Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis For The Behavioral Sciences
... We verified the assumption of independence of observations by ensuring Durbin-Watson (DW) statistics were < 2.50; linearity and homoscedasticity between independent and dependent variables by inspecting plots of unstandardized predicted values versus studentized residuals; lack of multicollinearity by ensuring Pearson correlations between independent variables were < 0.7 and variance inflation factors (VIF) were < 2.0 (Cohen et al., 2003). There were no outliers (i.e., Studentized deleted residuals above 3 greater than 3 SD from the mean), leverage points (i.e., leverage values above 0.2), or highly influential points (i.e., Cook's distance greater than 1) (Cohen et al., 2003). ...
... We verified the assumption of independence of observations by ensuring Durbin-Watson (DW) statistics were < 2.50; linearity and homoscedasticity between independent and dependent variables by inspecting plots of unstandardized predicted values versus studentized residuals; lack of multicollinearity by ensuring Pearson correlations between independent variables were < 0.7 and variance inflation factors (VIF) were < 2.0 (Cohen et al., 2003). There were no outliers (i.e., Studentized deleted residuals above 3 greater than 3 SD from the mean), leverage points (i.e., leverage values above 0.2), or highly influential points (i.e., Cook's distance greater than 1) (Cohen et al., 2003). We confirmed normal distribution of residuals as described above for study variables (Cohen et al., 2003). ...
... There were no outliers (i.e., Studentized deleted residuals above 3 greater than 3 SD from the mean), leverage points (i.e., leverage values above 0.2), or highly influential points (i.e., Cook's distance greater than 1) (Cohen et al., 2003). We confirmed normal distribution of residuals as described above for study variables (Cohen et al., 2003). We reported the statistical significance level (p-value), coefficients of variation (R 2 and adjusted R 2 ), unstandardized coefficients (B), and standardized coefficients (β). ...
Introduction
Mobility impairment is common in multiple sclerosis (MS); however, agility has received less attention. Agility requires strength and neuromuscular coordination to elicit controlled propulsive rapid whole-body movement. Grip strength is a common method to assess whole body force production, but also reflects neuromuscular integrity and global brain health. Impaired agility may be linked to loss of neuromuscular integrity (reflected by grip strength or corticospinal excitability).
Objectives
We aimed to determine whether grip strength would be associated with agility and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-based indices of corticospinal excitability and inhibition in persons with MS having low disability. We hypothesized that low grip strength would predict impaired agility and reflect low corticospinal excitability.
Methods
We recruited 34 persons with relapsing MS (27 females; median [range] age 45.5 [21.0-65.0] years) and mild disability (median [range] Expanded Disability Status Scale 2.0 [0-3.0]), as well as a convenience sample of age- and sex-matched apparently healthy controls. Agility was tested by measuring hop length during bipedal hopping on an instrumented walkway. Grip strength was measured using a calibrated dynamometer. Corticospinal excitability and inhibition were examined using TMS-based motor evoked potential (MEP) and corticospinal silent period (CSP) recruitment curves, respectively.
Results
MS participants had significantly lower grip strength than controls independent of sex. Females with and without MS had weaker grip strength than males. There were no statistically significant sex or group differences in agility. After controlling for sex, weaker grip strength was associated with shorter hop length in controls only (r = 0.645, p < .05). Grip strength did not significantly predict agility in persons with MS, nor was grip strength predicted by corticospinal excitability or inhibition.
Conclusions
In persons with MS having low disability, grip strength (normalized to body mass) was reduced despite having intact agility and walking performance. Grip strength was not associated with corticospinal excitability or inhibition, suggesting peripheral neuromuscular function, low physical activity or fitness, or other psychosocial factors may be related to weakness. Low grip strength is a putative indicator of early neuromuscular aging in persons with MS having mild disability and normal mobility.
... We run SEM in AMOS to certify the theorized model and hypotheses. Moreover, this research employed Cohen and Cohen's (1983) product approach to inspecting the interaction outcome of CI between CC and OCS, as well as CCS and SCS. We, prior to the main analysis, checked the samples for multicollinearity (VIF 1-10 and Tolerance 0-1), missing values, outliers, and wrong coding. ...
... thereby supporting H3a and H3b. To test the moderating hypotheses of H3 and H4, this research employed the Cohen and Cohen (1983) interaction method in the AMOS. Together, we mean-centered the CC (independent construct) globalization, organizations need to develop, motivate, and transform their competent workforce to achieve individual and organizational goals. ...
Building on career construction theory (CCT), this research extends career success literature on how career identity as a moderator shapes career commitment and success linkage. Using a time-lagged survey, we recruited 211 bank employees and validated a theorized research model in AMOS. The findings illustrate that career commitment (CC) positively relates to objective career success (OCS) and subjective career success (SCS). In addition, the association between CC and OCS (salary) was stronger for employees with high levels of career identity (CI), and the association between CC and SCS (satisfaction) was significantly more favorable for employees with high levels of CI than low. Thus, a higher level of CI is desirable for career success. Finally, our research contributes to CCT by empirically establishing the linkage between CC and career success, accounting for the role of CI.
... For gender-based analysis, men were coded as 0 and women were coded as 1. We used the following standards for effect size: small, d ∼ 0.2; medium, d ∼ 0.5; and large, d ∼ 0.8 [48]. We performed this analysis separately for Physics 1 and Physics 2 courses. ...
... Adjusted Rsquared is a measure of variance which penalizes excessive variables, which makes it appropriate for multiple regression models with many independent variables. Standardized coefficients were used because they are in units of standard deviation and allow for direct comparison of effects [48]. We also tested to make sure that the variance inflation factor of each model was under 2 to test for multicollinearity. ...
We investigate differences in psychological constructs and learning outcomes between students in introductory physics courses who took remote classes during COVID and those who took in-person classes. We first investigated mean differences in students’ self-efficacy, test anxiety, and learning outcomes in two categories: low-stakes (homework, quizzes) and high-stakes (exams) assessments. We found that most differences were small or moderate, however; students performed drastically better on exams during remote classes compared to in-person classes. This may be partially attributed to different exam formats during remote versus in-person classes. Gender differences in high-stakes assessment grades were also eliminated during remote instruction. From these results, we make several suggestions for instructors that may alleviate the adverse effects of test anxiety and make physics assessments more equitable and inclusive.
... Analysis is based on the data available in OECD database from the latest PISA testing, in which Bosnia and Herzegovina participated as well as the Agency for Pre-Primary, Primary, and Secondary Education of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Testing is conducted at the regional level, as categorized by the OECD, including For the purpose of the analysis method of the multiple linear regression analysis was employed (Cohen et al., 2002). Three regression models were developed to with student results in individual areas as the criterion variable and SES indicators as predictor variables. ...
