Taxonomical novelties in Parmeliaceae

Abstract

Four species of lichenized fungi are described as new, viz. Punctelia nashii Marcelli & Canêz from the U.S.A. (California), Bulbothrix thomasiana Benatti & Marcelli from Venezuela, and Canoparmelia nashii Jungbluth & Marcelli and C. pseudoecaperata Jungbluth, Marcelli & Elix from Brazil (São Paulo State). In addition, the new combination Parmotrema herrei (Zahlbr.) Spielmann & Marcelli, from the U.S.A. (California), is proposed. Detailed descriptions and comments are provided for all species.

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Taxonomical novelties in Parmeliaceae
MARCELO P. MARCELLI
1
, LUCIANA S. CANÊZ
1
, MICHEL N. BENATTI
1
,
ADRIANO A. SPIELMANN
1
, PATRÍCIA JUNGBLUTH
1
& JOHN A. ELIX
2
1
Instituto de Botânica, Seção de Micologia e Liquenologia, Caixa Postal 3005, São Paulo – SP,
CEP 01061-970, Brazil (mpmarcelli@msn.com)
2
Research School of Chemistry, Building 33, Australian National University, Canberra, A.C.T.
0200, Australia (john.elix@anu.edu.au)
Abstract: Four species of lichenized fungi are described as new, viz.
Punctelia nashii Marcelli & Canêz from the U.S.A. (California),
Bulbothrix thomasiana Benatti & Marcelli from Venezuela, and
Canoparmelia nashii Jungbluth & Marcelli and C. pseudoecaperata
Jungbluth, Marcelli & Elix from Brazil (São Paulo State). In addition,
the new combination Parmotrema herrei (Zahlbr.) Spielmann &
Marcelli, from the U.S.A. (California), is proposed. Detailed
descriptions and comments are provided for all species.
Keywords: Thomas Nash, Bulbothrix, Canoparmelia, Parmotrema,
Punctelia
Introduction
The Lichenology Study Group (GEL – Grupo de Estudos Liquenológicos) of the
Instituto de Botânica has as its goal to correctly identify the Brazilian lichenized
mycota, and to clarify the accurate taxonomy of its species. As part of these
efforts, we investigated the types of Parmeliaceae species reported for Brazil.
Careful observation and detailed description of the morphology and
development of vegetative and reproductive structures demonstrated that many
generalized statements on morphology and taxonomy are in reality based on
imprecise evaluations and superficial analyses. It is common that such approaches
do not take into consideration aspects like geography, continental drift and its
related biological history, climate and climate changes through the ages, plant
formations, and other factors that are well known to affect the speciation
processes of biological groups. An overwhelming number of species of lichenized
fungi are believed to be spread on several continents, found in very different
climates, altitudes, and growing inside multiple plant formations and on various
substrates. However, our studies are revealing that the morphology in particular
has been grossly underestimated, with a wide spectrum of structures lumped
together in a very small number of descriptive terms. Consequently very different
C
Bibliotheca Lichenologica 106, 211-224
Bates et al. (eds.), Biomonitoring, Ecology, and Systematics of Lichens
Festschrift Thomas H. Nash III
J. Cramer in der Gebr. Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, April 2011
eschweizerbart_xxx

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taxonomic entities were treated as synonyms, which would share “the same”
characters. The GEL studies have revealed a great number of unknown taxa (e.g.,
MARCELLI et al. 2007) as well as many other good species hidden inside the
synonymy list of supposedly well-known pantropical or even cosmopolitan
taxonomical entities (CANÊZ 2009, SPIELMANN 2009).
The taxonomical novelties presented below are part of these results. Almost all
of them where found in herbarium material filed under well-known names or their
synonyms, or they are superficially similar to very common species whose
identification is based only on a small set of characters, they were not well
defined or interpreted differently by the authors.
Material and methods
Morphological features were studied under a stereomicroscope and anatomical
sections of the apothecia and pycnidia were made with a razor blade. Spot tests
were performed with potassium hydroxide (K), sodium hypochlorite (C) and
para-phenylenediamine (P) and the thallus examined under UV light. Lichen
substances were detected by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) using solvent C
(HUNECK & YOSHIMURA 1996) and high performance liquid chromatography
(HPLC) (ELIX et al. 2003). The diagnosis refers exclusively to the type characters
and the English descriptions to all of the material studied, except where indicated.
