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Cryptogamie. Bryol. Lichdnol. 1990, l1 (1): 1-30
CONTRIBUTIONS TO LICHEN FLORISTICS
IN ITALY - V. THE LICHENS OF THE ISLAND
oF CAPRATA (TUSCAN ARCHTPELAGO)
P.L. NIMISI, M. TRETIACHI & A. DE MARCHI2
Dipanimento di Biologia, Universitd
di Trieste, Via Valerio 32, 134127.
2. Istituto di Ecologia, Universitd
di Parma, Via Farini 90, I 43100.
ABSTRACT - 310 inlrageneric taxa of lichens and lichenicolous fungi are reported from the
small island of Capraia, in the northern Tyrrhenian sea. More than 55%o of the taxa were
collected on siliceous latitic rocks, 20.9oh are epiphytes, l0.2oh epigaeic, and 7.1oio were col-
lected on artificial calcareous substrates. Crustose lichens make up7l.3oh of the total floru-
la, lollowed by foliose (16.8",'0) and f,ruticose (11.8%) florms. Thelichen florula of the island
is characterized by a relatively high incidence of atlantic or subatlantic species, which are
most lrequent among the epiphytes, and by the presence oftaxa which appear to be endem-
ic of the complex formed by Sardinia, Corsica, the Baleares and parts of southem France,
such as Buellia sardiniensis, Caloplaca interna, Caloplaca ora, Lasallia brigantium, Lecanora
puniceofusca, Physcia scopulorum, Ramalina cribrosa. Some taxa, such as Acrocordia salwei,
Buellia meiosperma, Chiodecton myrticola var. albidum, Lecanorafugiens, Polyblastiopsis myr-
ticola, Sticta limbata, Xanthoria resendei, are new to the lichen flora ofltaly.
INTRODUCTION
The history of lichenology in Italy is characterized by a period of in-
tense floristic research from 1850 to 1880, followed by a rapid decline which
led to the almost complete extinction of the Italian lichenological school
during this century (Nimis 1988). As a consequence, it is difficult to state
the present stand of lichenological knowledge regarding Italy; on one hand
there is a number of excellent floristic works dating back to the "golden age"
of Italian lichenolory, on the other hand it is difficult to update the ancient
floristic records to the standard required by the subsequent developments of
lichen taxonomy. In recent years, however, there has been a substantial in-
crease in the number of lichenological papers regarding ltaly, also as a con-
sequence of the creation of the Italian Lichen Society. On the whole, howev-
er, large and interesting parts of the country are still unexplored from the
lichenological point of view.
P.L. NIMIS, M. TRETIACTI and A. DE MARCHI
0 l0 20km
Fig. I - Location ofthe survey area.
The aim of this series is to contribute to the progress of lichenological
floristics in Italy with the study of relatively small, but well delimited, areas.
The first four papers of the series deal with the lichen florulas of a moun-
tain in the northern Apennines (Nimis 1985a), of the Presidential Estate of
Castelporziano, near Rome (Nimis 1988), of the Tremiti islands, in the
southern Adriatic Sea (Nimis 1985b) and of the Valley of the Caronte river,
in Calabria (Puntillo 1987). This paper presents the results of the lichenolo-
gical survey of the Island of Capraia, organized by the Italian Lichen Society
in the Spring of 1988.
SURVEY AREA
The island of Capraia, betonging to the Tuscan Archipelago, lies in the
northern Tyrrhenian sea (43'2'35"N, 9'50'45"E) and has a surface of
l9.3kmz; the island is located only 3lkm from Corsica, whereas the shortest
distance from continental Italy is of 55km (Fig. l). Capraia is a volcanic is-
land, whose rocks are mainly derived from latitic eruptions, with the excep-
tion of a small area close to its southernmost tip, where the rocks are tra-
chybasalts. Calcareous substrates are present only near settlements, and are
ITALY
CORS I CA
LtCHENS OF CAPRATA (ITALY)
all of artificial origin (mainly cement walls). The island has a rugged mor-
phology, with high, rocky coasts and the interior occuppied by several peaks
reaching 400m; the western side is characterized by very steep slopes, and
contrasts with the more gentle morpholory of the eastern part. The climate
is typically Mediterranean (Papucci Malfatti 1974), with a pronounced dry
period during summer (ca. l5mm precipitation), a relatively humid autumn
(249mm), and winter (235mm). Average yearly precipitation is 650mm. Tem-
peratures are relatively mild: the average yearly temperature is around 17"C,
with a low dayly excursion (7'C, with a maximum of 9"C in summer and a
minimum of 5"C in winter). Western and northwestern winds are frequent,
and, above all during winter, often very strong. They contribute to a general-
ly high degree of air humidity.
In the past, almost all of the island was deforested for cultivationst pre-
sently, the natural vegetation is spreading again throughout the island, with
the exception of a small area in the surroundings of the only village; the
higher parts of the interior are mostly occupied by a tall, often unpenetrable
maquis dominated by Erica arborea. Trees are scarce, and mostly cultivated
near the village; a few old specimens of Quercus /ex still survive in the
northern part of Capraia. The areas which are most subject to disturbance
are covered by a garigue dominated by Cistus monspeliensis or, more rarely,
Elichrysum italicum- A vegetation dominated by Nerium oleander grows along
the few creeks, that are mostly devoid of water during summer.
DATA AND METHODS
More than 1000 lichen samples were collected during the Excursion of
the Italian Lichen Society to Capraia, which was held from April 28 to May
4, 1988. Sampling was carried out throughout the island, with the exception
of its northwestern part, that is not accessible, being occupied by a penal co-
lony. Voucher specimens of all taxa cited in this paper are deposited at the
Herbarium Universitatis Tergestinae (TSB, Herb. Nimis). All the herbarium
sheet data have been stored in the Central Databank on Italian Lichens
(Nimis 1985c). In some cases, the chemical content of the lichens has been
analyzed by crystal tests or by TLC, following the standard procedure of
Culberson & Ammann (1979). Critical specimens, mainly of the genera 8z-
ellia, Lecania and Rinodina have been sent to specialists for the identifica-
tion. When not otherwise stated, the identifications are done by the authors.
In the following floristic list each species is provided with a short note on its
distribution and ecolory on Capraia, and with a range diagnosis. The latter
follows the standard defined by Wirth (1980). The main abbreviations used
in the range diagnoses are as follows: Arkt: Arctic zone, Bor: .Boreal zone,
S'bor: southern part of the Boreal zone, Mieur: central European zone,
S'mieur: southern part of the central European zone, Smed: submediterrane-
an zone, Med: Mediterrean zone; Atl: Atlantic province of Europe, Subatl:
P.L. NIMIS, M. TRETIACH and A. DE MARCHI
subatlantic province of Europe. Nomenclature mostly follows Nimis &
Poelt (1987), with some emendations taken from Clauzade & Roux (1987,
r 989).
LIST. OF TAXA
Acarospora complanata H. Magn. - Found only once, on an inclined
SW exposed surface of siliceous rock. The distribution of this species is
poorly known; it seems to be rather common in Central Europe (Magnusson
1935).
Acarospora fuscota (Nyl.) Arnold - Mainly on subvertical, sun-exposed
rock surfaces, scattered throughout the island. Bor-med.
Acarospora gallica H. lVlagn. - Rather common throughout the island
on sunny, inclined rock surfaces; our specimens are stouter and larger than
usual, the subimbricate areolae forming an almost continuous crust. Mieur-
med.
Acarospora insolata (B. de Lesd-) Redgr. - This species is an obligate
parasite on Aspicilia. All our specimens were growing on Aspicilia intermu-
lans. Arkt-mieur (med).
Acarospora microcarpa (Nyl.) Wedd. - This characteristic species is very
common on Capraia, above all at low elevation. On the island, it behaves as
an obligate parasite on Diploschistes actinostomzs. (Smed)-med.
Acarospora nitrophilo H. lVlagn. - Found only once, on siliceous boul-
ders, in a place visited by birds. General distribution poorly known.
Acarospora scotica Hue - Our specimens correspond well with the des-
cription, and with material from Sardinia, cited by Nimis & Poelt (1987).
Med?
Acarospora ambilicata Bagl. - A frequent species on subvertical, sun-ex-
posed rock faces. Mieur-med.
Acrocordia salwei (Leight ex Nyl.) A.L. Sm. - Found only once, but
very abundant, on a calcareous (cement) wall near the village. Mieur. su-
batl-med.
Anaptychia runcinata (With.) Laund. - Common above all at higher ele-
vations, and in stations exposed to the humid west-winds, mostly epilithic,
and often associated with Ramalina -species. S'bor-med, subatl.
Arthonia clemens (Tul.) Th. Fr. - Found only once, in the apothecia of
Lecanora muralis. General distribution poorly known.
LrcrrENS oF CAPRAIA (TTALY)
Arthonia dispersa (Schrad-) Nyl. - On the smooth bark of Nerium along
a creek, and on Myrtus and Pistacia in coastal maquis, rather frequent. Bor-
med. Arthonia gloucomaria (Nyl.) Nyl. - Common at higher elevation, it
grows parasitically in the apothecia of Lecanora rupicola and allied taxa.
Bor-med.mo.
Arthonia radiato (Pers.) Ach. - Found only once, on Nerium in a humid
canyon: it is certainly rare on the island. S'bor-med.
