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77
The revision of the October 30, 1901 earthquake,
west of Lake Garda (northern Italy)
V. PESSINA1, A. TERTULLIANI2, R. CAMASSI3, A. ROSSI2and G. SCARDIA4
1Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Milano, Italy
2Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Roma, Italy
3Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Bologna, Italy
4Istituto di Geologia Ambientale e Geoingegneria - CNR, Monterotondo Scalo (Roma), Italy
(Received: June 12, 2012; accepted: October 10, 2012)
ABSTRACT
On November 24, 2004 an earthquake (Mw= 5.0) struck the west side of Lake Garda
(northern Italy), producing moderate but widespread damage. It provided the
opportunity of reviewing the seismicity of all the area over the past two centuries,
whose former most significant event is the October 30, 1901 earthquake (Mw= 5.5),
while other minor but damaging events are the January 5, 1892 (Mw=5.0) and
November 16, 1898 (Mw=4.6) earthquakes. On the reviewing we found common
similarities in ground shaking distribution as recurrent damaged spots, amplification
zones due to local site condition or energy radiation. We believe that these findings are
suitable to provide information for provisional purposes in low hazard level area
hampered by the lack of knowledge about the seismic sources. New data are provided
both in MCS scale and EMS. The sensitivity of a source parameters estimation
technique was evaluated for the major event.
Key words:
MCS intensity, EMS intensity, northern Italy, damage scenario.
1. Introduction
The repetition of events in the same area with similarities in the damage distribution is a rather
common case. Some examples from Italy include the Santa Sofia 1768 (Mw=5.8) and 1918
(Mw=5.8) or the Mugello 1542 (Mw=5.9) and 1919 (Mw=6.2) earthquakes in the northern
Apennines, as well as the Irpinia and the Benevento areas in the southern Apennines, affected by
events with the same damage patterns in the central Apennines. The last important case in Italy
is the L’Aquila 2009 earthquake (Mw=6.3) that hit the same area of the 1461 (Mw=6.4) event
(Stucchi et al., 2009).
In this context, the Lake Garda territory (northern Italy, Fig. 1) lends itself to an interesting
case study that experienced earthquakes in the last centuries with comparable level of damage.
We focused our attention on the study of macroseismic information of the historical events
because they play an important role in the definition of the seismicity of this area, where
geological and geophysical evidence is still poor.
The seismic hazard level of the western Lake Garda is classified modest to rather strong,
characterized by predictable horizontal acceleration peaks ranging from 0.150 g to 0.175 g
according to the 475 year return period seismic hazard map [Fig. 1, inset: Gruppo di lavoro MPS
(2004)], but the risk level should be considered high because of the productive, economic, and
Bollettino di Geofisica Teorica ed Applicata Vol. 54, n. 1, pp. 77-110; March 2013
DOI 10.4430/bgta0083
© 2013 – OGS
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touristic features of this territory, thus requesting a reliable predictive risk estimation. Indeed, the
Lake Garda is famous for its natural beauty, witnessed by the construction of patrician villas in
Roman times and, nowadays, by a large influx of foreign tourists. Millions of visitors are recorded
each year, 70% of which came from the central-northern Europe. The request of hotel and tourist
facilities led to a complete saturation of the building stock located mainly on the shoreline, close
to the only communication line running along the coast, and creating a critical vulnerable urban
situation with high exposure level.
Westward of Lake Garda, tourist facilities pass to a large variety of economic activities,
including a remarkable steel industry concentration in the Val Sabbia, a valley west of Salò
drained by the Chiese River (Fig. 1). The local industrial production represents an important part
of the national framework, testified by the presence in the area of 2.8% of the national active
companies (ISTAT, 2001).
The most recent strong earthquake occurred on November 24, 2004 (Mw=5.0) and, although
without casualties, has caused damages up to 215 million
e
in 66 municipalities: 500 residential
buildings were damaged (and about 40 demolished), 200 public structures and 300 churches were
cracked. Nearly 1200 buildings, 10 of which had strategic public interest and more than 50 with
historic or artistic value, became unfit for use and over 2300 people were displaced. The pipeline
of water supply, the electricity network, and some segments of the secondary road network
suffered heavy damage. In addition, the widespread occurrence of steep slopes in the area
favoured the co-seismic collapse of boulders.
In the present study we review the macroseismic information of the October 30, 1901 event
and other minor damaging events (January 5, 1892 and November 16, 1898) occurred during the
XIX century in the western Lake Garda area, by analyzing the common features in the damage
distribution in the light of the knowledge acquired from most recent and best-studied 2004 event.
As a result, the careful revision of the macroseismic field enhances the assessment of the
magnitude of the updated major historic event and of the geometric parameters of its seismic
source. A rough estimation of expected damage for the repetition of the revised major event is
then performed, especially in light of the recent Po Valley earthquake that, despite its magnitude
(events less than 6), has crippled the local economy and caused extensive damage.
2. The Lake Garda seismicity
The northern Italy seismicity is characterized by the north-eastern sector, historically affected
by earthquakes which may reach M=6.5, and the western Alps, that have experienced in the past
earthquakes with 5.0<M<6.0. The two areas are separated by a central sector where seismic
activity, albeit very irregular and generally moderate, produced the 1117 earthquake, considered
as the most destructive event of northern Italy. Unfortunately, our knowledge of this central
sector, especially for the older centuries, is still limited, as the catalogue completeness for
earthquakes of M>5.5 seems to have been achieved since the XVI-XVII century (Albarello et al.,
2001; Albini and Rovida, 2010).
Basing on historical seismic catalogues the seismicity of the Lake Garda region is low,
displaying few Mw>5.0 earthquakes during the last millennium (Rovida et al., 2011). Clusters of
seismicity are recorded on the eastern side of Lake Garda, while other events are located around
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Revision of the 1901 Garda earthquake Boll. Geof. Teor. Appl., 54, 77-110
its southern part, as those of 1826, 1892, and 1898 (Fig. 2). Several historical moderate events,
occurred in 1065, 1197, 1521, 1540, and 1894, are all centred on the city of Brescia, raising
doubts about their correct localization. At this regard, earthquakes known to parametric
catalogues between the XI and XVIII century are poorly documented and tend to be biased by the
major urban centres, for historical and cultural reasons. A partial exception is represented by two
major earthquakes that occurred respectively in 1117 (I0=IX, Mw=6.5) ~20 km SW of Verona
(outside Fig. 2) and in 1222 (I0=VIII-IX, Mw=6.0) in the Brescia Plain (Fig. 2), for which many
documentary traces are available, but not suff icient to provide a good localization for both the
events.
These earthquakes have not been considered in the present study because the 1117 is probably
located far away in the eastern bank of the Lake Garda, whereas the 1222, alternatively located
SE [Rovida et al. (2011), based on the study of Boschi et al. (2000)] or SW of Lake Garda
(Boschi et al., 1995), seems to display an area of major effects different from the damage
distribution of the 1901 earthquake, object of the present paper.
None of the events of the area is definitely associated to surface faulting. Even though some
authors claimed to have identified active faults in the Lake Garda region from geological
evidence (Castaldini and Panizza, 1991), the definition of the seismogenic source responsible for
Fig. 1 - Map displaying the regional geographical context of the study area. The main localities in Val Sabbia and along
the Lake Garda discussed in the text are displayed. Inset: national seismic hazard map (modified from
http://zonesismiche.mi.ingv.it/, Gruppo di lavoro MPS, 2004).
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et al.
the 1901 event is still mainly based on the macroseismic information (DISS Working Group,
2010). The identification of the seismogenic sources in this sector of the Alps remains indeed a
hard task. The limited source dimensions, mainly belonging to blind thrusts, as well as the strong
exogenic modelling of the area occurred during glacial stages make interpretation of recent
deformations difficult (Galadini and Stucchi, 2007) and the few recognized surface ruptures in
the southern Alps do not match any known historical earthquakes (e.g., Galadini et al., 2001).
3. The historical investigations
3.1. Material and methods
Our study focused on the research of unpublished information and the revision of the already
known sources. The research of unpublished information started from the recovery of the original
data provided by seismological compilations and was carried out by means of a systematical
sifting of national and local coeval newspapers and a careful digging into local archives. Another
important source is represented by the “seismic postcards”, a documentation provided by the
widespread network of local correspondents to the former Central Bureau of Meteorology and
Fig. 2 - Distribution of historical seismicity (squares) in the 1000-1980 time interval (Rovida et al., 2011) and recent
seismicity (circle) from 1983 to 2010 (ISIDe Working Group, 2010). Black stars represent the 2004 seismic sequence
(Augliera et al., 2006).
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Revision of the 1901 Garda earthquake Boll. Geof. Teor. Appl., 54, 77-110
Geodynamics (UCMG) in the morrow of an event and currently stored in the archive of the
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV). These postcards have been an important
source of macroseismic information in Italy for about 70 years, starting from 1887 till the late
1950’s. In the present study they were critically revised, independently by the former
interpretations.
