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Generalized cutaneous candidiasis in newborn at term

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Introduction. Cutaneous candidiasis is a disease that affects children as well as adults. The presentation may be localized or systemic, and with multiple etiological agents. The most prevalent infecting species in children differs from that of the adult. Objective. A case is presented where a congenital cutaneous candidiasis was transmitted to the child during birth. Materials and methods. A full term newborn was exposed to a subclinical vaginal candidiasis infection, and 24 hr after birth, developed congenital cutaneous candidiasis. The etiological agent was Candida albicans, and was associated with sepsis and respiratory distress. Blood cultures, cutaneous biopsy of vesicular lesions, blood tests and lumbar puncture were performed. Results. Biochemistry and blood count showed a CRP of 5.7 mg/dl, leukocytosis with left shift and mild anemia. After 24 hr, the blood analyses showed an increase in a CRP (7.8 mg/dl) and increased progressively for three days; consequently, a lumbar puncture was performed. Blood culture was positive for Staphylococcus aureus. Cutaneous biopsy confirmed the cutaneous candidiasis. Conclusions. The early diagnosis is essential to prevent complications derived by the Candida albicans in newborns.
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Biomédica 2012;32:170-3
170
Husein-El Ahmed H, Cañadas-De la Fuente GA, Fernández-Castillo R, et al.
PRESENTACIÓN DE CASO
Candidiasis cutánea generalizada en recién nacido a término
Husein Husein-El Ahmed1, Guillermo Arturo Cañadas-De la Fuente2, Rafael Fernández-Castillo3,
Emilio González-Jiménez2, Jesús Cantero-Hinojosa1, Marita Lardón-Fernández1
1 Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Granada, España
2 Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Granada, Granada, España
3 Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, España
Introducción. La candidiasis cutánea es una enfermedad que afecta tanto a población infantil como
adulta. Las forma de presentación puede ser localizada o sistémica y el agente etiológico múltiple,
siendo las especies infecciosas de Candida albicans más prevalentes en niños.
Objetivo. Presentar un caso de candidiasis cutánea congénita cuya causa aparente fue la transmisión
vertical durante el parto.
Material y metodología. Se describe el caso de un recién nacido a término expuesto a una candidiasis
vaginal subclínica, que desarrolló una candidiasis cutánea congénita por C. albicans asociada a sepsis
y dificultad respiratoria en las primeras 24 horas de vida. Se practicaron hemocultivos, biopsia cutánea
de las lesiones pápulo-pústulo-vesiculosas, análisis de sangre y punción lumbar.
Resultados. En la bioquímica y el hemograma se encontró una proteína C reactiva de 5,7 mg/dl,
leucocitosis con desviación a la izquierda y anemia leve. A las 24 horas, en el control se encontró
una proteína C reactiva (7,82 mg/dl) que fue en aumento progresivo durante tres días, por lo que se
practicó punción lumbar. El hemocultivo fue positivo para Staphylococcus aureus. La biopsia cutánea
dio como resultado histológico la candidiasis cutánea.
Conclusiones. El diagnóstico precoz es fundamental para prevenir complicaciones derivadas del
cuadro producido por C. albicans en neonatos.
Palabras clave: recién nacido, Candida albicans, candidiasis, candidemia, infecciones cutáneas
estafilocócicas, neonatología.
Generalized cutaneous candidiasis in newborn at term
Introduction. Cutaneous candidiasis is a disease that affects children as well as adults. The presentation
may be localized or systemic, and with multiple etiological agents. The most prevalent infecting species
in children differs from that of the adult.
Objective. A case is presented where a congenital cutaneous candidiasis was transmitted to the child
during birth.
Materials and methods. A full term newborn was exposed to a subclinical vaginal candidiasis infection,
and 24 hr after birth, developed congenital cutaneous candidiasis. The etiological agent was Candida
albicans, and was associated with sepsis and respiratory distress. Blood cultures, cutaneous biopsy of
vesicular lesions, blood tests and lumbar puncture were performed.
Results. Biochemistry and blood count showed a CRP of 5.7 mg/dl, leukocytosis with left shift and
mild anemia. After 24 hr, the blood analyses showed an increase in a CRP (7.8 mg/dl) and increased
progressively for three days; consequently, a lumbar puncture was performed. Blood culture was
positive for Staphylococcus aureus. Cutaneous biopsy confirmed the cutaneous candidiasis.
Conclusions. The early diagnosis is essential to prevent complications derived by the Candida albicans
in newborns.
Key words: Infant, newborn; Candida albicans, candidiasis, candidemia neonatology, staphylococcal
skin infections.