Arthonia tumidula (Ach.) Ach. - Very rare on smooth-barked trees and
shrubs in humid canyons close to the coasts, mostly along creeks. Mi-
eur.subatl-smed.
Arthopyrenia sublitoralis (Leight.) Arnold - On barnacles (gen. Chtama'
/rrs) near the harbour, in the tide-zone. Arkt-med.
Arthothelium crozalsianam B. de Lesd. - Not rare on twigs of shrubs in
litoral maquis, and on Nerium along a creek. Med (suboz?).
Aspicilia caesiocinerea (Nyl. ex Nlalbr.) Arnold - This lichen, which is
rather common on the island, corresponds, at least formally, to Aspicilia cae'
siocinerea s. str. We have some doubts on its complete identity with samples
collected on the Alps. The range diagnosis given by Wirth (1980) is Bor-
smed (mo), and does not take into consideration the presence of allied
forms in the Mediterrean region.
Aspicilia calcarea (L.) Mudd - Rare, and never well developed, on calca-
reous walls close to the village. Bor-med.
Aspicilia cinerea (L.) Koerb. - Found twice at higher elevation on sili-
ceous rock. Bor-med (mo).
Aspicilia contorta (Hoffm.) Krempelh. - Very rare on calcareous walls
(horizontal surfaces) in the surroundings of the village. Bor-med.
Aspicilia contorta f. hoJfmannii (Ach.) Clauz. et Roux - Common only
on calcareous walls in the surroundings of the village. This taxon, often
considered as a distinct species, is treated as a simple morphotype of Aspici-
lia contorta by Clauzade & Roux (1985). Also on the island, transitional
forms with Aspicilia contorta have been observed. Bor-med.
Aspicilia cupreoglaaca B. de Lesd. - Rare on siliceous rocks. A speci-
men, which anatomically corresponds to the normal K + reacting forms, is
K-. It might be that this easily recognizable species is chemically non-homo-
geneous. Med.
Aspicilio intermutans (Nyl.) Arnold - This by far the most common Aspi'
cilia on the island; it is most frequent on weakly inclined or horizontal sur-
faces. The identification is based on the keys of Clauzade & Roux (1985)
and Egea & Llimona (1981). (Smed)-med.
P.L. NIMIS, M. TRETIACH and A. DE MARClll
Aspicilia parasitica B. de Lesd. - The distinction of this taxon from the
very polymorphic Aspicilia radiosa is doubtful. According to Hermann et al.
(1973) it differs for the presence of stictic acid. Another distinguishing fea-
ture is the ecolory: the forms named Aspicilia parasitica always grow parasi-
tically on other crustose lichens, mainly non effigurate Aspicilia-species,
mostly on vertical, south-exposed iock surfaces. They seem to be most com-
mon in the Mediterranean Region. However, according to Roux (in litt.)
this taxon should be considered as a simple chemotype of Aspicilia radiosa.
Pending further studies, we prefer to maintain the taxon at specific level, fol-
lowing Hermann et al. (1973).
Aspicilia radiosa (Hoffm.) Poelt et Leuckert - Typical Aspicilia radiosa is
rather rare on the island; it mostly grows on subhorizontal surfaces with ac-
cumulation of nitrates (top of large boulders etc.), and therelore it has a dif-
ferent ecolory that the closely allied Aspicilia parasitica. S'bor-med.
Bacidia rabella (Hoffm.) Massal.
times. Mieur-med (mo). On Quercus l/ex, found only two
Buellia ambigaa (Ach.) IVIalme - The distribution of this mediterranean-
atlantic lichen is poorly known; in Italy it seems to be most frequent along
the Tyrrhenian coasts.
Buellio badia (Fr.) Massal. - Buellia badia is a very polymorphic species,
which is common on the island. It starts its cycle as a parasite of other li-
chens, including species of Parmelia. S'bor-med.
Buellio candidala Arnold - According to Scheidegger (1988), this species
grows in warm and dry sites of the Mediterranean region, with extension in
the xerothermic valleys of the Southern Alps. On Capraia it was collected
on a South-exposed, subvertical surface of siliceous rock. Identification by
Ch. Scheidegger.
Buellia epipolia (Ach.) Mong. - Found only once, on a calcareous wall
in the surroundings of the village. Bor-med.
Buellia fmbriata (Tuck.) Sheard - According to Scheidegger, who iden-
tified the sample, this is the correct name for Buellia cerussata Llimona et
Werner. The species was first described from California. For a description
see Llimona and Werner (1975), and Scheidegger in Nimis & Poelt (1987),
under Buellia cerussata. On the island, this species seems to be fairly com-
mon: it has been collected several times, from sea level to 380m.
Euellia glaucoatro (Nyl.) Clauz.
(weakly subject to salt-spray).
Buellia lacteo (Massal.) Koerb. - This is a Mediterranean lichen, with a
few isolated stations in Central Europe. Qn the island, it has been collected
a few times, always along the coasts. For further details see Scheidegger in
Nimis & Poelt (1987). Identification by Ch. Scheidegger.
On siliceous rocks near the coast
LTcHENS OF CAPRAIA (TTALY)
Buellio /atosa (Massal.) Anzi - Our specimen has been identified by Ch.
Scheidegger.
Buellia meiosperma (Nyl.) Nluell. Arg. - This is a poorly known species,
described from isle of Jersey, and known also for the Atlantic coasts of
Spain (Scheidegger 1988). This is the first record for the Mediterranean
Region. Our sample has been collected close to the harbour, on a wall (an-
desitic rock). Identification by Ch. Scheidegger.
Buellia nivalis (BagL et Car.) Hertel ex Hafellner - The collected speci-
men was growing on Caloplaca flavescens on calcareous substrate. The dis-
tribution of this taxon is poorly known.
Buellia punctata (Hoffm.) lVlassal. s.lat. - Rare on shady siliceous boul-
ders. The group of Buellia punctata is probably non-homogeneous and waits
for a critical revision (Scheidegger 1988). Bor-med.
Baellia sardiniensis Steiner - Our sample, collected near the coast, was
growing together with the closely related, but chemically different, Buellia
saxorum. Identification by Ch. Scheidegger. For further details see Scheid-
egger in Nimis & Poelt (1987).
Buellia saxorum lVlassal. - Identification by Ch. Scheidegger. The spe-
cies differs from Buellia sardiniensis by chemical characters.
Buellia schaereri De Not. - On the bark of Cupressus close to the har-
bour, found only once, but very abundant. Bor-med. (mo).
Buellia stellulata (Tayl.) lVludd - This is a rarely collected, mainly coas-
tal species of Northern and Central Europe (Scheidegger 1988). The identifi-
cation, by Ch. Scheidegger, is not completely certain (Scheidegger, in litt.).
Buellia subdiscdormis (Leight.) Vain. - This lichen seems to be common
throughout the island in rather shady sites. Identification by Ch. Scheideg-
ger. For further details see Scheidegger in Nimis & Poelt (1987).
Buellia tiroliensis Koerb. - Our sample was collected on sun-exposed,
trachyandesitic rocks, at 50m. According to Ch. Scheidegger, who identified
the specimen, this is the correct name for Buellia buellioides (Metzl.) Bus-
chardt. For further details see Scheidegger in Nimis & Poelt (1987).
Caloplaca orenaria (Pers.) Muell. Arg. - Our specimens belong at least
to Caloplaca arenaria s.l. Bor-med.
Caloplaca aurantia (Pers.) Hellb. - Common only on calcareous walls
near settlements. S'mieur-med.
Caloplaca cerina (Ehrht ex Hedw.) Th. Fr. - Rare on the bark of Quer-
cus ilex and Ficus carica. Bor-med.
Caloplaca chlorina (Flot.) Sandst. - With this name we designate lichens
of the Caloplaca cerina -group growing on siliceous rock. This group needs a
P.L. NIMIS, M. TRETIACH and A. DE MARCHI
revision: the name Caloplaca chlorina has been often used for lichens proba-
bly belonging to different taxa. General distribution poorly known.
Caloploco citrina (Hoffm.) Th.. Fr. Common only on calcareous subs-
trates near settlements. Bor-med.
Caloploca conglomerata (Bagl.) Jatta - Rare on the island, and invari
ably found on horizontal surfaces'in south exposed niches of siliceous rock.
Med.
Caloplaca crenularia (With.) Laund. Common everywhere on siliceous
substrates and, as usual, very polymorphic. Bor-med.
Caloplaca erythrocarpa (Pers.) Zw. - Found only once, on a calcareous
wall. S'mieur.subatl-med.
Coloplaca ferruginea (Huds.) Th. Fr. - Rare on the bark of isolated spe-
cirnens of- Querats i/ex. Bor.subatl-med.
Coloplaca flavescens (Huds.) Laund. - As Caloplaca aurantia, but less fre-
quent. Mieur-med.
Coloploco Jlovorubescens (Huds.) Laund. - On the bark of several trees
(mainly Quercus ilex and Ficus carica), not frequent. S'bor-mieur.subatl-med.
Caloplaco fuscootroides Steiner - Not frequent on horizontal surfaces of
siliceous rocks. Often found together with Caloplaca crenularia, from which
it differs for the areolate-squamulose dark thallus. We have searched in vain
for intermediate specimens. Med?
