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A Conceptual Framework for the Analysis of Vulnerability in Supply Chains
Abstract
A conceptual framework for the analysis of vulnerability in supply chains is developed. The conceptual framework is limited to the inbound logistic flow of manufacturers. The study has been performed as a two-step process. Step one explores the concept of vulnerability from the point of view of an inductive approach. The conceptual framework is generated and based on the empirical findings from a case study of a Swedish car manufacturer in the automotive industry. Step two is deductive in terms of testing in other industries the generated conceptual framework that originates from step one. The conceptual framework consists of two dimensions, namely categories of disturbance and sources of disturbance. Principally, categories of disturbance are divided into quantitative and qualitative disturbances. Sources of disturbance are divided into atomistic (direct) and holistic (indirect) disturbances. In addition, the specific criteria of an inbound logistic flow indicate how vulnerability in supply chains is proposed to be analysed according to the developed conceptual framework of vulnerability.
... Many scholars have proposed this classification of these disruptions (Chopra and Sodhi 2004, Christopher and Lee 2004, Hallikas and Virolainen 2004, Wagner and Bode 2006, Nowakowski, Werbińska-Wojciechowska, and Chlebus 2015. Disruptions in the supply chain are categorized differently by different scholars; for instance, Svensson (2000) classifies supply chain disturbances as qualitative (i.e., lack of product/service reliability, quality or precision) and quantitative (i.e., deviations that will result in stock-outs or back-orders). However, Vakharia and Yenipazarli (2009) categorize disturbances as being caused by either act of nature (e.g., flooding, earthquakes, and hurricanes) or by humans (e.g., political instability, terrorism, and quality problems). ...
... The construct of inbound and outbound disturbances of this study is derived from the vulnerability model developed by (Svensson 2000). Inbound quantitative disturbances refer to quantifiable deviations of components and materials from suppliers, while qualitative disturbances are related to the eminences of these components and materials. ...
... Uncertainty in the upstream supply will significantly influence the downstream supply chain, as illustrated by many scholars. For instance, Svensson (2000), argues that deviations in the inbound logistics flow will consequently influence firms ' outbound logistics; therefore, upstream and downstream activities of the supply chain should be coordinated to avoid and reduce vulnerabilities. Hence, the following hypotheses are proposed: H5: Inbound quantitative disturbances positively influence outbound quantitative disturbance across Somalia. ...
Supply chain management is a determinant of success in today's globalized business. This has created a greater risk that can ultimately lead to deviations in the supply chain. The purpose of this study was to investigate both the inbound and outbound quantitative and qualitative disruptions that lead to supply chain vulnerability in Somalia. Vulnerability assessment is the best tool that can help practitioners proactively deal with such risks and avoid disturbances in the supply chain. This study employs a cross-sectional research design to test the hypotheses generated in the previous sections. A quantitative method was used to collect and analyze the data for this study. The population of this study comprises the business managers and logistics departments of small and medium-sized firms in Somalia. The proportional method was used to calculate the sample size. Inferential statistics using least squares regression were utilized to analyze the data collected from the study respondents. Partial least squares were used to calculate the model parameters and to test the hypothesis. The study found that inbound quantitative disturbances have a significant impact on supply chain vulnerability in the context of Somalia; in contrast, inbound qualitative disturbances have no significant relationship with supply chain vulnerability. This study found that the supply chain of the manufacturing industry in Somalia is more vulnerable than that of the merchandise industry. The findings of this study imply that managers should consider upstream activities to promote performance at the interface with current and potential customers, based on the fact that consumers are more demanding than suppliers. The findings of this study present scientific data on the inbound and outbound quantitative and qualitative disruptions that lead to supply chain vulnerability in Somalia, which are especially important to practitioners to understand how to mitigate such disturbances, and academicians to find this study to be of practical use, given there has been very little research done on the topic in the context of Somalia.
... The concept of resilience over the years has gradually developed and spread to various domains, with the supply chain being one of the newest members to adapt the concept. The concept of supply chain resilience combines the previous principle with the study of supply chain vulnerability, defined by [20] as an unexpected deviation from the norm and its negative consequences. Therefore, it can be concluded that supply chain resilience is the ability to overcome the unavoidable consequences of risk events to return to the original operation or move to a new, more desirable state after being disrupted [21]. ...
... Table 2 shows the previous research in supply chain capabilities. [25]; [26]; [27]; [20]; [21]. [28] Customer disruptions [25]; [26]; [27]; [20]; [21]; [29]; [30] Operational Vulnerability Import/Export channels [25]; [28] Supplier capacity [25]; [26]; [30] [28] Production capacity [25]; [27]; ; [29] [28] Limited manpower [24] [28] Transportation disruption [27]; [30] [28] Product quality problem [27]; [29] [28] External Vulnerability Global economic shocks [24]; [28] Geoplitical risks [24]; [28] Financial Vulnerability Economic recession [25]; [26]; [27]; [29] Price pressure (competition) [25]; [26] 139 Process improvement, Lead time reduction [27]; [25]; [26]; [21]; [18] Learning from experience, Reengineering [27]; [25]; [26]; [21] Anticipation Forecasting [27]; [25]; [26]; [21]; [29] Contingency planning, preparedness [25]; [26] Risk management, Business continuity planning [25]; [26]; [21]; [29]; [ ...
... [25]; [26]; [27]; [20]; [21]. [28] Customer disruptions [25]; [26]; [27]; [20]; [21]; [29]; [30] Operational Vulnerability Import/Export channels [25]; [28] Supplier capacity [25]; [26]; [30] [28] Production capacity [25]; [27]; ; [29] [28] Limited manpower [24] [28] Transportation disruption [27]; [30] [28] Product quality problem [27]; [29] [28] External Vulnerability Global economic shocks [24]; [28] Geoplitical risks [24]; [28] Financial Vulnerability Economic recession [25]; [26]; [27]; [29] Price pressure (competition) [25]; [26] 139 Process improvement, Lead time reduction [27]; [25]; [26]; [21]; [18] Learning from experience, Reengineering [27]; [25]; [26]; [21] Anticipation Forecasting [27]; [25]; [26]; [21]; [29] Contingency planning, preparedness [25]; [26] Risk management, Business continuity planning [25]; [26]; [21]; [29]; [ ...
The current COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted all sectors, including the automotive industry. The automotive industry is one of the industries that contribute significantly to economic growth in Indonesia. With supply chain disruptions and vulnerabilities amid the COVID-19 pandemic, the demand for supply chain resilience is echoing in the business world. It is essential to develop resilience capabilities promptly because supply chain vulnerabilities can cause severe financial loss for organizations. This research aims to group the variables of vulnerability and capability to perform processing more easily in prioritizing the appropriate vulnerabilities and capabilities. The factor analysis method is designed to group variables in many factors with almost the exact nature and characteristics, making it easier to simplify and analyze further. The results of the study found that the vulnerability variable has three factors, namely (i) financial vulnerability, (ii) operational vulnerability, and (iii) external vulnerability, then these three factors are divided into thirteen indicators. While the factors that are formed from the ability variable are five factors, namely (i) cooperation, (ii) anticipation, (iii) financial strength, (iv) capacity, and (v) flexibility, then the five factors are divided into thirteen indicators. Following the research objectives, grouping and simplifying these priority factors can become a reference for researchers or companies to manage supply chains that are more resilient amid disruptions due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic effectively and efficiently.
... Supply chain vulnerability (SCV), however, exists and affects the operation of prefabricated building projects (PBPs), impeding their development. SCV is an intrinsic attribute that makes the supply chain vulnerable to damages and impacts from nature or humans owing to its internal inability, resulting in a deviation from the normal or expected operation and negatively affecting the stakeholders involved and the supply chain performance [4], [5]. The client, designer, manufacturer, main contractor, transporter, and assembly subcontractor are cross-organizational and cross-professional stakeholders that make up the dynamic and complex supply chain of a PBP [6]. ...
... SCV theory emphasizes two main elements of vulnerability: the disturbance that causes supply chains to deviate from normal and the negative results caused by disturbance [4], [19]. According to Deshpande et al. [5], vulnerability is an intrinsic feature of the supply chain and refers to its current inability to respond to and adapt to hazards. ...
Supply chain vulnerability (SCV) is a driver of risk influenced by the defects of stakeholders’ management and decision making as well as the interactions between SCV factors. We adopted the social network analysis to explore SCV in prefabricated building projects (PBPs) from multiple perspectives. A two-mode network was constructed to quantitatively analyze the impact of stakeholders on SCV factors. A one-mode network was also built to explore the interrelationships between SCV factors. Digital technologies (DTs) were then investigated to understand whether and how they contribute to SCV abatement in PBPs. Results show that stakeholders have different degrees of influence on different categories of SCV factors. The main contractor, assembly subcontractor, and manufacturer are the critical stakeholders generating SCV with significant potential for cooperation in reducing SCV in PBPs. Critical SCV factors, links, and the associated influencing paths are analyzed to gain in-depth insights into SCV. Project organizational vulnerabilities account for the largest proportion of critical nodes. The combination of building information modeling, Internet of things, augmented reality, virtual reality, and artificial intelligence can effectively alleviate SCV in PBPs. This article provides valuable theoretical and practical implications on SCV reduction and DTs promotion.
... 2.2 Supply chain resilience vulnerabilities Svensson (2000) was the first to propose supply chain vulnerabilities and believed that vulnerabilities mean the existence of random disturbances, which cause factors or raw materials in supply chains to deviate from the normal, expected, and planned state, thereby affecting manufacturers and their collaborators in supply chains. However, Svensson (2000) did not distinguish between supply chain fragility and risk. ...
... 2.2 Supply chain resilience vulnerabilities Svensson (2000) was the first to propose supply chain vulnerabilities and believed that vulnerabilities mean the existence of random disturbances, which cause factors or raw materials in supply chains to deviate from the normal, expected, and planned state, thereby affecting manufacturers and their collaborators in supply chains. However, Svensson (2000) did not distinguish between supply chain fragility and risk. Jüttner et al. (2003) differentiated the two concepts of supply chain risks and supply chain vulnerabilities and defined supply chain vulnerabilities as "the propensity of risk sources and risk drivers to outweigh risk mitigating strategies, thus causing adverse supply chain consequences". ...