This paper explores the influence of socio-economic status on the education performance of male and female students in Bosnia and Herzegovina, utilizing data from the 2018 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). The study defines key terms such as education, socio-economic status, and international student assessments, emphasizing the significance of a quality educational system for societal development. By employing three models for science literacy, mathematics, and reading, the results indicate that parents' education and possession of cultural goods significantly impact student achievements. Students with higher-educated parents and who possess more books at home perform better in PISA tests. The gender variable however is found not to be statistically significant. The study emphasizes the significance of a "quiet study space", suggesting that students with such an environment achieve higher science test scores. While causality is not established, the analysis provides insights into the initial impact of socio-economic status on student achievements. The paper advocates for continued participation in international assessments project like PISA to monitor educational achievements and inform evidence-based policy making. The findings underscore practical implications for educational policymakers, and recommendations to enhance Bosnia and Herzegovina's educational system.
... Additionally, the serial mediation through both sensation seeking and flow experience was also significant, indicating that the combined pathway further contributed to the positive effect of leisure motivation on psychological well-being (Cohen et al., 2013). ...
Hobby-based leisure activities, such as volleyball, plays a crucial role in promoting psychological well-being through mechanisms like sensation seeking and flow experience. These pathways are key to enhancing mental health via leisure activities. The primary aim of this study is to investigate how sensation seeking and flow experience mediate the relationship between leisure motivation and psychological well-being in young adults who engage in volleyball as a hobby. Data were gathered from 244 young adults (aged between 18-24) in Turkey, who regularly participate in volleyball. Participants completed validated questionnaires measuring leisure motivation (LA), sensation seeking (SS), flow experience (FE), and psychological well-being (PWB). The data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis(CFA), cronbach's alpha, composite reliability (CR), and regression analysis to test the proposed relationships. The results revealed that LA significantly predicts PWB, both directly and indirectly, through SS and FE. SS and FE were found to be significant mediators in this relationship. The serial mediation model was supported, highlighting the intricate interplay between these variables. In conclusion, the study showed that LA enhances PWB through the sequential mediation of SS and FE. These findings highlighted the importance of designing leisure activities that foster SS and facilitate FE to improve mental health outcomes. Future research should examine additional mediators and longitudinal effects to provide a more comprehensive understanding of these relationships.
... According to the protection factor-protection factor model, there are two possible ways in which school climate may moderate the "parental psychological control-psychological resilience-depression" mediated model [47,48]. This model suggests that different protective factors may interact with the resulting variables, and there are two hypotheses regarding this interaction: the promotion hypothesis and the exclusion hypothesis. ...
Background This study examines the mechanisms linking parental psychological control and depression among Chinese junior middle school students, focusing on the mediating role of psychological resilience and the moderating effect of school climate on this relationship.
Method A questionnaire survey was administered to 1991 middle-school students by using a self-developed depression scale, the psychological control sub questionnaire, the Chinese version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale and the perceived school climate scale. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 26 software and SPSS PROCESS 3.3, involving descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and the test of the moderated mediation model.
Results The findings indicate that (1) parental psychological control is a positive predictor of depression, and psychological resilience mediates this relationship; (2) in the mediation model involving psychological resilience, school climate moderates the latter half of the pathway and the overall mediating effect. Specifically, under a positive school climate, both the negative predictive effect of psychological resilience on depression and the indirect influence of parental psychological control on depression through psychological resilience were significantly stronger than those under a negative school climate.
Conclusion Results showed that parental psychological control could have indirect effect on depression via psychological resilience with school climate as a moderator in the mediating effect. This research contributes to understanding how family and school environments, along with individual characteristics, collectively influence the mental health of junior middle school students.
... exceeding the recommended cut-off point of .10 (Cohen et al., 2003). ...
Using a vignette methodology, this study examined reactions to same-gender versus other-gender flirtation in a sample of 445 German young adults: 320 participants with a heterosexual orientation and 125 participants with a lesbian or gay (LG) orientation. Even in LG-friendly societies as Germany, receiving advances from someone of the same gender might still evoke heterosexuals’ homonegativity. Another factor that might influence heterosexuals’ reactions to same-gender flirtation is the fear of being misidentified as LG (social contagion concerns). Contrary to hypothesis, results provided little evidence to classify heterosexual participants’ reactions to same-gender flirters as homonegative. Firstly, heterosexual participants showed the same degree of negative affect and avoidance behavior in the same-gender flirtation condition as LG participants did in the other-gender flirtation condition. Only positive affect scores were somewhat lower for heterosexual participants in the same-gender flirtation condition compared to LG participants in the other-gender flirtation condition. Secondly, when anti-LG attitudes and social contagion concerns were considered together, only social contagion concerns contributed to explaining variance in heterosexual participants’ response to same-gender flirters. Specifically, the impact of social contagion concerns on heterosexual participants’ avoidance of same-gender flirters was mediated by (lacking) positive affect, but not negative affect.
... Although MMR may provide an appropriate means of testing intersectional hypotheses when the model is highly powered and well-prescribed by theory, the parametric assumptions of MMR may be poorly matched for many intersectional research questions (Bauer et al., 2021;Mahendran et al., 2022a). Primarily, this is because MMR assumes that the parameters of a model are linear, known, finite, and correctly specified (Cohen et al., 2003), yet it is often the case that intersectional theories hypothesize inherently complex effects that are ill-defined and potentially numerous in the population (del Río-González et al., 2021). For instance, assume we wish to study the intersection between sexual orientation measured across four categories (heterosexual, lesbian/gay, bisexual, and queer/questioning/other) and gender measured across five categories (cisgender woman, cisgender man, trans woman, trans man, nonbinary/other). ...
Objective: An aim of quantitative intersectional research is to model the joint impact of multiple social positions on health risk behaviors. Although moderated multiple regression is frequently used to pursue intersectional research hypotheses, such parametric approaches may produce unreliable effect estimates due to data sparsity and high dimensionality. Machine learning provides viable alternatives, offering greater flexibility in evaluating many candidate interactions amid sparse data conditions, yet remains rarely employed. This study introduces group-lasso interaction network (glinternet), a novel machine learning approach involving hierarchical regularization, to assess intersectional differences in substance use prevalence. Method: Utilizing variable selection and parameter stabilization functionality for main and interaction effects, glinternet was employed to examine two-way interactions between three primary social positions (gender, sexual orientation, and race) predicting heavy episodic drinking, cannabis use, and cigarette use prevalence. Analyses were conducted using the All of Us Research Program (N = 283,403), a national sample with high representation from populations historically underrepresented in biomedical research. Results were replicated using holdout cross-validation and compared against logistic regression estimates. Results: Glinternet prevalence estimates were more stable across discovery and replication samples relative to logistic regression, particularly among sparsely represented groups. Prevalence estimates for cigarette and cannabis use were elevated among sexual minority and White cisgender women compared to heterosexual and non-White women, respectively. Conclusions: Glinternet may improve upon traditional moderated multiple regression methods for pursuing intersectional hypotheses by improving model parsimony and parameter stability, providing novel means for quantifying health disparities among intersectional social positions.
... was not a significant concern based on the existing literature (Cohen et al., 2013;Zhang et al., 2021b). Finally, we utilized Harman's single-factor test to determine the presence of common method bias (CMB). ...