Coloplaca grinmiae (Nyl.) Oliv. - Frequent, and locally even very com-
mon throughout the island; this lichen is an obligate parasite of Candelariel-
la vitellina. For its distinction ftom Caloplaca congredienJ s. str. see Poelt &
Kalb ( 1985). Bor-med.subatl.
Caloploco haematites (Chaub. ex St. Am.) Zw. - Found a few times, on
Ficus caricq in one sample Caloplaca haematites and Caloplaca cerina are
growing side by side, without intermediate forms. (S'mieur) smed-med.
Caloplaca holocorpa (Hoffm.) Wade - Also the group of Caloplaca holo-
carpa needs a revision; our specimens were epiphytic on Ficus carica and on
the twigs of shrubs in the high maquis. Bor-med.
Caloplaca inconnexa (Nyl.) Zahlbr. - Found only once, on Aspicilia cal-
carea. S'mieur-med.
Caloplaco inconnexa var. nesodes Poelt et Nimis - Very common
throughout the island, always growing parasitically on Aspicilia intermutans.
For further details on this taxon see Nimis & Poelt (1987). Med?
Coloploca interna Poelt & Nimis - This species was recently described
from Sardinia (Nimis et Poelt 1987). It grows parasitically on Aspicilia -spe'
cies; often the Aspicilia thallus may be confused with that of the Caloplaca,
LICHENS OF CAPRAIA (ITALY)
which, instead, develops an internal thallus within the host. The ecologr of
this species has been studied by Nimis et Tretiach (ined.): it prefers vertical,
south exposed surfaces, often in sites with Peltala species, but not on rain-
tracks. On Capraia it is rare, in comparable sites. Med.
Caloplaca irruhescens (Nyl.) Zahlbr. - Common on south-exposed, steep
siliceous rock faces, often together with.Peltula -species. S'mieur-med.
Caloplaca ligustica B. de Lesd. - This identification is not certain, and
was obtained with the keys of Clauzade & Roux (1985). Our samples belong
to a very critical group, which needs a revision; Caloplaca ligustica is known
from Spain, southern France (Clauzade & Roux 1985) and Liguria. Med.
Caloplaca limitoso (Nyl.) Oliv. - Found above the harbour, growing to-
gether with typical Caloplaca crenularia on an inclined, smooth rock surface.
Besides the presence of a well developed black hypothallus, our specimens
differed from Caloplaca uenularia for the much lighter colour of the thallus.
We could not observe any transitional form between the two taxa, so that
here, pending further studies, we prefer to consider Caloplaca limitosa as a
distinct species within the Caloplaca crenularia -group. Identification by J.
Poelt.
Caloplaca ora Poelt et Nimis - This recently described species is closely
allied to Caloplaca marina (see Nimis & Poelt 1987), from which it differs
mainly in the thickness of the paraphyses. According to C. Roux (in litt.)
Caloplaca marina and Caloplaca ora appear to be distinct species, but they
are not vicariant, since they both occur in the Mediterranean Region.
Caloplaca af.t. percrocata (Arnold) Steiner - We have no better name for
this lichen, growing on south-exposed, steep surfaces of siliceous rocks, often
with Peltula-species. Considering also its ecolory, almost certainly it does
not belong to Caloplaca percrocata s. slr.
Caloplaca teicholyto (Ach.) Steiner - Frequent only near settlements, on
calcareous substrate; all the samples are sterile. Mieur-med.
Candelariella aurella (Hoffm.) Zahlbr. - Rare on calcareous substrates
near settlements. Arkt-med.
Candelariella cf. coralliza (Nyl.) H. Magn. - Collected only once, at
higher elevations, at the top of a siliceous boulder visited by birds. We are
not completely certain of the identification, our material being very scarce.
Arkt-med (mo).
Candelariella vitellina (Hoffm.) Muell. Arg. - This is perhaps the most
common lichen on the island, growing on siliceous substrates in sun-exposed
sites. Arkt-med.
Carbonea supersparsa (Nyl.) Hertel - Found only once, at higher ele-
vation, growing parasitically on Lecanora polytropa. Bor-med.mo.
l0 P.L. NIMIS, M. TRETIACH and A. DE MARCHI
Carbonea vitellinoria (Nyl.) Hertel - Found a few times at higher ele-
vations, always growing parasitically on Candelariella vitellina. Arkt-med
(mo).
Catapyrenium rufescens (Ach.) O. Breuss - On open soil in rather dry,
sunny sites, not common. GeneraL distribution poorly known.
Cotillario chalybeia (Borr.) Missal. - Rather frequent on siliceous subs-
trates in shady sites. Bor-med.
Catillaria nigroclovata (Nyl.) Schul. - Common on Ficus carica; we
searched in vain for the closely allied Catillaria mediterranea. Mi-
eur.subatl-med.
Chaenotheca furfuracea (L.) Tibell - Found only once, sterile, on the ex-
posed roots of Erica arborea in a dense, high maquis on the western coasts.
S'bor-med.mo.
Chiodecton myrticola var. albidum (Tayl.) Light. - Our specimens were
growing on siliceous rock, on a north exposed, steep surface exposed to
strong winds. This variety was known only from Ireland and Portugal. Med,
oz.
Cladonia cervicornis (Ach.) FIot. - On open soil in garigue vegetation,
frequent. Bor (subatl)-med.
Cladonia coniocraea auct. - Rare on decorticated stumps of Erica arbo-
rea in the high maquis. Bor-med.
Cladonia conoidea Ahti - Rare on soil and over mosses. For the distri-
bution of this species in Italy see Coassini Lokar et al. (1986). Smed-med.
Cladonia convoluta (Lam.) P. Cout. - Found only once, on calcareous
gravel along a trail. S'mieur-med.
Cladoniafimbriato (L.) Fr. - Not frequent on wood and over mosses in
shady sites, most common in high maquis vegetation. Bor-smed (med).
Cladonia firna (Nyl.) Nyl. - Common on open soil within low garigue
vegetation. Med.
Cladonia foliacea (Huds.) Willd. - Very common in the same habitats of '
the previous species, and often associated with it. Mieur (subatl)-med,
Cladonia farcata (Huds.) Schrad- - Rare, chiefly on mosses in shady
sites. Mieur-med. ;
Clodonia mediterraneo Duvign. et Des Abb. - Commog only within the
high maquis vegetation of the southwestern coast, otherwise very rare, most-
ly on mosses. Med-oz.
Cladonia merochlorophaea Asah. var. merochlorophaea - Not frequent on
soil. Our samples contain merochlorophaeic acid (TLC). In Italy this spe-
LICHENS OF CAPRAIA (ITALY)
cies seems to be most frequent in areas with suboceanic conditions (Coassi-
nilokar et al. 1986). Bor-med.
Cladonia portentoso (Duf.) Coem. - Not frequent in openings of maquis
and garigue vegetation, locally abundant only in wind-protected, mostly
north-exposed sites. Often together with Cladonia rangiformis and Cladonia
mediterranea. Mieur-smed, subatl.
Cladonio pyxidata (L.) Hoffm. - Common on soil and over mosses
throughout the island. Arkt-med.
Clodonia romulosa (With.) Laund. - Found only once, on soil and over
mosses in the high maquis. Mieur.subatl-smed (med).
Cladonia rangdormis Hoffm. - Very common on soil and over mosses in
clearings of garigue and maquis vegetation. S'bor-med.
Cladonia subcervicornis (Vain.) Kernst. - Not frequent on open soil and
over mosses. Atl.
Cladonia subrangiformis Sandst. - In our opinion, Cladonia subrangifor'
mjs deserves to be treated at species rank within the Cladonia furcata -group.
On the island it is not frequent on soil in sun-exposed, but wind-protected
sites. Mieur-med.
Clauzadea monticola (Ach.) Hafellner et Bellemire - Found only once,
on a calcareous wall near the village. Arkt-med.
Cliostomum grffithii (Sm.) Coppins - On the twigs of shrubs (chiefly
Myrtus) in the high litoral maquis of the western coasts, rather common,
otherwise very rare. Mieur-med, suboz.
Coelocaulon aculeotum (Schreb.) Link - On soil in windy ridges at higher
elevation, rare. Bor.med.mo.
Collema ryssoleum (Tuck.) A. Schneid. - Rather frequent on inclined or
vertical rock surfaces with periodical percolation of water. Med (suboz).
Collema tenox (Sw.) Ach. - Rare on soil in openings of the low maquis,
and along trails (recently removed earth). Arkt-med.
Dactylosporo rimulicola (Muell. Arg.) Hafellner - Found only once,
growing parasitically on a Aspicilia. General distribution poorly known.
Dermatocarpon minia'tum (L.) Nlann - Found a few times, always close
to periodically dry creeks; although the specimens were growing on siliceous
rock, they certainly belong to this basiphytic species. Arkt-med.
Diploicia canescens (Dicks.) Massal. - Common, both on siliceous rock
and on the bark of trees. Mieur.subatl-med.
Diploicia subconescens (Werner) Hafellner et Poelt - Found only once,
growing on rock in a wind-exposed ridge of the western coast. Med.
12 P.L. NIMIS, M. TRETIACH and A. DE MARClll
Diploschistes octinostomas (Pers. ex Ach.) Zahlbr. - Very common,
above all at lower elevations, almost invariably associated with Aspicilia in-
termutans. Med (suboz).