We also assessed the macroseismic intensity of the revised earthquakes both in MCS and in
EMS98 scales, according to the recommendation of using EMS98 intensity also for historical
events (Grünthal, 1998). The intensities assessment into the EMS98 scale was performed by
means of a real evaluation of the descriptions from the sources (Grünthal, 1998; Musson et al.,
2009). The EMS98 scale organizes the buildings in vulnerability classes and in our study we
assumed that all the damaged buildings were stone rural houses not perfectly held, thus
classifiable in the most vulnerable category “A” (Grünthal, 1998), due to the age and the bad state
of maintenance a detail also attested by contemporary sources.
3.2. The January 5, 1892 and the November 16, 1898 earthquakes
New information concerning the 1892 and 1898 events emerged during the study of the 1901
earthquake, the maximum historic event of this area.
The Lake Garda area was hit by an earthquake on January 5, 1892, with epicentral intensity
I0=VI-VII MCS (Mw=5.0) according to CPTI11 catalogue (Rovida et al., 2011). A revision of all
available sources allowed a more accurate assessment of intensities, even the seismic postcards
(UCMG, 1892-1901) were reassessed, independently by the former interpretation given by
Cancani (1902).
The maximum intensity VII-VIII MCS, formerly assigned to the village of Campazzi, on the
east side of the Lake Garda (Fig. 3a), resulted by the observation of a single damaged rural
building (Goiran, 1892). As we do not consider this observation significant enough to assess the
intensity degree to the whole locality, we moved this intensity attribution to a more pertinent V-
VI MCS. Following this adjustment, the maximum intensity site becomes Salò (VII MCS), where
some chimneys fell down and some buildings suffered large cracks. Intensity VI-VII MCS has
been confirmed for two localities (Soprazocco and Vobarno) and newly assigned to Gavardo. The
data revision accomplished the generation of a new macroseismic field (Fig. 3a). Maps herein
presented show the MCS data for sake of the comparison with the previous published intensity
fields [DBMI11: Locati et al. (2011)].
After the revision, the number of intensity-assigned localities increased from 91 to 96 (Table
1) and the comparison between the previous and the new assigned intensities shows that more
than 40 localities changed their former intensity assessment, of which almost 30 increase their
value.
Another minor event (I0=VI, Mw=4.6) struck on November 16, 1898 the same area, but it is
scarcely known because of its low damage impact. A coeval compilation (Baratta, 1901)
informed that major effects occurred in Val Sabbia. The revision of the seismic postcards
(UCMG, 1892-1901) also provided also useful information about the “not felt” data allowing to
better define the whole perception area of the earthquake. The Fig. 3b shows the distribution of
macroseismic observations, which after the revision passed from 23 [DBMI11: Locati et al.
(2011)] to 43 (this study: see Table 2). Moderate damage was recorded in Salò and in Val Sabbia
(Fig. 3b), together with few rock collapse episodes.
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Fig. 3 - Revised macroseismic data of the 1892 earthquake (a). Revised macroseismic data of the 1898 earthquake (b).
Star indicates the macroseismic epicentre location calculated with the new data by the Boxer 4.0 code (Gasperini et al.,
2010).
a
b
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Revision of the 1901 Garda earthquake Boll. Geof. Teor. Appl., 54, 77-110
Locality Prov. SC Lat °N Lon °E DBMI11 IMCS IEMS
Salò BS 45.606 10.522 6-7 76-7
Soprazocco (Gavardo) BS 45.583 10.467 6-7 6-7 6-7
Vobarno BS 45.644 10.500 6-7 6-7 6-7
Gavardo BS 45.583 10.439 56-7 6
Barbarano Gardone Riviera BS 45.615 10.553 6-7 65-6
Cisano (Bardolino) BS 45.595 10.537 6-7 65.6
Provaglio Val Sabbia (Cedessano) BS MS 45.689 10.431 6-7 6 6
Brescia BS 45.544 10.214 6 6 5-6
Fasano del Garda (Gardone Riviera) BS 45.617 10.567 6 6 5.6
Muscoline (Chiesa) BS 45.563 10.461 6 6 6
Nuvolento BS 45.546 10.387 6 6 6
Vallio Terme BS 45.61 10.393 6 6 6
Campazzi VR 45.533 10.733 7-8 5-6 5-6
Badia Calavena VR 45.565 11.154 5-6 5-6 5
Bagnolo Mella BS 45.43 10.184 5-6 5-6 5
Nozza BS 45.703 10.387 5-6 5-6 5
Belluno Veronese (Brentino Belluno) VR 45.686 10.900 5-6 5 5
Chiampo VI 45.544 11.283 5 5 5
Colà (Lazise) VR 45.472 10.743 5 5 5
Desenzano del Garda BS 45.464 10.547 5 5 5
Ferrara di Monte Baldo VR 45.676 10.854 5 5 5
Garda VR 45.576 10.709 5 5 5
Gardone Riviera BS 45.622 10.566 5 5 5
Preseglie (Sottocastello) BS MS 45.667 10.395 5 5 5
Sirmione BS 45.489 10.609 5 5 5
Torri del Benaco VR 45.612 10.691 5 5 5
Villa (Salò) BS 45.592 10.508 5 5 5
Collebeato BS 45.582 10.214 4-5 5 5
Caprino Veronese VR 45.605 10.795 4 5 4-5
Gargnano BS 45.681 10.655 4 5 5
Iseo BS 45.659 10.054 4 5 5
Manerba del Garda BS MS 45.550 10.557 4 5 5
Pesina VR 45.599 10.756 4 5 5
Peschiera del Garda VR 45.438 10.694 4 5 4-5
Isola del Garda (Gardone Riviera) BS 45.593 10.586 5 5
Valdagno VI 45.651 11.304 4-5 4-5 4-5
Table 1 - Macroseismic intensities of the January 5, 1892 earthquake. Revised intensities are given in EMS and MCS;
the latter are compared with the MCS intensity values included in DBMI11.
SC = Special Cases: MS = Multiple settlement: settlement whose traditional place name refers to a set of small
settlements in a limited area, including small islands. The code represents a warning for the user.
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et al.
Locality Prov. SC Lat °N Lon °E DBMI11 IMCS IEMS
Verona VR 45.438 10.994 4-5 4-5 4-5
TN 45.757 11.001 44-5 4-5
Bedizzole BS MS 45.510 10.421 44-5 4-5
Brentino VR 45.642 10.873 44-5 4-5
Castel d'Azzano VR MS 45.353 10.945 44-5 4-5
Castiglione delle Stiviere MN 45.387 10.493 44-5 4-5
Cerea VR 45.194 11.213 44-5 4-5
Guastalla Nuova VR 45.404 10.793 44-5 4-5
Toscolano Maderno BS 45.639 10.610 44-5 4-5
Montichiari BS 45.413 10.393 44-5 4-5
Vicenza VI 45.549 11.549 44-5 4
Riva del Garda TN 45.887 10.844 4-5 4-5
Bassano del Grappa VI 45.767 11.734 F F F
Chiavari GE 44.317 9.322 3 F F
Barbarano Vicentino VI 45.409 11.540 5-6 4 4
Arsiero VI 45.803 11.354 444
Este PD 45.228 11.656 444
Livigno SO 46.539 10.135 444
Brenzone (Magugnano-Marniga) VR MS 45.705 10.766 444
Pavia PV 45.189 9.160 444
Pisogne BS 45.806 10.109 444
Posina VI 45.790 11.262 444
Recoaro Terme VI 45.703 11.221 444
Trento TN 46.064 11.124 444
Valli del Pasubio VI 45.739 11.261 444
Cazzano di Tramigna VR 45.472 11.204 F3-4 3-4
Cologna Veneta VR 45.309 11.385 3-4 3-4 3-4
Spinea (Orgnano) VE MS 45.490 12.165 3-4 3-4 3-4
Cavalese TN 46.291 11.460 33-4 3-4
Darfo Boario Terme BS MS 45.880 10.183 33-4 3-4
Ponti sul Mincio MN 45.411 10.686 33-4 3-4
Rovereto TN 45.888 11.037 33-4 3-4
San Giovanni Ilarione VR 45.523 11.236 33-4 3-4
Soave VR 45.418 11.248 33-4 3-4
Treviso TV 45.669 12.244 23-4 3-4
Fimon VI 45.469 11.509 3-4 3 3
Poiano (Verona) VR 45.472 11.016 3-4 3 3
Bolca VR 45.594 11.208 333
Castelvero (Vestenanova) VR 45.562 11.207 333
Table 1 - continued.