The COVID-19 outbreak has caused uncertainty risk surges, increased sustainable supply chain vulnerabilities, and challenges to sustainable supply chain resilience (SSCR) management. Therefore, improving SSCR is necessary to alleviate vulnerabilities, and SSCR management must generate large capital investments. However, the economic downturn brought about by the COVID-19 epidemic has made some companies have limited budgets that can be used to improve SSCR. Therefore, the design of resilience solutions needs to fully consider the constraints of budgetary costs. Most of the existing related literature only discusses optimal resilience solutions under certain cost constraints, so such resilience solutions cannot be applied to most enterprises. In this study, we set the cost constraint as a variable quantity, using resilience efficiency and customer satisfaction as indicators, to determine the changing laws of optimal resilience strategies when cost constraints change. These rules can be applied to enterprises with different budgeted costs. Our findings suggest that companies should prioritize sacrificing resilience measures (RMs) related to adaptive capacity when budget costs gradually decline, and RMs related to absorptive capacity are indispensable at all budget levels. Furthermore, the pursuit of environmental and social sustainability cannot be abandoned, no matter how limited the flexible budget may be.
... Es wird dabei dem Ansatz von Zitzmann gefolgt und aufgrund der Reichweite der Einflussnahme eine Unterteilung in disruptive Unsicherheiten und operative Unsicherheiten vorgenommen [47,48]. Wenn die Unsicherheiten sehr große und weitgehende Effekte auf die SC haben (z.B. durch Naturkatastrophen oder Maschinenausfälle), dann bezeichnet man diese als disruptive Unsicherheiten [4]. Unter anderem nicht eingehaltene Frachtzeiten oder Veränderungen in der Nachfrage können als operative Unsicherheiten betrachtet werden. ...
... Einflüsse auf die Performance der Leistungserstellung können ihren Ursprung in Prozess-und/oder Kontrollunsicherheiten haben. Diese beiden Unsicherheiten können auch bei vorgelagerten Teilnehmern der SC auftreten und in der Folge zu Beschaffungsproblemen führen [4]. Dies wären dann die Auswirkungen, die auf die SC im Rahmen von Beschaffungsunsicherheiten einwirken [47]. ...
Anmerkung. Global vernetzte Supply Chains (SC) führen bei den Unternehmen zu geringeren Kosten, aber zu-gleich erhöhen diese auch die Abhängigkeit ggü. den Lieferanten und die Störanfälligkeit der SCs wird erhöht. In den vergangenen Jahren haben zudem die Unsicherheiten für die SCs stark zugenommen. Treiber waren hier u.a. der Brexit, Handelskonflikte oder auch die Corona-Pandemie. In diesem Zusammenhang steht ver-stärkt die Entwicklung neuer SC-Strategien im Fokus der Unternehmen. Dabei wird stark auf die Verbesserung der Resilienz der SCs geachtet, um dadurch u.a. die Risiken für die SCs zu reduzieren. Die Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den Auswirkungen steigender Unsicherheiten auf das Design sowie die Resilienz von SCs und hat das Ziel zu ermitteln, ob es Änderungen in der SC bedarf, um auf die Auswirkungen steigender Unsicherheiten zu reagieren und wie die Resilienz zukünftig sichergestellt werden kann (Trade-off zwischen Resilienz und Kos-teneffizienz). Im Rahmen der Untersuchung erfolgte eine qualitative Forschung in Form von Experteninter-views, da so u.a. spezifische Meinungen oder auch Begründungen und Einstellungen von bestimmten Personen zu den vorliegenden Thematiken ermittelt werden können. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Kosten weiterhin meist der entscheidende Aspekt sind und es mehr Transparenz, Flexibilität sowie ein besseres Risikomanage-ment nötig ist. Des Weiteren bedarf es zukünftig u.a. einer größeren Berücksichtigung von Unsicherheiten, eine Erhöhung von Sicherheitsbeständen sowie eine Verringerung der Komplexität der SCs und u.U. mehr Local Sourcing. Es empfiehlt sich eine weitere Untersuchung hinsichtlich der Kosten, die durch Resilienz-Instrumente sowie durch fehlende Resilienz entstehen können, durchzuführen. Schlüsselwörter: Design, Kosteneffizienz, Resilienz, Supply Chain, Unsicherheiten Für Zitate: Kins O., Siegfried P. Analyse Der Auswirkungen Steigender Unsicherheiten Auf Das Design Von Supply Chains Mit Dem Fo-kus Auf Den Trade-Off Zwischen Resilienz Und Kosteneffizienz // BENEFICIUM. Abstract. Globally networked supply chains (SC) lead to lower costs for companies, but at the same time they also increase dependency on suppliers and make SCs more susceptible to disruptions. In addition, uncertainties for SCs have increased significantly in recent years. Brexit, trade conflicts and the coronavirus pandemic were the driving factors here. In this context, companies are increasingly focusing on the development of new SC strategies. The focus is on improving the resilience of the SCs in order to reduce the risks for the SCs. The thesis deals with the impact of increasing uncertainties on the design and resilience of SCs and aims to determine whether changes in SCs are needed to respond to the impact of increasing uncertainties and how resilience can be ensured in the future (trade-off between resilience and cost efficiency). A qualitative study was conducted in the form of expert interviews, which allowed, among other things, to determine the specific opinions of certain people on the issues under consideration. The results show that costs are still the crucial aspect and that more transparency, flexibility and better risk management are needed. Furthermore, a greater consideration of uncertainties, an increase of safety stocks as well as a reduction of the complexity of the SCs and possibly more local sourcing will be required in the future. It is recommended to conduct a further research regarding the costs that can arise from resilience tools as well as from a lack of resilience. Трансформация социально-экономической системы / Transformation of Social and Economic System 84 О. Кинс, Международная школа менеджмента, Франкфурт-на-Майне, Германия P. Зигфрид, Международная школа менеджмента, Франкфурт-на-Майне, Германия Аннотация. Построение глобальных сетевых цепей поставок ведет к снижению издержек компаний, но в то же время они увеличивают зависимость от поставщиков и подверженность логистическим сбоям. Кроме того, в последние годы значительно возросла неопределенность в отношении цепей поставок. Движущими факторами здесь стали Brexit, торговые конфликты и пандемия коронавируса. В связи с этим компании все больше внимания уделяют разработке новых стратегий в области цепей поставок. В этом контексте большое внимание уделяется повышению устойчивости цепей поставок, чтобы, в частно-сти, снизить риски. В статье рассматривается влияние возрастающей неопределенности на проектиро-вание и устойчивость цепей поставок и ставится задача определить, необходимы ли изменения в цепях поставок для того, чтобы реагировать на влияние возрастающей неопределенности, и как можно обес-печить устойчивость в будущем (компромисс между устойчивостью и экономической эффективностью). Проведено качественное исследование в форме экспертных интервью, что позволило, помимо прочего, определить конкретные мнения определенных людей по рассматриваемым вопросам. Результаты пока-зывают, что затраты, по-прежнему, являются решающим аспектом и что необходимо обеспечить боль-шую прозрачность, гибкость и более эффективное управление рисками. Кроме того, в будущем необхо-димо больше учитывать неопределенность, увеличивать запасы прочности, снижать сложность цепей поставок и, возможно, больше использовать местные источники. Целесообразно провести дальнейшее исследование затрат, которые могут возникнуть в результате использования инструментов повышения устойчивости и отсутствия устойчивости. Ключевые слова: проектирование, экономическая эффективность, устойчивость, цепь поставок, неоп-ределенность Для цитирования: Kins O., Siegfried P. Analyse Der Auswirkungen Steigender Unsicherheiten Auf Das Design Von Supply Chains Mit Dem Fokus Auf Den Trade-Off Zwischen Resilienz Und Kosteneffizienz // BENEFICIUM.
... Uma delas é distância entre os fornecedores e a planta em que fornecedores mais distantes têm maior probabilidade de sofrer interrupções na entrega. Por exemplo, problemas experimentados como resultado da infraestrutura de transporte ou de condições climáticas extremas (Svensson, 2000). Isso tem sido descrito como um dos principais fatores que afetam a adoção de parques de fornecedores (Cullen, 2002). ...
... Isso tem sido descrito como um dos principais fatores que afetam a adoção de parques de fornecedores (Cullen, 2002). No entanto, as perturbações não se limitam apenas a problemas de transporte e podem incluir eventos em locais de produção de fornecedores, como greves e quebras de máquinas (Svensson, 2000). ...
Este estudo apresenta a análise de um caso de mudança em contabilidade gerencial em uma empresa-caso (Mach-5) adotando uma perspectiva histórico-dialética para evidenciar a influência de estratégias institucionais - padrões de ação organizacional preocupados com a formação e transformação de instituições, campos e as regras e padrões que controlam essas estruturas - utilizadas para a criação de ambientes técnicos, políticos e culturais, sobre a configuração e evolução das práticas de contabilidade gerencial. Na realização do estudo foram coletados documentos e entrevistas em profundidade para observar os relatos documentais sobre as razões e as fontes da mudança nas práticas de contabilidade empregadas na organização estudada. Os dados foram analisados a luz da teoria institucional, mais especificamente sob o quadro conceitual sobre estratégias institucionais de Marquis & Raynard (2015). Os achados suportam a hipótese de que as estratégias institucionais exercem um papel na definição das características técnicas, políticas e culturais da organização e influenciam a dinâmica das práticas frente à como os atores podem responder à falta de ajuste.
... SCM is an activity that aims to facilitate the production process that includes all elements involved in various activities of a business movement, from the procurement of raw materials to the distribution process to buyers or consumers (Cooper et al., 1997). Currently, every supply chain activity carried out by the company is inseparable from uncertainty about the realisation of an unplanned situation or event and can affect the flow process and supply chain elements (Svensson, 2000). Therefore, it is necessary to have good supply chain management within a company. ...
Health service providers such as hospitals have a very diverse supply chain in quantity and type, one of which is medicine. Hospital Pharmacy Installation (IFRS) is one of the health support activity units responsible for planning, procurement, management, storage, distribution, use of drugs, equipment, and pharmaceutical services for medical devices related to the distribution of drugs used in hospitals. Pharmacy has several risks that need to be addressed to increase customer satisfaction. This study aims to determine the extent of the implementation of Supply Chain Risk Management, identify risks in supply chain activities, and obtain risk management strategies. In this study, the method used is the assessment of Supply Chain Risk Management and continued the evaluation of the drug chain in pharmaceutical installations with the House of Risk. It is divided into two stages, namely House of Risk Stage 1, which is used to decide the risk in each supply chain, and House of Risk Stage 2, to offers a decision-making strategy for each chosen decision. There are 20 risk events and 20 risk agents in the House of Risk stage 1, and 11 proposed risk management strategies in the House of Risk stage 2. Out of 20 risks identified in stage 1, 11 risks contributed to 80% highest risk, and the top three are drug shortage, inappropriate planning, and unclear doctor’s writing. In stage 2, the three most prioritized strategies are e-prescription implementation, clear signs for LASA drugs, and conducting supplier performance evaluation.