The terms “lacinia” and “lacinula” are used here in the sense of MARCELLI et al.
(2007), as are “laciniate” and “lacinulate”.
Taxonomic part
Punctelia nashii Marcelli & Canêz sp. nova
Similis Puncteliae tomentosulae Kurok. rhizinis dimorphis, longis et brevibus,
medulla CaCl+ rosea, conidiis brevibus filiformibus sed soraliis concavis,
pseudocyphellis paucis, pagina supera maculis debilibus et pagina infera albida
differt. – Type: U.S.A. California: Monterey County, Hastings Natural History
Reservation, 36º23'N, 121º33'W, 560 m, on Quercus douglasii, VI. 1991, Nash
29975 (GB holotype).
(Fig. 1)
Description: Thallus greenish, lobate, ca. 14 × 10 cm; lobes with irregular
branches, 2.5–4.0 mm wide, loosely adnate, laterally overlapping, few attached,
with round apices, black line absent. Upper surface continuous but becoming
cracked, smooth, rugose in some parts; lacinules or lobules absent; maculae weak,
irregular, at the apices of the lobes; pseudocyphellae inconspicuous, few or rare,
punctiform or irregular, concave, 0.03–0.15 mm diam., laminal, marginal (?),
forming soredia. Cilia absent. Soralia whitish, laminal soralia capitate and
excavate (concave) originating from laminal pseudocyphellae, marginal soralia
labriform, originating from opening of the margin; soredia granular. Isidia absent.
Medulla white, K purple pigment absent. Lower surface white or pale brown,
slightly shiny, rugose; marginal zone pale, shiny, papillate or rugose, rhizinate.
Rhizines brown to dark brown, always darker than lower surface, translucent,
dimorphic; short rhizines ramified, twisted and frequent, 0.18–0.45 × 0.03–0.06
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mm, evenly distributed; long rhizines mainly simple, 0.75–1.20 × 0.06 mm,
sparsely distributed. Apothecia absent. Pycnidia frequent, mainly submarginal,
with black ostiole; conidia short-filiform, 7–10 µm. Thallus 244–284 m thick,
upper cortex 22–27 µm thick, algal layer 30–35 µm thick, medulla 175–200 m
thick, lower cortex 17–22 µm thick. Spot tests and fluorescence: upper cortex K+
yellow, UV–; medulla K–, C+ rose, KC+ rose, P–, UV–. TLC and
microcrystallization: atranorin and lecanoric acid.
Fig. 1. Holotype of Punctelia nashii (scale in mm).
Notes: Punctelia nashii is characterized by the weak maculae on the upper
surface, inconspicuous pseudocyphellae, sparse labriform, marginal soralia,
laminal soralia which are frequently excavate, rhizines which are darker than the
lower surface, short-filiform conidia and a C+ rose medulla.
Punctelia tomentosula Kurok. (TNS! holotype), known only from Peru
(K
UROKAWA 1991), also has dimorphous rhizines, a C+ rose medulla and short-
filiform conidia (7–9 µm long); however, it has abundant pseudocyphellae that are
never excavate, lacks maculae and the rhizines are denser than those of P. nashii.
Additionally, P. tomentosula has a brown lower surface while in P. nashii it is
whitish.
Punctelia jeckeri (Roum.) Kalb (K
ALB 2007) also produces soralia and
lecanoric acid; however, the soralia are predominantly marginal, the
pseudocyphellae are rare, the lower surface is brown with rhizines of uniform size
and the conidia are unciform.
Another common sorediate species containing medullary lecanoric acid is
Punctelia subrudecta (Nyl.) Krog (H-NYL! holotype). It differs from P. nashii in
having abundant, conspicuous pseudocyphellae; the soredia frequently become
corticate (granules) and it produces lobules in older areas; the rhizines are uniform
in size and the conidia unciform.
Etymology: This species is named in honor of Dr. Thomas H. Nash III in
recognition of his support and for collecting the holotype.