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Revision of the 1901 Garda earthquake Boll. Geof. Teor. Appl., 54, 77-110
3.3. The October 30, 1901 earthquake
The October 30, 1901 earthquake [I0=VIII MCS, Mw=5.7: CPTI11 (Rovida et al., 2011)]
produced the strongest intensity attribution over the western bank of Lake Garda. The state of the
knowledge of this event emerging from the Catalogo dei Forti Terremoti in Italia [Italian Strong
Earthquake Catalogue: CFTI (Boschi et al., 1995, 1997, 2000)] is mainly based on press reports,
seismological compilations (Baratta, 1901; Cancani, 1902; Cavasino, 1935), and some coeval
issues (bulletins and registers from the meteorological stations of Salò, Chiavari, Cremona,
Milano, Moncalieri, and Parma, in northern Italy).
The intensity map of the reference database is composed by 191 localities, mainly distributed
over the flat areas around Lake Garda (Fig. 4a). The maximum intensity of VIII MCS was
assigned to Salò and to the village of Navezze (Fig. 4a) that is, remarkably, quite far from the
epicentral area.
Out of the 57 damaged localities (Is>V-VI), 44 are mainly based on journalistic reports, 12 are
listed in the coeval compilation of Cancani (1902), and only 1 is documented by an archival
source [a meteorological register: Boschi et al. (2000)]. The relative scarcity of data and the
consideration that just a very little information is related to localities affected later also by the
2004 earthquake, suggested the possible improvement of the background material (Camassi et
al., 2011).
Locality Prov. SC Lat °N Lon °E DBMI11 IMCS IEMS
Cerro Veronese VR 45.574 11.042 3 3 3
Chiavenna SO 46.322 9.402 3 3 3
Illasi VR 45.466 11.183 3 3 3
Lonigo VI 45.387 11.388 3 3 3
Miane TV 45.942 12.091 3 3 3
Milano MI 45.464 9.190 3 3 3
Modena MO 44.647 10.925 3 3 3
Monteforte d'Alpone VR 45.420 11.285 3 3 3
Padova PD 45.407 11.876 3 3 3
Parma PR 44.801 10.329 3 3 3
Sant’Andrea d'Alfaedo VR 45.627 10.952 3 3 3
Sondrio SO 46.171 9.872 3 3 3
Tregnago VR 45.512 11.166 3 3 3
Vestenanova VR 45.573 11.228 3 3 3
Treviri [Germany] 3 3
Velo Veronese VR 45.605 11.096 3 3
Fontaniva PD 45.636 11.756 2 2 2
Piacenza PC 45.052 9.693 3NF 1
Table 1 - continued.
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Locality Prov. SC Lat °N Lon °E DBMI11 I MCS I EMS
Barghe BS 45.679 10.408 65-6
Comero BS 45.707 10.315 65-6
Preseglie (Sottocastello) BS MS 45.667 10.395 5 6 5-6
Salò BS 45.606 10.522 6 6 5-6
Avenone Villa e Spessio BS 45.747 10.365 5-6 5
Collio BS 45.810 10.334 45-6 5
Barbarano Gardone Riviera BS 45.615 10.553 4 5 4-5
Lumezzane (San Sebastiano) BS MS 45.649 10.262 54-5
Memmo BS 45.810 10.319 54-5
Bovegno BS 45.792 10.271 44-5 4-5
Gardone Val Trompia BS 45.688 10.184 44-5 4-5
Idro BS MS 45.739 10.481 44-5 4-5
Nave BS 45.587 10.286 4-5 4-5
Brescia BS 45.544 10.214 44-5 4-5
San Zeno Naviglio BS 45.49 10.215 444
Gussago BS MS 45.587 10.156 43-4 3-4
Adro BS 45.622 9.961 333
Toscolano Maderno BS 45.639 10.610 3 3
Pisogne BS 45.806 10.109 333
Serle BS 45.565 10.365 333
Pezzoreo BS 45.761 10.217 F F
Bagnolo Mella BS 45.43 10.184 NF NF 1
Bardolino VR 45.542 10.726 NF 1
Castelletto di Brenzone VR 45.686 10.750 NF 1
Castenedolo BS 45.470 10.300 NF NF 1
Castione della Presolana BG 45.908 10.036 NF 1
Chiari BS 45.538 9.931 NF NF 1
Darfo Boario Terme BS MS 45.880 10.183 NF NF 1
Frontignano BS 45.419 10.039 NF 1
Leno BS 45.366 10.219 NF 1
Limone sul Garda BS 45.813 10.792 NF 1
Loveno BS 46.064 10.249 NF 1
Lozio BS MS 45.986 10.261 NF 1
Martinengo BG 45.570 9.768 NF 1
Ospitaletto BS 45.555 10.075 NF 1
Parzanica BG 45.738 10.035 NF 1
Table 2 - Macroseismic intensities of the November 16, 1898 earthquake. Revised intensities are given in EMS and
MCS; the latter are compared with the MCS intensity values included in DBMI11.
SC = Special Cases: MS = Multiple settlement: settlement whose traditional place name refers to a set of small
settlements in a limited area, including small islands. The code represents a warning for the user.
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Revision of the 1901 Garda earthquake Boll. Geof. Teor. Appl., 54, 77-110
3.3.1. Updating the information dataset
Our investigation started from the careful collection and analysis of the informative
background of CFTI studies (Boschi et al., 2000) and was then extended both to bibliographic
and archival level (Fig. 5a). The critical revision of the original seismic postcards (UCMG, 1892-
1901) was a very useful resource to expand the number of reports and to improve intensity
assignments of this earthquake. We reviewed and completed the assessments of Cancani (1902),
who formerly estimated the intensity of 151 localities basing on the postcards. A large number of
local news reports was collected and carefully analyzed. As a whole we retrieved earthquake
accounts from 100 localities till now ignored or scarcely noticed by scientif ic reports. The final
number of localities account increased up to 291.
Localities with the new MCS intensity assignment are listed in Table 3, together with the
previous values; EMS assignments are listed too.
The most damaged area was limited to the neighbourhood of Salò and to the hamlets of Val
Sabbia, albeit the information about this area is scarcely detailed. The maximum intensity (VII-
VIII MCS) is now assigned to the localities of Pompegnino and Campoverde (in the close
surroundings of Salò: Fig. 4b), where two buildings entirely collapsed, several others experienced
a partial collapse, and many houses were severely damaged by downfall of chimneys and ceilings,
and by large cracks in the walls. On the whole, 14 localities, including Salò, suffered effects well
described by the VII MCS degree (spread downfall of chimneys and tiles, extensive cracks in the
walls of many houses, some partial collapse of roofs and walls).
Damage descriptions regarding other 20 localities do not allow a reliable discrimination
between VI and VII intensities, due to contradictory or confused records. In this case we
estimated the coeval seismological sources or contemporary reports being more reliable than
legal documents, used to dispose benefits, published a long time after the earthquake.
The damaged area includes approximately 50 localities with intensities VI and V-VI, and some
sporadic damage such as fall of some chimneys, fall of plaster pieces, fall of loose stones, cracks
in walls, and vague descriptions. The accounts are in agreement with the effects felt by
population, describing a frightening shock and a general escape outdoors. The village of Navezze
is included in this group of localities, confirming that the former intensity estimation (I=VIII)
from the CFTI studies (e.g., Boschi et al., 2000) was strongly overestimated. The information
related to Navezze, in fact, pertained only the fall of part of a frieze of the San Vincenzo church
Locality Prov. SC Lat °N Lon °E DBMI11 I MCS I EMS
Prestine BS 45.930 10.313 NF 1
Rezzato BS 45.512 10.318 NF NF 1
Tignale (Gardola) BS 45.738 10.721 NF NF 1
Torri del Benaco VR 45.612 10.691 NF 1
Travagliato BS 45.523 10.080 NF NF 1
Trescore Balneario BG 45.693 9.843 NF NF 1
Trieste TS 45.656 13.784 NF 1
Table 2 - continued.
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Fig. 4 - Comparison between the maps of CFTI (Boschi et al., 2000) (a) and the present revision (b) of the 1901
earthquake. Star indicates the macroseismic epicentre location calculated with the new data by the Boxer 4.0 code
(Gasperini et al., 2010).
a
b
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Revision of the 1901 Garda earthquake Boll. Geof. Teor. Appl., 54, 77-110
that is clearly insufficient to justify a high intensity to the whole locality.
Our revision contributed to improve the intensity map by increasing the number of
observations from 191 to 291 and producing a more uniform distribution of the intensity points
(Fig. 5b and Table 3).
