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Lipid composition and utilization in developing eggs of two tropical marine caridean shrimps (Decapoda: Caridea: Alpheidae, Palaemonidae)
Abstract
Changes in biomass and lipid biochemistry during egg development were studied in the tropical shrimps, Alpheussaxidomus and Palaemonetesschmitti, from Pacific Costa Rica. Freshly-laid eggs of P. schmitti were substantially smaller than those of A. saxidomus; dry mass decreased during embryogenesis in the former species but remained almost constant in the latter one. Water content of eggs close to hatching were similar among both species (roughly 75%). Newly-produced eggs of the two species contained ≈20% fatty acids per egg dry mass; a comparison with data concerning decapods inhabiting tropical and temperate waters revealed that eggs produced by shrimps inhabiting tropical waters tend to have a higher lipid egg content per dry mass than those from temperate regions. Major lipid classes in the eggs of both species were phospholipids and triacylglycerols which increased and decreased during the incubation period, respectively. The predominant fatty acids of P. schmitti eggs were 16:0, 20:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3) whereas eggs of A. saxidomus showed high amounts of 16:0, 20:5(n-3) and 16:1(n-7), and remarkably low values of 22:6(n-3) fatty acid. Lipid utilization was more pronounced in P. schmitti; in A. saxidomus, eggs close to hatching still contained 70% of the initially deposited fatty acid content which may indicate an enhanced independence of the newly-hatched larvae on external energy resources. The observed differences may partially be related to different habitat preferences, however, the role of adaptation and phylogeny as determinants of egg lipid biochemistry in caridean shrimps remains to be clarified.
... The egg diameter of S. hispidus is similar to that of Lysmata boggessi (580 μm), L. amboinensis (600 μm), Macrobrachium olfersi (600 μm), Palaemonets pugio (691 μm), and Alpheus angulosus (750 μm) (Romero-Carvajal et al., 2018). S. hispidus eggs are significantly larger (in volume) than those of the freshwater cray fish Cherax quadricorinatus (0.247 mm 3 ) (Wehrtmann and Graeve, 1998), Palaemonetes schmitti (0.056 mm 3 ) (Wehrtmann and Graeve, 1998), Ancylocaris brevicarpalis (0.040 mm 3 ) (Prakash et al., 2021), Ancylomenes pedersoni (0.05-0.11 mm 3 ) (Spotte, 1997), Periclimenes pandionis (0.05 mm 3 ) (Corey and Reid, 1991), Cuapetes americanus (0.013 mm 3 ) (Corey and Reid, 1991), Urocaris longicaudata (0.049 mm 3 ) (Corey and Reid, 1991), Macrobrachium lar (0.072-0.133 mm 3 ) (Lal et al., 2012), and M. mammillodactylus (0.044-0.099 mm 3 ) (Cuvin-Aralar, 2014), but smaller than lobster Nephrops norvegicus (1.406 mm 3 ) (Rosa et al., 2003). ...
... The egg diameter of S. hispidus is similar to that of Lysmata boggessi (580 μm), L. amboinensis (600 μm), Macrobrachium olfersi (600 μm), Palaemonets pugio (691 μm), and Alpheus angulosus (750 μm) (Romero-Carvajal et al., 2018). S. hispidus eggs are significantly larger (in volume) than those of the freshwater cray fish Cherax quadricorinatus (0.247 mm 3 ) (Wehrtmann and Graeve, 1998), Palaemonetes schmitti (0.056 mm 3 ) (Wehrtmann and Graeve, 1998), Ancylocaris brevicarpalis (0.040 mm 3 ) (Prakash et al., 2021), Ancylomenes pedersoni (0.05-0.11 mm 3 ) (Spotte, 1997), Periclimenes pandionis (0.05 mm 3 ) (Corey and Reid, 1991), Cuapetes americanus (0.013 mm 3 ) (Corey and Reid, 1991), Urocaris longicaudata (0.049 mm 3 ) (Corey and Reid, 1991), Macrobrachium lar (0.072-0.133 mm 3 ) (Lal et al., 2012), and M. mammillodactylus (0.044-0.099 mm 3 ) (Cuvin-Aralar, 2014), but smaller than lobster Nephrops norvegicus (1.406 mm 3 ) (Rosa et al., 2003). ...