Diploschistes bisporus (Bagl.) Steiner - This is a rather neglected species,
which seems to be fairly frequent in Western Italy; on the island it is even
common, often growing together uiith Diploschistes actinostonzs, mostly on
horizontal surfaces. Med (suboz).
Diploschistes euganeus (Massal.) Steiner - Much rarer than the two pre-
vious species, Diploschistes euganeus seems to be more thermo- and xerophy-
tic, sometimes occurring also with Peltula euploca on south exposed vertical
faces. It seldom forms extended thalli, and for this reason it might have
probably been often overlooked. Med.
Diploschistes ntuscorum (Scop.) R. Sant. - On mosses and more rarely
over lichens in openings of the garigue vegetation, not very frequent. Bor-
med.
Diploschistes scruposus (Schreb.) Norm. - On siliceous rock, found only
a few times. The asci contain 4 spores. The group needs a revision. Bor-
med. Dirino ceratonioe (Ach.) Fr. - Rare on Ficus carica in the surroundings
of the village; a specimen also on Quercus ilex. Med.
Dirina massiliensis Dur. et lVlont. f. massiliensis - Common on siliceous
rock, in niches or overhanging surfaces protected from rain, mostly in shady
sites. Mieur.atl-med.
Dirina massiliensis I. sorediata (Nluell. Arg.) Tehler - These are sorediate
forms of Dirina massiliensis, growing together with the fruiting ones.
Evernia pranastri (L.) Ach. - Rare on twigs of Erica and other shrubs in
the high maquis. Bor-med.
Gyalecto jenensis (Batsch) Zahlbr. - Found only once, growing on sili-
ceoui rock with periodical percolation of water from an overlaying calcare-
ous wall, in a shady site. Bor-med.
Haematomma ochroleucum (Neck.) Laund. - On shady, subvertical rock
surfaces exposed to the northwestern winds, not common and often sterile.
S'bor.atl-med.
Haematomma ochroleucum yar. porphyrium (Pers.) Laund. - Together
with the typical variety.
Hafellia leptoclinoides (Nyl.) Scheidegger et H. Mayrh. - On north-ex-
posed siliceous surfaces in windy ridges, rather frequent. Med, suboz. Iden-
tification by Ch. Scheidegger.
LICHENS OF CAPRAIA (ITALY)
Hyperphyscia adglutinata (Flk.) H. Mayrh. et Poelt - Rare on Ficus cari-
ca and other trees, mostly near the village. Mieur.subatl-med.
Karschia talcophila (Ach. ex Flot.) Koerb. - Found only twice, always
growing on Diploschistes bisporus. General distribution very poorly known,
but probably frequent in the Mediterranean region.
Lasallia brigantium (Zsch.) Llano - Very abundant, but localized only
along the southwestern coast, on soft tuffs, often together with Placopyreni-
um buceckii. Med.
Lasallia pustalata (L.) M6rat - On siliceous rock with periodical perco-
lation of water, throughout the island but not frequent. S'bor-med.
Leconactis grumulosa (Duf.) Fr. - Always associated with Dirina massi-
liensis, but much less common. Mieur.atl-med.
Lecanactis patellarioides (Nyl.) Vain. - Found only once at the northern
side of the bole of Quercus ilex. General distribution poorly known, proba-
bly a subatlantic species.
Lecansctis sp. - Sterile, in shady niches on vertical, west-exposed rock
walls, probably close to Lecanactis monstrosa Bagl-
Lecania atrynoides Knowles - This species grows on siliceous rocks near
the sea (see Mayrhofer 1988); its range is probably mediterrean-atlantic. Det.
M. Mayrhofer.
Lecania erysibe (Ach.) lVludd - Found only once, at the top of a calcare-
ous wall visited by birds. Mieur-med.
Lecania inundota (Hepp) M. lVlayrh. - Found only once, on siliceous
rock with periodical percolation of water from an overlaying calcareous wall.
Mieur.subatl-med.
Lecania turicensis (Hepp) Muell. Arg. - Rare on calcareous substrates
close to settlements. Mieur-rned.
Lecanora albescens (Hoffm.) Branth. et Rostr. - On calcareous substrates
close to settlements. Mieur-med.
Lecanora bolcanu (Pollini) Poelt - On subhorizontal, sun-exposed sur-
faces of siliceous rocks; usually well distinguished from Lecanora muralis
when well developed. Smed-med.
Lecanora chlarotera Nyl. - On Ficus carica and Querius ilex, not fre-
quent. S'bor-med.
Lecanora chlarotera subsp. meridionalis (H. Magn.) Clauz. et Roux -
Specimens corresponding to subsp. meridionalis are common on the twigs of
shrubs in maquis vegetation. Med.
l3
14 P.L. NIMIS, M. TRETIACH and A. DE MARCHI
Lecanora campestris (Schaer.) Hue - On horizontal surfaces of siliceous
rock, not frequent. Bor-med.
Lecanoro aff . controctula Nyl. - This is the same lichen cited by Nimis
& Poelt (1987) for the coasts of northern Sardinia; its identity with typical
Lecanora contractula is not certaih. On Capraia it is rare on siliceous boul-
ders near the sea, under the effect of salt-spray.
Lecanora demissa (Flot.) Zahlbr. - Rare on south exposed, very steep
surfaces of siliceous rock. Mieur.subko-smed (med).
Lecanora dispersa (Pers.) Sommerf. - Typical Lecanora dispersa occurs
on the island only on calcareous substrates near settlements On siliceous
rock we have collected a lichen which formally would correspond to this
taxon, but which appears as a C- reacting form of the lichen cited here as
Lecanora aff . xanthostoma. This group needs a revision. Arkt-med.
Lecanora fugiens Nyl. - Collected only once, on a subvertical, rather
shady siliceous rock near the sea (salt-spray zone). S'bor-med,oz.
Lecanora gangaleoides Nyl. - Rather common throughout the island, in
moderately shady sites, on siliceous rock. Mieur.atl-med.
Lecanora hagenii (Ach.) Ach. - On Ficus carica and on the twigs of
shrubs, not frequent. Bor-med.
Lecanora horiza (Ach.) Linds. - This is the correct name for Lecanora
sienae B. de Lesd. This species is rather common on the island, above all on
smooth-barked twigs of shrubs in maquis vegetation. Smed-med.
Lecanora lividocinerea Bagl. - This characteristic species seems to be
rather common on the smooth bark of shrubs (chiefly Myrtus and Pistacia)
in the maquis vegetation of the southwestern coast. Med (suboz?).
Lecanora muralis (Schreb.) Rabenh. - Common throughout the island,
on siliceous substrate (mostly subhorizontal surfaces). Arkt-med.
Lecanora muralis var. subcartilagraea Massal. ex Poelt - Less frequent
than the typical variety. Lichens of the two varieties often grow side by side
without intermediates. The relationships of this taxon with Lecanora muralis
var. dubyi (Muell. Arg.) Poelt are not perfectly clear to us.
Lecanora polytropa (Ehrht.) Rabenh. - Found rarely, only at higher ele-
vations, on north-exposed, steep surfaces of siliceous rock. Arkt-med (mo).
Leconora puniceofusca Bagl. - This is a rarely collected species. Our spe-
cimens correspond well with those cited by Nimis & Poelt (1987) from Sar-
dinia; they were growing in comparable ecological conditions, together with
Lasallia brigantium. Med (suboz?).
Lecanora ripartii sensu Poelt, non Lamy - This is at least Lecanora ripar'
tii sensu Poelt (see also Buschardt 1979). Smed-med.
LICFTENS OF CAPRATA (ITALY)
Lecanora rupicola (L.) Zahlbr. - Very common at higher elevations, on
steep surfaces of siliceous rock. (Arkt) bor-med.
Lecanora rupicola tar. subplanat4 (Nyl.) Clauz. et Roux - This variety,
with C+ orange, grey thallus, seems to be rare on the island. It grows often
together with var. rupicola and var. sulphurata. Bor-med.
Lecanora rupicola var. sulphurata (Ach.) Clauz. et Roux - Together with
var. rupicola and perhaps even more frequent. Med.
Leconora schistina (Nyl.) Arnold - Common, above all at higher ele-
vations and in sites subject to the humid northwestern winds. It prefers
moderately shaded sites. Med.subatl.
Lecanora sulphurea (Hoffm.) Ach. - This species was found only at high-
er elevations, on north-facing, steep siliceous rock$.-S'bor-m'6d (mo).
'Leconora umbrina (Ach.) Nlassal. - We have identified this lichen fol-
lowing the keys of Clauzade & Roux (1985). The identification, however, is
not certain. Our samples were growing on siliceous rock.
Lecanora af[. xanthostorza Weddell ex Roux - This is a common lichen
on Capraia; it grows mostly on south-exposed, vertical rock surfaces, and of-
ten gives the impression to be a pioneer species. Typical Lecanora xanthosto-
ma, however, is a different lichen, growing parasitically on calcicolous li-
chens. See also Nimis & Poelt (1987) and the note to Lecanora dispersa.
General distribution poorly known.
Lecidea fuscoatra (L.) Ach. - Lecidea fuscoatra is an extremely poly-
morphic lichen on Capraia:. some forms, collected at higher elevations, have
an almost bullate thallus, recalling that of Tephromela armeniaca. S'bor-med.