4. The November 24, 2004 earthquake
The most recent significant event that struck the Lake Garda area is the November 24, 2004
moderate earthquake (I0=VII-VIII, Mw=5.2), located at 45.68° N 10.52° E, with an estimated
depth ranging from 5 to 10 km (ISIDe Working Group, 2010). About 200 aftershocks, with
magnitudes ranging from 0.2 to 3.6 and clustered in a restricted area north of Salò (Fig. 2), were
instrumentally recorded in the aftermath of the main shock (Augliera et al., 2006). The
earthquake was felt in the whole northern Italy and also part of Switzerland, Austria, and
Slovenia. The maximum intensity, VII-VIII MCS, was observed in two villages of Val Sabbia
valley, Clibbio and Pompegnino, where some buildings suffered partial collapses and several
others were affected by heavy structural damage (Bernardini et al., 2005). The damaged buildings
were mostly old masonry houses, either already in bad state or inappropriately restored before the
earthquake (Dimova et al., 2005). Churches and belfries also suffered severe damage. Reinforced
concrete structures incurred next to no damage. As a whole, the damaged area was restricted to
the south-western side of Lake Garda and to the Val Sabbia (Fig. 6 and Table 4) and this damage
pattern reflects roughly the same distribution already observed during the past events.
In order to explain the distribution of the major damage spots in Val Sabbia, ambient noise
measurements were carried out in localities along the Chiese River (Barghe, Sabbio Chiese,
Vobarno, and Salò) to define the resonance frequency of the loose deposits. The analysis showed
seismic amplification at a local scale in the range of critical frequencies for masonry buildings
(Franceschina et al., 2009), strongly correlated with the presence of loose deposits of glacio-
fluvial origin. Therefore the damage pattern can be explained by local amplification effects,
Fig. 5 - Distribution of the coeval sources (a) used by the present study [data from Camassi et al. (2011)]. Comparison
between observations reported in the CFTI (Boschi et al., 2000) and the present study (b).
a b
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et al.
Locality Prov. SC Lat °N Lon °E DBMI04 I MCS I EMS
Campoverde (Caccavero) BS 45.606 10.506 7-8 7
Pompegnino BS 45.631 10.498 7-8 7-8
Botticino (Mattina) BS 45.536 10.302 7 7 6-7
Bovezzo BS 45.592 10.244 7 7 6-7
Calvagese della Riviera BS 45.541 10.447 7-8 76-7
Gazzane BS 45.621 10.504 76-7
Soprazocco BS 45.583 10.467 76-7
Agneto BS SS 45.613 10.508 7 7
Castello BS 45.560 10.464 7 7
Fontanelle BS 45.553 10.500 7 7
Polpenazze del Garda BS 45.551 10.507 7 7 7
Prevalle BS 45.548 10.419 7 7
Salò BS 45.606 10.522 8 7 7
San Felice del Benaco BS 45.584 10.548 7 7
Villa BS 45.592 10.508 7 7 7
Vobarno BS 45.644 10.500 7 7 7
Toscolano Maderno BS 45.639 10.610 55-6 5-6
Borno BS 45.947 10.206 6-7 6
Brescia BS 45.544 10.214 76-7 6
Moniga del Garda BS 45.527 10.535 6-7 6
Nave BS 45.587 10.286 6-7 6
Paitone BS 45.551 10.402 6-7 6-7 6
Soiano del Lago BS 45.539 10.514 6-7 6-7 6
Tormini BS 45.610 10.482 56-7 6
Vallio Terme BS 45.610 10.393 6-7 6
Caino BS 45.612 10.317 6-7 6-7 6-7
Collio BS 45.639 10.509 6-7 6-7
Desenzano del Garda BS 45.464 10.547 76-7 6-7
Liano BS 45.619 10.493 6-7 6-7
Longavina BS 45.559 10.454 6-7 6-7
Maderno BS 45.636 10.600 76-7 6-7
Manerba del Garda (Solarolo) BS MS 45.550 10.557 76-7 6-7
Morsone BS 45.558 10.470 6-7 6-7 6-7
Muscoline (Chiesa) BS MS 45.563 10.461 6-7 6-7
Table 3 - Macroseismic intensities of the October 30, 1901 earthquake. Revised intensities are given in EMS and MCS;
the latter are compared with the MCS intensity values included in DBMI11, based on Guidoboni et al. (2007) study.
SC = Special Cases. MS = Multiple settlement: settlement whose traditional place name refers to a set of small
settlements in a limited area, including small islands. The code represents a warning for the user. SS = Small
settlement: settlement the size of which is too small to supply a significant building sample for intensity assessment.
AL= Absorbed locality: a locality absorbed into a larger one. The code is a warning for understanding the seismic
history
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Locality Prov. SC Lat °N Lon °E DBMI04 I MCS I EMS
Trobiolo BS 45.614 10.504 6-7 6-7
Volciano BS 45.613 10.495 76-7 6-7
Canneto sull'Oglio MN 45.150 10.379 6 6 5-6
Castenedolo BS 45.470 10.300 6 6 5-6
Castiglione delle Stiviere MN 45.387 10.493 6 6 5-6
Nozza BS 45.703 10.387 6-7 65-6
Rezzato BS 45.512 10.318 6-7 65-6
Trescore Balneario BG 45.693 9.843 3 6 5-6
Verolanuova BS 45.326 10.076 6 6 5-6
Bagnolo Mella BS 45.430 10.184 6 6
Caprino Veronese VR 45.605 10.795 766
Garda VR 45.576 10.709 6 6
Gavardo BS 45.583 10.439 6-7 6 6
Ghedi BS 45.405 10.276 6 6
Livemmo BS 45.742 10.344 6 6
Memmo BS 45.810 10.319 6-7 6 6
Nuvolento BS 45.546 10.387 766
Nuvolera BS 45.533 10.373 6-7 6 6
Serle BS 45.565 10.365 6-7 6
Sirmione BS 45.489 10.609 6 6
Longhena BS 45.43 10.060 6 D D
Portese BS 45.596 10.553 6-7 D D
Puegnago sul Garda (Castello) BS MS 45.567 10.510 D D
Abbiategrasso MI 45.398 8.916 5-6 5-6 5
Alzano Lombardo BG 45.734 9.730 5-6 5
Asola MN 45.221 10.413 5-6 5-6 5
Bardolino VR 45.542 10.726 55-6 5
Bedizzole (Piazza) BS MS 45.510 10.421 5-6 5-6 5
Bovegno BS 45.792 10.271 5-6 5
Breno BS 45.957 10.303 55-6 5
Calvisano BS 45.348 10.34 5-6 5-6 5
Carzago Riviera BS 45.525 10.459 5-6 5
Castegnato BS 45.561 10.117 5-6 5
Gardone Riviera BS 45.62 10.566 55-6 5
Isola del Garda BS 45.593 10.586 5-6 5
Marcheno BS 45.707 10.214 5-6 5
Melegnano MI 45.358 9.323 5-6 5
Molinetto BS 45.503 10.366 5-6 5
Niardo BS 45.976 10.336 5-6 5
Table 3 - continued.
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Boll. Geof. Teor. Appl., 54, 77-110 Pessina
et al.
Locality Prov. SC Lat °N Lon °E DBMI04 I MCS I EMS
Piadena CR 45.130 10.368 65-6 5
Pompiano BS 45.431 9.989 5-6 5
San Zeno Naviglio BS 45.490 10.215 5-6 5
Tavernole sul Mella BS 45.748 10.240 5-6 5
Trenzano BS 45.475 10.013 5-6 5
Castrezzone BS 45.548 10.469 5-6 5-6
Clusone BG 45.888 9.950 65-6 5-6
Concesio BS 45.60 10.220 5-6 5-6
Fasano del Garda BS 45.628 10.582 5-6 5-6
Gargnano BS 45.681 10.655 75-6 5-6
Lavenone BS 45.739 10.438 5-6 5-6
Lonato BS 45.462 10.484 5-6 5-6
Mantova MN 45.152 10.775 65-6 5-6
Montichiari BS 45.413 10.393 6-7 5-6 5-6
Navezze BS 45.604 10.151 85-6 D
Raffa BS 45.569 10.531 5-6 5-6
Ronchi BS 45.627 10.511 6-7 5-6 5-6
Sopraponte BS 45.597 10.440 5-6 5-6
Albese con Cassano CO 45.797 9.164 5 4
Crema CR 45.362 9.686 5 5 4-5
Bagolino BS 45.822 10.465 555
Barbarano Vicentino VI 45.409 11.540 555
Bergamo BG 45.694 9.670 5-6 5 5
Bogliaco BS 45.673 10.657 5 5
Brusatasso MN 44.983 10.785 5 5
Cascina Camerona NO 45.384 8.755 5 5
Crespadoro VI 45.619 11.227 455
Dello BS 45.417 10.076 5 5
Dolcè VR 45.600 10.853 5-6 5 5
Erba CO 45.810 9.226 555
Gallarate VA 45.659 8.793 655
Gandellino BG 45.990 9.945 5 5
Gromo BG 45.968 9.928 F 5 5
Gromo San Marino BG 46.000 9.946 5 5
Lavone BS 45.762 10.250 555
Lecco LC 45.856 9.408 655
Lodi LO 45.314 9.501 555
Lograto BS 45.483 10.056 5 5
Lovere BG 45.812 10.070 555
Table 3 - continued.