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Bulbothrix thomasiana Benatti & Marcelli sp. nova
Species similis Bulbothrichi apophysatae (Hale & Kurok.) Hale sed isidiis ciliatis
bulbatis et superficie inferiore ad ambitum pallide testaceo vel pallide brunneo
differt. – Type: V
ENEZUELA Bolivar State: Kweikin-ima Tepuy, Hochland von
Guyana, Umgebung von Canaima, am Rio Varrao, 06°03'N, 62°39'W, 550 m, III.
1969, Hertel & Oberwinkler 10004 p.p. (M holotype).
(Fig. 2)
Description: Thallus fragments up to 4 cm in wide, submembranaceous,
corticolous, dusky greenish gray in the herbarium, laciniae sublinear, attached to
loosely attached. Laciniae 0.3–1.0(–1.5) mm wide, anisotomic to partially
isotomic dichotomous, contiguous to imbricate, sometimes more laterally
overlapping or partially crowded at the center, adnate to weakly adnate, flat to
weakly subcanalicute due downturned margins, apices truncate to subtruncate,
margin smooth to sinuous or irregular, plane to slightly involute, entire, not
forming lacinules or lobules, densely bulbate-ciliate. Lacinulae completely absent,
adventitious lobules also absent from older parts. Upper surface continuous,
sometimes with a few cracks on some parts, smooth. Maculae absent. Cilia with
distinct subsperical basal black bulbs, apices black or sometimes brown, simple at
the very beginning of development soon becoming bifurcate, trifurcate and finally
irregularly dichotomous, short, 0.05–0.25 mm of entire length, apices ca. 0.03 mm
wide, bulbs 0.05–0.10 mm wide, half-immersed to emergent on the margins,
distant 0.05 mm from each other turning contiguous at some parts or at the axils
of the laciniae, absent only at the laciniae apices. Medulla white, pigments absent.
Soralia and pustules absent. Isidia granular to smooth cylindrical, short, straight to
contorted, 0.05–0.25 mm high, simple to occasionally sparsely branched, erect,
laminal, concolorous or with light brownish apices, generally with many bulbate
cilia akin to those of the margins (besides being smaller and with shorter apices),
sometimes giving a darker, dirty tone to some parts of the thalli where they are
agglomerated. Lower surface very light brown, almost cream colored, shiny,
smooth, densely rhizinate up to the margins; marginal zone shiny, with the same
light brown color as the older parts, smooth, poorly delimited and less rhizinate
than the center. Rhizines usually light brown, initially simple when young soon
becoming furcate or irregularly dichotomous, with tiny dark bulbate bases, 0.05–
0.20(–0.30)  0.03 mm, generally abundant but less so on the marginal zone,
evenly distributed. Apothecia subplanar, 1.0–3.5 mm in diam., adnate to sessile,
laminal; margin smooth and subcrenate, ecoronate, amphithecia smooth to
sparsely isidiate; disc brown, imperforate; epithecium 5–7.5 µm high; hymenium
20–30 µm high; subhymenium 15–20 µm high; ascospores rounded to oval or
ellipsoid, 5–7.5  3–5 µm, episporium 1 µm thick. Pycnidia submarginal or
laminal (rare on the type), with black ostioles; conidia weakly bifusiform, 5–7 
ca. 0.75 µm. Spot tests and fluorescence: upper cortex K+ yellow, UV–; medulla
K–, C–, KC+ rose, P–. TLC: atranorin (cortex, major) and lobaric acid (medulla,
major).
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Fig. 2. Holotype of Bulbothrix thomasiana (scale in mm).
Notes: This new species is characterized by the narrow, sublinear laciniae, the
smooth emaculate upper cortex, the abundant, branched, marginal bulbate cilia,
the simple ciliate isidia, the light brown lower cortex with abundant concolorous
rhizines, and the presence of medullary lobaric acid. The apothecia are subplanar
to slightly concave, always ecoronate, and with small ascospores.
