences resilient, with the aim of improving their educational and inclusive value. A qualitative methodology has been implemented using 6 focus groups and 6 SWOT matrices as data collection techniques. The most important contribution of this study is the concretisation of actions —by professional and academic teams— based on their daily experience. These actions are organised along 3 time axes, triangulated with 6 aspects of resilience applied in a social organisation. In the discussion, emphasis is placed on the importance of including a change of mentality in the professional teams of the sport practice to assume a model of resilience and, thus, facilitating social inclusion. Key words: Social inclusion - Resilience - Resilience - Physical activity - Systematisation of experiences
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... La resiliencia psicológica ha sido tratada como la capacidad que tiene una persona o un grupo de recuperarse frente a la adversidad para seguir proyectando el futuro (Ruiz-Barquín et al., 2012). Estos investigadores, al estudiar casos sobre este constructo, refieren que, en circunstancias difíciles o traumas de alto impacto en estas personas, afloran recursos que se encontraban latentes y que eran desconocidos por ellos mismos. ...
Psychological training for the stimulation of resilience in the national table tennis team
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2021
The present work corresponds to the research carried out on psychological resilience in athletes of the national Table Tennis team and with the theme of High Performance Sports. Its objective was to elaborate a proposal for a psychological training program to stimulate resilience in athletes of the U-18 and U-21 categories of the national table tennis team. The need to conduct studies that explore resilience in the field of Sport Psychology reveals the importance and timeliness of the topic, due to the contribution of this capacity to the performance of athletes during the training and competition process. In order to fulfill the research objective, methods from the theoretical level such as analysis and synthesis and from the empirical level, observation, interview, as well as the Resilience Scale and the Stress Coping Questionnaire were used. The main results made it possible to confirm the presence of medium and high levels of psychological resilience in the athletes studied, it was identified the protective and risk factors that influence the coping with life events and stressful situations. In addition, they made possible the elaboration of the psychological training program proposal, in correspondence with the findings. The program proposal consisted of 16 sessions, aimed at stimulating psychological resilience in the national table tennis team; it was submitted to the criteria of 11 specialists for the evaluation of its design, feasibility and usefulness, where it was highly valued by them.
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Análisis de procesos grupales en deportes colectivos: Relación entre resiliencia de equipo y la cohesión grupal: RESILIENCIA DE EQUIPO Y COHESIÓN GRUPAL
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2023
Introducción. El objetivo del presente estudio consistió en examinar y determinar las relaciones existentes ente la resiliencia de equipo y cohesión grupal en un contexto de deportes de equipo. Método. Un total de 465 jugadores/as de los cuales 124 pertenecían al género femenino (M = 20.61; DT = 4.85) y 341 pertenecían al género masculino (M = 20.24; DT = 5.70) formaron parte del estudio. Los jugadores participaban en categorías sub-18 y senior de deportes colectivos tales como voleibol (n = 10), baloncesto (n = 60), fútbol (n = 365) y balonmano (n = 30). Resultados. Los resultados mostraron que existe una correlación significativa y positiva entre las características de la resiliencia con todos los factores de cohesión grupal y de mayor magnitud con el factor de Integración a la tarea, mientras que todos los factores de cohesión mantenían una correlación negativa con la vulnerabilidad bajo presión, siendo el índice de correlación más elevado el de Integración a la tarea. Conclusión. Se determinó que para tener un equipo resiliente y que supere los problemas que aparecen durante la competición deportiva, es necesario aumentar la cohesión social y sobre todo tarea en el seno de los equipos. Además, destaca la importancia de poder valorar la resiliencia y analizar cuáles son los factores principales que se relacionan con ella.
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Relación entre características psicológicas asociadas al rendimiento deportivo, con variables demográficas y del deporte, en una muestra de deportistas colombianos
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2023
Las condiciones psicológicas son aspectos determinantes para el rendimiento del deportista, sin embargo, en Latinoamérica, y especialmente en Colombia la investigación es limitada, en torno a las características psicológicas y sus diferencias por variables demográficas y del deporte. Por esto, el objetivo fue determinar la relación entre las características psicológicas asociadas al rendimiento deportivo y variables demográficas y del deporte. Se realizó un estudio transversal y de alcance correlacional, se contó con una muestra de 317 deportistas colombianos pertenecientes a diferentes modalidades deportivas, a quienes se les aplicó el Cuestionario de Características Psicológicas Relacionadas con el Rendimiento Deportivo CPRD. Se halló que los deportistas varones presentaron mayores puntuaciones en habilidad mental. En la división de deportes por interacción motriz, quienes se encontraban en el grupo de cooperación con compañeros, y en cooperación y oposición, presentaron una mayor cohesión de equipo que los de oposición contra adversarios. Según los tipos de deporte (con participación simultánea o alternativa, con espacio común o separado, sociomotriz o psicomotriz), no se hallan diferencias. En las comparaciones por deporte, que los jugadores de rugby tenían un mayor nivel de habilidad mental que los jugadores de fútbol, y un mayor control del estrés de los practicantes de porras en comparación con los jugadores de baloncesto. Sobre los niveles de competición, se hallaron menores puntajes en la influencia de la evaluación del rendimiento en deportistas universitarios en comparación con aficionados y semiprofesionales. Finalmente, no existió relación entre cada una de las escalas y el número de años que de forma continua han venido practicando el deporte, ni la edad.