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Revision of the 1901 Garda earthquake Boll. Geof. Teor. Appl., 54, 77-110
Locality Prov. SC Lat °N Lon °E DBMI04 I MCS I EMS
Lumini VR 45.627 10.755 4-5 5 5
Mazzano BS 45.518 10.351 F 5 5
Milano MI 45.464 9.190 555
Mompiano BS 45.569 10.243 655
Montecchio BS 45.885 10.193 5 5
Offlaga BS 45.386 10.118 5 5
Padova PD 45.407 11.876 5-6 5 5
Parma PR 44.801 10.329 655
Pavia PV 45.189 9.160 555
Pesina VR 45.599 10.756 655
Piacenza PC 45.052 9.693 6 5
Riva del Garda TN 45.887 10.844 5 5
Rivoli Veronese VR 45.571 10.812 5 5
San Eufemia della Fonte BS 45.522 10.273 5 5
San Paolo (Pedergnaga-Oriano) BS MS 45.370 10.024 5 5
Sermerio BS 45.774 10.725 755
Sommacampagna VR 45.407 10.844 5 5
Sona VR 45.433 10.832 5 5
Sondrio SO 46.171 9.872 555
Sonico BS 46.164 10.354 5 5
Torri del Benaco VR 45.612 10.691 F 5 5
Travagliato BS 45.523 10.080 5 5
Tremosine (Vesio) BS MS 45.792 10.745 D 5 5
Verona VR 45.438 10.994 555
Vicenza VC 45.549 11.549 5-6 5 5
Villa Carcina BS 45.632 10.195 5 5
Villanuova sul Clisi BS 45.600 10.456 5 5
Virle BS 45.516 10.337 5 5
Visano BS 45.316 10.368 5 5
Carate Brianza MI 45.676 9.239 34-5 4
Abano Terme PD 45.360 11.790 4-5 4-5 4-5
Adro BS 45.622 9.961 4-5 4-5 4-5
Angolo BS 45.892 10.145 4-5 4-5
Artogne BS 45.849 10.165 4-5 4-5
Cadignano BS 45.765 10.735 4-5 4-5
Capo di Ponte BS 46.030 10.344 4-5 4-5
Capriano del Colle BS 45.455 10.129 4-5 4-5
Casello BS 45.509 10.376 4-5 4-5
Table 3 - continued.
94
Boll. Geof. Teor. Appl., 54, 77-110 Pessina
et al.
Locality Prov. SC Lat °N Lon °E DBMI04 I MCS I EMS
Cavriana MN 45.348 10.599 4-5 4-5
Cividate Camuno BS 45.944 10.278 4-5 4-5
Colombaro BS 45.578 10.479 54-5 4-5
Comezzano Cizzago (Cizzago) BS MS 45.473 9.948 4-5 4-5
Eno BS 45.705 10.508 4-5 4-5
Garlasco PV 45.196 8.922 4-5 4-5 4-5
Loveno BS 46.064 10.249 54-5 4-5
Mirandola MO 44.887 11.065 44-5 4-5
Monza MI 45.584 9.274 4-5 4-5 4-5
Mornico al Serio BG 45.591 9.809 4-5 4-5
Navazzo BS 45.684 10.635 4-5 4-5
Olgiate Comasco CO 45.785 8.968 54-5 4-5
Rogno BG 45.857 10.133 4-5 4-5
San Gallo BS 45.564 10.309 4-5 4-5
Sorgà VR 45.214 10.980 54-5 4-5
Sulzano BS 45.688 10.100 54-5 4-5
Treviglio BG 45.521 9.593 4-5 4-5
Valli del Pasubio VI 45.739 11.261 54-5 4-5
Soragna PR 44.928 10.124 4-5 4 3
Certenoli GE 44.379 9.296 3-4 43-4
Barlassina MI 45.656 9.129 444
Bassano del Grappa VI 45.767 11.734 344
Cassine AL 44.750 8.527 544
Cavezzo MO 44.838 11.028 3-4 4 4
Cerea VR 45.194 11.213 444
Chiavari GE 44.317 9.322 444
Chiavenna SO 46.322 9.402 3-4 4 4
Cologna Veneta VR 45.309 11.385 4-5 4 4
Colognola ai Colli VR 45.432 11.193 544
Como CO 45.810 9.084 444
Cremona CR 45.136 10.024 444
Crespino RO 44.982 11.885 344
Domodossola VB 46.117 8.292 444
Este PD 45.228 11.656 4-5 4 4
Ferrara FE 44.836 11.618 444
Genova GE 44.419 8.898 444
Gropello Cairoli PV 45.177 8.991 4 4
La Spezia SP 44.105 9.819 444
Table 3 - continued.
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Revision of the 1901 Garda earthquake Boll. Geof. Teor. Appl., 54, 77-110
Locality Prov. SC Lat °N Lon °E DBMI04 I MCS I EMS
Lanzo d'Intelvi CO 45.980 9.020 4 4
Lonigo VI 45.387 11.388 444
Luzzara RE 44.960 10.690 444
Marmirolo MN 45.220 10.756 544
Martinengo BG 45.570 9.768 544
Moglia MN 44.933 10.912 4-5 4 4
Nonantola MO 44.678 11.041 444
Novara NO 45.446 8.623 544
Novellara RE 44.845 10.731 444
Noventa Vicentina VC 45.290 11.542 444
Pavullo nel Frignano MO 44.334 10.834 544
Pieve del Cairo PV 45.048 8.803 544
Recoaro Terme VC 45.703 11.221 344
Rosasco PV 45.250 8.580 544
Rovereto TN 45.888 11.037 444
Rovigo RO 45.070 11.790 544
Santuario di Oropa BI SS 45.627 7.981 444
Savona SV 44.307 8.480 444
Sestri Levante GE 44.270 9.394 444
Spinea (Orgnano) VE MS 45.490 12.165 444
Teglio SO 46.172 10.067 444
Torino TO 45.070 7.674 444
Tortona AL 44.897 8.864 544
Tregnago VR 45.512 11.166 F 4 4
Trento TN 46.064 11.124 344
Treviso TV 45.669 12.244 444
Trieste TS 45.656 13.784 4 4
Varese VA 45.818 8.825 444
Villimpenta MN 45.141 11.034 544
Guidizzolo MN 45.317 10.582 44-5
Vigevano PV 45.317 8.856 4-5 44-5
Asso CO 45.861 9.269 43-4 3-4
Legnago VR 45.192 11.311 4-5 3-4 3-4
Lucca LU 43.843 10.505 33-4 3-4
Modena MO 44.647 10.925 33-4 3-4
Oneglia IM AL 43.888 8.052 43-4 3-4
Rovellasca CO 45.667 9.052 4-5 3-4 3-4
Stienta RO 44.940 11.544 43-4 3-4
Table 3 - continued.
96
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et al.
Locality Prov. SC Lat °N Lon °E DBMI04 I MCS I EMS
Vercelli VC 45.322 8.418 33-4 3-4
Vimercate MI 45.614 9.370 4-5 3-4 3-4
Asolo TV 45.801 11.914 333
Asti AT 44.899 8.206 3 3
Belluno BL 46.146 12.222 333
Bologna BO 44.498 11.340 233
Carpenedolo BS 45.363 10.430 333
Castel d'Ario MN 45.188 10.975 333
Crevalcore BO 44.722 11.147 3 3
Fossano CN 44.550 7.721 333
Ispra CO 45.816 8.617 433
Lendinara RO 45.084 11.598 333
Luino VA 45.997 8.747 3 3
Montespluga SO 46.490 9.336 333
Ovada AL 44.637 8.642 3 3
Pisa PI 43.716 10.401 433
Ponzone AL 44.588 8.459 333
Retinella RO 45.047 12.178 3-4 3 3
San Donà di Piave VE 45.633 12.572 333
Santa Giustina BL 46.081 12.042 3 3
Sant'Ulderico VC 45.749 11.347 3 3
Sarzana SP 44.111 9.961 2-3 3 3
Spotorno SV 44.226 8.417 333
Varzo VB 46.207 8.249 3 3
Bolladore SO 46.326 10.326 6 3 3-4
Limone sul Garda BS 45.813 10.792 2-3 2-3
Bormio SO 46.468 10.372 2-3 2-3 3
Bra CN 44.698 7.849 222
Comacchio FE 44.694 12.183 222
Imperia IM 43.885 8.027 222
Pistoia PT 43.932 10.913 222
Baveno VB 45.909 8.503 F F
Belgioioso PV 45.160 9.313 FFF
Brunate CO 45.820 9.095 FFF
Cantù CO 45.739 9.131 3 F F
Carpesino CO 45.820 9.226 F F
Cavalese TN 46.291 11.460 FFF
Corenno Plinio CO 46.090 9.310 F F
Table 3 - continued.