Bulbothrix thomasiana has ciliate isidia, much like those seen on specimens of
B. fungicola (Lynge) Hale (S! lectotype) and B. sipmanii Aptroot & Aubel (U!
holotype). This species was first discovered while examining the type material of
B. laevigatula. Its lectotype is cited by H
ALE (1976a) as “French Guiana, Leprieur
504 (H-Nyl 35653)”. When the specimen was requested for analysis, we received
a specimen labeled in exactly this way, but with the number H-Nyl 35262, and
without Hale’s annotation label. This small specimen, which is a reasonably good
fragment about 2.5 cm wide of a larger thallus, deviates from the usual definition
of B. laevigatula and has ciliate isidia, light brown lower cortex and rhizines, and
a KC+ rose medullary reaction. This suggested that Hale may have mistaken the
Nylander herbarium number (all other type specimens we requested were labelled
in accordance to Hale´s or their original authors description) and that the concept
of B. laevigatula should be changed, since it was previously considered to have
non-ornamented isidia, a black lower cortex and exhibit C+ / KC+ reddish
medullary spot test reactions due the presence of lecanoric acid, whereas the
lectotype specimen belongs to the species described above.
Therefore we checked Parmelia hookeri Taylor, listed as a synonym of B.
laevigatula by H
ALE (1976a): the lectotype (FH Taylor!) and the duplicate (BM!),
which H
ALE (1976a) called an isolectotype. These specimens fit quite well the
description of B. laevigatula by H
ALE (1976a). Thus, we believed that Parmelia
hookeri should be combined into Bulbothrix to clear the confusion.
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However, after examining specimens borrowed from the PC herbarium, from
which HALE (1976a) mentioned an isolectotype, we discovered at last three
specimens labeled Leprieur 504, all of them examined and labeled by Mason Hale
himself, with one of them annotated as the lectotype of B. laevigatula by him, not
an isolectotype (the other two were another individual of B. laevigatula, and B.
apophysata). This showed that Leprieur 504 is a mixed collection and not a single
specimen separated into pieces, and that the specimen selected as the lectotype by
HALE (1976a) was not in H, but in PC.
Then we asked the curator of H the herbarium if there was a specimen in the
Nylander herbarium with number 35653, like HALE (1976a) indicated as the
lectotype of B. laevigatula, and if there were more specimens labeled Leprieur
504. Specimen 35653 was found and was labeled Leprieur 504; it had no
annotation label from Hale and was annotated as Parmelia laevigatula by
Nylander. Apparently, N
YLANDER (1885) did not notice that the collection
Leprieur 504 consisted of two different species. Since Hale cited the Nylander
herbarium number 35262 correctly, he probably misplaced his annotation slips
before returning the material.
Back to the specimen Nylander herbarium 35653, we confirmed that it fits well
with the concept of B. laevigatula, with unornamented isidia, a black lower side,
and medullary lecanoric acid, though the specimen is a very small fragment
consisting of a few laciniae, no more than 2 cm wide. With this confirmation and
the analysis of the specimens of PC herbarium labeled by Hale, Parmelia hookeri
is confirmed as a synonym of B. laevigatula, as already proposed by HALE
(1976a).
With this finally clarified, we ended with an unnamed species in our hands,
represented by a few specimens hiding in various herbaria. The best specimen,
located in M (Hertel & Oberwinkler 10004), mixed with Bulbothrix coronata,
was chosen as type. It consists of two fragments about 4 cm wide, in very good
state, both with many ciliate isidia and mature apothecia with good ascospores
and some few pycnidia. The other five fragments in the collection are B. coronata.
The closest species we found by comparison was B. apophysata (Hale &
Kurok.) Hale. It is also isidiate, its cilia and rhizines are eventually and mostly
branched, and the medullary reaction is also C–, KC+ rose, due to the presence of
lobaric acid. However, B. apophysata (US! holotype, TNS! isotype) does not have
ciliate isidia, a characteristic we confirmed until now occur only on three species
of the genus (this new species, B. fungicola and B. sipmanii). Also, as described
by HALE (1976a), in B. apophysata the lower cortex is mostly black, with brown,
sometimes large attenuated margins, with occasionally dark brown patches. The
type material shows that some laciniae may be entirely black from the marginal
zone trough the center, while others have a dark brown margin. In addition, of the
three ciliate isidiate species cited, B. thomasiana is the only one with ecoronate
apothecia.