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The impact of COVID-19 on healthy habits and psychological well-being of Chilean female handball players
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2023
This study aimed to assess the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on healthy habits in a sample made up of Chilean international elite female handball players. Participants filled in an online survey regarding their physical activity levels, eating attitudes, sleep quality and psychological well-being, twice. The survey was sent within four weeks after mobility restrictions were imposed in Chile, and 16 weeks later, just after the easing of those restrictions began. A total of 18 female handball players who were competing in senior, junior or juvenile categories were analyzed. The obtained data indicated that physical activity levels decreased significantly, as well as psychological well-being. No significant changes were observed in the eating attitudes and sleep quality, although a significant reduction of sleep problems was detected. Sociodemographic and sport-related characteristics did not seem to produce a differential effect on the variables assessed.
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Perfil del deportista resiliente en función de la Orientación Motivacional y la Diversión en la práctica deportiva federada
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2023
La resilencia estudiada el conjunto de habilidades personales que permiten a un individuo un funcionamiento saludable en la adaptación a un contexto adverso y/o a un acontecimiento disruptivo en la vida diaria. En los últimos años, la resilencia ha sido un factor a tener en cuenta al evaluar el rendimiento deportivo. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo determinar el perfil del deportista resiliente en un grupo de jóvenes federados de Guipúzcoa (300 hombres y 135 mujeres, con edad media de 18,61 años). Se ha utilizado un cuestionario “ad-hoc” compuesto de 3 cuestionario ya validados: La Escala de Resiliencia (Wagnild y Young, 1993), la Escala de Diversión/Satisfacción (Balaguer, Atienza, et al., 1997) y el Cuestionario de Orientación Motivacional al Ego y a la Tarea en el Deporte (Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire, cuyo acrónimo es TEOSQ) (Duda, 1989), y se han examinado las relaciones entre el nivel competitivo, el sexo, el carácter deportivo, la Orientación Motivacional y la Diversión. Los resultados permiten concluir que las y los deportistas más resilientes, son quienes más se divierten y los que más motivados están hacia la práctica deportiva, sobre todo quienes están más orientados hacia la tarea. Además, la práctica de deportes individuales parece desarrollar en mayor medida las capacidades resilientes de los jóvenes. El tamaño de efecto resultante es de .288, efecto medio.
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Association between Somatotype and Depression in college going students of Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Conference Paper
Full-text available
  • Jul 2022
Introduction: Somatotype was developed by W.H. Sheldon (1940) based on the constitutional psychology which attempted to associate human temperament with body type. The present study was aimed to find out if any association presented between somatotype and depression. Methods: 62 male and female college students, age ranged from 18-21 yr, were studied. Somatotype was calculated using Heath-Carter method (1990) and Beck Depression Inventory (1996) method was used for depression. Results: Normal depression level were observed in Mesomorphic endomorph category (35.7%), in Endomorphic ectomorph category (25 %), in Ectomorphic endomorph category (50%), in Balance ectomorph category (85.7 %), in Endomorphic mesomorph category (75 %) and in Balanced ectomorph category (50%). Mild depression was observed in Mesomorphic endomorph category (28.6%), in Endomorphic ectomorph category (37.5%), in Ectomorphic endomorph category (25%), in Balanced endomorph category (14.3%), in Endomorphic mesomorph category (25%), and in Balanced ectomorph category (50%). Border line depression were observed in Mesomorphic endomorph category (10.7%), in Endomorphic ectomorph category (25 %), in Ectomorphic endomorph category (12.5 %). Moderate depression was observed in Mesomorphic endomorph category (14.3 %), and in Endomorphic ectomorph category (12.5%). Severe and extreme depression levels were observed only in Mesomorphic endomorph category (7.2 % and 3.6% respectively). Depression level of 75 % Mesomorphic endomorph category were non-clinical and rest were clinical. 