... Indeed, a survival advantage imparted to larvae emerging from larger eggs has been demonstrated in numerous marine animals, including salmon (Einum & Fleming, 2000), gastropod mollusks (Ito, 1997), sea stars (George, 1996), sea urchins (Sinervo & McEdward, 1988), shrimp (Palacios et al., 2001), and crabs (Gimenez, 2002). Lipids are the primary source of energy for decapod crustacean eggs during embryogenesis (Pandian, 1970;Clarke et al., 1990;Wehrtmann & Graeve, 1998). Intra-specific differences in initial energetic contribution per egg and environmental conditions during embryogenesis result in variable embryo biomass at the time of hatch with greater mass reflecting greater yolk reserves (Sasaki et al., 1986;Sibert et al., 2004). ...
Greater embryo mass confers an advantage in the face of sub-lethal starvation for larvae of the American lobster, Homarus americanusH. Milne Edwards, 1837. We reared larvae in the laboratory and recorded body size, molt increment, stage duration, and mortality during the three larval instars and postlarval stages. Larvae were either fed continuously or subjected to starvation periods immediately after hatching. Larval mass increased with embryo mass suggesting that energetic advantages of heavier embryos are conferred to the larvae. Stage I larvae hatched from clutches with heavier embryos and had lower mortality after five days without food. Stage I duration decreased with increasing embryo mass in treatments with initial periods without food of three, four, and five days. We also observed greater size increase at first molt and larger postlarval size in some treatments. Our results suggest that larger embryos produce larvae that are more resistant to starvation, which may provide a survival advantage when experiencing variable food supply due to the patchy distribution of their planktonic prey.
... We observed a significant increase in egg volume, which may explain the probable losses in A. dimorphus, considering the limited space for incubation in the females of this species. This increase in egg volume -previously reported in other carideans (Corey and Reid, 1991;Mossolin et al., 2006;Pavanelli et al., 2008Pavanelli et al., , 2010Pescinelli et al., 2021) -may result from water uptake due to membrane permeability (Wehrtmann and Graeve, 1998;Lardies and Wehrtmann, 2001), which facilitates the rupture of the egg membrane during the larval hatching process (Wear, 1974;Wehrtmann, 1996, 1997). However, the increase in volume verified for this population of A. dimorphus (30%) may be considered low among the alpheid shrimp, as the final increase can be up to 200% Wehrtmann, 1997, 2001). ...
The shrimp Athanas dimorphus was recently recorded in the Western Atlantic, with successive records of introduction along the Brazilian coast. The present study aimed to investigate aspects related to propagule pressure of this shrimp, such as egg production, fecundity, egg volume, and the correlation between fecundity and female size. Additionally, we aimed to determine whether the species is established in the locality, in addition to inferring its ability as a propagule donor to adjacent regions. The following hypotheses were formulated: 1) the species has a reproductively active population in the studied area; 2) the studied population shows continuous reproduction throughout the year. Ovigerous females were collected monthly in the intertidal region of Praia do Paraíso, State of Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil, between April 2017 and March 2018. A total of 524 ovigerous females were sampled. Of these, 362 females carried normal eggs - 324 with eggs in stage I of embryonic development, 5 in stage II, 33 in stage III - 161 had abnormal eggs, and 1 carried eggs in the hatching stage. Only females carrying normal eggs were used in the analyses. The females’ carapace length and egg number and volume were measured and correlated. Mean fecundity in stage I was 63.2 ± 39.1, with egg number decreasing significantly between stages I and III. The mean egg volume increased significantly between stages I and III, presenting a total increase of 35%. The fecundity and size of females were positively correlated. Our results meet the two formulated hypotheses, indicating that A. dimorphus has a reproductively active population in the study area, with continuous reproduction throughout the year. As predicted by the propagule pressure theory, species with such characteristics are considered to be effective invaders, increasing their chances of reaching and establishing in new areas.