97
Revision of the 1901 Garda earthquake Boll. Geof. Teor. Appl., 54, 77-110
together with the presence of a widespread intrinsic vulnerability of the buildings.
5. Hypothesis on the 1901 earthquake source
In the case of the 1901 event, the magnitude is sufficient to assure the reliability of the
application of the Boxer code (Gasperini et al., 2010) developed for the assessment of the
location, the physical dimension and the source orientation of large (M≥5.5) historical earthquake
using intensity data. The recent version (Boxer 4.0) of the code locates and sizes earthquakes by
means of seven different methods: the simplest of these methods calculates the barycentre of the
Locality Prov. SC Lat °N Lon °E DBMI04 I MCS I EMS
Cremella LC 45.739 9.303 FFF
Grumello del Monte BG 45.635 9.873 4 F F
Guastalla RE 44.921 10.654 FFF
Massa Marittima GR 43.050 10.889 FFF
Merate LC 45.698 9.420 4 F F
Novi Ligure AL 44.764 8.788 5 F F
Passirano BS 45.599 10.063 F F
Paullo MI 45.417 9.398 F F
Pordenone PN 45.964 12.660 4 F F
Presa Ticino MI 45.668 8.684 F F
Provaglio d'Iseo
(Fontane-Zurane-Gresine) BS MS 45.635 10.048 F F
Quinzano d'Oglio BS 45.313 10.008 F F
Redona BG 45.709 9.873 FFF
Reggio nell'Emilia RE 44.697 10.631 4 F F
Rodengo-Saiano BS 45.590 10.111 F F
Salsomaggiore Terme PR 44.816 9.979 F F
San Salvatore Monferrato AL 44.995 8.566 F F
Tione di Trento TN 46.035 10.725 F F
Valletti SP 44.377 9.526 FFF
Vaprio d'Adda MI 45.576 9.528 FFF
Varano VA 45.774 8.704 FFF
Venezia VE 45.438 12.335 FFF
Viadana MN 44.929 10.522 FFF
Vigasio VR 45.317 10.942 FFF
Sestola MO 44.229 10.771 NF 1
Siena SI 43.321 11.328 NF 1
Table 3 - continued.
98
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et al.
Locality LAT °N LON °E IMCS I EMS
Clibbio (Sabbio Chiese) 45.637 10.457 7-8 7
Pompegnino (Vobarno) 45.630 10.498 7-8 7
Morgnaga (Gardone Riviera) 45.617 10.558 76-7
Pavone (Sabbio Chiese) 45.650 10.437 7 6
Roè (Roè Volciano) 45.623 10.493 7 6
Salò 45.606 10.522 7 6
Carpeneda (Vobarno) 45.649 10.471 6-7 6
Gazzane (Preseglie) 45.658 10.380 6-7 6
Il Vittoriale (Gardone riviera) 45.625 10.567 6-7 6
Prandaglio (Villanuova C.) 45.623 10.443 6-7 6
Sabbio Chiese 45.656 10.419 6-7 6
Fostagna (Gavardo) 45.601 10.419 6 6
Gardone Riviera 45.622 10.566 6-7 6
Gavardo 45.583 10.439 6 6
Gazzane (Roè Volciano) 45.622 10.504 6 6
Moniga del Garda 45.526 10.534 6 5
Muscoline 45.563 10.461 6 5
Odolo 45.644 10.386 6 5
Padenghe sul Garda 45.506 10.508 6 5
Puegnago sul Garda 45.567 10.510 6 5
Quarena (Gavardo) 45.603 10.442 6 5
Sabbio Sopra 45.661 10.415 6 5
San Felice del Benaco 45.584 10.548 6 6
Sopramonte (Gavardo) 45.597 10.440 6 5
Tormini (Roè Volciano) 45.610 10.482 6 5
Toscolano Maderno 45.639 10.610 6 6
Vobarno 45.644 10.500 6 5
Volciano (Roè Volciano) 45.613 10.495 6 6
Barghe 45.679 10.408 5-6 5
Bedizzole 45.510 10.421 5-6 5
Botticino 45.542 10.323 5-6 5
Brescia 45.544 10.214 5-6 5
Calvagese della Riviera 45.540 10.447 5-6 5
Carzago Riviera 45.525 10.459 5-6 5
Castello (Serle) 45.577 10.351 5-6 5
Castenedolo 45.470 10.300 5-6 5
Casto 45.696 10.321 5-6 5
Cisano (San Felice del Benaco) 45.595 10.537 5-6 5
Table 4 - Macroseismic intensities of the November 24, 2004 earthquake. Intensities are given in MCS (from
Bernardini et al., 2005) and EMS (this paper).
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Revision of the 1901 Garda earthquake Boll. Geof. Teor. Appl., 54, 77-110
Locality LAT °N LON °E IMCS I EMS
Concesio 45.601 10.220 5-6 5
Degagna (Vobarno) 45.681 10.506 5-6 5
Gargnano e frazioni 45.681 10.655 5-6 5
Manerba sul Garda 45.550 10.557 5-6 5
Marcheno 45.707 10.214 5-6 5
Marone 45.737 10.093 5-6 5
Marzago (Provaglio) 45.686 10.420 5-6 5
Moglia (Vobarno) 45.658 10.471 5-6 5
Montichiari 45.413 10.393 5-6 5
Montirone 45.444 10.232 5-6 5
Muslone (Gargnano) 45.711 10.693 5-6 5
Nave 45.587 10.286 5-6 5
Nuvolento 45.546 10.386 5-6 5
Nuvolera 45.533 10.373 5-6 5
Preseglie 45.667 10.394 5-6 5
Prevalle 45.548 10.418 5-6 5
Provaglio Val Sabbia 45.690 10.431 5-6 5
Raffa (Puegnago) 45.569 10.531 5-6 5
Rezzato 45.502 10.345 5-6 5
San Biagio (Gavardo) 45.588 10.463 5-6 5
San Giacomo (Gavardo) 45.594 10.479 5-6 5
Teglie (Vobarno) 45.663 10.463 5-6 5
Treviso Bresciano 45.712 10.462 5-6 5
Vallio Terme 45.610 10.393 5-6 5
Vestone 45.709 10.401 5-6 5
Villanuova sul Clisi 45.600 10.455 5-6 5
Agnosine 45.649 10.355 5 5
Anfo 45.767 10.494 5 5
Armo (Valvestino) 45.771 10.595 5 5
Bagnolo Mella 45.429 10.184 5 5
Bagolino 45.822 10.465 5 5
Barbariga 45.405 10.054 5 5
Bardolino 45.542 10.726 5 5
Bione 45.665 10.345 5 5
Borgosatollo 45.476 10.241 5 5
Bovegno 45.792 10.271 5 5
Caino 45.611 10.317 5 5
Calcinato 45.455 10.416 5 5
Table 4 - continued.
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et al.
Locality LAT °N LON °E IMCS I EMS
Calmasino 45.521 10.753 5 5
Capovalle 45.753 10.545 5 5
Capriano del Colle 45.455 10.129 5 5
Carpenedolo 45.363 10.430 5 5
Costa e Mignone (Gargnano) 45.731 10.636 5 5
Costermano 45.587 10.744 5 5
Darfo Boario Terme 45.880 10.183 5 5
Desenzano del Garda 45.464 10.546 5 5
Erba 45.810 9.226 5 5
Flero 45.485 10.178 5 5
Garda 45.576 10.709 5 5
Gardone Val Trompia 45.688 10.184 5 5
Gussago 45.587 10.156 5 5
Idro 45.734 10.459 5 5
Lavenone 45.740 10.438 5 5
Lavone (Pezzaze) 45.762 10.245 5 5
Lazise 45.506 10.733 5 5
Lodrino 45.720 10.277 5 5
Lumezzane 45.649 10.262 5 5
Magasa (Valvestino) 45.782 10.617 5 5
Maguzzano (Lonato) 45.485 10.502 5 5
Malcesine 45.764 10.809 5 5
Manerbio 45.354 10.140 5 5
Marmentino 45.755 10.286 5 5
Mocasina (Calvagese della Riviera) 45.530 10.439 5 5
Orzinuovi 45.402 9.924 5 5
Paitone 45.551 10.402 5 5
Palazzolo sull’Oglio 45.598 9.883 5 5
Pavone del Mella 45.303 10.211 5 5
Persone (Valvestino) 45.773 10.575 5 5
Peschiera del Garda 45.438 10.694 5 5
Polaveno 45.661 10.124 5 5
Polpenazze del Garda 45.550 10.506 5 5
Pompiano 45.431 9.989 5 5
Portese (S. Felice Benaco) 45.596 10.553 5 5
Rivoltella (Desenzano del Garda) 45.462 10.563 5 5
Ronco (Gussago) 45.596 10.136 5 5
Saiano (Rodengo Saiano) 45.589 10.111 5 5
Table 4 - continued.