87.5 % students with Endomorphic ectomorph category were with non-clinical depression level, rest were with clinical depression level. Depression level of 87.5 % Ectomorphic endomorph category were non-clinical, only 12.5 % were clinical. The correlation coefficients (r) were 0.2 (between endomorphy and depression), 0.1 (between mesomorphy and depression) and 0.1 (between ectomorphy and depression). Conclusion: Thus, from the above study, it could be concluded that somatotype categories did not have any significant association with depression level. Further study is recommended. Somatotype is just a description of body shape and size, rather than a reflection of mind. Conflict of Interest : It doesn’t exist. References Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., Ball, R., Ranieri, W. (1996). Comparison of Beck Depression Inventories -IA and -II in psychiatric outpatients, Journal of Personality Assessment, 67 (3), 588–97. doi: 10.1207/s15327752. Bulbena, A.R.M., Santos, M., Porta, J.C., Duró, J., Gago, J., Sangorrín, Gratacós, M. (1996). Somatotype in Panic patients, Anxiety, 2, 80–85. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1522-7154 Carter, J.E.L., Heath, B.H. (1990). Somatotyping - Developments and Applications, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Čeřovská, J., Válek, J., Kaucká, J., Křikava, L., Honzák, R. (1980). Somatotype of Men Suffering from Ischaemic Heart Disease. Anthropologie. 18(1), 3–13. Marta, C., Marinho, D.A., Costa, M.A., M., Barbosa, T.M., Marques, M.C., (2011). Somatotype is More Interactive with Strength than Fat Mass and Physical Activity, Journal of Human Kinetics Special Issue, 83-91. 19 Vertinsky, P. (2007). Physique as destiny: William H. Sheldon, Barbara Honeyman Heath, and the struggle for hegemony in the science of somatotyping. Canadian Bulletin of Medical History, 24(2), 291-316. doi:10.3138/cbmh.24.2.291. PMID 18447308 Zu, P., Zhao, Y.Q., Xu, S.J. (2011). Association between self-assessed somatotypes and symptom depression among children and adolescents, Zhonghua liu Xing Bing xue za zhi = Zhonghua Liuxingbingxue Zazhi. 32(12), 1208-1211.
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Relation of resilience whit sport achievement and mental health in a sample of athletes
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2010
This study was aimed to investigate the association of resilience with sport achievement and menatal health in a sample of athletes. One hundred and thrty-nine athletes (96 males, 43 females) were included in this study. All participants completed Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) and Mental Health Inventory (MHI). The athletes' coaches were asked to rate the Sport Achievement Scale (SAS) in order to measure athletes' sport achievement. The results revealed that resilience was positively associated with sport achievement and psychological well-being, and negatively associated with psychological distress. It can be concluded that resilience is associated with sport achievement and mental health.
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Development and validation of a trait measure of robustness of self-confidence
Article
Full-text available
  • Mar 2011
  • PSYCHOL SPORT EXERC
Objectives: Robust confidence beliefs (the ability to maintain confidence beliefs in the face of adversity) have been highlighted as an important characteristic that contributes to the make up of mentally tough athletes. The purpose of the present set of studies was to develop such a measure. Design: Three studies are reported that chart the development of a measure of Trait Robustness of Self-Confidence (i.e., the ability to maintain confidence in the face of disconfirming experiences). Method: Study 1 developed a 12-item inventory that was subjected to single-factor confirmatory factor analysis used in an exploratory fashion. Results: The factor structure of the resultant eight-item inventory (TROSCI) was consistent across both male and female athletes (S-B χ2 (20)=29.75; CFI=.98; RMSEA=.04; SRMR=.03). The single-factor structure of the eight-item inventory was confirmed in a second study that demonstrated structural (S-B χ2 (20)=29.36; CFI=.97; RMSEA=.05; SRMR=.04) and convergent validity (S-B χ2 (188)=244.83; CFI=.98; RMSEA=.05; SRMR=.06) with Vealey's TSCI. Finally, Study 3 demonstrated the predictive validity of TROSCI; high TROSC athletes were associated with more stable self-confidence levels prior to competition. Further, athletes with high TROSC levels managed to maintain higher state self-confidence levels than those with low TROSC levels. Conclusions: Results support the view of robust confidence beliefs and highlight other factors that may play a moderating role.
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Explanatory Style and Resilience after Sports Failure
Article
Full-text available
  • Nov 2003
  • PERS INDIV DIFFER
Some athletes habitually explain bad events with causes that are stable in time and global in effect, and explain good events with causes that are unstable and specific. This pessimistic explanatory style constitutes a dispositional risk factor likely to lead to lower expectations of success, to increased anxiety, and to poor achievement. Sixty-two participants (mean age 14 years) performed a basketball dribbling trial and were given false feedback indicating that they had failed. Consistent with prediction, in a second trial, the optimistic participants (N=22) were less anxious (assessed by heart rate acceleration), more confident, and performed better than pessimistic participants (N=20). A third group with a neutral explanatory style (N=20) obtained scores which were between the two other groups.