Contribución de los autores:
Husein-El Ahmed y Lardón-Fernández fueron los responsables directos del caso y se encargaron de recopilar los datos, el
planteamiento y el estudio de la historia clínica.
Cantero-Hinojosa y González-Jiménez hicieron la revisión bibliográfica sobre la prevalencia de casos similares.
Fernández-Castillo tomó las fotos clínicas.
Fernández-Castillo y Cañadas de la Fuente redactaron el manuscrito.
Biomédica 2012;32:170-3
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171
Candidiasis cutánea
La candidiasis es una infección causada por un
hongo cuya expresión como infección oportunista
puede ser abdominal, cutánea, hematógena,
urinaria, orofaríngea o genital, entre otras,
estando relacionadas cada una de ellas con un
factor de riesgo concreto (1). La especie más
frecuente es Candida albicans, responsable de,
aproximadamente, el 46 % de las candidemias en
pacientes hospitalizados (2). Sus formas clínicas
pueden ser localizadas o diseminadas y se deben
a un desequilibrio inmunológico que permite el
crecimiento exagerado del patógeno (3).
Entre éstas, la forma clínica que nos interesa y
que presentaba el paciente, un recién nacido a
término, es la candidiasis cutánea congénita.
El cuadro clínico se caracteriza por lesiones
en la piel, que pasaron por diferentes estadios
como exantema, máculas eritematosas, pápulas,
pústulas y ampollas denudadas. La localización de
estas lesiones suele ser en espalda, extremidades,
pliegues, palmas, plantas y, ocasionalmente, en
uñas y mucosa oral (4). Dicho cuadro es muy poco
común y lleva asociadas complicaciones sisté-
micas, sobre todo visceromegalias y respiratorias,
e incluso la muerte de no ser tratada en su conjunto
con antifúngicos (5). El diagnóstico definitivo
se establece por el aislamiento e identificación
del hongo, y el pronóstico, con la aplicación del
tratamiento correcto y oportuno, es bueno (6,7).
Reporte de caso
Se trata de un niño recién nacido a término cuyo
parto fue espontáneo, que presentó un índice Apgar
de 9 y 10, al primer minuto y a los cinco minutos,
respectivamente. La somatometría fue de 3,960
kg de peso, 49 cm de talla, 35 cm de perímetro
craneal y 35 cm de perímetro torácico.
El ingreso en la unidad de pediatría se debió a que
las cinco horas de vida se inició tiraje subcostal y
aleteo nasal. Asimismo, en la exploración física
presentaba lesiones eritematosas en pliegues
inguinales y exantema máculo-papuloso confluyente
de predominio en la cara anterior del tórax y las
extremidades.
Correspondencia:
Guillermo Arturo Cañadas-De la Fuente, Facultad de Ciencias
de la Salud, Universidad de Granada, Avenida de Madrid s/n -
C.P: (18071), Granada, España
Teléfono: (958) 243 492; fax: (958) 242 894
gacf@ugr.es
Recibido: 30/08/11; aceptado:21/12/11
Posteriormente, desarrolló dificultad respiratoria
que requirió oxigenoterapia en cámara de Hood.
Además, se hizo un análisis sanguíneo y se
tomaron muestras para hemocultivo. De las lesiones
inguinales se tomó un frotis.
Se administraron antibióticos de amplio espectro
en forma empírica, en espera de los resultados.
En la bioquímica y el hemograma se encontró
una proteína C reactiva de 5,7 mg/dl, leucocitosis
con desviación a la izquierda y anemia leve. A las
24 horas, en el control se encontró una proteína
C reactiva (7,82 mg/dl) que fue en aumento
progresivo durante tres días, por lo que se practicó
una punción lumbar cuyo resultado fue negativo.
El hemocultivo fue positivo para Staphylococcus
aureus. Tras iniciar tratamiento inravenoso con 200
mg/kg diarios de cefotaxima, se observó una mejoría
del cuadro clínico sistémico, sin evidenciarse tal
mejoría en el cuadro dermatológico, por lo que
se solicitó una interconsulta con el Servicio de
Dermatología. Se procedió a tomar biopsia cutánea
de las lesiones pápulo-pústulo-vesiculosas. El
resultado histológico fue de candidiasis cutánea
(figuras 1 y 2) y se inició tratamiento con anfotericina
B a dosis diarias de 0,25 mg/kg por vía intravenosa,
y una pasta a base de aceite de almendras, lanolina
y óxido de cinc en los pliegues inguinales cada seis
horas. Además, se hicieron curaciones del área de
Figura 1. Eritrodermia cutánea en neonato manifestada a las
cinco horas del nacimiento
Biomédica 2012;32:170-3
172
Husein-El Ahmed H, Cañadas-De la Fuente GA, Fernández-Castillo R, et al.
la biopsia con clorhexidina cada seis horas, lavados
de la cavidad oral con nitrato de miconazol en gel y
agua bicarbonatada cada seis horas y lavados en
la zona inguinal con permanganato de potasio al
1/1.000 cada 12 horas. La evolución fue favorable,
con completa resolución del cuadro clínico a las
dos semanas y el alta hospitalaria bajo control y
revisión por su pediatra de zona.
