Work and Personality: An Inquiry Into The Impact of Social Stratification
... The use of nonrecursive reciprocal effects models permitted the estimation of the degree to which the correlation found between an occupational condition and a psychological characteristic reflected the effect of the job on that psychological characteristic (as compared with the degree to which having that characteristic affects the likelihood of getting or keeping the job in question). In terms of intellectual functioning, the program's central finding is that job conditions offering challenge and opportunity for doing self-directed substantively complex work increase intellectual flexibility, whereas work conditions that limit intellectual challenge and self-direction on the job decrease intellectual flexibility (Kohn & Schooler, 1983). ...
... Schooler & Naoi, 1988), Poland (Kohn & Slomczynski, 1990), and Ukraine (Kohn et al., 1997). The replication of the earlier Kohn-Schooler findings (Kohn & Schooler, 1983) on the effects of occupational conditions on intellectual functioning most directly relevant to the present article's focus on aging is the longitudinal one cited above (C. Schooler et al., 1999) on older individuals in the 1994/1995 follow-up of the Kohn-Schooler 1964-1974 sample-a replication that holds for women as well as men. ...
... The male participants were a subsample, interviewed in 1974, of a nationally representative sample of employed men first interviewed in 1964 for the Kohn and Schooler (1983) study of the psychological effects of occupational conditions. The 1964 sample was an area probability sample drawn by the National Opinion Research Center (NORC) of males over 16 years of age then currently employed at least 25 hr per week in nonmilitary occupations. ...
By using data from a representative longitudinal survey, the authors provide strong evidence that complex leisure time activities increase intellectual functioning for workers and nonworkers. Although the effects were relatively moderate, both the present article and its predecessor on the effects of paid work (C. Schooler, Mulatu, & Oates, 1999) showed that, even in old age, carrying out complex tasks has a positive effect on intellectual processes. In both cases, initially high levels of intellectual functioning led to high levels of environmental complexity, which in turn raised levels of intellectual functioning, thus providing a pathway contributing to the high correlation of intellectual functioning over a 20-year period in middle and late adulthood. The present findings indicate that even in old age carrying out substantively complex tasks builds the capacity to deal with the intellectual challenges such complex environments provide.
... Self-direction regards independent thought and action derived from basic needs for control (Bandura, 1977;Deci, 1975) as well as autonomy and independence (Kluckhohn, 1951;Kohn & Schooler, 1983;Morris, 1956). Stimulation concerns excitement, novelty, and challenge derived mainly from the need to maintain an optimal level of activation and general functioning (Berlyne, 1960). ...
... Conformity values derive from the fact that people inhibit inclinations that might disrupt and undermine smooth interaction and group functioning. The majority of value analyses focus on conformity emphasizing selfrestraint in everyday interaction with close social groups and or people (Freud, 1930;Kohn & Schooler, 1983;Morris, 1956;Parsons, 1951). ...
This paper investigated relations of personality values and subjective well-being. We examined how values influence life satisfaction of 234 Macedonian and 230 Ukrainian young adults who provided data on personality values (PVQ, Schwartz, 1994) and life satisfaction (Diener et al., 1985). Hypothesized direct relations of types of values to well-being based on “healthy” (self-direction, stimulation, achievement, benevolence, universalism) and “unhealthy” (power, security, conformity, tradition) values were tested in each sample. Results showed that a) Ukrainians compared to their Macedonian peers reported higher scores on all values except for power; b) conformity and security values correlated with well-being, as predicted, but only in the Macedonian sample. Results partly supported our hypotheses regarding the values conducive to well-being among students in both countries. Findings are discussed in terms of values’ influence for well-being of youth in Macedonian and Ukrainian contexts.
... The literature on needs, social motives, institutional demands and the requirements of social groups indicate that conformity requires that individuals repress impulses and actions that affect others negatively. Such restrictions are incorporated in the conscience or super ego of the individuals encouraging behavioural restrictions (GORDON, 1960;KOHN;SCHOOLER, 1983). Security as a basic need of survival goes beyond individual survival, meets social demands and requires that groups remain secure. ...
... The literature on needs, social motives, institutional demands and the requirements of social groups indicate that conformity requires that individuals repress impulses and actions that affect others negatively. Such restrictions are incorporated in the conscience or super ego of the individuals encouraging behavioural restrictions (GORDON, 1960;KOHN;SCHOOLER, 1983). Security as a basic need of survival goes beyond individual survival, meets social demands and requires that groups remain secure. ...