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Revision of the 1901 Garda earthquake Boll. Geof. Teor. Appl., 54, 77-110
Locality LAT °N LON °E IMCS I EMS
Sale Marasino 45.710 10.112 5 5
San Zeno di Montagna 45.440 11.178 5 5
Soiano del Lago 45.539 10.514 5 5
Sulzano 45.688 10.099 5 5
Tavernole sul Mella 45.748 10.240 5 5
Torri del Benaco 45.612 10.691 5 5
Turano (Valvestino) 45.760 10.596 5 5
Verolanuova 45.326 10.076 5 5
Verona 45.438 10.994 5 5
Zone 45.762 10.117 5 5
Zumiè (Capovalle) 45.755 10.545 5 5
Bellano 46.043 9.302 4-5 4-5
Bergamo 45.694 9.670 4-5 4-5
Cavaion Veronese 45.539 10.770 4-5 4-5
Cermenate 45.701 9.082 4-5 4-5
Collio 45.812 10.334 4-5 4-5
Como 45.809 9.084 4-5 4-5
Inverigo 45.739 9.219 4-5 4-5
Lecco 45.856 9.408 4-5 4-5
Lipomo 45.794 9.119 4-5 4-5
Lugagnano 45.433 10.890 4-5 4-5
Lurago d’Erba 45.751 9.221 4-5 4-5
Merate 45.698 9.420 4-5 4-5
Padova 45.406 11.876 4-5 4-5
Poncarale 45.460 10.173 4-5 4-5
San Fermo 45.480 9.919 4-5 4-5
San Zeno Naviglio 45.473 10.478 4-5 4-5
Sarezzo 45.651 10.203 4-5 4-5
Tavernerio 45.798 9.148 4-5 4-5
Valeggio sul Mincio 45.354 10.734 4-5 4-5
Venezia 45.438 12.335 4-5 4-5
Adria 45.055 12.058 4 4
Bovezzo 45.592 10.244 4 4
Genova 44.419 8.898 4 4
Ghedi 45.405 10.276 4 4
La Spezia 44.105 9.819 4 4
Leno 45.366 10.219 4 4
Milano 45.464 9.189 4 4
Table 4 - continued.
102
Boll. Geof. Teor. Appl., 54, 77-110 Pessina
et al.
intensity points (as in the previous version Boxer 3.0, applied in the CPTI11 catalogue);
otherwise, a combination of estimated and fixed parameters is used. Results are provided with
associate errors in coordinates, orientation, depth, fault dimensions, and magnitude.
The fault of the 1901 event is not univocally defined by the code in position and azimuth. We
expected that the new data would have improved the final parameter definition because of (i) the
increase of the number of observations, (ii) the removal of the wrongly reported locations, and
(iii) the larger quantity of data in epicentral area (see Table. 7), as suggested by Gasperini et al.
(2010). However we observe that the associated errors to the parameters definition did not
decrease after our revision.
Among all the Boxer solutions (Fig. 7 and Table. 5), we discharged the case_0, although
compatible with the seismotectonic settings of the area (Castellarin and Cantelli, 2000), because
calculated through the barycentric method on an incomplete intensity field due to the presence
of the lake. The case_1, case_2 and coincident case_3 show an azimuth not compatible with the
known structural settings and seem to be biased by the occurrence of soil motion amplification
effects in the Val Sabbia.
The remaining case_4, case_5 and case_6 (Fig. 7), seem to be more likely solutions as they
all display an azimuth slightly compatible with the structural settings of the area, similar
dimensions and magnitude, and slightly different positions and orientations.
On the whole, the seismic source cannot be well depicted by the intensity observations both
because of the lack in macroseismic data due to presence of the lake and, on the other side, the
probable increment on intensity values due to site effects in Val Sabbia.
Locality LAT °N LON °E IMCS I EMS
Modena 44.647 10.925 4 4
Parma 44.801 10.329 4 4
Ravenna 44.417 12.198 4 4
Romano di Lombardia 45.519 9.755 4 4
Rovigo 45.070 11.790 4 4
Pisa 43.716 10.401 3-4 3-4
Torino 45.070 7.674 3-4 3-4
Bologna 44.498 11.340 3 3
Imperia 43.885 8.027 3 3
Copparo 44.894 11.830 2-3 2-3
Firenze 43.777 11.249 2-3 2-3
Ljubljana 46.058 14.503 F 3
Belluno 46.146 12.222 F F
Cremona 45.136 10.024 F F
Mantova 45.152 10.775 F F
Piacenza 45.052 9.693 F F
Table 4 - continued.
103
Revision of the 1901 Garda earthquake Boll. Geof. Teor. Appl., 54, 77-110
Generally specking, the values of the calculated depth are all acceptable because the source
must indeed rest above the brittle-ductile transition in the Alps [approximately 15-20 km: Viganò
and Martin (2007)], that represents a lower limit for most of the Alpine crustal seismicity (e.g.,
Chiarabba et al., 2005). As for the 2004 event, also the 1901 rupture of the fault probably
occurred in the Alpine metamorphic basement (e.g., Picotti et al., 1995; Carulli and Slejko,
2009). The thin-skinned tectonics observed in the surface and mainly involving the Mesozoic to
recent sedimentary cover is interpreted to be driven in depth by very few, large basement slices,
the outermost of which is buried below the western bank of the Lake Garda (Picotti et al., 1995).
According to these structural considerations, the 1901 hypocentre position should fall on the
same 2004 event basement ramp or, less likely, on a different parallel fault, anyway belonging to
the same structural system and well described by the three accepted solutions.
These solutions suggest a shift of ~ 5 km toward NW of the DBMI11 macroseismic epicentre,
due to the recent methods of estimation implemented in the Boxer 4.0 code.
It is noteworthy that the new finite fault solutions are close (approximately 6 km away) to the
fault published in the Database of Individual Seismogenetic Sources (DISS Working Group,
2010) with a different azimuth (Fig. 7 and Table 5)
At this point it is questionable how plausible the fault plane representations are.
Fig. 6 - The 2004 event [redrawn from Bernardini et al. (2005)]. The fault plane solution is from Pondrelli et al. (2007)
and indicates the instrumental epicentre.
104
Boll. Geof. Teor. Appl., 54, 77-110 Pessina
et al.
The distribution of the intensity observations provides the location of the centre of strong
shaking (Bakun et al., 2011) rather than the location of the epicentre. Indeed, an important
consideration has to be done on the real location of the sources, basing on the similarity among
the intensity distributions of the studied earthquakes and accounting for the instrumental and
macroseismic constraints provided by the recent 2004 event.
First of all, the instrumental assessment of the 2004 event location is somewhat critical due to
the quite large distance of receiving stations from the epicentral area. As a consequence, different
epicentre locations have been proposed in literature with a difference of about 4 km (Augliera et
al., 2006; Viganò et al., 2008). Both the published instrumental solutions are however quite
eccentric with respect to the macroseismic epicentre (Fig. 7). This fact may be explained by an
irregular distribution of inhabited centres dependent on the morphology (mountains at N/NE and
plain at S/SW) as well as by probable directivity effect of the seismic radiation. This latter
hypothesis is supported by the evidence that the distribution of macroseismic observations around
the instrumental location of the 2004 epicentre shows higher values towards SW and south
directions, at the same distance from the epicentre respect to those in north and NE directions
(Fig. 6). The shape of the ground shaking level elongated towards SW could be mainly dependent
on the low dip angle of the fault, as demonstrated in Franceschina et al. (2009).
Rather than judging the eccentricity as an artefact produced by instrumental localization of the
2004 epicentre, the macroseismic review provided by this study allows to consider it as a real
behaviour of the 2004 earthquake, and in general of the earthquakes of this area. For this reason,
the calculated macroseismic epicentre should be considered as a somewhat shifted representation
of the effective source. This hypothesis is compatible with and actually supported by the
structural interpretation of the area.
Summarizing, the improvement of historical information does not identify a unique and well-
defined source of the 1901 earthquake. The current state of knowledge of the area allows to
slightly constrain the source; and more, the recorded data of the last earthquake, similar in many
aspects to the one occurred in 1901, does not provide a clear picture of the rupture process and
Case LAT °N
±
σ
[km]
LON °E
±
σ
[km]
DEPTH
±
σ
[km] Mag. AZIMUTH
±
σ
[°]
LENGTH
[km]
WIDTH
[km]
045.584 ± 0.958 10.490 ± 0.893 -- 5.47 35.2 ± 11.7 6.090 5.482
145.642 ± 1.446 10.385 ± 1.719 4.487 5.46 119.0 ± 7.5 6.075 5.475
245.651 ± 1.578 10.377 ± 1.889 5.02 ± 0.24 5.47 123.2 ± 6.6 6.100 5.487
345.651 ± 1.526 10.377 ± 1.851 4.487 5.47 123.2 ± 6.6 6.100 5.487
445.594 ± 2.951 10.409 ± 2.650 16.24 ± 2.42 5.46 85.2 ± 8.6 6.075 5.475
545.598 ± 2.828 10.417 ± 2.612 14.32 ± 3.39 5.46 86.3 ± 9.6 6.074 5.474
645.604 ± 2.379 10.438 ± 2.347 7.26 ± 3.26 5.46 84.5 ± 13.7 6.076 5.475
DISS 45.63 10.51 6.5-9.0
(min-max) 5.7 231 7.0 5.0
Table 5. - Parameters of the 1901 fault estimation.