... Significant increase in egg size and volume with development was nevertheless noted. This increase in egg size or volume during the incubation period is a general phenomenon in decapods (Clarke et al., 1990;Pandian, 1994;Biesiot & Perry, 1995;Lardies & Wehrtmann, 1996;Wehrtmann & Graeve, 1998;Wehrtmann & Kattner, 1998) that occurs due to the gradual water uptake during embryogenesis (Pandian, 1970;Clarke, 1993b;Biesot & Perry, 1995;Lardies & Wehrtmann, 1996;Wehrtmann & Kattner, 1998). The swelling of an egg is controlled by its thickness and permeability (Lardies & Wehrtmann, 1996), which permits embryo development (Hernáez & Palma, 2003). ...
Macrobrachium villosimanus (Tiwari, 1949) is a commercial prawn found in southern Asia. There is, however, no available information on the population parameters of this species, which is an obstacle in the formulation of its sustainable management and conservation protocols. We studied for the first time its reproductive biology including, size at sexual maturity, reproductive period, egg size and volume, and brood size. Monthly samples were collected from the Andharmanik River, southern Bangladesh during December 2018 to November 2020 and only female individuals were used. All females were categorized as ovigerous and non-ovigerous based on the presence of eggs attached to the pleopods, and the developing eggs were classified into four stages. Ovarian development was also observed and classified. The size at which 50% of females were ovigerous was estimated as 13.3 mm carapace length. Occurrence of ovigerous females throughout the year indicated a prolonged spawning season with two peaks in March (minor peak) and June-December (major peak). Ovarian maturation was observed during embryogenesis, implying that females were potentially capable of multiple spawning during a reproductive period. Egg size was independent of female size but increased with development. Brood size was closely related to female size with isometric function. The findings will help to formulate sustainable management and conservation protocols of this important fishery.
... A sufficient quantity of energy is essential to enable normal embryogenesis. The egg yolk, which comprises protein and lipid, is the primary source of energy and a crucial component for embryonic development (Prakash et al., 2021;Wehrtmann and Graeve, 1998). Previous study found that lipid was the predominant energy source throughout embryonic development, followed by protein (Clarke et al., 1990). ...
The giant freshwater prawn, Macrobarchium rosenbergii (De Man, 1879), is the largest palaemonid prawn, with a maximum body length of 32 cm. M. rosenbergii originated in the Indo-Pacific and distributed to Southeast Asian countries, including Malaysia, Thailand, India, and Bangladesh. M. rosenbergii has become an international food source due to its high protein content, tasty flavor, and larger size. As market demand has increased, the improvement in M. rosenbergii production has become a major concern, with global production reaching 234,400 metrics tonnes in 2018. In this article, we review elements that may influence the progression of embryonic development; the stocking density, feeding frequency, salinity and photoperiod in larval rearing; and the incorporation of probiotics in the diet that may promote M. rosenbergii growth and survival. In addition, we cover gonadal development and the functional genes associated with it that influence the reproductive process. Understanding these topics will perhaps provide new insights or clues into the early life culture and gonadal development of M. rosenbergii, thereby, enhancing its growth and viability.
... The latter are also important as energy sources and in physiological processes (Brett et al., 2009). Eggs of invertebrates are mainly composed of proteins, though lipids are the most important energy resource, providing around 60% of the energy necessary for the developing crustacean embryo (Wehrtmann and Graeve, 1998). For example, high levels of saturated fatty acids (such as palmitic acid, C16:0) reduce membrane permeability and rigidity, helping to decrease the loss of water of the embryo during emersion at low tide (Kinsey et al., 2003;Los and Murata, 2004). ...