... It is important to highlight that the concepts of supply chain disruption management, supply chain vulnerability, and supply chain resilience are all also related to security in supply chains [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. However, as pointed out by Williams et al. [31], the study of security issues in the supply chain is relatively new, and much of the attention to supply chain security (SCS) comes from the growing complexity and globalization of supply chains. ...
Background: For several years, two of the major concerns of logistics managers are (i) the visibility of global supply chains and (ii) the uncertainty in deciding which existing logistics security program is the most appropriate according to the security levels for their organization. This last decision is needed to ensure traceability and visibility of the supply chain. The purpose of this paper is to present an analysis of the main public and private supply chain security management programs in Latin America and the Caribbean. Methods: A qualitative and quantitative research methodology based on thematic content analysis is followed. The four main existing security programs in Latin America and the Caribbean are systematically compared and a common general framework is developed. Results: The analysis shows a high degree of similarity between the levels of security contained in the selected programs. Conclusions: We found that there is little guidance available for companies interested in managing security risks in their supply chains through these logistics’ security programs. This article contributes to the literature on logistics security programs that is currently gaining momentum in managing security risks in global supply chains and provides academic insights into the choice and/or complementarity of one or more logistics security programs.
... Its intricacies are chiefly underscored by factors such as food quality, safety assurance, and weather-related variables, setting it apart from other logistical operations [2,15,[34][35][36]. The task of upholding quality standards within food supply chains is compounded by the dual concerns of ensuring food safety [37] and grappling with machinery breakdowns [38]. ...
Purpose- In recent years, there has been a notable surge in the utilization of emerging technologies, notably the Internet of Things (IoT), within the realm of business operations. However, empirical evidence has underscored a disconcerting trend whereby a substantial majority, surpassing 70%, of IoT adoption initiatives falter when confronted with the rigors of real-world implementation. Given the profound implications of IoT in augmenting product quality, this study endeavors to scrutinize the extant body of knowledge concerning IoT integration within the domain of agricultural logistics operations. Furthermore, it aims to discern the pivotal determinants that exert influence over the successful assimilation of IoT within business operations, with particular emphasis on logistics. Design/Methodology/Approach- The research utilizes a thorough systematic review methodology coupled with a meta-synthesis approach. In order to identify and clarify the key factors that influence IoT implementation in logistics operations, the study is grounded in the Resource-Based View theory. It employs rigorous grounded theory coding procedures, supported by the analytical capabilities of MAXQDA software. Findings- The culmination of the meta-synthesis endeavor culminates in the conceptual representation of IoT adoption within the agricultural logistics domain. This representation is underpinned by the identification of three overarching macro categories/constructs, namely: (1) IoT Technology Adoption, encompassing facets such as IoT implementation requisites, ancillary technologies essential for IoT integration, impediments encountered in IoT implementation, and the multifaceted factors that influence IoT adoption; (2) IoT-Driven Logistics Management, encompassing IoT-based warehousing practices, governance-related considerations, and the environmental parameters entailed in IoT-enabled logistics; and (3) the Prospective Gains Encompassing IoT Deployment, incorporating the financial, economic, operational, and sociocultural ramifications ensuing from IoT integration. The findings underscore the imperative of comprehensively addressing these factors for the successful assimilation of IoT within agricultural logistics processes. Originality- The originality of this research study lies in its pioneering effort to proffer a conceptual framework that furnishes a comprehensive panorama of the determinants that underpin IoT adoption, thereby ensuring its efficacious implementation within the ambit of agricultural logistics operations. Practical Implications- The developed framework, by bestowing upon stakeholders an incisive comprehension of the multifaceted factors that steer IoT adoption, holds the potential to streamline the IoT integration process. Moreover, it affords an avenue for harnessing the full spectrum of IoT-derived benefits within the intricate milieu of agricultural logistics operations.
... Supply chain risk management (SCRM) merupakan perpaduan antara supply chain management dan risk management. Supply chain disruptions adalah peristiwa atau gangguan tak terencana yang dapat memengaruhi aliran bahan dan komponen dalam supply chain [16]. Gangguan dalam supply chain dapat mengakibatkan timbulnya masalah pada proses supply chain dan dapat merugikan stakeholder supply chain tersebut. ...
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai dan memitigasi risiko pada aktivitas rantai pasok rumput laut yang ada di Desa Nuruwe Kabupaten Seram Bagian Barat (SBB). Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan House of Risk (HOR) dengan mengidentifikasi setiap aktivitas proses bisnis rantai pasok berdasarkan model supply chain operation reference. Model HOR terdiri dari dua tahap yaitu HOR fase 1 untuk menjelaskan peringkat setiap penyebab risiko berdasarkan nilai Aggregate Risk Potential (ARP) dan HOR fase 2 untuk memberikan prioritas tindakan yang bersifat proaktif untuk mencegah risiko terjadi. HOR fase 1 menunjukkan lima penyebab resiko akan diprioritaskan untuk ditangani berdasarkan nilai ARP tertinggi, yang selanjutnya pada HOR fase 2 diusulkan delapan strategi mitigasi. Berdasarkan nilai Effectiveness to Difficulty (ETD), terpilih empat strategi mitigasi yang akan digunakan untuk mencegah penyebab risiko.
... With the environment being increasingly challenging, as well as competitive, manufacturers are seeking ways to be more cost-effective, whilst maintaining their profitability. One strategy is to make their supply chains leaner, but this strategy is giving rise to supply chain vulnerabilities (Svensson, 2000). With the globalization of business, the complexity and competitiveness of supply chains, and the possibility of disruptions have increased (Hosseini & Ivanov, 2019;Liu & Nagurney, 2013). ...
Whilst there has been previous work focused on the role of technologies in enhancing supply chain risk management and, through such an enhancement, increased competitive advantage, there is a research gap in terms of understanding the links between external institution pressures and internal adoption factors. We use institutional theory (IT) and the resource based view (RBV) of the firm to address this gap, developing a framework showing how a proactive technology-driven approach to supply chain risk management, combining both external with internal factors, can result in competitive advantage. We validate the framework through analysis of quantitative data collected via a survey of 218 firms in the manufacturing and logistics industry sectors in India. We specifically focus on the technologies of track-and-trace (T&T) and big data analytics (BDA). Our findings show that firms investing in T&T/BDA technologies can gain operational benefits in terms of uninterrupted information processing, reduced time disruptions and uninterrupted supply, which in turn gives them competitive advantage. We add further novelty to our study by demonstrating the moderating influences of organisational culture and flexibility on the relationship between the technological capabilities and the operational benefits.
... The main objective of SCRM is to mitigate the risk to reduce the effects of disruption on the supply chain profitability and performance. Svensson (2000) defines supply chain disruptions as the result of an unexpected event in an uncertain context directly impacting the operational and financial performance along the supply chain. These disruptions disturb the usual flow of materials, information and the coordination between these flows (Craighead et al., 2007). ...
Purpose-Globalisation, trade barriers, unprecedented health crises and geo-political crises have forced organisations to revisit their performance measurement systems (PMS) to better prepare their supply chain against the risk and improve performance in times of crisis. This study aims to review the supply chain operation reference (SCOR)-based PMS and propose a dynamic SCOR-based PMS for supply chain risk management (SCRM). Design/methodology/approach-Due to the need for multi-stakeholder perspectives on SCOR-based PMS for the SCRM, the authors aimed to develop a theory rather than to elaborate upon or test the theory. Hence, the authors adopted an inductive theory-building approach to build research propositions. The authors also gathered 12 semi-structured interviews with knowledgeable managers from B2B international companies. Findings-The findings of the study highlight the challenges faced by the organisations during the implementation of the SCOR-based performance indicators and the positive impacts they have on decision-making and on the continuous improvement strategy of organisations to tackle supply chain risks and improve performance. The findings suggest that the effects of these indicators are more felt during risk management and risk monitoring stages. Research limitations/implications-Like any other study, this study has some rules, and, thus, the authors caution the readers that they must interpret the findings of the research considering these limitations. The study is based on semi-structured qualitative interviews. The interviews were conducted with 12 knowledgeable managers from France; thus, the insights drawn from the study cannot be generalised to other settings. Furthermore, the samples represent something other than small and medium enterprises. In the future, the samples from small and medium firms can offer a nuanced understanding of the performance indicators for SCRM. Originality/value-To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is one of the few studies which has attempted to revisit the SCOR-based PMS in the B2B supply chain for risk management. The study's findings help expand the SCOR-based PMS literature and offer numerous insights to the management and consultants facing challenges in SCOR implementation.
... Ideally, inputs flow from the environment to the focal firm as scheduled and in a desired quantity and quality thus contributing to self-maintenance. This ideal state of the system is altered when unexpected events (i.e., disruptions) interrupt the normal flow of goods (Svensson, 2000;Hendricks & Singhal, 2003;. These disruptions, which the researcher defines as unexpected deviation from the norm and their negative consequences, manifest themselves in various forms. ...
... To survive and succeed in the current competitive scenario characterised by frequent and unpredictable disruptive events from natural disasters, such as hurricanes or earthquakes, to terrorist attacks, human errors, and supply and market disruptions, supply networks should be designed to be resilient (Svensson 2000;Hendricks and Singhal 2003;Sutcliffe and Vogus 2003;Kleindorfer and Saad 2005;Craighead et al. 2007). Resilience is, in fact, the ability of a supply network as a whole to cope with perturbations, failures, and threats, by absorbing the disturbance and to quickly recover, so as to restore operations at earliest (Christopher and Peck 2004;Sheffi 2005;Ponomarov and Holcomb 2009). ...