Lecidea fuscootra var. grisella (Flk.) Nyl. - This is a very doubtful varie-
ty: specimens with a grey or whitish thallus are most common in the vicinity
of settlements. We think that, considering the extreme polymorphism of the
species, the forms called var. grisella deserve less than others to be distin-
guished at varietal rank. Mieur-med.
Lecidella achristotera (Nyl.) Hertel et Leuck. - On the bark of various
trees, and above all on the twigs of shrubs in the maquis vegetation, rather
frequent. The distinction from Lecidella elaeochroma at specific level is
doubtful. S'mieur-med?
Lecidella carpathica Koerb. - Rare on siliceous rock, mostly on subhori-
zontal surfaces. Arkt-med.mo.
Lecidella elaeochroma (Ach.) Choisy - Common on the bark of Quercus
ilex and Ficus carica. Bor-med.
Lecidella scabrs (Tayl.) Hertel et Leuck. - Common only at higher ele-
vation, in an area affected by fire, colonizing rock surfaces without other li
chens. Mieur.subatl-med.
l5
16 P.L. NIMIS, M. TRETIACH and A, DE MARCHI
Lecidella stigmoteo (Ach.) Hertel et Leuck. - Found only once, on sili-
ceous rock in a site with accumulation of nitrates. Arkt-med.
Lecidella sabincongrua (Nyl.) Hertel et Leuck. - Much less frequent than
the var. elaeochromoides, and mostly in moderately shaded sites. (Arkt) bor-
med.
Lecidella suhincongrua var. ilaeochromoides (Nyl.) Hertel & Leuck. -
Very common throughout the island on sun-exposed siliceous rocks, often
covering large surfaces. Med.
Lepraria incona auct. - On rock and bark, in shady, rain-protected sites.
(Bor) mieur-med.
Leprocaulon nilcroscopicum (Vill.) Gams - Locally frequent on rock and
soil, mostly in rain-protected niches. S'bor-med.subatl.
Leptogium corniculatum (Hoffm.) lVlinks - On soil and over mosses in
::...t"tr of the high maquis vegetation, not very frequent. Mieur-med, sub-
Leptogium gelatinosam (With.) Laund. - On soil and over mosses in sun-
ny, dry sites, frequent. Bor-med.mo
Leptogium lichenoides (L.) Zahlbr. - As the previous species, but much
less frequent. Arkt-med.
Lichina confnis (Muell.) Agardh - On siliceous rock in the salt-spray
zone. Bor-med, oz.
Lichinella stipotula Nyl. - Frequent on subvertical, south-exposed rock
surfaces, almost always associated with Pehula -species. Med.
Lobaria pulmonaria var. meridiona&s (Vain.) Zahlbr. - Found only once,
on mosses and rock in the understory of the high maquis vegetation. Bor-
med (mo), suboz.
Megalaria grossa (Pers.) Hafellner - Found only once, on Quercus ilex,
at the northern side of the bole. Mieur.atl-smed.
Melaspilea proxinella (Nyl.) Nyl. - Found only once, on Quercus ilex.
Bor-med.
Nephromo laevigatum Ach. - Found a few times, on the bark of Erica
arborea, in the high maquis. Bor.atl-mieur.atl-med.subatl,oz.
Nephroma tongeriense (Mah. et Gill.) Zahlbr. - On siliceous rock, rare.
Med, suboz?
Ochrolechia parella (L.) Massal. - Very common on siliceous rock in
moderately shaded sites. S'bor.subatl-med, suboz.
Opegrapho atro Pers. - Rare on the smooth bark of shrubs in the high
maquis of the southwestern coast. S'bor-med.
LICHENS OF CAPRAIA (ITALY)
Opegropha celtidicola (Jatta) Jatta - Found only once, on Quercus ilex.
This poorly known species is known from Southern Europe.
Opegrapha diaphora (Ach.) Ach. - On Quercus ilex, rare. S'bor-med
(med).
Opegrapha diaphoroides Nyl. - On.the bark of Cupressus near the har-
bour. The species is known from various localities in the Northwestern Me-
diterranean region.
Opegrapha lutulenta Nyl. - On siliceous rock in shady sites, not fre-
quent. Mieur.atl-med.suboz.
Opegropha subelevoto Nyl. - Found a few times on calacreous substrates
near the village. Med, suboz?
Opegrapha trifurcato Hepp - Rare in the same habitats of the previous
species. Mieur-med.
Opegrapha vulgata Ach. - Found a few times, mostly on Quercus ilex.
Mieur.atl-med (mo).
Parmelio caperata (L.) Ach. - Rare in the high maquis, on Erica
arborea. S'bor (subatl)-med.
Parmelia conspersa (Ehrht. ex Ach.) Ach. - On subhorizontal surfaces of
siliceous rock, above all at higher elevations, less common than the closely
related Parmelia tinctina. S'bor-med.
Parntelia fuliginoso (Duby) Nyl. - On siliceous rock, mainly on very
steep surfaces, not frequent. Bor-med.
Parmelia glabratula (Lamy) Nyl. - Found only once, on Quercus ilex.
Bor-med.
Parnelia loxodes Nyl. - Common throughout the island, on subhori-
zontal surfaces of siliceous rock. Mieur-med.
Parmelia pulla Ach. - As the previous species, perhaps less nitrophytic
and more xero- and heliophytic. S'bor-med.
Parmelio saxatilis (L.) Ach. - Found rarely, on rock at higher elevation,
in wind-swept ridges. Arkt-med (mo).
Parmelia somloensis Gyeln. - On soil and on siliceous rock, not very fre-
quent. S'bor-med.
Pormelia soredians Nyl. - Frequent at the top of siliceous boulders close
to the coast. This species is not rare along the Tyrrhenian coasts of ltaly,
where it is mostly epiphytic (Tretiach, ined.). Mieur.atl-med.subatl.
Parmelia sabsurifera Nyl. - Rare on the bark of Erica arborea in the
high maquis. Bor-med.
t7
18 P.L. NIMIS, M. TRETIACH and A. DE MARCHI
Pormelia subrudecta Nyl. - As the previous species, found only twice.
Mieur-smed.
Parmelia sulcata Tayl. - Not common on Erica in the high maquis.
Arkt-med.
Parmelia riliaceo (Hoffm.) Ach. - Both on soil and on bark, not fre-
quent. Mieur-med.
Parmelia tinctino lVlah. et Gill. - Very common on subhorizontal sur-
faces of siliceous rock. Med.
Pormotrema chinense (Osbeck) Hale et Ahti - Common only in the high
maquis, mostly on Erica arborea. Mieur-med, suboz.
Parmotrema hypoleucinwn (Steiner) Hale - Rare in the high maquis, on
the twigs of Erica arborea. For its distribution in Italy see Coassini Lokar et
al. (1987). Med, suboz.
Parmotrema reticulatunt (Tayl.) Choisy - With the previous species, rare.
The present distribution in Italy is mainly restricted to the Tyrrhenian coasts
(Coassini Lokar et al. 1987). (Smed) med, suboz.
Parmotrenta stuppeum (Tayl.) Hale - Found only once, on Erica
ar borea- Mieur.subatl-med.mo.
Peltigera polydactyla s. Iat. - Our sample is sterile, and does not allow a
more precise identification; it was collected on mosses in a shady, humid site
within high maquis vegetation.
Peltigero praetextata (Pers. ex Sommerf.) Zopf - Mostly on mosses in
openings of the high maquis vegetation, rare. Bor-smed.
Peltigera rufescens (Weis.) Humb. - On bare soil in sunny, dry openings
of garigue vegetation, not frequent. Arkt-med.
Peltula euploca (Ach.) Poelt ex Ozenda et Clauz. - Rather common on
south-exposed, often overhanging, or otherwise rain-protected sites with peri-
odical percolation of water. S'mieur-med.
Peltula obscurons (Nyl.) Gyeln. - Found only once, together with Peltula
ettploca and Peltula omphaliza. Med. I
Peltulo ompholiza (Nyl.) Wetm. - Much rarer than Peltula euploca, and
found always associated with it. Med.
Pertasario amaro (Ach.) Nyl. var. amora - Found a few times, on Quer-
cus ilex. Bor-med.
Pertasaria omara var. flotowiana (Flk.) Erichs. - Not frequent on sili
ceous rock in moderately shady sites, at higher elevations. Bor-med (mo).
Pertusario deolbescens Erichs. - As the previous taxon, and often associ-
ated with it. Mieur.subatl-med.
LTCHENS OF CAPRAIA (TTALY)
Pertusariq excludens Nyl. - Pertzsaria excludens is a rarely collected li-
chen and probably the taxon is non homogeneous. Our samples, which were
collected a few times at higher elevations, have a weak pinkish colour, which
is particularly evident in the field. They are clearly different from those cited
by Nimis & Poelt (1987) from Sardinia, under the same name. A chemical
study is under way. Identification by J. Poelt.
Pertusaria flavicans Lamy - Rather rare on siliceous rock, above all at
higher elevations. Mieur.subatl-med.
Pertusaria gallica B. de Lesd. - Not common on siliceous rocks near the
coasts. Med, oz.
Pertusaria hymenaea (Ach.) Schaer. - Found only once, on Quercus ilex.
Med.
Pertusaria lactea (L.) Arnold - Found only once, on siliceous rock in a
shady site. Bor-smed.mo
Pertusaria mamntosa Harm. - Common, above all at higher elevation,
on siliceous rock. Mieur.subatl-med.