This article is assess whether directors' decisions are influenced by external and internal factors to the company. The article explores whether directors' decision-making tendency, measured through their values, is influenced by other factors, specifically their professional experience, the governance rules to which they are subject and must follow, and the size of the companies. An quantitative, applied, descriptive and correlational study was carried out. Data collection instrument was a questionnaire, based on the Schwartz Value Inventory – IVS (1992), applied to a sample of 121 counselors in Brazil. Decisions are significantly influenced by different levels of external constraints, especially in higher conservatism, which represents a restriction of actions and impulses that may violate social norms, as well as acceptance of society's norms and traditions. The article is original in using individual values as an instrument to measure, through a quantitative methodology that encompasses an inventory of values, the decision-making tendencies of directors, mainly because it includes the individual dimension in the decision-making process, escaping from the academic "mainstream" on the results of group work. The importance of directors' personal values cannot be underestimated when it comes to corporate social responsibility and ESG principles. With the study of human values and their influence on decision-making in boards of directors, it is possible to minimize conflicts, facilitate the exchange of ideas and decision-making, and promote sustainability and the generation of organizational value, directly and indirectly mitigating business risks and their social impacts.
... What workers do in their jobs and how they do it have strong effects on well-being. For instance, the relationship between the demands of work and the ability to meet those demands is of crucial importance to well-being (e.g., Karasek and Theorell 1990;Kohn and Schooler 1983). Robert Karasek and colleagues (Karasek and Theorell 1990;Karasek 1979) outlined a "demand/ control" model for explaining worker well-being that has received a great deal of empirical support (e.g., Häusser et al. 2010;Tausig 2013). ...
... The substantive complexity of jobs is another recognized feature of work that affects psychological well-being. Jobs that require more complex thinking to complete tend to be associated with lower rates of anxiety and greater self-esteem and life satisfaction (Kohn and Schooler 1983;Tausig 2013). In addition, issues of job insecurity (Burgard and Seelye 2017;Lam, Fan, and Moen 2014) and perceived work-to-family conflict (Young, Schieman, and Milkie 2014) have been linked with worse mental health outcomes as well. ...
The growing field of mattering has established that a sense that we matter is crucial to well-being and that it is informed by interactions with close others. However, few studies investigate how mattering may be shaped by our work relationships. Since many adults spend much of their time performing paid work, addressing this research gap may provide insights for enhancing employee well-being. This study uses data from the 2021 Baylor Religion Survey, collected during the early months of 2021, and a sample of employed U.S. adults ( n = 564) to test how a worker’s perceived respect from their employer and their closeness to coworkers relate to their general sense of mattering, as well as whether mattering may act as a mediator between work relationships and psychological distress (assessed as symptoms of depression and anxiety). Results indicate that feeling highly respected by one’s employer and one’s perceived closeness to coworkers are positively linked with mattering among workers. Additional analyses also imply that mattering mediates a portion of the relationship between workplace relations and psychological distress. In total, this study suggests that further research into work relationships and mattering is warranted, especially since both factors seem tied to workers’ mental health.
... Threats to this exchange, lack of reciprocity, or exclusion from this exchange weaken feelings of selfefficacy, self-esteem, and belonging (or self-integration), which have negative consequences for personal self-regulation. Human well-being seems to be dependent upon these three functions of self-regulation, and they reflect the delicate balance between a person's self and social environment [24,44,45]. ...
... A work role is a great example in this regard as it offers options for all three functions of successful self-regulation: self-efficacy (e.g., good performance and personal growth and development), self-esteem (e.g., receiving recognition, sufficient compensation, the potential for promotion), and self-integration (social identity beyond the family, participation in social and workplace networks) [44,46]. Furthermore, earning a living is critical for determining the range of opportunities available in life. ...
Overqualification is prevalent in times of economic downturn, and research has increasingly focused on its outcomes. This study aimed to explore the psychological burden caused by perceived overqualification (POQ) and its impact on creativity among high-tech enterprise employees. Drawing from effort–reward imbalance theory, we examined the effect of POQ on emotional exhaustion, along with the mediating role of emotional exhaustion in the POQ–creativity relationship and the moderating role of pay for performance (PFP) in strengthening the link between POQ and emotional exhaustion. Using cross-sectional data from a sample of 359 employees in China, we found that (1) POQ was positively related to emotional exhaustion; (2) emotional exhaustion was negatively related to creativity; (3) PFP moderated the effect of POQ on emotional exhaustion as well as the indirect effect of POQ on creativity via emotional exhaustion. These findings have both theoretical and practical implications.