The ripple effect refers to disruption propagation across the supply network affecting its global performance. To cope with it, supply networks should be resilient. This study investigates the drivers of supply network resilience, viewed as adaptive capacity to disruptions, focusing on trust and investigating the moderating role of network topology on the relationship between trust and resilience. We first develop an NK agent-based model of the supply network to simulate resilient performance. Then, a simulation analysis is carried out, to assess the effect of trust on the resilience of supply networks displaying different complex topologies. Our results confirm that trust positively affects supply network resilience; however, across the different topologies, the beneficial effect of trust varies. In particular, we find that trust is beneficial at most for the following topologies: local, small-world, block-diagonal, and random. For centralised, diagonal, and hierarchical topologies improving trust increases resilience at a moderate level. We also find that, as the frequency of disruptions rises, the positive effect of trust on resilience decreases. Managerial implications of the main findings are finally discussed. ARTICLE HISTORY
... Another way of discussing disruptions in terms of the level of consequences they have on the normal work of a supply chain is vulnerability [21]. A later study [22] investigated the impact of disruptions on inbound and outbound flows of an automotive assembler. ...
Grain supply chain transportation problem is a nontrivial and intractable issue for many developing countries. Grain as a bulk commodity is usually transported by bulk carriers. By taking into account the special condition of Ukraine, we proposed the containerized grain supply chain transportation optimization problem. In this problem, the sustainable supply chain system delivers grains in containers among primary elevators, intermodal yards, and port container terminals. Then, a containerized grain transportation model was developed to minimize the total cost of the sustainable supply chain system. Specifically, 20-foot containers were proven as more reasonable to be used in this paper. We also considered different transportation tools: trucks that can load one 20-foot container, trailers that can load two 20-foot containers, and wagons that can hold two 20-foot containers. Additionally, a disruption model was proposed by considering different disruption scenarios. Based on an analysis of the simulation results, some cost minimization strategies were proposed. Finally, a sensitivity analysis that aimed to analyze the effect of the proposed strategies on the minimal total cost and sustainability of the supply chain was conducted. The main conclusions drawn from the simulation are that the established food supply chain model is meaningful and accurate, and the incorporation of the disruption model aligns with practical requirements. Additionally, an increase in intermodal yard capacity, truck park size, and wagon park size decreases the total cost of the supply chain. The first two have a positive effect on the sustainability of the supply chain, while the latter increases the disruption risk of the supply chain.
... Generally speaking, vulnerability relates to the intensity of the impact that an external threat is representing to the company, while resilience is the ability of the company to proceed its functioning regardless of threats that are imposed on it. According to Svensson (2000) the vulnerability of the supply chain increases with its increasing uncertainty. Tummala and Schoenherr (2011) have introduced a systematic and structured approach to enumerate the supply chain risks and in order to evaluate their severity and likelihood and based on this evaluation to propose risk mitigation strategies. ...
Adequate functioning of the supply chain is one of the key prerequisites for successful functioning of business activities within contemporary organizations. Globalisation of business activities, related to advances in information technology and its effects on the supply chain activities, may lead to increased risk in any part of the supply chain, especially in terms of the company not being able to optimize its supply chain activities. Failures or inadequacies in any part of the supply chain may result in significant financial or reputational loss for the company. It is therefore crucial for companies to manage its supply chain risks properly. The aims of this paper are: (1) to present a comprehensive overview of literature related to supply chain risk management, based on which aspects of risk management and advances in this area that may be related to supply chain will be evaluated and (2) to give suggestions for improvement and future research in the analysed area. Special accentuation is put on holistic view on risk management in the company, having on mind that this view leads to optimization of risks and adding value to the company.
... In addition, we summarize a table of the network node and edge descriptions from the perspective of SCN. Svensson (2000) introduced the concept of SCV, considered it a random interference, and emphasized the need to construct a scientifically rigorous vulnerability theory model. Blackhurst et al. (2018) indicated that SCV is the susceptibility and exposure of the supply chain to disruptive events. ...
With frequent political conflicts and public health emergencies, global supply chains are constantly under risk interference, significantly reducing supply chain resilience (SCR), especially for the knowledge-intensive supply chains (KISCs). To assess and improve the resilience of KISC, this paper uses complex network theory to construct a directed weighted network model suitable for KISC and expresses the SCR as a comprehensive capability that can resist risk and recover from it. Using quantitative indicators plus qualitative assessment to quantify the resilience index and identify the network key nodes. Two resilience improvement paths are proposed for KISCs, improving firms’ development capacity and industrial backup. In the case study, the resilience of the integrated circuit (IC) supply chain is assessed and improved according to real data from the global IC industry. The findings show that (i) The resilience assessment based on the directed weighted network aligns with industrial reality. (ii) Improving firms’ development capability and industrial backup can improve SCR. (iii) Effective improvement of resilience requires targeting key nodes in the supply chain network (SCN). Moreover, the degree of firms’ development capability improvement and industrial backup intensity should be within a specific range.
... Thereby, each supply chain partner could foreseeably estimate the consequences of the interruption and adapt their respective forecasting and projections (Schlegel and Trent, 2014). The party responsible for the disruption as well as the immediately subsequent supply partner could thereafter be identified and traced [24]. ...
Transparency in the supply chain is essential to maintain efficient supply chain risk management (SCRM). Blockchain technology can be applied to improve visibility in supply chains. But with increased transparency, SCRM is faced with new challenges. In this article, the application of blockchain technologies’ effects on supply chain risks are analyzed. For this purpose, a fictitious case is created in which blockchain technology is applied to a manufacturer of medical technology products’ supply chain. The findings of the paper include the effects on supply chain risks.
... Before we can start looking at risk preparedness and management, we need to think a little bit about supply chain disruptions and, in particular, the impact of external disruptions on supply chains, as in the case of the COVID-19 pandemic. Sources of supply chain disruptions can arise from direct or indirect sources and often address vulnerabilities in inbound supply chain activities (Svensson, 2000). It is also important to realize that the supply chain is structured of multiple layers and external largescale disruptions, like COVID-19 pandemic, can affect all these layers. ...
COVID-19 pandemic, which has spread to every country around the world, is causing major economic and social disruptions with far-reaching impacts on global supply chains. While the pandemic has highlighted the vulnerability of global supply chains and the dependence on certain geographical areas and purchasing categories, it also revealed the importance to manage supply chains in a way that ensures long-term resiliency and building new competencies and capabilities. The crisis created by the pandemic revealed the significance of having strong risk management practices in place. For building recovery abilities and resiliency for possible similar future events, it is important to explore and understand the real impacts of the pandemic on the supply chains. In this chapter, the impacts of COVID-19 on upstream and downstream supply chains are studied by using a survey data from the medical device industry which has been one of the critical industries during the pandemic era.
... Before we can start looking at risk preparedness and management, we need to think a little bit about supply chain disruptions and, in particular, the impact of external disruptions on supply chains, as in the case of the COVID-19 pandemic. Sources of supply chain disruptions can arise from direct or indirect sources and often address vulnerabilities in inbound supply chain activities (Svensson, 2000). It is also important to realize that the supply chain is structured of multiple layers and external largescale disruptions, like COVID-19 pandemic, can affect all these layers. ...
Shortly after the outbreak of the global COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020, governments around the world enacted new border regulations for people and goods, some of which are still in effect 2 years later. Modern supply chains, which often span the entire world, have shown to be vulnerable to such changes. Additionally, trade wars often restrict import and export capacities or lead to increased costs. This in turn might trigger managers to increase, where possible, local production. Such new capacities were designed to be temporary, but a public debate to configure less globalized supply chains has already started. This configuration of supply chains can be understood as the supply chain structure (the supply chain units and the links between them) and the key attributes of the supply chain. These key attributes can be divided into functional attributes, such as the procurement and the distribution type, and into structural attributes, such as the topography of a supply chain and the integration and coordination. The chapter analyses how supply chains might be reconfigured in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. It uses the framework of functional and structural attributes as a basis for the analysis. This analysis will directly contribute to the ongoing debate about the configuration of tomorrow’s supply chains.
... In fact, this approach is suitable for low-cost, simple, and accessible components and materials. On the other hand, general risk sources require a general supply chain analysis to assess risk and are preferred for valuable, complex components and rare materials (Svensson, 2000). ...
The lack of collaboration among the members of the supply chain is one of the main reasons for the functional weakness of a supply chain. In today’s innovative world, organizations have started to collaborate through new ways in the supply chain. This paper examines the relationship between the collaboration in the supply chain and its performance and evaluates the mediating role of blockchain technology and moderator role of supply chain resilience in improving both collaboration and performance. A model was developed with data collected from 250 employees of different industries with similar supply chains in Iran. Testing of research hypotheses was done using structural equation modeling using SmartPLS software. The results showed that the collaboration in the supply chain led to improving the performance of the chains with a coefficient of 0.520. In addition, one feature of blockchain technology, namely, transparency, has the highest impacts on mediating collaboration impacts on supply chain performance. The authors’ findings also highlight that among the performance metrics of supply chain management, “speed” is highly increasing when blockchain technology is used for collaboration. Furthermore, supply chain resilience enhances the relationship between collaboration and supply chain performance as a moderator variable. The use of block chain technology in the supply chain creates a decentralized system with high security, reliability, and transparency for the development of collaboration and better performance. This reflects that blockchain technology solutions increase the quality, speed, reliability, and flexibility by removing intermediaries and improving collaboration among the members of the chain, and will improve the chain performance by reducing costs which leads to a better supply chain performance. On the other hand, resilience can conquer unexpected disruptions in supply chain and reinforces the adaptability to become ready for unexpected possible events.
This article aims to control the process of transport on purchase and sale within an aeronautical company. It aims at reducing the overrun in 2021 of the total cost of transport compared to the allocated budget by 50% by deploying the DMAIC method. First of all, we started by defining the processes on which our study focuses, namely the process of triggering the exceptional transport mode (air) on sale and that on purchase. Then, we collected data on these processes in order to measure their current performance and then we proceeded to analyze the said processes of triggering of the exceptional transport mode on sale to be able to determine the sources of waste in order to eliminate them. On the other hand, we identified and analyzed the root causes of the use of the mode of exceptional transport on purchase what allowed us to raise the sources of uncertainties, which are at the origin of the non-control of this process. In the light of this analysis, we proposed actions of improvement allowing to reduce the cost of transport as well as technical solutions to decrease the negative effect of the root causes that influence the control of the process of transport on purchase.
The ability to exchange ideas between practitioners and academics is critical to policymakers around the world. The emergence of low-incidence, high-severity disruption risks from Covid-19 is currently driving investment in resilient mitigation and adaptation plans in low-security environments. To ensure continuity in process management, the research project seeks to model and simulate the impact of systemic risks on the resilience of supply chains that experience large differences in lead times and deliveries.