Discusión
Como ya se ha mencionado con anterioridad, la
candidiasis cutánea congénita es un caso muy
poco común en pediatría (6,7). Habitualmente, los
casos de infección sistémica o candidemia suponen
un cuadro clínico frecuente tanto en niños como
en adultos; sin embargo, C. albicans no suele ser
su causa principal. Estudios recientes estiman que
la prevalencia de candidiasis neonatal en niños
menores de 13 años es de 5 % y, en el resto, es de
0,4 % (7,8). Por el contrario, la candidiasis cutánea
congénita cuenta sólo con 70 casos comunicados
en la literatura científica, en los últimos 40 años (6).
El mecanismo patológico de la candidiasis cutánea
congénita parece ser mediante una transmisión
vertical de madre a hijo. Candida albicans es
un microorganismo frecuente en los genitales
femeninos (9); si bien es cierto que es un hongo
oportunista, en caso de que la mujer sufra de
candidiasis vaginal el contagio en neonatos y
recién nacidos es probable. Se han registrado
pocos casos similares y el objetivo que se debe
tener en cuenta sería la prevención basada en el
diagnóstico de la candidiasis vaginal (10).
Figura 2. Al detalle, se observan pápulas y placas eritematosas
confluentes de aspecto exudativo. Se evidencia afectación de
pliegues cutáneos.
En el presente caso no existía un diagnóstico
previo de candidiasis en la mujer. Sin embargo,
posteriormente se comprobó que sufría de una
candidiasis subclínica y suponemos que el
contagio se produjo estando en dicho período.
Tiraboschi, et al., observaron que al producirse
una rotura prematura de la membrana amniótica
en una mujer embarazada con candidiasis, el feto
se contagió inevitablemente. Dicho diagnóstico se
estableció gracias a técnicas de análisis molecular
(11), por lo que sería posible prever la situación y
tratar al niño en caso de sospecharse un contagio,
evitando así pruebas invasivas como hemocultivos
o punción lumbar, por ejemplo (12).
Además de la candidiasis cutánea, el paciente
presentó sepsis y dificultad respiratoria que,
obviamente, eran agravantes potenciales de la
candidiasis. Por lo tanto, el tratamiento antibiótico
era necesario para evitar complicaciones o incluso
la muerte del paciente, tal y como lo exponen
Cosgrove, et al. (13), Darmstadt, et al. (14) o Carmo,
et al. (4), en sus respectivos trabajos. Asimismo,
Darmstadt, et al. (14), refieren una serie de casos
de características comunes, entre las cuales está
el bajo peso al nacer, dato ya analizado en otros
estudios (15), o problemas respiratorios. A pesar
de no existir el factor de riesgo del bajo peso,
estaba la ya mencionada dificultad respiratoria, por
lo que el tratamiento antifúngico, tanto local (16)
como sistémico (6,13), se brinda de igual forma tal
y como está indicado (6,17).
Por consiguiente, para prevenir futuros casos,
sería pertinente un diagnóstico precoz (11) en
el momento del parto, mediante el examen y el
cultivo de los anexos fetales y del líquido amniótico
para descartar una corioamnionitis y una funisitis
candidiásicas (14), y el tratamiento de vulvovaginitis
por C. albicans si la hubiere (16). Si la candidiasis
cutánea congénita fue la consecuencia de la
exposición al cuadro subclínico de la madre o si,
además, una infección subyacente por S. aureus
favoreció su aparición, es un dato relevante que
se debe tener en cuenta, dados los antecedentes
revisados en la bibliografía (13,16).
Conflicto de intereses
Los autores declaramos que no existe ningún tipo
de interés que pueda influir en los resultados de
este artículo.
Financiación
Ninguno de los participantes en la publicación de
este estudio recibió financiación alguna.
Biomédica 2012;32:170-3
173
Candidiasis cutánea
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... Mucosal candidiasis, especially vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), is one of the most common fungal diseases in normal healthy women [5,6]. Approximately 75% of the female population suffers at least one episode during their lives [7,8]. Candida albicans is the causative agent in most cases [5,7,9]. ...