Petrolisthes crabs inhabit a wide range of coastal environments, from the upper intertidal to the subtidal, experiencing regular changes in pH, salinity, and temperature. Hence, such subtidal and intertidal invertebrates are likely to show physiological and biochemical adaptive responses in order to successfully develop during early ontogenetic stages and thus reach reproduction. We herein evaluated the biochemical responses to contrasting environmental conditions of the early ontogenetic stages of two coastal crabs from the Southeast Pacific coast: Petrolisthes laevigatus and Allopetrolisthes punctatus. For this purpose, stage I embryos of both species were subjected to two treatments: (1) emersion (i.e., a daily 3 h aerial exposure until the zoeas hatched) and (2) immersion (i.e., uninterrupted underwater submersion until the zoeas hatched); the total contents of glucose, proteins, lipids, and fatty acids of the organisms were measured in stage I embryos and recently hatched zoeas in order to assess the biochemical constitution of the two species. Both species showed changes in their energetic reserves when treatments within species were compared. Our results found that A. punctatus was negatively affected by stressful periods of emersion, while P. laevigatus showed the opposite tendency and was affected by periods of immersion. The sensitivity of the response and the contrasting outcomes for these two crabs underpin the fact that changes in environmental conditions along the Chilean coast due to climate change (e.g., increased anoxic coastal waters) may have significantly negative consequences on the populations of these ecologically important species and the associated taxa within their ecosystems.
This paper reports on the real-time imaging and developmental biochemistry of the freshwater caridean shrimp, Caridina pseudogracilirostris. The complete time-lapse development of a single embryo was recorded in an artificial mold, developed in our lab, and imaged under a stereomicroscope. It took 8 days to complete the 5 stages of embryonic development (1 cleavage stage, 2 gastrulation stage, 3 nauplius stage, 4 prehatching embryo, and 5 zoea stages). As the decapod eggs are enriched with dense yolk, biochemical determination of the major components was made to evaluate the yolk utilization during embryogenesis. The concentration of protein, lipid, and carbohydrate declined drastically from Stage I (cleavage) to Stage IV (Zoea), reflecting sustained yolk utilization during embryogenesis. The increase in the size of the embryo correlates with changes in water content. Lipids, being the principal organic substrate, changes in the fatty acid (FA) composition of embryos during development were determined by GC. The FA composition was observed within the range of 25%–60.87% for saturated, 22.57%–56.45% for monounsaturated, and 5.64%–18.51% for total polyunsaturated FAs. The essential polyunsaturated fatty acid were higher in Stages I, IV, and V, suggesting a major role in embryogenesis. The cellular proliferation and organogenesis as visualized in the real-time imaging correlate well with the biochemical variations observed in C. pseudogracilirostris.
HIGHLIGHTS
• Time-lapse imaging of Caridina pseudogracilirostris embryos during five developmental stages; a new method of in situ embryo culture.
• Changes in the fatty acid composition during embryonic development were evaluated.
• Real-time imaging of embryogenesis related to biochemical variation during five stages of development.
Alpheus packardii is widely distributed along the Atlantic coast of the Americas, from Cape Charles Virginia to São Paulo, Brazil and part of the West Indies. The goal of this study is to provide preliminary data on sex ratio, size at sexual maturity, fecundity, volume of the embryos, and brood loss on the basis of material collected in July 1997 at Mahahual, Quintana Roo, Mexico. The 483 specimens had a sex ratio of 0.88 males per female, which did not differ statistically from the expected value of 1:1. The estimated size (carapace length) at sexual maturity for females was 5.57 ± 0.69 mm. Fecundity varied between 31 and 302 embryos and increased with female size. The newly extruded embryos of A. packardii were small (0.069 ± 0.015 mm³) and similar in size to those reported for other species of the genus. Embryo volume increased by 59.42% during the incubation period, and the estimated brood loss was 38.6%. This study of specimens from the Atlantic coast of Mexico is the first to document the reproductive features of any population of A. packardii.