The ability to recover between practitioners and academics is of central concern to policy makers globally. Currently, the context driven by the occurrence of low occurrence, high severity disruptive risks Covid19 has accelerated investment in resilient mitigation and adaptation programs from low certainty contexts.
The resilience between practitioners and academics is a central concern of policy makers worldwide. Currently, the context driven by the occurrence of disruptive low-occurrence, high-severity hazards has accelerated investment in resilient mitigation and adaptation programmes with spillover effects on low-certainty contexts. To ensure continuity in the management of flows, research programmes are attempting to model and simulate the effect of systemic risks on the resilience of supply chains that experience large variations in their lead times and delivery. The present study looks at the capabilities to improve recovery times in the presence of systemic risks before and during the occurrence of the Covid19 context. Then 35 systemic risk events are identified and prioritised using the Fuzzy AHP method and sequentially simulated using Fuzzy TOPSIS to assess the ability of the resilient and sustainable dimensions to mitigate and reduce the propagation of disruptive risks.
The resilience between practitioners and academics is a central concern of policy makers worldwide. Currently, the context driven by the occurrence of disruptive low-occurrence, high-severity hazards has accelerated investment in resilient mitigation and adaptation programmes with spillover effects on low-certainty contexts. To ensure continuity in the management of flows, research programmes are attempting to model and simulate the effect of systemic risks on the resilience of supply chains that experience large variations in their lead times and delivery. The present study looks at the capabilities to improve recovery times in the presence of systemic risks before and during the occurrence of the Covid19 context. Then 35 systemic risk events are identified and prioritised using the Fuzzy AHP method and sequentially simulated using Fuzzy TOPSIS to assess the ability of the resilient and sustainable dimensions to mitigate and reduce the propagation of disruptive risks.
Prefabricated construction, known for its efficiency and eco-friendliness, presents new safety management challenges due to its unique characteristics, such as the use of large components and frequent lifting operations. The presence of safety vulnerability in this construction method is influenced by various factors, and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies hold substantial promise in mitigating this vulnerability. This study adopted partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to comprehensively scrutinize the relationships among various factors and their impacts on the formation of safety vulnerability. Furthermore, a two-mode social network analysis was conducted to quantitatively analyze the mitigation effects of IoT technologies on safety vulnerability. The results revealed that workers' unsafe behaviors, high work pressure, and inadequate construction supervision significantly contribute to the formation of safety vulnerability in prefabricated construction. The study further found that IoT technologies play a crucial role in mitigating safety vulnerability by improving compliance with safety regulations and fostering safety commitment among managers. Notably, sensors and Auto-ID technologies emerged as prominent IoT technologies with substantial reduction effects on safety vulnerability. These findings strongly advocate for the widespread adoption of IoT in prefabricated construction to enhance safety performance.
By fully leveraging the mitigating effect of artificial intelligence (AI) on renewable energy, the supply chain vulnerability is referred to as the key to realizing the supply chain's safety, stability, reliability, and the continuous development of global environmental governance. Several databases have been selected here for the assessment: the UN Comtrade database, the global industrial robotics database, and the World Bank database covering the period of 2000 to 2019. This particular study examines the effect and mechanisms of AI on renewable energy supply chain vulnerability and explores the spatial spillover effects of AI in neighboring countries. The relevant findings are threefold. Firstly, the analysis of the mechanism of action demonstrates that AI can alleviate renewable energy supply chain vulnerability through technological innovation, governance system optimization, and trade network status promotion effects. Secondly, the heterogeneity analysis reveals that AI significantly alleviates renewable energy supply chain vulnerability in middle-income countries, high-vulnerability products, countries with high popularity of digital infrastructure, and countries in the initial stage of renewable energy industrial development. Thirdly, the spatial econometric results show that AI can directly alleviate domestic renewable energy supply chain vulnerability and indirectly alleviate vulnerability in neighboring countries through spatial spillover effects. This study expands the methods for identifying the impact of external environmental changes on renewable energy supply chain vulnerability. It provides an empirical reference for policymakers and professionals to maintain the security, stability, and reliability of renewable energy supply chains in the AI era.
Tinna Rubber and Infrastructure Limited (TRIL) is India’s largest integrated material recycler of end-of-life tyres (ELT). It imported 70% scrap to feedstock in its manufacturing plants. The nationwide lockdown declared on 24 March 2020 posed severe initial restrictions on the movement of non-essential cargo. It affected TRIL’s 265 containers lodged at different ports in the country, thus escalating their demurrage/detention charges and storage costs. This case concerns supply chain problems faced by Shanti Swarup, TRIL Head–Procurement, owing to COVID-19 disruption. The situation was severe enough to wipe out TRIL’s annual cash profit and put its factories at risk of running out of feedstock. Scrap importers, like TRIL, were in a deadlock with shipping lines and freight stations to waive any imposed charges or avail of any monetary relief despite regular guidelines issued by the Indian government. However, Swarup’s existing and effective ‘supply chain resilience’ strategies had already made TRIL win half the battle by adopting a different approach to the deadlock problem, which relieved the situation. The case study also highlights typical risks and challenges faced by the Indian ELT recycling industry.
This study aims to investigate the sources of resilience for logistics operations as it relates to food supply chains and their responses during natural disasters and other disruptions. The literature tends to treat inherent and adaptive resilience as somewhat separate constructs. Thus, this study also aims to provide some insights into the relatively underexamined area of how inherent resilience synergistically works with adaptive resilience to maintain flows for food supply chains in a developing economy context. To address the research aim, two supply chain wide case studies were used to investigate the contribution of logistic activities toward the resilience of foods supply chains in two different South Asian regions. This context was selected as these regions are prone to frequent natural disruptions and other disruptions, and these food supply chains also play a crucial role in economy and providing relief supplies to their communities. Logistics operations play a key role in achieving overall supply chain resilience. The sources of inherent resilience are the network structure, buffer capacity, and strong social connections among the actors. Adaptive resilience is derived from transportation flows, storage, information sharing, and demand management processes. Surprisingly, resilience in this context is achieved despite the relatively low level of integration, an unsophisticated technological landscape and compromised logistics infrastructure. Still, resilience can be enhanced further. This study contributes to the sparse literature that examines logistics activities that influence the resilience of food supply chains in the context of natural disasters and other disruptions. Furthermore, uncovering the substructure of logistics resilience activities, and surprisingly, the synergies between inherent and adaptive resilience, adds to the emerging body of literature.
Purpose
Globalisation, trade barriers, unprecedented health crises and geo-political crises have forced organisations to revisit their performance measurement systems (PMS) to better prepare their supply chain against the risk and improve performance in times of crisis. This study aims to review the supply chain operation reference (SCOR)-based PMS and propose a dynamic SCOR-based PMS for supply chain risk management (SCRM).
Design/methodology/approach
Due to the need for multi-stakeholder perspectives on SCOR-based PMS for the SCRM, the authors aimed to develop a theory rather than to elaborate upon or test the theory. Hence, the authors adopted an inductive theory-building approach to build research propositions. The authors also gathered 12 semi-structured interviews with knowledgeable managers from B2B international companies.
Findings
The findings of the study highlight the challenges faced by the organisations during the implementation of the SCOR-based performance indicators and the positive impacts they have on decision-making and on the continuous improvement strategy of organisations to tackle supply chain risks and improve performance. The findings suggest that the effects of these indicators are more felt during risk management and risk monitoring stages.
Research limitations/implications
Like any other study, this study has some rules, and, thus, the authors caution the readers that they must interpret the findings of the research considering these limitations. The study is based on semi-structured qualitative interviews. The interviews were conducted with 12 knowledgeable managers from France; thus, the insights drawn from the study cannot be generalised to other settings. Furthermore, the samples represent something other than small and medium enterprises. In the future, the samples from small and medium firms can offer a nuanced understanding of the performance indicators for SCRM.
Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is one of the few studies which has attempted to revisit the SCOR-based PMS in the B2B supply chain for risk management. The study’s findings help expand the SCOR-based PMS literature and offer numerous insights to the management and consultants facing challenges in SCOR implementation.
Purpose
In the era of multiple global disruptions, firms are finding it to continue their business. MSMEs are impacted more as they have constrained resources. Organizational flexibility has emerged as an organizational and management principle that would help firms stay competitive even in volatile markets. This study aims to present a set of guidelines and insights for MSME managers to implement organizational flexibility in their organizations.
Design/methodology/approach
This study uses total interpretive structural modelling to study how the various factors contributing to organizational flexibility behave together. Behavioural theory is used to explain why organizations need to incorporate flexibility, and systems theory of organization is used to explain why an organization needs to have open boundaries.
Findings
Organizational flexibility is a principle that may be supported by the systems theory of organization. The study has shown that it is important for MSMEs to have supply chain collaborations to be more flexible. The study also shows pressure from competitors as the key driver that would make a firm more flexible, and that adequate support from management and technological skills are required to drive flexibility in an organization.
Research limitations/implications
Single respondent bias may have occurred in this study. This can be eliminated by interviewing multiple people from the same organization. Further research around the reasoning for linkages can be explored with theory-driven grounded studies.
Originality/value
This study attempts to use a multi-criteria decision-making technique to present insights to managers to help them make their organizations flexible.
This article is based on the analysis of the activity of the agents in an operating room of a freight transport operator, who are daily exposed to unforeseen events. We present work situations during which the agents act on the borders or outside the digital information system (DIS). This is the case when the latter proves to be unsuited to the contingencies of the situation because of the insufficiency or unsuitability of its information. In the most degraded situations, the agents must compensate for the malfunctioning of the DIS. Each of these situations highlights the need for them to build, develop and maintain external resources independently of the DIS.
Abstract
The key issue of the book is the uncertainty associated with the operation and maintenance of homo-centric complex systems, known as Cyber-Physical-Social Systems. They are subject to disturbances and disruptions from a variable environment which are difficult to predict due to high level of structural, spatial and temporal complexity. In such cases, we are dealing with so-called deep uncertainty, for which statistical methods are not applicable.
However, Cognitive Systems Engineering, built on the concept of imperfect knowledge, allows to use unconventional sources of information, such as expert intuition and other not fully conscious cognitive processes. On this basis, a new transdisciplinary concept of Cognitive Dependability Engineering was proposed as a foundation for effective, efficient, and safe managing the operation and maintenance of Cyber-Physical-Social Systems under conditions of deep uncertainty.