Other isidiate species of Bulbothrix with a positive KC spot test reaction can be
easily differentiated from B. thomasiana by the absence of cilia on the isidia, the
color of the lower cortex, the branching pattern of cilia and rhizines, the presence
of coronate apothecia, and the medullary chemistry. They include the lecanoric
containing B. laevigatula (black lower cortex, eciliate isidia, also C+ red), the
gyrophoric containing B. goebelii (mottled black and brown lower cortex, eciliate
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isidia and also C+ rose), and B. fungicola (black lower cortex, smaller laciniae
width with 0.2−0.7 mm, and also C+ rose).
When NYLANDER (1885) described B. laevigatula, he mentioned Brazil and
French Guiana as localities where his examined specimens where collected
(probably the Brazilian Amapá State, which borders French Guyana). Since we
found a specimen of B. thomasiana among the specimens of B. laevigatula he
studied (Leprieur 504, H-Nyl 35262), there was also a great probability that this
new species might eventually be found in northern Brazil, especially in the
Amazonian states. This was confirmed for two specimens found by MARCELLI
(1993) in Mato Grosso State, which were in fact of B. thomasiana, and not of B.
apophysata, as was originally supposed.
Etymology: This species is named in honor of Prof. Dr. Thomas Nash III.
Ecology and Distribution: This is a corticolous species recorded from tree trunks
in the northern and central parts of South America.
Additional specimens examined: FRENCH GUYANA. Cayenne: Leprieur 504 (H-Nyl 35262).
B
RAZIL. Mato Grosso: Buriti, Road Cuiabá-Chapada dos Guimarães, escarpment of the
plateau, 48 km N from Cuiabá, 500 m, on fallen tree trunk, open and windy place, I. 1989,
Marcelli & Pereira 4412, 4413 (SP).
Parmotrema herrei (Zahlbr.) Spielmann & Marcelli comb. nova
Parmelia herrei Zahlbr. in Herre, Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences 7: 353
(1906). – Type: U.S.A. California: Santa Cruz Peninsula, Pilarcitos Canyon, two miles from sea,
200 ft, V. 1904, Herre 516 (FH! lectotype; FH!, W! isolectotypes). Lectotypified by H
ALE &
FLETCHER (1990; see comments below).
(Fig. 3)
Description of the lectotype: Thallus beige, laciniate, adnate, growing “on earth
in the crevices of sandstone”, pieces up to 7 cm broad; laciniae usually plane, less
frequently undulate and with concavities or partly subcanaliculate, dichotomous,
crowded, 1–3 mm wide. Surface continuous, smooth, lustrous, becoming cracked
in the older parts; apex usually acute, sometimes truncate or slightly rounded;
margin smooth or sublacinulate. Maculae distinct, reticulate, laminal. Cilia black,
usually branched (irregular, subdichotomous to subpalmate), rarely squarrose, up
to 3 mm long, thickened, contiguous. Pustules, soredia and isidia absent. Medulla
white. Lower surface black, shiny, rugose, with a few cracks; marginal zone
absent or dark brown, shiny, up to 3 mm wide, naked, rhizinate or papillate.
Rhizines black, simple or less frequently branched, up to 2 mm long, thinner than
the cilia, numerous, evenly distributed. Apothecia unknown. Pycnidia laminal,
more abundant in the apical zones, conspicuous, without prominent margin,
frequent, ostiole black; conidia unknown (ca. 30 pycnidia analyzed). Spot tests
and fluorescence: cortex K+ yellow, UV–; medulla K+ yellow → blood red, C–,
KC–, P+ deep yellow, UV–. TLC/HPLC: atranorin (minor), chloroatranorin
(minor), salazinic acid (major), consalazinic acid (minor), protocetraric acid
(trace).
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Fig. 3. Lectotype of Parmotrema herrei (scale in mm).
Notes: Parmotrema herrei is recognized by the long, thickened and branched cilia
distributed along the lacinules, together with the strictly laciniate thallus. It is
close to Parmotrema cetratum, and was previously considered a synonym.
Nevertheless, typical P. cetratum (H-ACH! lectotype; UPS isolectotype, picture
seen) has a lobate thallus which develops lacinules, and the cilia are shorter (up to
1.3 mm long), and simple to furcate.