Pertusaria nelonochlora (DC.) Nyl. - Very common at higher elevation,
often covering very large surfaces.
Pertusaria pertusa auct. yar. rupestris (DC.) DT. et S. - Rather frequent,
above all at higher elevation, on siliceous rock, often with other species of
P e rtusar ia. Mieur-med.
Pertusaria pseudocorallina (Liljeblad) Arnold - Found only once, on a
north exposed siliceous surface at higher elevation. S'bor-med.
Pertusaria rupicola (Fr.) Harm. - Very common on siliceous rock, also
at lower elevations. Med.
Pertusaria rupicola var. coralloidea (Anzi) Croz. - With the previous va-
riety, very common: intermediates between the two varieties have been often
found. According to C. Roux (in litt.) the "isidia" characterizing this taxon
are in fact internal pycnidia. Med.
Phacopsis oxlspora (Tul.) Trieber et Rambold - This lichenicolous fun-
gus, once called Nesolechia oxyspora (Tul.), Massal., is rather frequent on
the island, above all on the thalli of Xanthoparmeliae.
Phlyctis agelaea (Ach.) Flot. - Rather frequent on the bark of various
trees. Mieur.subatl-med.
Physcia odscendens (Fr.) Oliv. - Locally frequent in sites with accumu-
lation of nitrates, both on bark and at the top of siliceous boulders" Bor-
med.
Physcia biziana (Massal.) Zahlbr. - Rare on Quercus i/ex. Smed-med.
20 P.L. NIMIS, M. TRETIACH and A. DE MARCFII
Physcia hiziana "var. phyllidiarl' - This is the same lichen cited by
Nimis & Poelt (1987) for Sardinia; on the island, as in Sardinia, it mostly
grows on steep, south exposed rock surfaces, sometimes associated with Pel-
tula euploca. Med?.
Physcia cernohorskyi Nadv. - On south exposed, vertical rock surfaces
often together with Pelnila -species. This lichen was also called Physcia stri- !
gosa Poelt et Buschardt. S'mieur-med.
Physcia dubio (Hoffm.) Lettau - Rare on siliceous rock, in sites with ac-
cumulation of nitrates. Arkt-smed (med).
Physcia orbicularis (Neck.) Poetsch - Not very common on bark and
rock with accumulation of nitrates, above all near settlements. Bor-med.
Physcia scopulorum (Lamb. et Vezda) Poelt et Nimis - Found two times,
along the coast and on a ridge at 250m, exposed to strong, salt-loaden
north- western winds. This is the first find of this species outside Sardinia
and Corsica.
Physcia semipinnata (Gmel.) llloberg - Mostly epiphytic, on the twigs of
shrubs in maquis or garigue vegetation, frequent. S'mieur-med.
Physcia tenella (Scop.) DC. - On siliceous rock, sometimes together
with Physcia adscendens. Bor-med.
Physcia tribacia (Ach.) Nyl. - Often associated with Peltula euploca, and
with similar ecolory on the island. Mieur (subatl)-med.
Physcia vainioi Raes. - Not frequent at the top of siliceous boulders vi-
sited by birds. Arkt-med (mo).
Physconia distorta (With.) Laund. - Rare on the bark of trees, more fre-
quent on rocks in sunny sites, exposed to humid winds. S'boi-med.
Physconia enteroxantha (Nyl.) Poelt - Not frequent, on siliceous rock in
sunny sites, nitrophytic and probably coniophilous, Bor-med.
Physconia petraea (Poelt) Vezda et Poelt - Not frequent on siliceous -
rocks in south-exposed, steep surfaces. Med.
Placopyrenium buceckii (Nadv. et Serv.) O. Breuss - Not rare on the is-
land, it often occurs in the same stations of Pehula euploca, but mostly on
horizontal surfaces. It is very abundant in the stations of Lasallia brigantium.
Placopyrenium trachyticum (Hazsl.) O. Breuss - Found only once, on si-
liceous rock. General distribution poorly known.
Placynthium nigrum (Huds.) Gray - Rare on calcareous substrates near
settlements. Bor-med.
LICIIENS OF CAPRAIA (ITALY)
Polyblastiopsis myrticola B. de Lesd. - Rather frequent in the maquis of
the southwestern coast: it grows on the smooth bark of shrubs such as Myr-
tus, Pistacia, Phyllyraea. Med, suboz?
Polysporina lapponica (Ach. ex Schaer.) Degel. - Not frequent; our sam-
ples have been always collected on different Acarospora - species. Mieur-
med.
Polysporina shnplex (Dav.) Vezda - On siliceous rock, rare. Our col-
lections are not homogeneous; some samples seem to be non-parasitic forms
of the previous species. Arkt-med.
Porpidia cinereoatra (Ach.) Hertel et Knoph - Rather frequent on sili-
ceous rock, above all at higher elevation, and in the understory of the high
maquis (shady sites). S'bor-med(?).
Porpidia crustulata (Ach.) Hertel et Knoph - Found a few times, on peb-
bles in the understory of the high maquis. Bor-med (mo).
Porpidia macrocarpo (DC.) Hertel et Schwab - Not frequent, and often
found together with Porpidia cinereoatra. Arkt-med.
Porpidia platycarpoides (Bagl.) Hertel - Rare on siliceous rock in shady
sites. The relationships of this taxon with Porpidia cinereoatra are still not
clear to us; it could be that this species is a simple chemical variety of the
former. Further details on this taxon are in Nimis & Poelt (1987). Med.
Protoblastenia rapestris (Scop.) Steiner
substrates near settlements. Arkt-med. Not frequent on calcareous
Protoparmelia bodia (Hottm.) Hafellner - Found only once, on a north-
exposed siliceous surface exposed to strong winds at 400m. Arkt-med.mo.
Protoparmelia montagnei (Fr.) Poelt et Nimis - Nimis & Poelt (1987)
could not ascertain with certainty a difference in the types of Protoparmelia
montagnei and Protoparmelia psarophana, and considered the two taxa as syn-
on)rms undet Protoparmelia montagnei. However, the analysis of several col-
lections from the western Mediterranean area convinced us that our material
is non homogeneous, and that actually two taxa are certainly involved. Fol-
lowing Clauzade & Roux (1985) here we maintain the name Protoparmelia
montagnei for specimens with sublobate, thicker thallus. They have often
been found growing side by side with specimens with crustose, non effigu-
rate thallus, without any intermediate form. The entire group should be stu-
died on the basis of chemical characters..See also Roux (19E6).
Protopormelia psarophana (Nyl.) Sancho et Crespo - Common through-
out the island on siliceous rock in moderately shady and humid sites. See
also the note to the previous species.
Pyrenopsis rhodosticto (Tayl.) Muell. Arg. - On south-exposed, vertical
rock surfaces, not frequent. Bor-med.
22 P.L. NIMIS, M. TRETIACH and A. DE MARCHI
Pyrenopsis triptococca Nyl. - Together with the previous species. Gener-
al distribution poorly known.
Pyrrhospora quernea (Dicks.) Koerb. - Common, and often fruiting, on
the twigs and young trunks of Myrtus, Erica and other shrubs in maquis
vegetation. Mieur.atl-med, suboz.'
Ramalina aff. breviuscula NyI. - In the Mediterranean area the genus
Ramalina is in need of a thorough revision based also on chemical charac-
ters. Our specimens correspond morphologically and chemically to those cit-
ed by Nimis & Poelt (1987) from P.ta Falcone, in northern Sardinia, as Ra-
ntalina breviuscttla. However, according to Krog (in litt.) they belong to a
different taxon, since they contain divaricatic acid, while the type of Ramali-
na breviuscttla has evernic acid.
Rarnalina canariensis Steiner -
trees in maquis vegetation. Our
Med.
Ramalina clementeana Llimona et Werner - According to Krog (in litt)
Rantalina clementeana is a saxicolous morphotype of Ramalina pusilla; the
two taxa appear rather different in nature, but they are chemically identical,
since they both contain 4-0-methylsekikaic acid, triterpenoids and a trace of
salazinic acid. Furthermore, they have both the dense, continuous medulla
which is rather rare in fistulose Ramalinas. However, they differ in spore
size. Pending further research, we prefer to distinguish them at specific lev-
el. Med.
Ramalina corsicana Zrhlbr- - At present we have no better name for
this lichen with strap-shaped, caniculate, somewhat shiny laciniae. The iden-
tification remains very doubtful since we have not seen the type of Ramalina
corsicana.
Ramalina cribrosa De Not. - This is the first finding of this character-
istic species with fistulose thallus outside Sardinia, from which it was de-
scribed. Our samples, growing on rock in wind-swept ridges, contain proto-
cetraric acid (TLC).
Ramalina farinacea (L.) Ach. - On Erica and other shrubs in the high
maquis, not very frequent. Bor-med.
Ramalina fastigiata Pers. - Rpre.on twigs of shrubs in the high maquis
and on trees near settlements. All samples contain evernic acid (TLC).
S'bor-med. ' t''* ",1...r,, ,.
Ramolina lacera"(Nit[:i rstrna..' ,R4re':,.gg tyrel oi strtubs,in"rnaqilis'
vegetation, chiefly along the coasts. Med, suboz. '.'"', ,. , ,r
Ramolina pusilla i. Pi"r.'*o puby *-Very fare on Erica,arborea in the',
high maquis. Med, suboz. ': ' 1,,, ,,
Rather frequent on twigs of shrubs and
samples contain divaricatic acid (TLC).