Of practical benefit to readers may be a framework for solving complex problems in Cyber-Physical-Social Systems operating under deep uncertainty. It is based on the synergistic cooperation of the human expert and its cognitive digital twin, the precautionary principle, as well as the extended resilience matrix. The ways of using this framework are illustrated by three examples based on real disasters that happened in the last decades around the world.
The term mobility has different meanings in the following science disciplines. In economics, mobility is the ability of an individual or a group to improve their eco-nomic status in relation to income and wealth within their lifetime or between gen-erations. In information systems and computer science, mobility is used for the concept of mobile computing, in which a computer is transported by a person during normal use. Logistics creates by the design of logistics networks the infrastructure for the mobility of people and goods. Electric mobility is one of today’s solutions from an engineering perspective to reduce the need of energy resources and environmental impact. Moreover, for urban planning, mobility is the crunch question about how to optimise the different needs for mobility and how to link different transportation systems. In this publication we collected the ideas of practitioners, researchers, and govern-ment officials regarding the different modes of mobility in a globalised world, fo-cusing on both domestic and international issues.
Emergency logistics supply chains (ELSC) can help to restore normal activities in disaster-affected areas, thus helping to increase the resilience of communities. In order to develop resilient supply chains there needs to be an analysis of the factors affecting the vulnerability of supply chains. In this study, the interlinkages between 15 factors found to influence the vulnerability of both within and outside the ELSC were analysed through the D- Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (D-DEMATEL)-Adversarial Interpretive Structure Model (AISM) modelling techniques. The results show that coordination and cooperation, information and communication mechanisms, and organisational operating environment are among the most important factors, based on the AISM hierarchy. This study will help policy makers to effectively identify vulnerabilities in emergency logistics supply chains and develop stronger strategies to build more resilient supply chains thereby helping to reduce the losses to society caused by disasters.
This study aims to identify and analyse critical success factors (CSFs) for an organisation aiming for a resilient supply chain. The methodology followed is the systematic analysis of big databases, such as Emerald, Science Direct, and Taylor & Francis, by using a specific set of keywords for filtering. The systematic literature review leads the author to the exploration of several CSFs, followed by their prioritisation by using principal component analysis. The paper highlighted eleven vital CSFs: top management commitment, development of an effective SCM strategy, logistics synchronisation, use of modern technologies, robust information and communication technology, information sharing with SC members, collaborative partnership, improved forecasting, trust development in SC partners, collaborative partnership, strategic partnership, development of reliable suppliers, continuous improvement in the preparedness and response practices, capacity building and training and staff development. The CSFs highlighted in the paper relate to all small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). This paper identifies the CSFs for developing a resilient supply chain that is comprehensive and has the potential to address uncertain circumstances. This work is the first of its kind on CSF assessment and categorisation in resilient supply chains.
We explore the economics of ransomware on production supply chains. Integrated supply chains result in a mutual-dependence between firms that can be exploited by cyber-criminals. For instance, we show that by targeting one firm in the network the criminals can potentially hold multiple firms to ransom. Overlapping security systems may also allow the criminals to strike at weak points in the network. For instance, it may be optimal for the attacker to target a supplier in order to ransom a large producer at the heart of the production network. We introduce a game theoretic model of an attack on a supply chain and solve for two types of Nash equilibria. We then study a hub and spoke example before providing simulation results for a general case. We find that the total ransom the criminals can demand is increasing in the average path length of the network. Thus, the ransom is lowest for a hub and spoke network and highest for a line network. Mitigation strategies are discussed.
It is never an easy task to govern contemporary food systems and prevent contaminated foods from reaching further down the chains. This study aims to investigate how UK managers in food supply chains have perceived food fraud risk in their supply chain and to identify what their actions could be in response to the threat of food fraud. The study adopts the psychometric paradigm approach to measure risk perception and uses the data collected from 113 UK food practitioners to identify the determinants of their responsive actions. The results highlight that most managers have perceived high uncertainty in the food supply chain and considered the disruption of information flow as a major concern in dealing with food fraud. Therefore, this study suggests that putting effort into practices to improve supply chain visibility and facilitate the flow of information are weighted as important in the food fraud mitigation journey. Policy makers should also make better use of the current quality assurance schemes for proactive food quality control and fraud prevention; government agencies should improve the risk communication systems for trustworthy information dissemination.
The concept of supply chain comprises that the whole period getting started from supplying product to reaching
consumers. Supply chain has become more fragile with globalization. Global supply chain has been negative impacted
on Russia’s Ukraine invasion in 2022. Europa, region taking place of the war, is one of the most affected areas. The
aim of study is to investigate the effects of Russian- Ukrainian war on European Union supply chain. It was utilised
document analysis from qualitative research method. The most affected sectors in EU are energy, economy, industry,
transportation and agriculture based on the war. Russia source geography and Ukraine as transition geography is to
strategic importance supplying in EU’s energy needs. After the start of invasion energy prices have increased
significantly in the global market. Especially, natural gas has hit records in EU energy market. In this situation, it was
seen double-digit inflation in EU economies. Supply chain delays have made serious differences in product-prices
alteration. Being talked sitation has caused recession in the EU economies. Russia is a crucial supplier of the
manufacturing industry by reason of its own precious metals. As a result of sanction against Russia chip, automotive,
car and steel sector in the EU have profoundly affected. While closing Black Sea to international trade because of the
war has disrupted to supply chain, insurance fees have increased due to commercial restrictions. Russia and Ukraine are
drawn attention as a two key countries in the agricultural sector. Two countries earn significant income in trade of corn,
barley, wheat and sunflower. War has soared up demand of agricultural products as well as jeopardized food safety.
While the result of closing Black Sea ports entered less grain to EU market, the prices of food industry was fluctuations
remarkable
The chapter aims to clarify the concept of supply chain vulnerability and to show how collaborative methods such as Collaborative Planning, Forecasting, and Replenishment (CPFR) can mitigate its effects. It proposes a framework of supply chain vulnerability that includes a relation between internal and external elements. The framework also explains the relationship between resilience and robustness and supply chain vulnerability. This chapter gives an overview of the theoretical study of supply chain vulnerability. The research contains a literature review of supply chain vulnerability, supply chain resilience, supply chain robustness and correlated elements. In addition, the chapter presents a literature review on CPFR. We propose a theoretical framework to explain supply chain vulnerability and how CPFR can aim to mitigate it. The chapter provides empirical insights about supply chain vulnerability, how it is related to its internal and external components, and how collaborative methods such as CPFR can assist in mitigating vulnerability effects. Because of the chosen research approach, the research results contribute to the theoretical discussion about supply chain vulnerability. The chapter includes implications for the development of a framework regarding supply chain vulnerability and its relationship with the concepts of resilience, robustness, and other elements. We discuss the mitigation of supply chain vulnerability, as well as the contribution of CPFR to the mitigation of the effects of supply chain vulnerability. Further study of the concepts of supply chain vulnerability, resilience, and robustness is also presented.
The current literature on resilience planning, especially related to supply chains, rarely considers the difference between intended and actualized behaviors toward mitigation and adaptation actions. However, a potential contributor to taking on supply chain pre-disaster planning tends to be individual and institutional risk perceptions encountered in the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) (Ajzen I Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 50:179–211, 1991). The theory suggests that an agent’s intentions to implement mitigation and/or adaptation actions inform their resilience capacity toward a given disaster event that is comparable to data on interruption and recovery post-event.The gist of this chapter hinges on the idea that supply chain management (SCM) has been largely successful in providing a normative framework supporting decisions involved in the design (e.g., plant location, sourcing and procurement, transportation), planning (e.g., demand forecasting, aggregate planning), coordination (e.g., organizational talent, collaboration, and integration), and risk management (e.g., excess capacity, inventory buffers, suppliers diversification); however, the field has largely not addressed the underlying behavioral mechanism that drives an agent’s decision-making process in the specific context of pre-disaster planning (i.e., mitigation) and adaptation decisions. Failing to understand why intention and actualized behavior toward mitigation and adaptation differ is an obstacle to effectively coping with disruption risks and may pose a threat to the resilience of the supply chain given that some mitigation actions aim at building or increasing a firm’s inherent resilience capacity and at improving its ability to adapt to disruptions potentially affecting business continuity. This topic is particularly relevant for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) that play a critical role within their communities and do not have resources to incorporate sophisticated business continuity plans or emergency management plans within their risk management frameworks.
Build-to-order (BTO) has been hailed as a production strategy that fits the demands of the 21st century where a considerable challenge for the industry is how to achieve flexibility from extended supply chains that span the globe and retain elements of make-to-forecast. A study of 8 European manufacturers examines whether supplier parks are an imperative for BTO using a conceptual framework developed from the literature. The findings question the idea that simply locating suppliers in close proximity to original equipment manufacturer assembly plants reduces delivery lead time and inventory. Hence, not all types of supplier parks are an imperative for BTO, where the cases reveal a wide variety of types ranging in scale and proximity. The originality of the paper is a unique study which redefines both automotive supplier park terminology and the relationships with BTO. It questions received wisdom and offers practical measures for industry.
Purpose
This paper investigates the stalled adoption of a supplier park at Bridgend Engine Plant in the UK. It starts from the position that not all firms can or should implement the same set of practices.
Design/methodology/approach
Critical incident technique and semi‐structured interviews over five years were used to understand the influence of institutional and strategic choices during the implementation of a supplier park. A conceptual framework was developed to incorporate practices broadly associated with parks, i.e. improving supply stability, supply coordination, redefining the OEM/supplier boundary and enhancing interaction between co‐located firms.
Findings
The findings demonstrate a limited implementation of supply practices at Bridgend with only one component supplier brought onto the site. The original plan was to create a supplier park that would “grow” to an industrial park, creating an automotive sector in the area. However, a combination of operational, processual, and contextual factors have conspired against the plan.
Research limitations/implications
The combination of a broad range of theoretical and practical elements means there are associated discussions that could be more fully explored. Condensing the interview notes has resulted in the researchers' own interpretation of events becoming a significant reality filter. Whilst single case studies raise inevitable concerns over comparability, our focus is on theoretical generalizability through richness of empirical data.
Originality/value
As firms continue to use best practice as a core ingredient of strategy, researchers must respond with robust theoretical concepts explaining adoption and implementation. This paper integrates disparate perspectives across multiple levels in order to build a richer and more believable picture of a stalled initiative. Three key conclusions can be drawn: the contingent nature of “bundles of practice” implications of political ambiguity over the efficiency argument and the effect of isomorphic or bandwagon responses by firms.