This study integrates SOR (Stimuli-Organism-Response) theoretical framework and rational behavior theory within a theoretical framework, incorporating group norms as a moderating factor to investigate the psychological mechanisms influencing Chinese college students' online rumor-refutation behavior amidst public health crises. Using the structural equation modeling research method, data was collected via questionnaires from 1,254 participants in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings indicate that both online and offline information seeking are positively correlated with college students' attitudes and subjective norms. Moreover, the attitudes and subjective norms of college students are positively correlated with the online rumor refuting behavior. Furthermore, group norms serve to strengthen the connection between college students' attitudes and their engagement in online refuting rumors. These results illuminate the psychological underpinnings driving college students' online rumor-refuting actions, offering practical and policy implications for effectively managing rumor behaviors.
... Because it controls the magnitude of the change that the independent variables explain, the effect size (f 2 ) of the coefficient of determination (R 2 ) was crucial. According to Cohen et al. (2013), an effect size of 0.02 is regarded as modest, 0.15 as mediocre, and 0.35 as strong. According to Cohen's criterion, green marketing had a high influence on business performance (f² 0.394), but it had the greatest impact on corporate social responsibility (f² 2.089). ...
In the context of rising tourism and escalating environmental concerns, green marketing has emerged as a strategic imperative with direct implications for corporate performance enhancement. Therefore, this study investigates the influence of green marketing on the performance of tourism companies, with a particular focus on the mediating role of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Utilizing a descriptive analytical approach, data were gathered from 213 employees across various tourism companies in southern and eastern Yemen through a structured questionnaire. The partial least squares (PLS) technique was employed to analyze the data. The findings indicate that green marketing significantly and positively impacts business performance. Moreover, the results reveal that CSR serves as a significant mediating factor in the relationship between green marketing and business performance, reinforcing the strategic value of integrated ethical and environmental practices within corporate frameworks.
... This ability makes hierarchical regression an appropriate method to test the current study hypotheses by determining each predictor variable's effect on the outcome. Moreover, hierarchical regression allows for a clear examination of how each block of variables improves the model, providing an intuitive understanding of the contribution of different sets of predictors (Cohen et al., 2003). This step-by-step inclusion process helps in identifying the unique variance explained by new predictors, which is crucial in our research where we aim to understand the incremental effects of different types of resilience measures on workplace outcomes. ...
Virtual work has been highlighted as an important business trend nowadays. Technostress caused by information and communication technology threatens employee well-being in a virtual context. We integrate insights from the Job Demands-Resources theory to explore the impact of technostress on employee well-being and examine work-based learning and digital leadership capability as buffers of this negative impact via the attenuating effect of work exhaustion. We collected multi-wave survey data from 300 virtual employees to test the theoretical model. Results revealed a significant negative impact of technostress on employee well-being. However, work-based learning and digital leadership capability buffered employees' well-being from this negative effect by reducing their work exhaustion. Our findings extend our understanding of work design and shed light on how to cope with virtual work demands.
... where denotes the level of multi-cluster diversity in city k. According to the suggestions of Aiken et al. (1991), Cohen et al. (2003), and Hayes (2017), we centralized MCD to make the coefficients of the regression equation more explanatory. ...
The purpose of this article is to study how the innovation performance of international new ventures (INVs) evolves over time, and how multi-cluster diversity as an external environment moderates INVs' innovation performance. We employed the latent growth curve modeling (LGCM) approach to analyze 5,744 INVs from 21 cities in the Guangdong Province (China). We found that INVs' innovation follows a positive linear trend over time, and that multi-cluster diversity plays a positive moderating role. Our findings enrich international entrepreneurship by showing the long-term effect of early internationalization on INVs' innovation under a multi-cluster environment.
... In addition, causation between variables of the study was identified by finding the impact of Perceived Academic Performance on PERMA (Seligman, 2011). Pearson's R Correlation Coefficient and Regression Analysis served as the primary statistical treatment of the study (Cohen et al., 2013). It was utilized to show if there is a significant relationship and impact between Perceived Academic Performance and PERMA levels of respondents respectively (Field, 2018). ...
A student’s well-being is linked to their academic self-perception which is crucial for a flourishing life. Perceived Academic Performance refers to a student's self-assessment of their educational standing. The study involved 415 respondents from colleges and universities in Metro Manila, Philippines using the Perceived Academic Performance Scale and the PERMA Profiler to analyze correlations and regressions. The study found a significantly low positive relationship between Perceived Academic Performance and Positive Emotions (r = 0.44, p < 0.01), Engagement (r = 0.40, p < 0.01), Relationships (r = 0.38, p < 0.01), and Meaning (r = 0.43, p < 0.01). There was a moderate positive relationship with Accomplishment (r = 0.61, p < 0.01). Regression analyses showed that Perceived Academic Performance significantly predicts Positive Emotions (R² = 0.19, F (1, 413), p < 0.01), Engagement (R² = 0.16, F (1, 413), p < 0.01), Relationships (R² = 0.14, F (1, 413), p < 0.01), and Meaning (R² = 0.14, F(1, 413), p < 0.01). Perceived Academic Performance had a 38% effect on Accomplishment (R² = 0.38, F (1, 413), p < 0.01). The researchers suggested gathering larger sample sizes with regional variations, conducting comparative analysis, and integrating findings into a holistic education system. Enhancing students' Perceived Academic Performance in an international context can improve convergent validity and divergent validity and support meta-analysis. The study's findings pose significant implications for educational policy, curriculum development, and student support services in higher education institutions, notably in Metro Manila, Philippines.
... Because it controls the magnitude of the change that the independent variables explain, the effect size (f 2 ) of the coefficient of determination (R 2 ) was crucial. According to Cohen et al. (2013), an effect size of 0.02 is regarded as modest, 0.15 as mediocre, and 0.35 as strong. According to Cohen's criterion, green marketing had a high influence on business performance (f² 0.394), but it had the greatest impact on corporate social responsibility (f² 2.089). ...
In the context of rising tourism and escalating environmental concerns, green marketing has emerged as a strategic imperative with direct implications for corporate performance enhancement. Therefore, this study investigates the influence of green marketing on the performance of tourism companies, with a particular focus on the mediating role of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Utilizing a descriptive analytical approach, data were gathered from 213 employees across various tourism companies in southern and eastern Yemen through a structured questionnaire. The partial least squares (PLS) technique was employed to analyze the data. The findings indicate that green marketing significantly and positively impacts business performance. Moreover, the results reveal that CSR serves as a significant mediating factor in the relationship between green marketing and business performance, reinforcing the strategic value of integrated ethical and environmental practices within corporate frameworks.
... The goal of the regression analysis is to formulate a regression model that "both characterises the data and meets the conditions required for accurate statistical inference" (Cohen et al. [124]). The models can be improved through the repetitive process of conditioning the data set, fitting the model, selecting the polynomial degree, and checking the model. ...
Bifacial photovoltaic modules generate extra energy from the rear-side irradiance. This thesis is divided into two sections addressing the factors for improving the market acceptance and bankability of bifacial PV technology. In the first section, an evaluation of the methods to mitigate unwanted irradiance for single light source characterisation shows that, while low reflectance panels and masking are effective in reducing unwanted irradiance, the distance between panel and PV modules is more crucial to produce accurate maximum power measurements. The proposal of placing a black acrylic panel at a distance of more than 10 cm was validated by the first inter-laboratory comparison for bifacial PV module characterisation. The second section validates and benchmarks the accuracy of existing bifacial irradiance simulation software, including uncertainty analysis and the use of statistical tools. Lastly, accurate regression models were developed to predict irradiance received by vertical bifacial PV modules and the corresponding maximum power.