Although the holotype, isolectotypes and “topotypes” of P. herrei are densely
pycnidiate, they all appear empty and no conidia were observed (numerous
pycnidia examined). Possibly future collections of fresh material may yield this
information. A search for additional specimens among North American
lichenologists (especially the Californian Lichen Society) remains unsuccessful. It
is possible that this is an endangered species, although it was originally common
at the type locality (HERRE 1910).
The lectotype (FH) is small but representative. It is growing with a sorediate
lichen, Parmotrema reticulatum, and another Parmeliaceae. The isotype and the
“topotype” in FH are equally well developed and identical to the holotype in
every detail.
As far as we know, the only collector of P. herrei was Albert W.C.T. Herre
himself, and this species is known only from the type locality, Pilarcitos Creek
Canyon, in California. WIGGINS (1962) described Herre’s collection method well:
“On the field trips he rode a bicycle with an old suitcase strapped to the rack and
loaded his specimens into it. He explored nearly every road, trail, canyon and
mountainside on the whole Santa Cruz Peninsula.” Apparently, the first collection
of P. herrei was made on May 28, 1904 (FH lectotype; W isolectotype), then,
again in June 30, 1906 (FH! “topotype”, Herre 825), and in May 22, 1942
(specimen from the herbarium Herre in F!).
The typification of this species is a little obscure. H
ERRE (1906) asserted that
specimens were “in the herbaria of Leland Stanford Junior University, Dr. A.
Zahlbruckner, Dr. H.E. Hasse, and the author…Type, No. 516 Stanford
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University Herbarium”. BERRY (1941) stated that the type was in US, collected in
May 28, 1904, and also listed several Herre collections made on June 30, 1906,
deposited in MBG, F, MIN, LSU and M. HALE & FLETCHER (1990) chose one
specimen deposited in FH as the lectotype, and from W and US as isolectotypes.
Actually, in 1963 Hale annotated the FH specimen as “holotype”, a collection
which clearly belonged to the “Herb. Hasse”. Also in 1963, Hale labeled a
specimen (No. 516) in FH as isotype and the No. 825 as “topotype”. The
specimen in W was labeled as “holotype”. There is also a specimen in US whose
packet was annotated by Hale as “topotype (compared with the holotype)”, Herre
825, June 30, 1906 [it seems to be part of the No. 825 deposited in FH!]. An
interesting annotation was attached to this specimen: “Specimen part of type
material preserved in museum indicated and used in Hale’s Amphigymnia
monograph”. Remarkably, HALE (1965) did not mention this species in his
monograph.
We do not know if the Herbarium of Stanford University holds specimens of P.
herrei, especially the specimen cited in the protologue (H
ERRE 1906). If it does, it
might be a candidate to become the type. On the other hand, HERRE (1942)
asserted that the collections seen by BERRY (1941) were from his personal
herbarium, not from the herbarium of Stanford University. Therefore, the
typification of this species deserves further work; meanwhile, we are following in
part HALE & FLETCHER (1990).
The only author besides Herre to mention this species was BERRY (1941), who
reported a K+ medullary reaction. In the Field Museum (Chicago) there is a
specimen determined by Berry, on March 4th, 1940. It is actually a Parmotrema
with ciliate isidia and a K+ yellow medulla (stictic acid), possibly P. crinitum
(Ach.) Choisy. It is obviously not P. herrei, and Berry place a note: “differs to a
considerable degree from the type in external characters”. Even so, BERRY (1941)
listed this F specimen as belonging to P. herrei.
Ecology and distribution: Known from the type locality (HERRE 1906, 1910,
BERRY 1941), where it grows on earth over rocks.
Additional specimens examined: U.S.A: California: Pilarcitos Creek, Santa Cruz Mountains,
earth and sandstone, 200-300 ft, VI. 1906, Herre 825 (FH, US); ibid., Pilarcitos Creek, Pilarcitos
Creek Cañon, San Mateo County, on sandstone, 400–500 feet, V. 1942, Herre (F).
Canoparmelia nashii Jungbluth & Marcelli sp. nova
Similis Canoparmeliae texanae (Tuck.) Elix & Hale sed lacinulis apice sorediosis
differt. – Type: B
RAZIL. São Paulo: Américo Brasiliense Municipality, Clube
Náutico de Araraquara, on tree trunk along cerrado denso, 21°42'33,1''S,
48°01'48,2''W, 580 m, VI. 2008, Jungbluth et al. 2031 (SP holotype; M isotype).