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Social cohesion through football: A quasi-experimental mixed methods design to evaluate a complex health promotion program
Article
Full-text available
  • Oct 2010
  • BMC PUBLIC HEALTH
Unlabelled: Social isolation and disengagement fragments local communities. Evidence indicates that refugee families are highly vulnerable to social isolation in their countries of resettlement. Research to identify approaches to best address this is needed. Football United is a program that aims to foster social inclusion and cohesion in areas with high refugee settlement in New South Wales, Australia, through skills and leadership development, mentoring, and the creation of links with local community and corporate leaders and organisations. The Social Cohesion through Football study's broad goal is to examine the implementation of a complex health promotion program, and to analyse the processes involved in program implementation. The study will consider program impact on individual health and wellbeing, social inclusion and cohesion, as well as analyse how the program by necessity interacts and adapts to context during implementation, a concept we refer to as plasticity. The proposed study will be the first prospective cohort impact study to our knowledge to assess the impact of a comprehensive integrated program using football as a vehicle for fostering social inclusion and cohesion in communities with high refugee settlement. Methods/design: A quasi-experimental cohort study design with treatment partitioning involving four study sites. The study employs a 'dose response' model, comparing those with no involvement in the Football United program with those with lower or higher levels of participation. A range of qualitative and quantitative measures will be used in the study. Study participants' emotional well being, resilience, ethnic identity and other group orientation, feelings of social inclusion and belonging will be measured using a survey instrument complemented by relevant data drawn from in-depth interviews, self reporting measures and participant observation. The views of key informants from the program and the wider community will also be solicited. Discussion: The complexity of the Football United program poses challenges for measurement, and requires the study design to be responsive to the dynamic nature of the program and context. Assessment of change is needed at multiple levels, drawing on mixed methods and multidisciplinary approaches in implementation and evaluation. Attention to these challenges has underpinned the design and methods in the Social Cohesion through Football study, which will use a unique and innovative combination of measures that have not been applied together previously in social inclusion/cohesion and sport and social inclusion/cohesion program research.
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Development and preliminary validation of a mental toughness inventory for Australian football
Article
  • Jan 2009
  • PSYCHOL SPORT EXERC
ObjectivesThis paper describes the development and preliminary evaluation of the Australian football Mental Toughness Inventory (AfMTI).MethodsConfirmatory and exploratory factor analyses were employed to explore the factor structure of a pool of items designed to capture the key components of mental toughness in Australian football [Gucciardi, D.F., Gordon, S., & Dimmock, J.A. (2008). Towards an understanding of mental toughness in Australian football. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 20, 261–281.] Correlations between the four-factor inventory and flow, resilience, and social desirability were examined. The discriminant validity of the inventory was also assessed. Multisource ratings (self, parent, and coach) of the AfMTI were examined in experiment two.ResultsThe AfMTI is a 24-item scale that measures four components of mental toughness in Australian football – thrive through challenge, sport awareness, tough attitude, and desire success. It was shown to have adequate internal reliability estimates across different raters (α = .70–.89). Moderate correlations with flow and resilience were evidenced, while minimal correlations existed with social desirability. Multisource data were somewhat equivocal; correlational data suggested a disagreement between raters, whereas an ANOVA suggested agreement between raters.ConclusionsPreliminary data on the factor structure, internal reliability, and construct validity of the AfMTI were encouraging. However, the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the AfMTI must be verified through further psychometric examinations before it can be considered a useful tool for measuring mental toughness in Australian football.
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Project on Elite Athlete Commitment (PEAK): III. An Examination of the External Validity Across Gender, and the Expansion and Clarification of the Sport Commitment Model
Article
  • Dec 2009
The Sport Commitment Model was further tested using the Scanlan Collaborative Interview Method to examine its generalizability to New Zealand's elite female amateur netball team, the Silver Ferns. Results supported or clarified Sport Commitment Model predictions, revealed avenues for model expansion, and elucidated the functions of perceived competence and enjoyment in the commitment process. A comparison and contrast of the in-depth interview data from the Silver Ferns with previous interview data from a comparable elite team of amateur male athletes allowed assessment of model external validity, tested the generalizability of the underlying mechanisms, and separated gender differences from discrepancies that simply reflected team or idiosyncratic differences.
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Assessing Resilience
Article
  • Dec 2009
As more studies reveal the positive relationships between resilience and aging well, mental health practitioners are increasingly interested in recognizing and strengthening resilience among aging Baby Boomers. Although there is much information on characteristics of resilience, there is very little research on assessing for resilience. This article presents a framework for assessing resilience among middle-aged and older adults that includes the Resilience Scale and open-ended questions to provide clients opportunities to reflect on and perhaps rediscover their resilience. This assessment framework may be useful for mental health practitioners using a strengths-based approach with their clients.
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