... Moreover, SMDs of 0.2-0.49, 0.5-0.8, and > 0.8 were considered to represent small, medium, and large differences, respectively [37]. The I 2 statistic was used to assess the degree of heterogeneity. ...
Background
Individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) face impaired cardiorespiratory fitness and glycemic control, increasing the risk of cardiovascular complications. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has emerged as a promising exercise modality with potential benefits for both aspects in this population.
Objectives
The primary aim was to investigate the effects of HIIT on cardiorespiratory fitness and glycemic parameters in patients with T1DM. The secondary aim was to examine the most effective HIIT protocol for cardiorespiratory fitness and glycemic parameters in patients with T1DM.
Design
Systematic review and meta-analysis.
Data Sources
Two major electronic databases (Web of Science and PubMed) were searched up to February 2024.
Eligibility Criteria for Selecting Studies
Randomized and non-randomized trials involving adult patients with T1DM, free of complications and other diseases examining the effects of HIIT (HIIT pre vs. post; HIIT vs. control group or HIIT vs. moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT)) on cardiorespiratory fitness and glycemic parameters were included.
Results
A total of ten studies met the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis revealed a significant improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness following HIIT interventions (pre vs. post) in patients with T1DM (standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.16 to 1, p = 0.01). Furthermore, HIIT (pre vs. post) was associated with significant improvements in 24-h mean glucose control (SMD = − 0.44, 95% CI = − 0.81 to − 0.06, p = 0.02), but the results (pre vs. post) failed to identify significant improvements in fasting glucose (SMD = − 0.26, 95% CI = − 0.78 to 0.24, p = 0.3) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) values (SMD = − 0.28, 95% CI = − 0.61 to 0.05, p = 0.1). However, in comparison with a control group, HIIT showed significantly favorable effects on HbA1C (SMD = − 0.74, 95% CI = − 1.35 to − 0.14, p = 0.02). Finally, the meta-regression analysis did not find any moderating effect of any HIIT characteristics (i.e., intervention duration, session duration, work time, rest time, number of bouts, and intensity) on cardiorespiratory fitness and glycemic parameters.
Conclusion
Our systematic review and meta-analysis show that T1DM patients who performed a HIIT intervention significantly improved cardiorespiratory fitness and reduced their 24-h mean glucose levels, but not their HbA1C and fasting glucose. These findings support the application of HIIT interventions in T1DM patients. However, the guidelines for the most effective protocol remain unclear; hence, future studies are needed.
... The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was implemented to analyse the relationships. The interpretation of the strength of the associations among the variables was guided byTable 3and according to the groupings ofCohen et al., 2013. ...
Drought severely affects the agricultural sector. Its effects have in fact been aggravated by
the global warming climate scenario. Although drought has to a large extent been studied
globally, it is often overlooked on the local and regional scales. Therefore, accurate and timely
characterizations of agricultural drought at the local and regional scales are essential for
developing adaptation and mitigation strategies. This study analyzed the spatiotemporal trend
of drought events and their impact on millet production in North Darfur State, Sudan from
1981 to 2020. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Reconnaissance Drought
Index (RDI) for the three-month (June-August), six-month (June-November), and nine-month
(June-February) timescales were used to assess the relevant drought events. The drought-yield
relationships were assessed using the Pearson correlation coefficient (r). The results indicate
that for detecting drought trends the RDI index is more sensitive to variabilities than the SPI
index. The drought events affecting North Darfur over broad spatial extents occurred
particularly over the years, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1999, and 2001; the most extreme of drought
events being in 2003. The correlation coefficient analysis (r) between the SPI and RDI
respectively and the standardized variable of crop yield (SVCY) for millet grain yield showed
a strong agreement between the respective variables. The moderate to extreme reductions in
millet crop yield occurring in 1992, 1999, 2001, and 2003 corresponded with the moderate to
extreme drought indicated by the RDI. Severe crop losses were experienced in Kabkabiya and
Umm Kadadda. This study contributes to a clearer understanding of drought impacts on the
local scale and thus to insights into developing more effective and targeted management
strategies and to enhancing crop resilience.
... The hypotheses were tested by regression analysis. Consistent with Cohen et al. (2013), we normalized the three variables, and the normalized scores were multiplied together to evaluate the interaction effect. In addition, we drew on the test with the Total Effect Moderation Model (Edwards & Lambert, 2007). ...
Plain language summary
How Individualism/Collectivism Orientation Influence University Teachers’ Bootleg Innovation?
Bootleg innovation is very common in Chinese universities, but little is known about its influencing factors and mechanisms. Based on trait activation theory, this study conducted an online survey of 1,038 university teachers at four undergraduate universities. The study found that individualistic orientation has a greater impact on bootleg innovation than collectivism. However, individualism does not have as great an impact on informal organizational norms as collectivism. The informal organizational norms play a partial mediating role in the relationship between individual collectivist orientation and bootleg innovative behavior. Environmental uncertainty had a positive moderating effect on the entire individualism-oriented model, but not on the first half of the collectivism model. This study enriches the research on the antecedent variables of bootleg innovative behavior and also highlights the important role of bond factors in the entire mechanism.
... Because differences in structure might be correlated with perceptions of organizational socialization efforts, fixed effect dummy codes were used as a control for the organization and occupation. It was necessary to control for additional variables that could cause spurious correlations among the variables in the model (Cohen & Cohen, 1983) as follows: 1. Ethnicity: dichotomized as 1=local, 2=expatriate. This was used to control potential differences in the availability of social information for individuals who are members of minority groups. ...
Political knowledge describes “an individual’s understanding of specific influential others’ relationships, demands, resources, and preferences” (Granger et al., 2020), is an often-overlooked dimension of learning how to fit into a new organization (Chao et al., 1994; Taormina, 1994). Moreover, newcomer research has been conducted independently of individual newcomer personality differences. To extend previous research, the present research examines newcomers’ Big Five personality traits and political knowledge as an immediate outcome of the process of newcomer adjustment. A 3-wave longitudinal study of 439 newcomers in 7 organizations examined Big Five personality traits as antecedents of political knowledge of the organization. The results suggested that among the Big Five traits, openness, neuroticism, and conscientiousness were positively related to apolitical knowledge of the organization. Overall, the results suggested that the Big Five are one of the key determinants of organizational political knowledge.
... Partial least squares was employed to empirically test the model using SmartPLS v4.08 to perform the analysis. We checked for multicollinearity and found that no variance inflation factor (VIF) approached the value of 3 indicating no evidence of multicollinearity (Cohen et al., 2003;Hair et al., 2010;Neter et al., 1996). Figure 1 shows the empirical examination of the entire model. ...