(Fig. 4)
Description: Thallus corticolous, brownish grey, lobate, membranaceous, adnate
to loosely adnate, 7.0–12.0 cm broad; lobes irregularly branched, overlapping
laterally, 1.5–3.0 mm wide at the lobe base, up to 2.0–4.5 mm maximum width,
loosely adnate, sometimes slightly ascending, apices rounded; margin crenate to
sublacinulate, often ascending; lateral margin plane to involute, crenulate to
lacinulate. Upper surface continuous and smooth distally, becoming cracked to
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rugose at the center; lacinulae marginal, simple, sometimes irregularly branched,
0.5–1.5 × 0.2–0.5 mm, plane to canaliculate, with sorediate apex, present mainly
at the center of the thallus. Maculae absent. Cilia absent. Pustules absent. Soralia
orbicular to capitate, mainly at the apices of sublacinules or lacinules that become
canaliculate, sometimes submarginal, very rarely laminal; soredia farinose. Isidia
absent. Medulla white. Lower surface black, shiny, smooth to slightly rugose;
marginal zone dark brown or brown, with attenuate tips, 0.5–2.0 mm wide, shiny,
erhizinate, smooth to papillate and slightly rugose. Rhizines black, simple, up to
0.5 mm long,
Fig. 4. Holotype of Canoparmelia nashii (scale in mm).
long, frequent, aggregate. Apothecia absent. Pycnidia submarginal and subapical,
with black ostiole; conidia sublageniform, 6–8  ca. 1 µm. Spot tests and
fluorescence: upper cortex K+ yellow, UV–; medulla K–, C–, KC+ faint rose, P–,
UV+ bluish white. TLC: atranorin in the cortex, divaricatic and nordivaricatic
acids in the medulla.
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Notes: This species is recognized by the submarginal orbicular soralia that
become capitate at the apices of lacinulae and by the presence of divaricatic and
nordivaricatic acids in the medulla.
In morphology, Canoparmelia lacinulata resembles C. texana and C. aptata
(Kremp.) Elix & Hale, but these have truly laminal soralia. Besides, C. aptata has
a different medullary chemistry, with glomelliferic acid as major component,
perlatolic and stenosporic acids and a pigment that gives a pale orange color to the
medulla below the soralia (ELIX 1994).
Ecology and Distribution: At present, this species is only known from the type
locality.
Additional specimens examined: BRAZIL. São Paulo: Américo Brasiliense Municipality, Clube
Náutico de Araraquara, on tree trunk along cerrado denso, 21°42'33,1''S, 48°01'48,2''W, 580 m,
VI. 2008, Jungbluth et al. 2031 (SP).
Canoparmelia pseudoecaperata Jungbluth, Marcelli & Elix sp. nova
Similis Canoparmeliae ecaperatae (Müll. Arg.) Elix & Hale sed acidum
echinocarpicum continens. – Type: B
RAZIL. São Paulo: Itirapina Municipality,
Estação Experimental do Instituto Florestal, highway to Broa, corticolous, inside
cerradão but well illuminated, 22°15'S, 47°49'W, 770 m, III. 2004, Spielmann et al.
775 (SP holotype; BAFC, CTES, M, UPS isotypes).
(Fig. 5)
Description: Thallus corticolous, yellowish green, lobate, membranaceous,
adnate, 4.0–12.5 cm broad; lobes irregularly branched, continuous to slightly
overlapping laterally, (0.5–)1.0–2.5 mm wide at the lobe base up to 1.0–3.0 mm
maximum width, adnate, apices rounded to sub-rounded; margin crenate to
subcrenate, often ascending; lateral margin plane to slightly involute, crenulate.