Cobia Rachycentron canadum is an economically important fish and is cultured throughout southern China and other part of the world. However, the knowledge of metabolism and nutritional requirements of cobia embryos remains limited. This study investigated changes of the biochemical composition, as well as the activities of related digestive and antioxidant enzymes during the development of both eggs and yolk‐sac larvae of the cobia (Rachycentron canadum). The results showed that egg mass at the fertilized stage increased gradually to the blastula stage and showed a significant increase at the segmentation stage and a significant decrease at the larval period. The main components of embryos and larvae were carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Protein and lipid contents decreased at the blastula stage, increased significantly at the segmentation stage and then decreased thereafter. Carbohydrate contents decreased significantly during the development. Enzymatic activities showed a progressive increase from the embryo to the yolk‐sac larval stage. The activities of pepsin and trypsin increased significantly during the development. Amylase activity remained low before the blastula stage and increased rapidly thereafter. Lipase showed an ‘increase–stable–increase’ tendency. Changes of digestive enzyme activities indicated the dynamics of the biochemical composition. Activities of glutathione peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase significantly increased during embryonic and yolk‐sac stages, and malondialdehyde contents followed the same trend. The results of the current research provide vital information to enhance yolk exploitation with a specific focus on organogenesis. Moreover, considerable knowledge on the embryonic development of the cobia is presented.
In order to facilitate studies concerning meroplankton, and especially about decapod larvae from shallow waters of Chile, the present contribution provides a general description of both the first zoea of four species of Hippolytidae (Hippolyte williamsi, Latreutes antiborealis, Eualus dozei y Nauticaris magellanica), one of Rhychocinetidae (Rhychocinetidae typus), and the zoea II of three species of the family Alpheidae (Synalpheus spinifrons, Betaeus truncatus y B. emarginatus). Additionally, we present a key to determine the developmental stage and to identify the early zoeal stages of the eight species studied. The species identification of early zoeae of Hippolytidae and Rhynchocinetidae may be achieved rather uncomplicated, however, due to the lack of larval descriptions of three species in two genera of Alpheidae, the situation within this group is more complex. Based upon the results obtained, we conclude that the morphology of the antenna, the presence/absence of carapace spines, and the shape of the telson may serve as diagnostic features for the identification of the early larval stages of caridean species from Chile; eventually, these features may be considered to establish phylogenetic relations based upon larval characters.
The biochemical composition of the embryos of Callinectes sapidus, spawned early in the reproductive season in North Carolina waters (water temperature 12-16°C), is compared with embryos spawned later in the reproductive season (water temperatures greater than 24°C). Embryos spawned early in the season (cultured at 16°C) have initially greater lipid levels, an equivalent amount of protein, and a lower carbohydrate and caloric content than embryos spawned later in the season (cultured at 26°C). During development of the 26°C embryos, lipids are utilized at a significant rate, but in the 16°C embryos protein is utilized to a greater extent. Overall, 45% of the lipid and 35% of the protein is utilized during the development at 26°C versus 55% lipid and 34% protein in the 16°C embryos. In the final stage before hatching the embryos at both temperatures have equivalent lipid, protein, and caloric contents. These results are compared with the results of previous studies on crustacean chemical embryology and possible explanations are given for the variations in substrate utilization with respect to seasonal temperature.
Bioerosion produces terraces and cliffs and models preexistent morphologies without destroying them completely. In addition, bioerosion acts in clearly defined ecological horizons. -from Author
Four ecologic zones can be distinguished between the Lower Supratidal and the Upper Subtidal. In the upper three zones basalt is destroyed by bioabrasion. Strong boring activities of the community of Diadema mexicana and Alpheus saxidomus are observed in the middle part of the fourth zone. Production of clastic sediments by boring organisms is much higher than by abrading molluscs. An erosional platform just below the M.L.W.L. results from the activity of the borers. Young tectonic movements have elevated this platform 1 to 2m above the original level. -from Author
Changes in the biochemical composition, caloric content and energy utilisation during the embryonic stages of Macrobrackium idella were studied. The results show that protein contributes to about 67.4% of the total energy available for development. The gross efficiency of the prawn works out to be 44.0%.