LICHENS OF CAPRAIA (ITALY)
Ramalino reqaienii (De Not.) Jatta - Common only on wind-swept ridg-
es close to the western coast, often with other Ramalina-species. Med, suboz.
Ramalina sabfarinaceo (Nyl.) Nyl. - Rather frequent in wind-swept ridg-
es, on siliceous rock. Bor-med.
Ramalina subgeniculota Nyl. - Ramalina subgeniculata has been often
named Ramalina panizzei De Not., also in the recent literature (see Nimis &
Poelt 1977). Ramalina panizzei is a different species occurring in beech for-
ests of the Mediterranean mountains. On the island this species occurs on
twigs of shrubs in the maquis of the southwestern coast, and is very rare.
Our samples contain divaricatic acid (TLC). Med, suboz.
Ranalino tingitana Salzm. - The real identity of Ramalina tingitana is far
from being clear; often this name has been used for specimens resembling
"Ramalina breviusula", but with broader and longer laciniae, not forming a
pulvinate thallus. According to Krog (in litt.) there are three collections of
Ranmlina tingitana Salzm. from Tanger in PC, the general herbarium, two
with protocetraric acid and one without medullary substances. Our specimen
contains protocetraric acid, and could belong to Ramalina tingitana s.str.
Ramalina sp. - Our specimens correspond with a sample of the herbari-
um Jatta (NAP) labelled Ramalina subfastigiata n. sp. by Magnusson. It
might be that these are just epilithic forms of Ramalina fastigiata, but we
have the impression that they could belong to a distinct taxon.
Rhizocarpon c.f . atroalbum (Nyl.) Zahlbr. - Found only once, on a shady
siliceous boulder. The specimen corresponds to the description; we are not
certain whether this poorly known taxon should be put in synonymy with
Rhizocarpon simillimum.
Rhizocarpon sbscuratum (Ach.) Massal.
ceous rocks. Arkt-med.mo. Not frequent on shady sili-
Rhizocorpon tinei (Tornab.) Run. - Rather frequent only at higher ele-
vations, on sun-exposed siliceous rocks. Clauzade & Roux (1985) consider
this lichen as a subspecies of Rhizocarpon geographicum.
Rhizocarpon polycarpum (Hepp) Th. Fr. - On moderately shady siliceous
rocks, rare. Arkt-med.mo.
Rhizocarpon viridiatrum (Wulf.) Koerb. - On sunny, steep siliceous sur-
faces, often in the same stations of Peltula. Mieur-smed.
Rimulario insularis (Nyl.) Rambold et Hertel - On lichens of Lecanora
rupicola -group, frequent only at higher elevations. Bor-med.mo.
r:; t' l ' Rinodina olba Metzl. - Found only
' * ""sba. Med,,
ii;lla Rinodina confrogosa (Ach.) Koerb. -
' -vatidn3. Bor-med.
once, on siliceous rocks near th€
Found only once, at higher ele-
24 P.L. NIMIS, M. TRETIACH and A. DE MARCHI
Rinodina exigua (Ach.) S. Gray - On Ficus carica, rare. S'bor-med.
Rinodina gennarii Bagl. - Rather frequent, on subhorizontal surfaces of
siliceous rocks. Bor-med.
Rinodino obnoscens (Nyl.) Oliv. - Not frequent, and always sterile; this
species grows parasitically on Aspicilia -species; our samples were all on ls-
picilia intermutans. Med.
Rinodina pltrina (Ach.) Arnold - Found only once, on bark. S'bor-mieur
(subko)-med.mo.
Rinodina srbala iVlayrh. et Poelt - Rather frequent on siliceous rock; be-
cause of its small size it has been collected accidentally several times, togeth-
er with other lichens. Identification by H. Mayrhofer.
Rinodino suhgloucescens (Nyl.) Sheard - Common on siliceous rock in
nroderately..shady sites. On the island there are two forms of this species,
one of which, with thicker, almost globulose thallus, is a parasite on other
lichens (see also H. Mayrhofer, in Nimis & Poelt 1987). Mieur.atl-med, su-
boz. Rinodina teichophila (Nyl.) Arnold
ments, rare. Mieur.subatl-med.
Roccella fuciformis (L.) DC. - Found only a few times; on the island it
appears to be the less heliophytic of the Rocellas. Med.
Roccello phycopsis (Ach.) Ach. - This is the most common species of
Roccella on the island. Mieur.atl-med, suboz.
Roccella vicentina (Vain.) Vain. - Much less frequent than Roccella phy-
copsis, it seems to be restricted to very sunny sites. Med, oz.
Sarcogltne pruinosa (Sm.) Mudd - Rare on calcareous substrates near
settlements. For the nomenclature see Nimis & Poelt (1987). Arkt-med.
Schismatomma picconionum (Bagl.) Steiner - Rare on the twigs of Myr-
tzs in the high maquis of the southwestern coast. Med, suboz.
Scoliciosporum chlorococcran (Stenham.) Vezda - Found only once, on
bark of Cupressus. S'bor-mieur.
Scoliciosporum ambrinam (Ach.) Arnold - Not very frequent on siliceous
rock, in shady, rather humid sites. Bor-med.
Solenopsora cesatii (Massal.) Zahlbr. var. grisea'Bagl. - This normally
calciphytic lichen has been collected only once, on siliceous rock. This varie-
ty is also known as Solenopsora bagliettoana C. Tav., which is a nomen
nudam. It is probable that it actually deserves to be treated at species rank.
Solenopsora holophaea (Mont.) Samp. - Rare on soil, over mosses, and
in rock fissures along the coasts. Mieur-med, suboz.
On calcareous walls near settle-
t
LICTIENS OF CAPRAIA (ITALY)
Solenopsora vulturiensis Bagl. - Not common on siliceous rock in the
salt-spray zone. On Capraia this lichen gives the impression to be bound to
coastal sites. However, in Southern Sardinia Nimis, Roux and Vezda (ined.)
collected it at ca. 700m. The distribution of this species is very poorly
known.
Sphinctrina leucopoda Nyl. - Found only once, parasitic on an epilithic
Pertusaria. The spores were clearly globose. S'bor-med, suboz.
Squanarina cartilaginea (With.) P. James var. cartilaginea - Not very
frequent on earth pockets and along fissures of subhorizontal surfaces
throughout the island. Mieur.subatl-med.
Sticta limbata (Sm.) Ach. - Found only once, growing on mosses in a
very shady, humid site in the understory of the high maquis vegetation of
the southwestern coast. Mieur-med,oz.
Tephrontela atra (Huds.) Hafellner - Not very frequent, found mostly at
higher elevation on north exposed siliceous rock faces. Arkt-med.
Tephrontela gnntosa (Pen.) Hafellner et Roux - Rare on shady siliceous
rocks exposed to humid winds. Known from northem and Central Europe,
including the Alps, and from Sardinia.
Thelidiam bulbulcoe (Anzi) lVlassal. - The characters of our specimens
correspond well with the original description. We collected abundant materi-
al on a calcareous wall near the harbour. General distribution very poorly
known, probably a submediterranean-mediterranean species: it is one of the
few Thelidium -species which are most frequent at low elevations.
Thelomma siliceum (F6e) Tibell - Found only once, on siliceous rock at
higher elevation. Our specimen has a very weak C* reaction. Med, suboz.
Identification by L. Tibell.
Toninia aromatica (Sm.) Massal. - Mostly on calcareous substrates near
the village, a few times it has been collected also in fissures of siliceous rock,
on south-exposed rock surfaces. S'bor-med.
Trapelia coorctsta (Sm.) Choisy - Found only a few times, mostly on
pebbles in the high maquis. Bor-med.
Trapelia involuta (Tayl.) Hertel - On siliceous rock in shady sites, more
frequent than the previous species. B'bor-smed.
Trapeliospis tlexuosa (Fr.) Coppins et P. James - Found only once, on a
wooden pole. S'bor-smed.
Trapeliopsis wollrothii (Flk.) Hertel et G. Schneider - Not very frequent,
on bare soil. Mieur.subatl-med.
Yerrucaria lecideoides (Massal.) Trev. var. minuta Hepp - Found a few
times on south exposed siliceous surfaces, often together with Peltula species.
25
!
,
26 P.L. NIMIS, M. TRETIACH and A. DE MARCHI
We have collected this taxon several times in Sardinia, on basaltic and tra-
chytic nuraghes, in comparable ecological conditions. Perhaps it should be
considered as a distinct species within the critical group of Verrucaria leci-
deoides.
Yerrucaria mocrostoma Duf. ex DC. - On cement wall near the village,
not common. Mieur-med
Yenucaria nigrescens Pers. - Rather frequent only on calcareous subs-
trates near settlements. Bor-med.
Xonthoria calcicola Oxner - Very common throughout the island on
sunny siliceous rocks visited by birds. Mieur.subatl-med.
Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th. Fr. - Rare on Ficus carica near the village.
Bor-med.
Xanthoria resendei Poelt et C. Tav. - This lichen, which is new to ltaly,
has been found a few times on Capraia, always on sun-exposed siliceous
rocks close to the coast. Med.