105
Revision of the 1901 Garda earthquake Boll. Geof. Teor. Appl., 54, 77-110
highlights the more reliability of the macroseismic information, in this particular case.
6. Applicative outcomes from the revised macroseismic fields
The similarity among the intensity distributions of all the studied earthquakes allows
addressing a series of issues that can be useful for predictive risk estimation.
(i) Despite the general intensity downgrade produced by our revision of the 1901
earthquake, the intensity values are still equal or larger (1.0 or 1.5 degree) than those of
Fig. 7 - Instrumental epicentres (shaded stars) and the macroseismic epicentre DBM11 (empty star) for the 2004 event
with aftershocks location (circles). For the 1901 event, red faults (case from 0 to 6) are calculated with the new data
by the Boxer 4.0 code (Gasperini et al., 2010); the macroseismic epicentre DBM11 is also plotted together with the
trace of the DISS fault.
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Boll. Geof. Teor. Appl., 54, 77-110 Pessina
et al.
the 2004 event (Fig. 4b and Fig. 5b). The higher magnitude of the 1901 is therefore
confirmed.
(ii) The town of Salò, the main centre on the western shore of Lake Garda, mostly recorded
the higher values of intensities for all the studied events. This can be ascribed to the
relative importance of Salò in the local territorial context, justifying that a systematic
emphasis in the historical information is present. More important, the vulnerability level
has grown due to the removal of the collective memory (Giustina and Treccani, 2004)
and the town is characterized by an historic centre with critical vulnerability level
(Pergalani, 1996). In addition, Salò is built on geotechnically poor terrains (e.g., Baroni,
1990) and probably, in case of earthquake, it will still record localized damages along the
shoreline or in correspondence of the ancient landslide, always reactivated by the past
events (Giustina and Treccani, 2004).
(iii) The distribution of the other high-intensity values displays discrepancies between the
2004 and 1901 events in some localities westwards of the epicentres. The higher intensity
values recorded during the 2004 event in Val Sabbia, probably affected by local site
condition amplifications (Franceschina et al., 2009), are missing in case of the 1901
event, with the exception of Pompegnino where the damage was significant. It is hard to
believe that these localities were not affected by local amplification effects also during
the 1901 earthquake, because high intensities have been observed in Val Sabbia also for
the 1826, 1892, and 1898 events (Camassi et al., 2011). This fact remains an open issue:
the lack in information due to the historical incompleteness is definitely plausible, but
we speculate that as the 1901 event struck an area already affected by the two events
happened in the previous 9 years, buildings therein were previously repaired or
discarded, thus lowering the vulnerability of the area.
(iv) Finally, the particularly high levels of damage observed during the 2004 event in Val
Sabbia could be ascribed to the particular conditions of the seismic vulnerability of
housing stock, incremented in respect to the 1901 because of the buildings ageing.
The highlighted common features can be helpfully used for predictive purposes in this area,
where the lack of well-defined seismic source (in terms of location and azimuth) makes difficult
the generation of risk scenarios.
Nowadays the repetition of the 1901 event would lead to more than 60 damaged localities, in
a densely urbanized area and with a large involved population; localities that could be severely
hit with I≥VII are about 20, with about 50,.000 people involved. The estimation is done using the
proposed finite source of case_6 (Table 5), the well-tested intensity attenuation relationship
(Faccioli and Cauzzi, 2006) and data on buildings from the national census survey (ISTAT, 2001).
Once again, the historical centres characterized by masonry buildings in a poor state of
maintenance, especially in smaller towns, will mainly record greater losses. In general, most of
the housing stock is at risk since it was built before the adoption of seismic norms, in 1984. In
the municipalities that can be seriously damaged (I ≥VII) in case of the maximum historic
scenario, only 15% of the total housing stock is built according to seismic protection criteria.
Indirect damages could be outlined in the temporary cessation of production activities, in the
expected decrease of tourist activity, and in the interruption of traffic that, for the morphology of
the area, is absolutely non-redundant, and indeed limited to the main axis of flow in the valley
107
Revision of the 1901 Garda earthquake Boll. Geof. Teor. Appl., 54, 77-110
and around the lake. Extended damage in Salò historic centre and in the oldest part of the small
villages are expected, as well as local amplification in the valley zones (see: Franceschina et al.,
2009).
7. Conclusions
Although it is the place of the most destructive event of northern Italy (the 1117 earthquake)
the Alps-Po Plain margin is depicted by historical and instrumental data as a region with
infrequent and generally moderate seismicity. Our historical knowledge of the area is considered
complete only for the last four centuries and partially forced by the major urban centres. In this
framework, we contributed with a detailed study of the main historical earthquakes in the Lake
Garda area, where the most recent damaging event occurred on November 24, 2004.
We have revised the main historical earthquake that took place on the October 30, 1901
(Mw=5.5), together with some other minor events located in the same area, occurred on January
5, 1892 (Mw=5.0) and November 16, 1898 (Mw=4.6) (Table 6). The information data set
considerably benefited from this revision: for the 1901 event the number of localities included in
the new macroseismic field increased from the previous 191 to the current 291 with generally
lower intensities. In the case of the two minor earthquakes, the search for new sources produced
Event New observations Wrongly reported
locations Modified intensity
January 5, 1892 4 1 37
November 16, 1898 22 1 8
October 30, 1901 106 5101
Event
MCS
I0
CPTI new
MCS
Imax
CPTI new
N
CPTI new
New
observations
Wrongly
reported
locations
Modified
intensity
January 5 1892 6-7 6-7 7-8 7-0 92 93 4 1 37
November 16 1898 5-6 6-0 6 6 23 43 22 1 8
January 5, 1892 6-7 6-7 7-8 7-0 92 93 4 1 37
November 16, 1898 5-6 6-0 6 6 23 43 22 1 8
October 30, 1901 -08 7-8 -08 7-8 191 291 106 5101
Table 6 - Improvements of the revised data.
Table 7 - Earthquakes of the area as formerly quoted in the CPTI11 catalogue (Rovida et al., 2011) and new parameters.
N = number of intensity data points.
108
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et al.
modest results in the light of their low intensity, but the critical reading of the known documents
allowed significant change of some intensity attributions and correcting some misinterpretations
(Table 7).
The revision was carried out both in MCS and EMS scale intensity: we generally observed
that EMS values are lower than the MCS ones, especially in the V-VII intensity range, as already
reported (i.e., Musson et al., 2009), while, for lower intensity degrees, the two scales are
practically coincident.
For the 1901 event we tested the capability of the earthquake parameter definition methods at
the base of Boxer 4.0 code (Gasperini et al., 2010). In the case of the 1901 event, the
improvement of the data set does not assure a decrease of the errors in the parameters definition
confirming the complexity of its observations pattern and corroborating the authors’ caution on
the lower magnitude limit of applicability of the method.
The comparison among the new macroseismic fields of the studied events shows similarities
in the damage distribution that arouse important considerations:
(i) the 1901 event is confirmed to be the strongest known event in the area;
(ii) the location of the 1901 source is consistent with the activity of a buried basement thrust,
with earthquakes likely nucleating along a low-angle ramp, even if the complexity of the
intensity pattern does not enable a precise single source identification;
(iii) updated macroseismic data set led to more reliable source parameters for the larger
event, suggesting a shift of the macroseismic epicentre;
(iv) also considering the great uncertainty in constraining the seismic source location,
expected damage distribution will be mainly affected by the vulnerability level of the old
masonry buildings;
(v) this could be particularly crucial for some small towns of the Val Sabbia where, in
addition to the presence of historic settlements with particular high vulnerability level,
local site amplification effects may be accounted for.
Acknowledgements.
The paper benefited from comments and useful discussions by P. Augliera, L. Cucci,
F. Galadini, S. Marzorati, M. Massa, and A. Viganò to whom go our thanks. We also thank I. Cecic´ for her
constructive suggestions.
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Corresponding author: Vera Pessina
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Milano-Pavia
Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy
Phone: +39 02 23699261; fax: +39 02 23699458; e-mail: vera.pessina@mi.ingv.it