... The similar belief that individuals in general have the capacity to take responsibility for their own actions has been shown to be important for the formation and/or maintenance of intellectual flexibility over the life course. A finding which has been replicated in various contexts and samples (Kohn and Schooler 1983;Hauser and Roan 2017). ...
... Previous research has linked MtL to learning behaviours (e.g. Payne, Youngcourt, and Beaubien 2007), and earlier studies in the labour market context emphasise that learning at work is an important mediator linking motivation (in a general sense) to skills formation and subsequent labour market rewards (Kohn and Schooler 1983;Dunifon and Duncan 1998;Westerman 2018). Contrary to expectations, the regression analysis revealed small country differences in the coefficients of MtL. ...
This study advances the analysis of cognitive skill use at work by considering another crucial factor: the motivation-to-learn (MtL). Previous research has indicated that MtL forms cognitive skills in the school setting. However, the role of MtL in the work setting is much less understood. The present study analyses the association between MtL and cognitive skill use in three major European labour markets: Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, using the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC). Findings from a regression analysis of cognitive skill use on MtL and various control variables show that the independent contribution of MtL is about as important as the combined contribution of literacy/numeracy proficiency, although a decomposition analysis reveals further insights about how MtL, literacy/numeracy proficiency, and education intersect each other in the determination of cognitive skill use. The found association is remarkably stable across different samples and model specifications. Some heterogeneities are however revealed, such as a larger relative importance of MtL among the low-educated in the Netherlands. The findings are interpreted in light of contemporary theory on institutional regimes, concentrating on cross-country differences in on-the-job training prevalence.
... Role demands and work attitudes and experiences influence personality traits (Caspi & Roberts, 2001;. Employment opportunities that are mentally demanding and require greater levels of independence transcend other life domains by increasing intellectual curiosity and self-directedness outside the workplace (Caspi & Roberts, 2001;Howard & Bray, 1989;Kohn & Schooler, 1983). Role experiences and requirements may also influence changes in features of psychopathy. ...
... Thinking about work orientation, the learning-generalization model suggests that improvements in one life domain do not operate in a silo . For example, intellectuallydemanding careers influence the pursuit of similar leisure activities (Kohn & Schooler, 1983). Individuals who become more prideful in completing tasks and more persistent under challenging circumstances at work are expected to transfer these traits to other life domains, including relationships outside of work. ...
The relationship between psychopathy and negative behavioral, social, and health outcomes has lead to calls to identify factors that promote change in features of psychopathy. Given that maturation has important implications for changes in personality more broadly, it also may be informative of changes in specific personality traits associated with psychopathy. Rocque’s integrated maturation theory was used in the current study to guide the measurement of psychosocial, adult social role, and identity maturation domains among boys and girls from the Pathways to Desistance Study ( n = 1,354). Based on cross-lagged dynamic panel models, within-individual change in temperance (psychosocial maturation), work orientation and consideration of others (adult social role maturation), and moral disengagement (identity maturation) predicted within-individual change in features of psychopathy measured using the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory. Maturation may influence features of psychopathy directly or indirectly through changes in a person’s social environment. Understanding why features of psychopathy change is an important step for developing person-oriented intervention strategies.
... The claim that individuals generalise experience from their work to other (political) arenas of life was most influentially developed by Kohn and colleagues (e.g. Kohn, 1989;Kohn and Schooler, 1983), who demonstrated that self-direction in work mediates the effect of class on authoritarian-liberalism attitudes. The basic premise is that workplaces facilitating independent thought, enabling autonomy and involving a low degree of supervision lead to individualistic or liberal attitudes; by contrast, close workplace supervision and high task routinization lead to low control and predispose individuals to authoritarian values (Kohn, 1989;Kohn and Schooler, 1983). ...
... Kohn, 1989;Kohn and Schooler, 1983), who demonstrated that self-direction in work mediates the effect of class on authoritarian-liberalism attitudes. The basic premise is that workplaces facilitating independent thought, enabling autonomy and involving a low degree of supervision lead to individualistic or liberal attitudes; by contrast, close workplace supervision and high task routinization lead to low control and predispose individuals to authoritarian values (Kohn, 1989;Kohn and Schooler, 1983). While this pattern was argued to most readily account for the high levels of authoritarianism among the working-class (Kohn et al., 1990), it has more recently been used to explain variation within the middle class on the liberalism-authoritarianism value axis, distinguishing 'socio-cultural professionals from their managers who hold 'organisational authority' (Kitschelt and Rehm, 2014). ...