... Approximately 75% of the female population suffers at least one episode during their lives [7,8]. Candida albicans is the causative agent in most cases [5,7,9]. Pregnancy, diabetes mellitus, and antibiotic treatment are the most common predisposing factors [5][6][7][8]. ...
... Candida albicans is the causative agent in most cases [5,7,9]. Pregnancy, diabetes mellitus, and antibiotic treatment are the most common predisposing factors [5][6][7][8]. Some studies have shown that vulvovaginitis has increased in the past three decades due to antifungal resistance in the Candida species and a change in women's health quality [7,[10][11][12]. ...
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Vaginal infections in pregnancy are associated with considerable discomfort and adverse pregnancy outcomes including preterm delivery, low birth weight and increased infant mortality and also predisposition to HIV/AIDS. This study evaluated the prevalence and factors associated with vulvovaginal candidiasis, trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis among women attending antenatal clinic at a hospital in Nigeria. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered and high vaginal swab samples were obtained from consenting pregnant women. The samples were processed following standard protocols. The prevalence of vulvovaginal candidiasis was 36%, while those of trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis were 2% and 38%, respectively. Infections were higher in the third trimester and many women admitted to practices that increase risk of these infections. Significant association was found between recent intake of antibiotics and vaginal candidiasis, same association was also found with bacterial vaginosis. Adequate investigation and prompt treatment will reduce the morbidity and attendant effects of these prevalent infections on mother and fetus.
... It is caused by Candida spp commonly C. albicans, C. glabrata and C. tropicalis (Sobel,2004). Candida albicans is the causative agent in most cases (El Ahmed et al., 2012). Vulvovaginal candidiasis is asymptomatic in about 20 to 50% of healthy women (Ali, 2011). ...
... Vulvovaginal candidiasis is asymptomatic in about 20 to 50% of healthy women (Ali, 2011). Approximately 75% of the female population suffers at least one episode during their lives (El Ahmed et al., 2012). Pregnancy, diabetes mellitus, and antibiotic treatment are the most common predisposing factors (Cohen, 2000). ...
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In the USA, the incidence of invasive candidiasis in neonates is respectively 0.3% of infants over 2500 g and up to 20% of infants less than 1000 g. Their incidence is increasing. Two populations of newborn infants are particularly vulnerable: the premature infants and newborn infants with severe neonatal digestive diseases. Fifty percent of infants hospitalized in NICU are colonized with Candida at the end of the first week of hospitalization; a direct relationship exists between the importance of colonization and the invasive infection risk. C. albicans is the species most often responsible for invasive candidiasis in the newborn. These infections represent the third cause of related-catheter infection in the USA. Mortality rate in neonates linked to this disease is 20 to 50%; morbidity primarily concerns brain and lungs. Neonatal invasive candidiasis risk factors are known and a primary prevention is possible. The diagnosis of neonatal invasive candidiasis is difficult and often delayed because of a polymorphic clinical expression. Empiric and preemptive treatment are based on the use of amphotericin B. Prophylactic treatment using fluconazole of newborns with birth weight ≤ 1000 grams and/or gestational age ≤ 27 weeks gestation is recommended by the American Academy of Paediatrics and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. A better knowledge of French epidemiological data in this area would improve both the diagnosis and therapeutic management of this disease. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
Article
Unlabelled: Congenital cutaneous candidiasis presenting at birth is very uncommon and is due to intra-uterine infection. The systemic form has to be considered when cutaneous signs are associated with sepsis symptoms. Case report: A female infant was born by vaginal delivery at 35 weeks' gestation to a mother whose pregnancy had been complicated by urinary tract infection treated 3 days before delivery. The infant was admitted because of respiratory distress. Clinical features consisted of respiratory retraction signs associated with hepatomegaly and rash on the trunk. The white blood cell (WBC) count was 50 × 10(9)/L and C-reactive protein was negative. Maternofetal bacterial infection was suspected and intravenous antibiotics were prescribed. Over the next 6h, macules appeared on the trunk, back, and limbs, which changed after 24h into papulovesicular lesions over the trunk, back, limbs, palms, and scalp. Congenital candidiasis was suspected, confirmed by cultures from vesicle swabs and maternal vaginal discharge. The systemic form was considered because of respiratory distress requiring oxygen therapy for 4 days, hepatomegaly, elevated WBC count, and chest X-ray infiltrates. The infant was started on intravenous systemic antifungal therapy (fluconazole, 6 mg/day). Treatment was continued for 3 weeks. The rash resolved by desquamation after about 1 week and hepatomegaly disappeared. The infant remained well at follow-up.