Purpose
The two main constituting elements of the supply chains are “product” and “supply chain operations”, which are highly inter‐related across more than one dimension. Many of the drawbacks in the success and sustainability of supply chains often relate to the segregation of these dimensions. This paper seeks to examine the ideas and to propose an integrated approach to facilitate the dynamic and simultaneous design and development of products and supply chains, thus contributing to the notion of agile supply chains.
Design/methodology/approach
Two critical areas of product design and development, and supply chain design and management have been studied, leading to the conceptual development of practical models for approaching the subject. The proposed framework then is examined in a field case study in which a number of issues raised in this paper are validated through observing these supply chains.
Findings
A detailed view of the model of simultaneous approach to “design of” and “design for” supply chain is developed and proposed.
Practical implications
The proposition made by this research work can lead to reconsideration of existing practices in design of products as well as management of supply chain where the decisions at each dimension could be impacted by the circumstances in the other and continued in a dynamic way.
Originality/value
It is expected that the research results will contribute to existing practices and approaches in product development as well as in supply chain development and management.
Purpose
– Parallel developments in the areas of agile systems and manufacturing, and supply chain management led to the introduction of the agile supply chains (ASC) concept. How to achieve agility in supply chain is, however, a subject of question and research. This paper proposes a framework for the development of ASC that is based on the integration of existing supply chain analysis and development models and techniques with those of the supply chain design (SCD) and also the design for the supply chain (DfSC).
Design/methodology/approach
– The framework mainly relies on research previously carried out by the authors in the areas of developing agile manufacturing and systems and models for demand network alignment. An extensive literature survey is carried out to support the ideas and derive the constructs of the conceptual model as a basis for further empirical research.
Findings
– The model suggest that responding proactively to the market and business environment changes, agility, can be facilitated by simultaneous development of supply chain and the output/product of the chain. The concept of DfSC, built on the success of existing “design for X” techniques, would increase the reactive and proactive capabilities of organisations.
Originality/value
– The research provides a theoretical ground for achieving ASC which facilitates reconciliation between two usually separately approaches of SCD and DfSC, as well as suggesting practical solutions for developing agility in supply chains. This view can make the ASC concept understandable and practical, and open a new way of viewing the subject in research circles.
Purpose
This research aims to develop a supplier risk assessment methodology for measuring, tracking, and analyzing supplier and part specific risk over time for an automotive manufacturer.
Design/methodology/approach
Supply chain risk literature is analyzed and used in conjunction with interviews from the automotive manufacturer to identify risks in the supply base. These risks are incorporated into the development of a temporal risk assessment and monitoring system.
Findings
A framework of risk factors important to the auto manufacturer is presented. A multi‐criteria scoring procedure is developed to calculate part and supplier risk indices. These indices are used in the development of a risk assessment and monitoring system that allows the indices to be tracked over time to identify trends towards higher risk levels.
Research limitations/implications
There are a number of operational issues identified in the paper that could be investigated in future research. One such issue is the development of alternative risk assessment methods that would increase the sensitivity of the risk analysis.
Practical implications
The framework is implementable in firms interested in understanding and controlling risk in their supply base. The research stems from an industry project with an automotive manufacturer. The method is designed to be practical and easy to implement and maintain. The system also has a visual reporting mechanism designed to provide early warning signals for potential problems in the supply base and to show temporal changes in risk.
Originality/value
This paper presents a dynamic risk analysis methodology that analyzes and monitors supplier risk levels over time.
Conflict among firms in distribution channels is inherent, pervasive, and potentially disruptive. This article presents an approach to measuring dyadic conflict intensity. Conflict is related to a typology of causes and to structural and attitudinal factors within a case study channel.
Marketing managers must know the time orientation of a customer to select and use marketing tools that correspond to the time horizons of the customer. Insufficient understanding of a customer's time orientation can lead to problems, such as attempting a relationship marketing when transaction marketing is more appropriate. The author suggests that long-term orientation in a buyer/seller relationship is a function of two main factors: mutual dependence and the extent to which they trust one another. Dependence and trust are related to environmental uncertainty, transaction-specific investments, reputation, and satisfaction in a buyer/seller relationship. The framework presented here is tested with 124 retail buyers and 52 vendors supplying to those retailers. The results indicate that trust and dependence play key roles in determining the long-term orientation of both retail buyers and their vendors. The results also indicate that both similarities and differences exist across retailers and vendors with respect to the effects of several variables on long-term orientation, dependence, and trust.
While the study of marketing has long been concerned with the creation of time, space, and possession utilities, much of the literature of the field has dealt with the problems of ownership. Issues involving space and time, in particular, have been scarcely touched. The role of time with respect to the character of the structure of distribution channels, for example, has just begun to be charted. The purpose of this article is to derive a principle describing the effect of temporal factors upon distribution systems.
"Manufacturing in the Nineties: How to become a Mean, Lean, World-Class Competitor," by Harold J. Steudel and P. Desruelle, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1992
Inventory reduction associated with Just-in-Time (JIT) increases reliance on all members of the supply chain, particularly the distribution and transportation functions. This dependence is being increasingly compounded by heavy use of unionized rapid delivery firms such as United Parcel Service to make time-sensitive shipments. The threat of strikes against these unionized parties introduces a highly unpredictable and potentially devastating factor that is greatly incongruent with the prerequisites for JIT. The August strike by the Teamsters Union against UPS exposed numerous fallacies and pitfalls that should be carefully weighted when implementing JIT in the presence of labor unrest at an external point in the supply chain.
This new approach, which cuts across the organization chart and realigns duties and functions in terms of the flow process, can bring about far-reaching changes in the handling of men, money, and materials. Firms which have tried it, among them Purex Corporation, find that it cuts costs and inventories and improves operations in many other ways.
Marketing managers must know the time orientation of a customer to select and use marketing tools that correspond to the time horizons of the customer. Insufficient understanding of a customer's time orientation can lead to problems, such as attempting a relationship marketing when transaction marketing is more appropriate. The author suggests that long-term orientation in a buyer/seller relationship is a function of two main factors: mutual dependence and the extent to which they trust one another. Dependence and trust are related to environmental uncertainty, transaction-specific investments, reputation, and satisfaction in a buyer/seller relationship. The framework presented here is tested with 124 retail buyers and 52 vendors supplying to those retailers. The results indicate that trust and dependence play key roles in determining the long-term orientation of both retail buyers and their vendors. The results also indicate that both similarities and differences exist across retailers and vendors with respect to the effects of several variables on long-term orientation, dependence, and trust.
Conflict among firms in distribution channels is inherent, pervasive, and potentially disruptive. This article presents an approach to measuring dyadic conflict intensity. Conflict is related to a typology of causes and to structural and attitudinal factors within a case study channel.
Increasingly, scholars recognize the importance of understanding supply network disruptions. However, the literature still lacks a clear conceptualization of a network-level understanding of supply disruptions. Not having a network level understanding of supply disruptions prevents firms from fully mitigating the negative effects of a supply disruption. Graph theory helps to conceptualize a supply network and differentiate between disruptions at the node/arc level versus network level. The structure of a supply network consists of a collection of nodes (facilities) and the connecting arcs (transportation). From this perspective, small events that disrupt a node or arc in the network can have major consequences for the network. A failure in a node or arc can potentially stop the flow of material across network. This study conceptualizes supply network disruption and resilience by examining the structural relationships among entities in the network. We compare four fundamental supply network structures to help understand supply network disruption and resilience. The analysis shows that node/arc-level disruptions do not necessarily lead to network-level disruptions, and demonstrates the importance of differentiating a node/arc disruption versus a network disruption. The results also indicate that network structure significantly determines the likelihood of disruption. In general, different structural relationships among network entities have different levels of resilience. More specifically, resilience improves when the structural relationships in a network follow the power-law. This paper not only offers a new perspective of supply network disruption, but also suggests a useful analytical approach to assessing supply network structures for resilience.
Data presented from an experiment on conformity and "status insecurity," include an unforeseen curvilinear relation between conformity and sociometric status. An attempt to explain this findigns within the rationale of the study appears forced, and a theory of balancing processes in power-dependence relations is offered as a tentative explanation for these data. Finally, a second experiment is reported, designed specifically to test hypotheses concerning balance in power relations. Conformal tendencies of high status group members in the first study, and differential allocation of rewards withing coalitions in the second study, appear to be explainable as two very different manifestations of a single generic balancing operation in power relations.
Supply chain risk management (SCRM) is of growing importance, as the vulnerability of supply chains increases. The main thrust of this article is to describe how Ericsson, after a fire at a sub-supplier, with a huge impact on Ericsson, has implemented a new organization, and new processes and tools for SCRM. The approach described tries to analyze, assess and manage risk sources along the supply chain, partly by working close with suppliers but also by placing formal requirements on them. This explorative study also indicates that insurance companies might be a driving force for improved SCRM, as they now start to understand the vulnerability of modern supply chains. The article concludes with a discussion of risk related to traditional logistics concepts (time, cost, quality, agility and leanness) by arguing that supply chain risks should also be put into the trade-off analysis when evaluating new logistics solutions – not with the purpose to minimize risks, however, but to find the efficient level of risk and prevention.
While the study of marketing has long been concerned with the creation of time, space, and possession utilities, much of the literature of the field has dealt with the problems of ownership. Issues involving space and time, in particular, have been scarcely touched. The role of time with respect to the character of the structure of distribution channels, for example, has just begun to be charted. The purpose of this article is to derive a principle describing the effect of temporal factors upon distribution systems.
This thought-provoking book chronicles the evolution of marketing theories and the rationales behind them. The authors present a typology for the twelve schools of marketing thought, and describe a comprehensive metatheoretical framework based on six basic criteria. They also develop a list of concepts and axioms useful in generating a practical theory of marketing. References are extensive and include many pioneering, seldom-cited works. Graduate students and marketing professionals will find this a stimulating and practical work.
www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0471635278.html
www.abebooks.com/9780471635277/Marketing-Theory-Evolution-Evaluation-Sheth-0471635278/plp
Purpose
The major goal of this study was to identify the underlying factors of supply chain integration in European firms with particular emphasis on the role of information sharing and interorganizational collaboration.