This chapter examines research from political science, sociology and psychology to understand how and why class position is associated with differences in political attitudes and choices. After reviewing influential definitions of social class, we examine research on explanations of class differences in political behavior. These include class differences in identity, values and self-interest, authoritarianism and control. We then review explanations for changes in political choices between classes over time, focusing on supply-side versus demand-side interpretations of declining levels of class voting in Western democracies, and emphasizing the effects of party programmatic convergence on the political relevance of class-based values. Finally, we assess recent interpretations of the rise of working class support for the radical right political support, pointing to the limitations of status threat accounts, and noting that such political choices are more powerfully associated with educational attainment than with class position. We consider whether this suggests a reconfiguration of electoral behavior from a class-based to an educational divide.
... To put the matter succinctly, professionals tend to be self-motivated experts in their areas of concern (Kohn and Schooler, 1983). They are internally driven to be unusually competent at their respective tasks and therefore can be trusted to be self-policing. ...
... Damit steht es in der Tradition des dynamisch-interaktionistischen Paradigmas der Arbeits-und Berufspsychologie (vgl. Kohn & Schooler, 1983;Hoff, 2005). Nach dem systemischen Charakter des Modells kann die Variation einzelner Komponenten Einfluss auf alle anderen Bestandteile haben, da sie in komplexer Wechselbeziehung zueinander stehen. ...
Die Unterstützung von Beschäftigten bei der digitalen Arbeit und die Stärkung technischer, organisatori-scher und personenbezogener Ressourcen wurde anhand einer deutschlandweiten Follow-up-Studie in 11 Industriebranchen und 9 Blue-und White-Collar-Tätigkeitsfeldern untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen erstens, dass betriebliche Unterstützungsformen und Weiterbildung flächendeckend überraschend ge-ring blieben, v.a. bei Blue-Collar-Beschäftigten. Digitale Führung gelang in White-Collar-Bereichen wie IT oder Forschung und Entwicklung besser. Um die gelungene Bewältigung digitaler Arbeitsanforde-rungen zu erklären, wurde das "Systemische Arbeits-Bewältigung-Modell" (SAB-Modell) entwickelt. Es berücksichtigt sowohl Belastungsfaktoren, als auch technische, organisationale und personenbezogene Ressourcen sowie balancierende Umgebungsfaktoren und weist einen sehr guten Modellfit auf (R 2 = .585). Für die Praxis bietet das SAB-Modell einen geeigneten Orientierungsrahmen, um Belastungsfak-toren sowie technische, organisatorische und personenbezogene Ressourcen und Umweltfaktoren in den Blick zu nehmen.
The support of employees in digital work and the strengthening of technical, organizational and personal resources were investigated on the basis of a Germany-wide follow-up study in 11 industrial sectors and 9 blue-and white-collar fields of activity. The results show firstly that company forms of support and further training remained surprisingly low across the board, especially among blue-collar employees. Digital leadership fared better in white-collar fields such as IT or research and development. The "Sys-temic Work Demands and Coping Model" was developed to explain successful coping with digital work demands. It takes into account job factors as well as technical, organizational and personal resources and balancing environmental factors and has a very good model fit (R 2 = .585). For practical purposes, the modell offers a suitable orientation framework for looking at stress factors as well as technical, organizational and personal resources and environmental factors.
... Tese traits are characterized by an increased probability of engaging in risky riding practices and being involved in accidents. Several scales of personality traits are used in the context of risky behaviors, such as the Revised NEO Personality Inventory [33], the Big Five Questionnaire [34], the Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaires Cross Cultural [35], and normlessness [36]. For instance, personality traits in the Big Five Questionnaire have comprised extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, openness to experience, and conscientiousness; the NEO Personality Inventory measures excitement-seeking, anxiety, and aggression. ...