DISCUSSION
The list includes 310 infrageneric taxa of lichens and non lichenized li-
chenicolous fungi. When compared with diversity values of other small areas
of ltaly, such as the Rosandra Valley (253 taxa, Nimis & Loi 1982) and the
doline of Percedol (l18 taxa, Nimis & Loi 1984), both in the Trieste Karst,
the summits of M. Ventasso in the Northern Appenines (195 taxa, Nimis
1985a), the Castelporziano Estate near Rome (230 taxa, Nimis 1988), the
Tremiti Islands in the Southern Adriatic Sea (123 taxa, Nimis 1985b), and
the Caronte Valley in Calabria (208 taxa, Puntillo 1987) the lichen flora of
Capraia appears to be a rich one. This is due to the pronounced elevational
gradient, to the variety of microniches offered by the rugged morpholory of
the island, to the semi-natural conditions of the vegetation, and probably
also to the generally high air humidity characterizing the climate of Capraia.
Crustose Foliose Fruticulose
Siliceous rock
Calcareous substrates.
Bark
Soil
79.6
96.7
61.2
10.0
14.0
3.3
28.3'
30.0
6.4
0.0
t0.5
60.0
Tab. I - Percents of the main lifc-forms in the main substrate types present on Capraia.
Crustose lichens make up 71.4o/o of the total flora, followed by foliose
(16.8%) and fruticose (11.8%) forms. Siliceous rocks are the richest subs-
trate, with 55.6oh of the taxa, followed by bark (20.9%), soil (10.2%), and
LICTIENS OF CAPRAIA (ITALY)
calcareous substrates (7.7%). Parasitic or parasymbiontic species are only
5.6o/o of the total, but their number is certainly higher, since non-lichenized
parasites have not been the object of a careful sampling.
The distribution of the main life-forms by substrates is reported in
Tab. l; crustose and foliose lichens are most frequent on rock and bark, fru-
ticose lichens on soil.
Tab. 2 reports the occurrence of lichens, subdivided by substrates and
life-forms, in the main phytogeographical subdivisions of Europe, and the
incidence of oceanic or suboceanic species, i.e. of those species that, at least
in part of their range, are most frequent in the Atlantic or Subatlantic dis-
tricts of Europe. Fruticose lichens are those with the highest incidence of
mediterranean and suboceanic species, whereas the lowest incidence of the
suboceanic element is met within the crustose lichens. Epiphytic lichens have
the highest incidence of "southern" and suboceanic species, followed by epi-
geic lichens; the artificial calcareous substrates have the lower incidence of
subatlantic species, and are generally colonized by broad-ranging nitrophytic
lichens.
CR FO FR Sr Cr So Ba
Arctic zone
Boreal zone
Southern boreal zone
Central European zone
Southern C.E. zone
Submediterranean zone
Mediterranean zone
Mediterr. mountains
Atlantic and subatl.
5.5
35.0
46.4
65.6
68.30
73.'t
100.0
tt.2
25.6
16.0
38.0
50.0
70.0
76.0
80.0
100.0
8.0
32.O
3.2
22.6
32.2
51.6
54.8
54.8
100.0
3.2
61.2
10.9
JJ.J
43.5
61.6
63.7
66.6
100.0
13.7
24.3
20.0
52.0
52.0
80.0
92.0
96.0
100.0
0.0
16.0
13.1
34.4
51.7
79.3
82.7
86.2
100.0
6.9
37.9
1.5
27.7
49.2
69.2
13.8
80.0
100.0
10.7
46.1
Tab. 2 - Distribution of the lichens occurring on Capraia, subdivided by life-forms and by
substrates, in the main vegetational zones ofEurope, and percent ofAtlantic and su-
batlantic species. The values are expressed as percents of the total occupancies. CR:
crustose lichens, FO: foliose lichens, FR: lruticose lichens, Sr: Siliceous rock, Cr: Cal-
careous rock, So: Soil, Ba: Bark.
The relatively high number of suboceanic taxa is in good agreement
with the general climatic features of Capraia, i.e. weak thermic excursions
and frequency of humid western or northwestern winds. Some suboceanic
species are very common on Capraia; among the most frequent are: Collema
ryssoleum, Diploicia canescens, Diploschistes bisporus, Hafellia leptoclinoides,
Lecanora gangaleoides, Lecanora schistina, Leptogium corniculatum, Ochrolec-
hia parella, Parmotrema chinense and several Pertusaria spebies. The "Atlan-
tic" affinities of the lichen flora of Capraia are enhanced by the presence of
some taxa which in Europe have the main distributional center on the At-
lantic coasts, with a few isolated outposts in the western Mediterranean Re-
gion, such as Buellia meiosperma, Chiodecton myrticola var. albidum, Cladonia
subcervicornis, Lecania atrynoides, Lecanora fugiens, Nephroma tangeriense,
Parmotrema hypoleucinum and Sticta limbata.
2'1
,
P.L. NIMIS, M. TRETIACH and A. DE MARCIII
From the data in tab. 2 it is evident how Capraia has a pronouncedly
"southern" lichen flora. The species reaching the southern part of the Boreal
zone are less than 50oh of the total, and include many common broad-rang-
ing, euriecious taxa such as Acarospora fuscata, Arthonia radiata, Aspicilia
calcarea, Aspicilia radiosa, Caloplaca cerina, Candelariella vitellina, Catillaria
chalybeia, several Cladonia -species, Collema tenax, Lecanora albescens, Leca-
nora dispersa, Lecanora muralis, Parmelia sulcata, Physcia adscendens, etc.
Only a few species could be considered as "northern" in respect with Capr-
aia; among them: Aspicilia caesiocinerea, Aspicilia cinerea, Candelariella coral-
liza, Carbonea supersparsa, Coleocaulon aculeatum, Lecanora polytropa, Parme-
Iia saxatilis, Physcia wainioi; in the Mediterranean area they are mostly
confined to the mountains and on Capraia they occur mostly in windy,
north-exposed sites at higher elevation. This group, in any case, does not
reach l07o of the total flora.
Notwithstanding the "southern" character of the lichen flora of Capr-
aia, it is difficult to say how much this flora could be considerd as Mediter-
ranean. We have not yet found a satisfying definition of the "Mediterranean"
element in lichens: it seems that only a few lichen species have nMediterrane-
an" ranges comparable to those of several higher plants. In the lichen flora
of Capraia, most taxa whose distribution appears to be restricted to South-
ern Europe are actually oceanic or suboceanic species, often occurring also
in Macaronesia, under climatical conditions which are very different from
those typical of the Mediterranean climate. In the Mediterranean region they
are confined to particularly humid sites, or to areas with high air humidity.
Some examples may include Cladonia mediterranea, Diploicia subcanescens (a
coastal lichen), Parmotrema hypoleucinum, Parmoffema reticulatum, some Ra-
malina -species, Schismatomma picconianum, Thelomma siliceum, Xanthoria re-
sendei (another coastal lichen). Thus, the delimitation between the subocean-
ic and the mediterranean elements in lichens appears to be very difficult,
since most assumed "Mediterranean" taxa are in fact thermophilous suboce-
anic lichens with subtropical affinities. Some exceptions may be the cases of
Buellia fmbriata and Physcia biziana, which occur also in California, al-
though the latter species grows also in parts of Central Europe, and should
be better considered as submediterranean.
At last, important feature of the lichen flora of Capraia is the presence
of a group of species whose presently known distribution is confined to the
western Mediterranean Region (chiefly Corsica, Sardinia, the Baleares and
parts of Southern France). They are: Buellia sardinie4sis, Caloplaca intema,
Caloplaca ora, Lasallia brigantium, Lecanora puniceofusca, Physcia scopulorum,
Ramalina cribrosa. One should be always very careful when speaking of "en-
demic" lichens; however, narrow-ranging lichens are so rare that the pres-
ence, on a small island as Capraia, of 7 species with such a peculiar distrib-
ution, needs at least a tentative explanation. According to the most recent
views on the tectonic history of the western Mediterranean Basin (Livermore
& Smith 1985, Selli 1985, Dewey et al. 1989), this area is an ancient conti-
!
LICHENS OF CAPRAIA (ITALY)
nental microplate detached from Africa and subject to counterclockwtse ro-
tation and translation from southwest to northeast. Corsica, Sardinia, the
Baleares and perhaps parts of Calabria were lying close together in an area
located in the northwestern Mediterranean Basin, immediately south of
Southern France and East of the northwestern coasts of Spain. The present
range of the above mentioned species could perhaps be related to the an-
cient tectonic history of the western Mediterranean area, a fact that, as far
as we know, is not common in lichens, which have good means of broad-
ranging dispersal.
Summarizing, the lichen flora of Capraia appears to be both rich and
very interesting from the phytogeographical point of view. We hope that this
paper could contribute to the success of recent proposals for creating a Na-
tional Park on the island: the preservation of its lichen flora would be worth
of such an endeavour.
ACKNOWLEDGEME\TS. - We are grateful to H. and M. Mayrholer (Graz), J.
Poelt (Graz), Ch. Scheidegger (Bern), L. Tibell (Uppsala), A. Vezda (Brno) for the revision
of several specimens, and to C. Roux (Marseille) for the critical revision olthe manuscript.
We are also indebted to M. Castello, F. Ceni, C. Fogu, D. Gasparo, G. Scarpa lor
assistance during field rvork.
This study has been supported by M.P.I. funds (40 and 600,'o), resp. Prof. P.L. Nimis.
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