Most studies of trusted digital repositories have focused on the internal factors delineated in the Open Archival Information System (OAIS) Reference Model-organizational structure, technical infrastructure, and policies, procedures , and processes. Typically, these factors are used during an audit and certification process to demonstrate a repository can be trusted. The factors influencing a repository's designated community of users to trust it remains largely unexplored. This article proposes and tests a model of trust in a data repository and the influence trust has on users' intention to continue using it. Based on analysis of 245 surveys from quantitative social scientists who published research based on the holdings of one data repository, findings show three factors are positively related to data reuser trust-integrity, identification , and structural assurance. In turn, trust and performance expectancy are positively related to data reusers' intentions to return to the repository for more data. As one of the first studies of its kind, it shows the conceptualization of trusted digital repositories needs to go beyond high-level definitions and simple application of the OAIS standard. Trust needs to encompass the complex trust relationship between designated communities of users that the repositories are being built to serve.
... As the method assumed, the final relationship between those variables will be approximated by a straight line [3]. ...
The study aims to predict the box office of movies based on several important factors obtained from The Movie Data Base (TMDB) being independent of the daily box office of the movie after its release. Exploring the nature of the dynamics of film revenue is crucial for filmmakers, investors, and film likers since it can help them find a way to improve their film influences and decision-making. This research employs three distinct methods – Random Forest, Back Propagation Neural Network, and Linear regression (Least Square Method) – utilizing a set of selected independent variables including popularity, budget, genre, run time, release date, original language, and production countries. This study gives an insight into the relationships between these variables and the revenue of movies. As a long-range forecasting model, the prediction of the model is up to 73% precise. Overall, this study aims to provide valuable information and methods for the film-related industry to predict revenue. Also, the model has the potential to be extended to other fields such as the prediction of the feedback of series or games before release.
... Finally, multiple regression analysis is a statistical technique used to examine the relationship between a dependent variable and two or more independent variables [58]. It allows researchers to assess the extent to which changes in the independent variables predict changes in the dependent variable [59]. ...
With a reputation for offering stylish and on-trend clothing at pocket-friendly prices, fast fashion brands resonate with the economic realities faced by many Gen Z consumers. Gen Z consumers are not just a target consumer market but also a driving force shaping the future of the fashion industry. Their preferences, values, and behaviors impact trends, reshape retail practices, and influence the overall trajectory of the fashion landscape. The evolving discourse surrounding sustainability and conscious consumerism suggests that the future may see a recalibration of the fashion landscape, with Gen Z at the forefront of demanding more responsible and transparent practices from the fashion industry. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the factors significantly influencing U.S. Gen Z consumers’ intentions to purchase fast fashion. Building on the theory of planned behavior, a research model for understanding Gen Z consumers’ intentions to buy fast fashion is proposed. Attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, environmental knowledge, need for uniqueness, materialism, and fashion leadership are investigated as predictors. Moreover, we examined how environmental knowledge, need for uniqueness, materialism, and fashion leadership affect Gen Z consumers’ attitudes toward fast fashion products. A total of 528 eligible responses were collected for analysis through a Qualtrics online survey. The proposed model’s psychometric properties were evaluated, and the hypotheses were tested using the multiple regression method. It was found that attitude, perceived consumer effectiveness, environmental knowledge, and fashion leadership significantly influenced Gen Z consumers’ intentions to shop fast fashion. Additionally, Gen Z consumers’ environmental knowledge, need for uniqueness, and fashion leadership significantly affect their attitudes toward fast fashion. The research model demonstrated strong explanatory power, explaining 68.9% of the variance in Gen Z consumers’ purchase intention toward fast fashion.
... Adams and Conway (2014) recommended interpreting threshold values for Eta squared (η 2 ) as small (.01 to .059), medium (.06 to .139), and large effects (.14 and above) which were specified by Cohen and Cohen (1983) and advised to use in social sciences. ...
... An initial descriptive analysis will provide foundational insights into the data distribution and central tendencies. Multiple regression analysis examines the relationships between competitive work environment pressures, middle manager support, knowledge-sharing behavior, and innovative work behavior (Cohen et al., 2003). ...
This study examines the significant role of middle managers and the work environment that promotes knowledge sharing and innovative work behavior in the Thai private sector in Bangkok. Using quantitative research methodology, this study aims to understand how competitive work environments affect middle managers and how middle managers can influence workplace culture to promote knowledge sharing and innovation. The study involved 422 operational employees of enterprises with more than ten employees. The study uses multiple regression analysis to analyze the relationships between variables. The results suggest that while middle managers can play a critical role in facilitating knowledge sharing and innovation, an overly competitive environment can undermine these efforts, highlighting the need for balanced work dynamics. Supportive middle management practices can enhance knowledge sharing and innovation in organizations, but a highly competitive environment may impede these positive outcomes.
... As presented in column (4) of Table 8, coefficient for digital 2 × size (-0.124) is statistically significant, supporting Hypothesis 3. Specifically, we elaborate on the moderation from the perspective of the curve's shape and the location of its inflection point. A negative η 5 indicates that implementing the moderating variable increases the steepness of the entire inverted U-shaped curve (Cohen et al., 2013;Haans et al., 2016), confirming that business scale magnifies the environmental consequences of digital transformation. Without reaching a critical turning point, scale expansion exacerbates the environmental pollution caused by transformation and subsequently contributes to the decarbonisation of digitalisation after surpassing this point. ...
The pressing issue of utilising digital reform to achieve sustainable development arises under the “dual carbon goal of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality”. This study employs fixed-effect, mediation and moderation models to investigate the impact of digital transformation on carbon emissions and its internal mechanisms by analysing data from Chinese A-share listed companies between 2012 and 2021. The results demonstrate a robust inverted U-shaped relationship between digital transformation and corporate carbon emissions, with scale effects moderating, technological effects partially mediating and a discernible scale threshold. Moreover, the outcomes exhibit heterogeneity across companies, industries and regions. Specifically, enterprises in Midwestern and strictly environmentally regulated regions experience carbon reduction benefits at a lower level of digitalisation; notably Middle Reaches of Yangtze River Urban Agglomeration displays the earliest inflection point. Conversely, state-owned and non-technology-intensive companies show nonsignificant results. Consequently, this paper recommends that companies accelerate their transformation to surpass the threshold as early as possible and that the government should implement differentiated policies and environmental regulation strategies. Overall, this study not only enriches the theoretical understanding of the mechanisms between digital transformation and carbon emissions, but also provides empirical evidence to support related researches.
... The second bias is manifested by the heterogeneity of the estimated coefficients. Referring to the discussion by Aiken et al. [2003], three alternative approaches can be distinguished for testing the heterogeneity of the groups in an ordinary estimation form. The first approach is described as "disaggregated", as it completely disregards the hierarchical structure of the population under estimation. ...
In this paper, we aim to estimate the independent effect of trade openness on the long-term growth performance of nations. The empirical methodology is based on two separate steps. In the first step, we will introduce an alternative methodology to estimate a more precise instrument for trade openness, using an extended hierarchical-longitudinal method, thereby enhancing the framework developed by Frankel and Romer [1999]. In the second step, we will estimate the growth effect of trade openness within an automatic selection framework for the income equation of nations, while accounting for the effects of institutions and geography.