Upper surface continuous and smooth distally, becoming cracked to rugose at the
center; lacinulae absent. Maculae pale, abundant, effigurate, laminal, mainly at the
proximal upper surface. Cilia absent. Pustules absent. Soralia absent. Isidia
concolorous with the upper surface, cylindrical, initially simple becoming
branched, sometimes coralloid, abundant, erect, laminal, fragile, (0.5–)1.0–3.0
(–4.0) mm long. Medulla white. Lower surface black, shiny, smooth to rugose and
veined; marginal zone dark brown, opaque, with attenuate borders, (0.5–)1.0–
1.5(–2.0) mm wide, erhizinate, papillate to rugose and veined. Rhizines black,
simple, to 3.0(–5.0) mm, frequent, aggregate. Apothecia and pycnidia absent. Spot
tests and fluorescence: upper cortex K–, UV–; medulla K+ cream, C+ faint rose,
KC+ faint rose, P+ yellow, UV+ bluish white. TLC/HPLC: usnic acid (minor) in
the cortex, divaricatic (major), stenosporic (trace), subdivaricatic (minor),
nordivaricatic (minor), echinocarpic (minor), conechinocarpic (trace),
subechinocarpic (trace) acids in the medulla.
Notes: Canoparmelia pseudoecaperata is recognized by the presence of usnic
acid in the upper cortex, cylindrical isidia and divaricatic, nordivaricatic and
echinocarpic acids in the medulla.
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Morphologically, it resembles Canoparmelia ecaperata (Müll. Arg.) Elix &
Hale, a species that occurs in the same area. However, C. ecaperata has a
different chemistry, with atranorin and usnic acid in the cortex and without
echinocarpic acid in medulla (K–, P–) (HALE 1976b, SWINSCOW & KROG 1988).
Fig. 5. Holotype of Canoparmelia pseudoecaperata (scale in mm).
There are two other Canoparmelia species with usnic acid in the cortex, the
sorediate C. antedeluvialis (Brusse & Sipman) Elix and C. zambiensis (Hale) Elix
& Hale without vegetative propagules; both have the same chemistry as
C. ecaperata (HALE 1976a, BRUSSE 1993).
Ecology and Distribution: This species is recorded only from tree trunks in
cerrado vegetation in São Paulo State, mainly in open situations.
Etymology: The epithet pseudoecaperata refers to the morphological similarity
of this new species with C. ecaperata.
Additional specimens examined: BRAZIL. São Paulo: Itirapina Municipality, Estação Ecológica
do Instituto Florestal, 22°15'S, 47°49'W, 770 m, corticolous, on tree trunk along cerrado denso,
well illumined, III. 2004, Spielmann et al. 893, 894, 997 (SP); ibid., corticolous, on tree trunk in
cerrado forest clearing, III. 2004, Canêz et al. 1093, 1098 (SP), ibid., corticolous, on transition
between cerrado sensu stricto and cerrado denso, II. 2004, Jungbluth et al. 911 (SP); ibid., Estação
Experimental do Instituto Florestal, in highway to Broa, corticolous, inside cerradão but well
illumined, III. 2004, Spielmann et al. 841 (SP), ibid., corticolous, on transition between cerrado
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223
denso and cerradão, locality known as “Valério”, III. 2004, Jungbluth et al. 862 (SP). Mogi-Guaçu
Municipality, Reserva Biológica de Mogi-Guaçu, Fazenda Campininha, 22
o
16–18'S, 47
o
09–12'W,
590 m, corticolous, tree on transition between cerrado denso and cerradão, along footpath between
forest parcels SPNP-1 (Setor de Pesquisa não Perturbatória) and SE (Setor de Ensino), IV. 1999,
Marcelli & Falco 33241, 33245 (SP); ibid., corticolous, XII. 2002, Jungbluth & Marcelli 194, 276
(SP), ibid., corticolous, on tree trunk along cerradão, near footpath between forest parcels of Pinus
sp. (Estação Biológica do Instituto Florestal) and cerrado (Reserva Ecológica do Instituto de
Botânica), IX. 2000, Marcelli & Luchi 34464, 34648 (SP).
Acknowledgements
Sincere thanks are due to the curators of the herbaria GB, H, S, TNS, U, US, and W for
loan of type material, the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa no Estado de São Paulo
(FAPESP) for a post graduation grant to Canêz, Jungbluth and Spielmann, to the
International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) for a scholarship to Canêz, and to
the ABLS for support to Benatti and Spielmann. The CNPq (Conselho Nacional de
Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) provided a research grant to Marcelli.
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