Design/methodology/approach
In order to get an overall view of the state of supply chain integration in European firms, a mail survey was done to investigate the extent and nature of supply chain integration in 149 companies. Using statistical analysis, the study attempts to comprehend if increasing levels of the intensity of supply chain integration show concomitant rise of operational performance.
Findings
European firms are starting to be aware of the strategic importance of integration across the boundaries of the supply chain. Both correlation analyses and multiple regression analyses have clearly shown that supply chain integration affects operational performance and the degree of integration also influences cost and efficiency. An interesting and surprising finding from our survey was the significant negative correlation between the length of relationship with suppliers and performance measures such as total logistics costs, on‐time delivery and rate of return. While performance has been shown to have improved as a result of collaboration with suppliers and customers alike in areas such as supply chain design, inventory management and customer relationship management (CRM), the nature and extent of integration has been rather selective. Most companies are quite cautious when it comes to sharing sensitive data and rightfully so.
Research limitations/implications
In order to obtain more generalizable results, further larger studies of supply chain integration are needed to reveal the impediments for a wider degree of integration and to highlight potential strategies to increase integration across the supply chain.
Practical implications
The main findings confirm that comprehensive supply chain integration is more a rhetoric than reality in most European firms. However, we found a clear indication of the value placed by the respondents on integration with key suppliers and customers for performance enhancement.
Originality/value
This is the first empirical work measuring the state of supply chain integration in European firms and the challenges faced by them. Supply chain management professionals would have a clearer idea about the areas ripe for collaborative effort.
Purchasing organizations are exposed to risk in their interactions with suppliers, whether it is recognized and managed, addressed in a cursory manner, or altogether ignored. In order to understand the supply risk that exists, purchasing organizations can proactively assess the probability and impact of supply risk in advance, or reactively discover risk after a detrimental event occurs. The purpose of this study is to explore, analyze, and derive common themes on supply risk assessment techniques. Findings from this research indicate that purchasing organizations can assess supply risk with techniques that focus on addressing supplier quality issues, improving supplier processes, and reducing the likelihood of supply disruptions. From an agency theory perspective, these risk assessment techniques facilitate the obtaining of information by purchasing organizations to verify supplier behaviors, promoting goal congruence between buying and selling firms, and reducing outcome uncertainty associated with inbound supply.
Explores differences between Japanese and European models of
assembler-supplier co-operation in the light of the experiences of
Nissan's British suppliers. The critical adjustments requiring to be
undertaken by local suppliers are investigated using empirical evidence
from customer and supplier interviews, followed up by a more
comprehensive survey. These involve subtle, yet fundamental, changes in
companies' managerial philosophies.
Regardless of whether current equipment changeover takes 24 hours or 12 minutes, set up reduction can reduce the setup time of any piece of equipment by 75% without the need to buy a solution. The methodology is a low cost/no cost approach that starts with management agreeing on three sets of ground rules regarding: what to accomplish with setup reduction; why setups are reduced; and who reduces setups. With these rules established, management and the setup reduction team can concentrate on reducing setups. Setups are reduced by investigating and changing sequential work operations, machine adjustments and clamping methods, and by solving problems.
4 theoretical papers and 7 empirical studies. The general orientation is Kurt Lewin's field-theoretical framework, which is here refined and extended. 11 contributors (see
34: 7534, 7535, 7536, 7546, 7547, 7555, 7573, 7602, 7611, 7616, 7692). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Supply chain disruptions and the associated operational and financial risks represent the most pressing concern facing firms that compete in today's global marketplace. Extant research has not only confirmed the costly nature of supply chain disruptions but has also contributed relevant insights on such related issues as supply chain risks, vulnerability, resilience, and continuity. In this conceptual note, we focus on a relatively unexplored issue, asking and answering the question of how and why one supply chain disruption would be more severe than another. In doing so, we argue, de facto, that supply chain disruptions are unavoidable and, as a consequence, that all supply chains are inherently risky. Employing a multiple-method, multiple-source empirical research design, we derive novel insights, presented as six propositions that relate the severity of supply chain disruptions (i) to the three supply chain design characteristics of density, complexity, and node criticality and (ii) to the two supply chain mitigation capabilities of recovery and warning. These findings not only augment existing knowledge related to supply chain risk, vulnerability, resilience, and business continuity planning but also call into question the wisdom of pursuing such practices as supply base reduction, global sourcing, and sourcing from supply clusters.
The Toyota Production System and Kanban System introduced in this paper was developed by the Vice-President of Toyota Motor Company, Mr. Taiiohi Ohno, and it was under his guidance that these unique production systems have become deeply rooted in Toyota Motor Company in the past 20 years. There are two major distinctive features in these systems. One of these is the ‘just-in-time production ’, a specially important factor in an assembly industry such as automotive manufacturing. In this type of production, “ only the necessary products, at the necessary time, in necessary quantity ” are manufactured, and in addition, the stock on hand is held down to a minimum. Second, the System is the ‘respect-for-human’ system where the workers are allowed to display in full their capabilities through active participation in running and improving their own workshops.
A growing number of academicians and practitioners have put supply chain risks on their agendas, particularly triggered by a recent series of catastrophic events that have disrupted economies and supply chains around the globe. Given the increasing awareness of this important topic, the purpose of this research was to study supply chain risks in more detail and to investigate the relationship between supply chain vulnerability and supply chain risk. Responses from 760 executives from firms operating in Germany reveal that supply chain characteristics such as a firm's dependence on certain customers and suppliers, the degree of single sourcing, or reliance on global supply sources are relevant for a firm's exposure to supply chain risk. Overall, this research represents the first large-scale investigation of this important relationship and provides a finer understanding of the antecedents of supply chain vulnerability.
This theoretical paper discusses the application of general systems theory to supply chains and the management of supply chains. Applying general systems theory to supply chains and their management allows them to be abstracted from their real world complexity. The abstraction process uses the view of general systems theory developed by Yourdon E. [1989. Modern Structured Analysis, Yourdon Press, Prentice-Hall International, Englewood Cliffs, NJ] in his seminal work on the fundamental characteristics of information systems. In particular, Yourdon's (1989) four general systems theory based principles for information systems are applied to supply chains and their management. Through a theoretical discussion informed by relevant research literature it is considered that a more fundamental view of supply chains has been developed. That is, the application of the four general systems theory principles developed to supply chains is supported and this application provides deeper insights into how supply chains operate. This in turn should allow better supply chain management processes to be developed.
Purpose
The last decade has seen much interest in small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) from successive UK Governments highlighting the importance of this sector to the wealth‐creating process of the UK economy. World‐class manufacturing (WCM) is a set of methodologies that are used by organisations to compete globally and continuously improve their competitiveness. Original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) are now competing at a global level and many are world‐class. The majority of the companies that make up the OEM's supply chains are SMEs. It is, therefore, imperative that SMEs also improve their competitiveness to a world‐class level. This paper aims to address these issues.
Design/methodology/approach
The paper uses a triangulation methodology consisting of a literature review, analysis of a 150‐company survey and semi‐structured interviews in the development of the business process improvement (BPI) framework and performance assessment methodology (PAM) tool.
Findings
This study advocates a planned and integrated approach for the gradual achievement of WCM in SMEs by a strategy of BPI through continuous improvement and structured training.
Practical implications
The work is of value to SMEs since the study encapsulates the requirements of SME management into the BPI framework and considers their critique of present frameworks; hence a practical framework that is honed for SME application.
Originality/value
This paper fulfils an identified need for SMEs to achieve WCM status and offers a novel/practical framework and PAM tool which are timely because the DTI is promulgating the need for SMEs to become world‐class.
A simple theory of power relations is developed in an effort to resolve some of the ambiguities surrounding "power," "authority," "legitimacy," and power "structures," through bringing them together in a coherent scheme. After defining a reciprocal power-dependence relation, attention is focused upon properties of balance and "balancing operations" in such relations. The theory dictates exactly four generic types of balancing process, and discussion of these leads directly into processes of group formation, including the emergence of group norms, role structure and status hierarchy, all presented as the outcome of balancing tendencies in power relations. Within the framework of this theory, authority appears quite naturally to be legitimized power, vested in roles, and "legitimation" is seen as a special case of the coalition process through which norms and role-prescriptions are formed. Finally, through treating both persons and groups as actors in a power-network (two or more connected power-dependence relations) the door is opened for meaningful analysis of complex power structures. Brief reference is made to findings from two experiments pertaining to hypotheses advanced in this theory.
Changes in the ‘shape’ of risk (ie sources, nature, triggers, scale, rapidity and severity of consequences) relating to supply chains pose challenges for risk management and the underpinning discipline domains such as Operations Research that have traditionally provided guidance and support. The aim is to evaluate these challenges, specifically in the context of supply chain risk management and to consider new approaches to support management. An overall Supply Chain Risk Management Framework is constructed, comprising five components—risk drivers, risk management influencers, decision maker characteristics, risk management responses and performance outcomes. The focus is towards the risk management influencers, recognizing that other components have been investigated elsewhere in the operations literature. Four elements are identified within this risk management component, two conventional elements, rewards and risks, and two new elements, timescale and portfolio effects. An empirical case example is employed to illustrate these issues of risk management in the manufacturing sector and to evaluate the approaches employed to manage risk and performance. The conclusion drawn is that the proposed Supply Chain Risk Management Framework with the inclusion of the risk management influencers component provides a more robust description of the factors that affect the nature of the risk management responses in particular situations. This also demonstrates the need for the Operations Research discipline to evolve a more diverse set of risk management tools and approaches (ie both quantitative and qualitative) to effectively address the diversity of issues and contexts.Journal of the Operational Research Society (2007) 58, 1398–1411. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jors.2602412 Published online 4 April 2007
Among the most widely cited books in the social sciences, The External Control of Organizations has long been required reading for any student of organization studies. The book, reissued on its 25th anniversary as part of the Stanford Business Classics series, includes a new preface written by Jeffrey Pfeffer, which examines the legacy of this influential work in current research and its relationship to other theories. The External Control of Organizations explores how external constraints affect organizations and provides insights for designing and managing organizations to mitigate these constraints. All organizations are dependent on the environment for their survival. As the authors contend, âit is the fact of the organizationâs dependence on the environment that makes the external constraint and control of organizational behavior both possible and almost inevitable.â Organizations can either try to change their environments through political means or form interorganizational relationships to control or absorb uncertainty. This seminal book established the resource dependence approach that has informed so many other important organization theories.
Thesis--University of California. Includes bibliographical references (p. 104-106). Photocopy of typescript. Ann Arbor :