... A correlation analysis is conducted to determine the relation between the different variables selected for the study (Cohen et al., 2013). The tabular representation is given in Table 3 below. ...
This study examined the correlations between highly entangled variables such as leadership, work environment, effective communication, reward fairness, and physical facilities for faculty members. The data was gathered from faculty members of educational institutions in Pakistan using a survey questionnaire, and the sampling method was purposive sampling. For this study, data was obtained from a varied group of education professionals from several places in Pakistan, each with a distinct degree of education and experience. This study demonstrates how independent factors affect faculty performance and can have a further impact on organizational productivity. The findings indicated that good organizational behavior had a considerable favorable influence on faculty performance. The paper reviews significant literature on the proposed factors and makes recommendations for further research.
... Meanwhile, to address potential multicollinearity issues arising from some large correlations, we conducted a variance inflation factor (VIF) test. The results indicated that the highest observed VIF value was below 2, suggesting no significant multicollinearity concerns [50,54]. ...
Algorithmic technological progress presents both opportunities and challenges for organizational management. The success of online labor platforms hinges on algorithmic control, making it imperative to explore how this control affects gig workers’ prosocial service behaviors. Drawing from affective event theory, our study delves into the factors influencing gig workers’ prosocial service behaviors in the online labor platform setting. We utilize the challenge–hindrance appraisal framework to highlight the pivotal role of algorithmic control. To rigorously test our hypotheses, we gathered empirical data from an online questionnaire survey of 660 gig workers. Our results indicate that challenge appraisals and hindrance appraisals in regard to platform algorithm control have a nuanced dual impact on gig workers’ prosocial service behaviors. This relationship is clarified by the mediating function of work engagement. A challenge appraisal of platform algorithmic control can positively influence gig workers’ prosocial service behaviors. However, hindrance appraisal of platform algorithmic control can negatively influence gig workers’ prosocial service behaviors. Interestingly, workplace interpersonal capitalization boosts the effect of challenge appraisal on employees’ prosocial service behaviors. However, it does not mitigate the adverse effects of hindrance appraisal on such behaviors. This study has multiple theoretical implications, and it also provides valuable practical insights into organizational management.
... The correlation between the variables will later be expressed through the magnitude of the correlation coefficient and its significance with the help of the SPSS application. Simple correlation and multiple correlation research, apart from having the aim of finding out whether there is a correlation between variables, will also show how big the correlation is, including the significance of the correlation between these variables [28]. In this research, an analysis was conducted regarding the correlation between National Education Standards, especially on learning content and process standards, learning assessment standards, as well as facility and infrastructure standards and education quality assurance at Seyegan 1 State Vocational School. ...
Aim: This research aims to investigate the correlation between national education standards in Indonesia with education quality assurance in a vocational high school. The study examined the standards items including learning content and process, learning assessment, and facility and infrastructure. Methods and Materials: The study was conducted at Seyegan 1 State Vocational High School using a quantitative research method with a correlational type. The data are collected through a questionnaire with a five-point Likert scale and interviews. This research used Karl Pearson's simple correlation, Spearman's Rank, and multiple correlations for data analysis. Results: The results showed a significant correlation between Indonesia's education standards and education quality assurance. The correlation coefficient in the learning content and proses standard item was 0.697 for stakeholders, 0.657 for educators, and 0.705 for student data. The correlation coefficient in the assessment standard item was 0.791 for stakeholders, 0.341 for educators, and 0.680 for student data. Furthermore, the correlation coefficient for facilities and infrastructure standard item was 0.674 for stakeholders, 0.675 for educators, and 0.743 for student data. Conclusion: Additionally, when considering content and learning process standards, learning assessment standards, and facilities and infrastructure standards simultaneously, the contribution of these factors is 54.4% for teacher data and 70.4% for student data. This research confirms that education quality at Seyegan 1 Vocational High School is guaranteed.
... Within-group effect sizes were calculated and presented as Cohen's d and were based on estimated and observed changes in means from pre-treatment to the following five intervals: 1-5, 6-10, 11-15,16-20 weeks and post-treatment. The standard interpretation of Cohen's d was used [37]. ...
Background
Self-harm and suicidal ideation are prevalent among adolescents, cause physical and psychosocial disability, and have potentially life-threatening consequences. Dialectical behavioral therapy for Adolescents (DBT-A) is an evidence-based intervention for reducing self-harm. However, few studies have investigated the effectiveness of DBT-A when delivered in routine clinical practice.
Methods
A follow-up cohort study, based on data from a quality assessment register of DBT-A in child and adolescent mental health services including seven outpatient clinics. Inclusion criteria were ongoing or a history of self-harming behavior the last 6 months; current suicidal behavior; at least 3 criteria of DSM-IV Borderline personality disorder (BPD), or at least the self-destruction criterion of DSM-IV BPD, in addition to minimum 2 subthreshold criteria; and fluency in Norwegian. Participants received 20 weeks of DBT-A consisting of multifamily skills training groups and individual therapy sessions. Outcomes from 41 participants included frequency of self-harm, suicide attempts and hospitalizations caused by self-harm or suicide attempts, assessed pre-, during, and post-treatment by self-report and reviews of the patient’s medical records. Suicidal ideation, urge to self-harm and perceived feelings of happiness and sadness were assessed by the patients’ diary cards at week 1, 5, 10, 15 and 20 of the treatment program.
Results
Participants attended an average of 17.9 (SD = 4.7) individual sessions, 14.7 (SD = 3.4) group-based skills training sessions and 4.6 (SD = 4.1) brief intersession telephone consultations. Moderate to large within-group effect sizes (ES) were found in self-harm from pre-treatment to 1–5 weeks (d = 0.64), 6–10 weeks (d = 0.84), 11–15 weeks (d = 0.99), 16–20 weeks (d = 1.26) and post-treatment (d = 1.68). Nine participants were admitted to hospitalization during DBT-A, whereas five had attempted suicide, but no suicides were completed. No statistically significant changes were found in suicidal ideation, urge to self-harm or perceived feelings of happiness or sadness from pre to post treatment.
Conclusion
The findings of the current study are promising as the participants reported considerably reduced self-harm behavior after DBT-A treatment in a child and adolescent mental health outpatient setting.
... Multiple regression is generally applied to predict the value of a variable based on the value of two or more other variables [79]. Thus, multiple regression analysis was deemed suitable for testing the hypotheses in this study. ...
This study employed the stimulus–organism–response (S-O-R) model to investigate the factors that influence consumers’ internal evaluation and, consequently, their behavioral actions toward apparel with traceable information. The S-O-R model proposed comprised information quality, brand image, and promotional efforts as the stimuli, brand trust and perceived value as the organisms, and purchase intention, word-of-mouth, and brand loyalty as the behavioral responses. Additionally, consumer environmental knowledge was included as a moderator for the relationships between the stimuli and the organisms. A total of 400 eligible U.S. consumer responses were collected for analysis through a Qualtrics online survey. The proposed model’s psychometric properties were evaluated, and the hypotheses were tested using the multiple regression method. The model shows satisfactory explanatory power for consumers’ internal states and behavioral responses toward apparel with traceable information. To enhance traceable marketing strategies, brands should focus on improving their brand image and promotional efforts to motivate consumers to make more sustainable choices. Effective traceability has a substantial impact on consumer trust, loyalty, perceived value, WOM, and purchase intention. The proposed research model shows good explanatory power.