This study explores the significant factors affecting risky riding behaviors of Vietnamese motorcyclists using a contextual mediated model (CMM) in Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam, where motorcycle crashes are prevalent. The affecting factors include personality traits, riding self-confidence, riding attitude, and risk perception. Personality traits and riding self-confidence are distal factors of CMM that affect risky riding behaviors. On the other hand, riding attitude and risk perception are proximal factors in CMM. A survey was conducted to collect information on motorcyclists’ risky riding behaviors related to the four factors mentioned through a self-reported questionnaire. Statistical Package Social Science (SPSS) and structural equation modeling (SEM) with analysis of moment structures (AMOS) are used to determine the effects of the factors on risky riding behaviors. The results discovered that riding attitude and risk perception were the intermediate variables of personality trait and riding self-confidence affecting the risky riding behaviors, and personality trait and riding self-confidence also affected the risky riding behaviors directly. Findings in the model also show that riding attitude was perceived to play a significant role in increasing risky driving behavior. The recommendation is to increase the safety education programs that reduce risky driving behavior.
... For the reversed causation hypothesis, there are at least two plausible groups of explanations possible: the so-called drift-hypothesis and the true strainstressor hypotheses. First, according to the drifthypothesis (Frese, 1982;Kohn & Schooler, 1983) individuals with bad health drift to worse jobs, for example, first by becoming unemployed and then by getting a worse job because of their personal record of frequent absenteeism. Or, people with high absenteeism are transferred to positions with less responsibilities, which go along with higher work stressors. ...
Demonstrating causal relationships has been of particular importance in organizational stress research. Longitudinal studies are typically suggested to overcome problems of reversed causation and third variables (e.g., social desirability and negative affectivity). This article reviews the empirical longitudinal literature and discusses designs and statistical methods used in these studies. Forty-three longitudinal field reports on organizational stress were identified. Most of the investigations used a 2-wave panel design and a hierarchical multiple regression approach. Six studies with 3 and more waves were found. About 50% of the studies analyzed potential strain-stressor (reversed causation) relationships. In about 33% of the studies there was some evidence of reverse causation. The power of longitudinal studies to rule out third variable explanations was not realized in many studies. Procedures of how to analyze longitudinal data are suggested.
... While social epidemiologists are trained to be on the lookout for ways in which individuals select their environments, it is rarely appreciated that the environment can sometimes alter individual characteristics, including personality. Perhaps the best evidence for this comes from a body of research conducted by Kohn and his colleagues (Kohn & Schooler, 1983). They not only found a crosssectional association between the substantive complexity of one's job-the level of complexity with which one has to deal with things, other people, and ideas-and the person's intellectual flexibility, but they also found that those in more substantively complex jobs became more intellectually flexible over a 10-year period while those in less complex jobs became less intellectually flexible. ...
There is extensive evidence that the prevalence of human hypertension is related to psychosocial factors, possibly including chronic exposure to stress. A tripartite model, consistent with the literature on stress and health, may help to define this relationship better. Its 3 components are environmental stressors, individual factors affecting the perception of stress, and the individual's physiological susceptibility. To date, researchers have looked at individual parts of this model, but rarely at all 3. Some models of work stress (e.g., the job strain, effort–reward, and person–environment fit models) focus on work-related stressors alone or in conjunction with individual characteristics. Other models (e.g., the defense–defeat, John Henryism, and reactivity models) focus on individual differences in response, with little attention paid to the nature of the stressors. The authors suggest that it is timely to integrate these approaches and to look for physiological mechanisms.
... Therefore, people such as Salim and others participated in aggrandizing the sense of isolation from their people and even from themselves, which might lead to lack of self-confidence and lack of faith, and the lack of purpose. (Kohn et al, 1983) Religious differences among people may also lead the individuals to face duality of standards and values inside and outside either their family or community. It helps in provoking difficulties to interact with the surrounding society and that can inspire isolation. ...
... As civilizations deal with fundamental concerns or difficulties in managing human activity, cultural value orientations change. Yet, the changes are gradual, with elements of culture persisting over time [23]. These issues must be acknowledged, solutions must be planned, and support must be provided for one another to deal with them. ...