... We use the correlation coefficient (r) between variables as a metric for effect size. According to Cohen et al. (2002), the r value less than 0.10 indicates a small effect size, approximately 0.30 suggests a moderate effect size, and greater than 0.50 shows a large effect size. However, it is noted that even small effect sizes may still significantly impact children's development, especially in education and psychological research (e.g., Carey et al., 2023). ...
In Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) programs, the quality of teacher–child interactions is regarded to be important for children's vocabulary development. However, prior studies on the relationships between teacher and child, as measured by the Classroom Assessment Scoring System (CLASS), and children’s vocabulary skills are inconsistent. In this study, we conducted a three-level meta-analysis to investigate the correlation between three CLASS domains and preschool children’s vocabulary skills and then explored the moderating effects of vocabulary components, family SES, publication year, and sample mean age. Relevant literature was searched using four databases (Web of Science, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, ERIC) and Google Scholar, leading to the identification of 23 articles published between 2010 and 2022 meeting the inclusion criteria. The findings indicated that the overall effect of the associations between Emotional Support, Classroom Organization, Instructional Support, and vocabulary skills was small to moderate in magnitude. Sensitivity and meta-bias analyses generally supported the robustness of the pooled effect of the association between three CLASS domains and children’s vocabulary skills. Also, the association between Emotional Support and vocabulary skills was moderated by SES, and the components of vocabulary skills, while Classroom Organization and Instructional Support were only moderated by the components of vocabulary skills. Implications for future research on assessing the quality of early childhood education are discussed.
... For each country, cultural dissonance was calculated as the difference between the value and the practice score on the respective GLOBE dimension. In creating our measure, we used the absolute rather than the squared value of the difference to avoid distortion of regression results, as squaring scores can inappropriately emphasize outliers (Cohen et al., 2013). Gap scores are commonly used in business research (Homburg et al., 2009). ...
Scholars tend to evaluate the effects of cultural factors on social entrepreneurial activity based on either cultural values or cultural practices. However, societal inconsistencies between values and practices have the potential to create uncertainty in expected entrepreneurial behaviors. In this paper, we operationalize cultural dissonance as the gap between cultural values and cultural practices and draw on role congruity theory to theorize and test how cultural dissonance influences engagement in social entrepreneurship. Using data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness, and the World Bank datasets (N = 23,828), we show that cultural dissonance can either impede or encourage social entrepreneurial activity and that female entrepreneurs are less sensitive to these effects than male entrepreneurs.
... However, the direct analogy between a continuous and a binary CVR is not viable for two major reasons. First, while both R 2 and η 2 are widely accepted measures of effect size in the linear regression realm, there is no crisp answer to a flawless functioning effect size measure in the logistic regression literature (e.g., Allen & Le, 2008;Cohen et al., 2003;Menard, 2011;Uanhoro et al., 2021). Second, the commonly used predictor level (e.g., odds ratio or standardized coefficients) and overall model level (e.g., pseudo R 2 s) effect size measures are not necessarily on the same metric, which invalidates the original ratio-style calculation used for CVRC. ...
Neither the theoretical conceptualization of validity, validation methodologies, nor the relative importance of different aspects of validity in measure development, is static over time. With the evolution of social values, validity evidence based on testing consequences has received greater attention in measurement research and practice. However, the methodological basis for generating this type of validity evidence is relatively underdeveloped compared to other psychometric properties (e.g., dimensionality, content validity, and reliability). The Consequential Validity Ratio (CVR) is a recently developed method for quantifying and representing how well test scores avoid the improper influence of participant demographics in the prediction of a validation criterion. The original CVR can only be applied when the criterion measures are continuous; however, binary criteria are also common in scale validation practice. This study theoretically proposes six candidate formulas for the CVR that can be used with binary criteria in a logistic regression framework (i.e., CVRB). A simulation analysis with a two-factor design was conducted to help determine the final formulation of the CVRB. The final formulation is conceptually aligned with the original CVR, straightforward to calculate, intuitive to interpret, and has adequate efficacy in generating evidence for the consequential basis of validity.
This research investigates the potentials and constraints of metaverse technology within Malaysian manufacturing companies underpinned by the technology-organization-environment (TOE) theory. Firm size, firm age, annual revenue, and ownership structure were control variables. 240 questionnaire responses from Malaysian firms collected through convenience sampling techniques and analyzed by Smart-PLS software. The findings reveal technological limitations, poor diffusion through the network, lack of collaboration, and low perception of value by customers are significant constraints for the failure of metaverse technology implementation. The control variables did not evidence any impact on implementation. This study provides insights to metaverse technology developers and manufacturing practitioners besides theoretical contributions.
The protobranch Aequiyoldia eightsii is one of the most common bivalves in Antarctica and for the first time, its population structure was studied in Admiralty Bay, an Antarctic Specially Managed Area (ASMA), to establish a baseline for future monitoring. Density, size structure, length–weight relationship, condition index, and shell morphometry were evaluated at the shallow coastal zone of the bay. High abundance values of A. eightsii were related to sites with greater contributions of mud particles and total organic carbon contents in the sediment, while the condition indexes were higher in Martel Inlet, possibly due to higher food availability. Individuals obtained from gravel-rich sediments were significantly larger than compressed, while rounded forms were observed in sandy and muddy bottoms of the bay. Positive allometric growth was reported in most sites, except Botany Point, where specimens presented an isometric growth. The results demonstrated that the sediment composition and its organic content influence the population structure of A. eightsii as well as biological factors such as predation and recruitment rates. It is also worth noting that the phenotypic shell variability observed for this protobranch species in geographically close sites (hundreds of meters) highlights the importance of local-scale heterogeneity to be considered in future monitoring programmes for Antarctic marine ecosystems.
The Science Practical’s Readiness Assessment (SPRA) aims to evaluate the readiness of secondary-level students to perform science practicals effectively. This study addresses the crucial need for students to be well-prepared for practical science activities, which are vital for their overall scientific understanding and competence. The research involved developing a comprehensive instrument with 50 items across four key factors: access to resources and facilities, teacher support and guidance, interest and motivation, and self-efficacy and confidence. After expert evaluation by 14 specialists, 19 items were discarded due to low content validity ratios (below 0.45). The remaining items were administered via a Google form in a WhatsApp group of school students. Exploratory factor analysis using varimax rotation confirmed the validity of the scale. The instrument's reliability was verified with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.921. The study's findings highlight critical areas for improvement in science education and offer a validated tool for assessing student readiness.
This study delved into the relationship between Teacher Humor Style and the Attention Span of Grade 7 Students. Utilizing a descriptive-correlation research design, the researcher conducted a comprehensive exploration, employing surveys to gather perceptions from students and statistical analyses to unravel the interplay between humor and attention. The findings reveal a moderately extensive use of humor across various indicators, fostering an engaging and enjoyable learning environment. The students demonstrated an extensive duration of focus and active participation, complemented by swift attention recapture abilities. Contextually relevant humor, including puns and subject-related jokes, emerged as a key component of this positive classroom atmosphere. The study also employed a Multiple Linear Regression Model, showcasing the significant influence of various humor indicators on attention span. Recommendations extend to the Department of Education, encouraging the integration of humor-focused professional development for educators. School heads are urged to foster a positive school culture supportive of diverse humor strategies. Teachers are recommended to adopt a reflective approach, continually adjusting their humor strategies based on student responses. For students, an awareness of the positive impact of humor on learning experiences is highlighted. Future researchers are encouraged to delve deeper into cultural nuances and conduct longitudinal studies to observe sustained impacts.
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) form the backbone of economies worldwide, comprising over 90% of businesses and playing a pivotal role in employment and value addition, particularly in nonagricultural sectors. In Kenya, this sector has been instrumental in sustaining livelihoods for millions, spanning both formal and informal economies. Despite their significance, SMEs often grapple with limited access to credit, a challenge exacerbated by perceived riskiness from the banking sector, attributed to the inherent opacity of smaller enterprises compared to their larger counterparts. Interestingly, they emerge as crucial lifelines, especially for women-owned businesses, offering alternative avenues for capital accumulation. However, despite the acknowledged importance of SMEs, research on their growth hurdles yields conflicting results, underscoring the need for a nuanced understanding. Therefore, this study sought to establish the effect of The Role of Rotating Savings and Credit Associations (ROSCA’s) to the growth of women owned Micro small and medium enterprises (MSME’s) in Bomet County, Kenya. The study adopted descriptive survey design. The target population was 270 registered and active women owned Micro Small and Medium Enterprises and a sample size of 135 was used. The study used both semi-structured questionnaire and data collection sheet to collect data. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The findings from data analysis indicated that lending policies have no statistical significance effect on the growth of women owned businesses (p-value= 0.020 > 0.05). The findings from the testing of literacy level of members on growth women owned businesses indicated there there exists a positive effect (β = .895, p <.05). Guided by the findings a number of recommendations were made. Rotating Savings and Credit Associations (ROSCA’s) should devise strategies on how they can save some funds for investments in income generating projects, this way members can increase their income pool. Lastly, ROSCA’s should engage in training its members on financial management as it was noted to be a significant factor in influencing the growth of women owned Micro small and medium enterprises.
Abstract
Background: Literature suggests that mental health literacy (MHL) promotes good mental health. However, existing measures of MHL do not capture mental well-being and its protective or promoting factors in its definition of good mental health, and almost exclusively focus on mental illness literacy. In this paper, we present the development and validation of the Positive Mental Health Literacy
Questionnaire - PosMHLit.
Method: Scale development was built upon an extensive literature review. Generated items were validated by a panel of experts (focus-group and single analysis). Psychometric analyses were conducted in a community sample of adults (N=418). Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Parallel Analysis (PA) were performed to examine the factor structure of the scale. Correlations between
relevant variables (MHL, well-being and psychopathology) were conducted and Pearsons´ quoficients were examined to test construct validity.
Results: Two factors emerged from the EFA: Factor 1 - “Characteristics and promoters of positive mental health” (17 items), and Factor 2- “Vulnerability factors of positive mental health” (3 items). Both factors show good internal consistency (1 = .92; 2 = .70, respectively) and construct validity. The use of a total
score of the scale should not include the 3 items from Factor 2.
Conclusion: The PosMHLit is a valid and reliable measure to evaluate literacy about positive mental health and well-being in the adult population, but future studies should further replicate these findings. Clinical implications include the provision of a valid measure of positive mental health, which will contribute to the efficacy testing of MHL interventions.
Although scholars have begun to focus on the complexity of workplace friendship as a collection of exchange relationships and communal relationships that contain conflicting exchange norms and communal norms (Pillemer & Rothbard, 2018), unfortunately, our elaborated understanding of whether the differentiated effects of workplace friendship on organizational citizenship behavior or not due to such complexity and, especially, boundary conditions for their differentiated influence are limited. Our purpose is to develop a motivational framework that reveals when and how differentiated helping is driven by workplace friendship via different relationship norms considering perceived relationship motivations. To do so, we argue that workplace friendship can lead to proactive helping and reactive helping through adherence to communal norms and exchange norms, respectively, and such a differentiated effect of workplace friendship hinges on employees’ perceived partners’ relationship motivation. Using multi-wave survey (Study 1) and experiment (Study 2) methods, we found that when employees perceive others are driven by autonomous relationship motivation, workplace friendship is positively related to communal norms, enhancing proactive helping, whereas when employees perceive others are driven by controlled relationship motivation attribution, workplace friendship is positively related to exchange norms, enhancing reactive helping. Our study contributes to the literature on workplace friendship and relationship motivation.
The collocation frequency of words in the language environment contributes to early vocabulary development. Vocabulary size, in turn, predicts children's reading comprehension skills later in development. Both collocation frequency and reading comprehension have been connected to inferential reasoning at different time points in development. Here, it was hypothesized that 8‐year‐old children's ( N = 147; 76 female) sensitivity to collocation frequency would be related to vocabulary size and reading comprehension skills of varying complexity. Participants completed an auditory thematic judgment task to assess their sensitivity to collocation frequency (response accuracy or speed). In the task, children were presented with a short sentence containing a reference word (e.g., “John sees the cloud.”) and asked to judge which of two subsequent words best fit the sentence (e.g., “rain” or “lip”). Semantic relatedness between reference words and test words was operationalized in three levels (strong, weak, and distant) based on a corpus‐based analysis of collocation frequency. Multilevel and mediation analyses confirmed that thematic judgment responses were related to corpus‐based measures of collocation frequency and were associated with vocabulary size and reading comprehension skills at the sentence and text level. Furthermore, thematic judgment predicted vocabulary size and reading comprehension when the relation of decoding and reading comprehension was taken into account. The study highlights sensitivity to collocation frequency as a link between early language comprehension development (i.e., lexical retrieval and inferential reasoning) and reading comprehension in middle childhood. It also integrates theoretical approaches from computational network or distributional semantics studies and behavioral experimental studies.
Objective
This research explores the association between work–family conflict and parental burnout, testing the moderating effect of spousal support for men and women.
Method
We used the Work–Family Conflict Scale, the Intimacy Support Questionnaire, and the Parental Burnout Scale to survey 634 parents (Mage = 36.44 ± 4.28 years, 48.1% mothers) of preschool children.
Result
The results indicated that work–family conflict positively predicted parental burnout. For fathers, this relationship was significantly moderated by spousal support. As spousal support increased, the impact of work–family conflict on fathers’ parental burnout decreased, whereas for mothers the moderation was nonsignificant, revealing a significant gender difference in the moderating effect. This study elucidates the collaborative influence of spousal support and work–family conflict on parenting burnout across various gender conditions, contributing empirical support for mitigating and remedying parenting burnout. The findings suggest that focusing on establishing and sustaining spousal support resources for fathers could alleviate the adverse impact of work–family conflict on fathers’ parental burnout.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.