Companies and their executives are concluding that to accomplish their complex tasks and all-encompassing missions and goals, they must step outside the traditional realms of teamwork and partnership and engage in cross-cultural and multinational alliances. One of the principal areas affecting teamwork today, especially in diverse workplaces, is the variety of cultural value orientations that the members relate to. To better prepare students for joining global enterprises, it is necessary to understand their cultural orientations and how those may influence their teamwork interactions. This study used a mixed methods design to characterize computer and information technology undergraduate students’ cultural orientations and their cultural awareness in the context of teamwork experiences. The data for the study was collected in the form of a reflection assignment that was implemented during the first week of classes as a way to promote students’ cultural awareness and how that may play out in their teamwork interactions. The reflection assignment had two parts: (i) a survey and (ii) reflection questions. The study used descriptive statistics and t-tests to analyze the survey (quantitative data), and thematic analysis was conducted to analyze the reflection questions (qualitative data). Our analysis of the quantitative data revealed that students identified the following core values they are Individualism, Equality, Monochronic, Meritocracy, Informality, Personal Efficacy, and Directness, and these values resonated with most of the students in class. Corresponding qualitative themes that emerged regarding students’ beliefs of how those values may play out in their teamwork experience were (a) Treating everyone equally and understanding others, (b) Increasing temporal Awareness, (c) Enacting effective communication, (d) Monitoring the progress of team members and (e) Establishing rules and boundaries.
... Some may attempt to counter a proposal that we share routine labor by arguing that, in a just society, advantages of complex work, such as stimulation, satisfaction, or social and self-esteem, could accrue to all kinds of work, if only routine work carried a higher social value. But such an objection runs up against a considerable body of empirical literatures, such as that of Arthur Kornhauser (1965) or Melvin Kohn and Carmi Schooler (1983), which demonstrate that complex, challenging work enhances cognitive capacities and self-esteem, and that non-use of cognitive abilities in one's life work lowers self-esteem and intellectual development while increasing personal "discouragement, futility and feelings of failure" (Kornhauser 1965, 29). Gomberg adds that the lack of esteem attached to occupations of routine work "is not an artifact of arbitrary evaluations"; routine workers do not receive the social and self-esteem that human beings naturally receive upon mastery of complexity, which elicits admiration on account of the level of difficulty, intelligence, beauty or skill exercised in the activity (2007,70,73). ...
... Socialization research indicates that family processes inl uence the formation of educational and occupational aspirations (Schnabel et al. 2002 ). The same holds true for the development of related values , such as work motivation (Mortimer and Kumka 1982 ;Kohn and Schooler 1983 ) and work attitudes like self-discipline or the willingness to comply with codes of conduct (Fend 1998 ). Furthermore, trustful relationships can act as a buffer against stress by supporting coping at both the emotional and cognitive levels as well as in terms of bolstering one's self-image (Pfaff 1989 ). ...
This edited volume demonstrates the potential of mixed-methods designs for the research of social networks and the utilization of social networks for other research. Mixing methods applies to the combination and integration of qualitative and quantitative methods. In social network research, mixing methods also applies to the combination of structural and actor-oriented approaches. The volume provides readers with methodological concepts to guide mixed-methods network studies with precise research designs and methods to investigate social networks of various sorts. Each chapter describes the research design used and discusses the strengths of the methods for that particular field and for specific outcomes.
... Previous studies have confirmed that task complexity affects positive outcomes such as motivation and performance [79]. Task complexity is a challenging stimulus and induces a sense of accomplishment [80]. Thus, if task complexity is high, the employee performs a task that they perceive as challenging, and in this case, an employee who feels control due to paradoxical leadership but also has authority will have confidence in their competence. ...
Modern organizational environments encounter serious competition and paradoxical situations. This study discusses the effect of paradoxical leadership on overcoming competitive and paradoxical situations happening in the Korean workplace. More specifically, it investigates the dynamic relationship between paradoxical leadership and involvement in creative tasks in a Korean context and examines whether creative self-efficacy positively mediates this relationship. Our research design addresses the moderating role and moderated mediating role of task complexity in the relationship between paradoxical leadership and the involvement in creative tasks via creative self-efficacy. The main hypotheses were tested by using a cross-sectional design and administering questionnaires to 268 employees working in Korean firms. Empirical analysis revealed that paradoxical leadership is positively related to involvement in creative tasks and creative self-efficacy and that creative self-efficacy positively mediated the relationship between paradoxical leadership and involvement in creative tasks. Importantly, as the relationship between paradoxical leadership and creative self-efficacy depends on task complexity, the mediated relationship was effective under high task complexity. Uncovering the relationship between paradoxical leadership and involvement in creative tasks with the mediating role of creative self-efficacy and the moderated mediating role of task complexity can provide useful theoretical and managerial implications.
... xtual' "factors is well beyond the Scope of the present chapter. it is worth noting chat there is a , large literature in life-course sociology thatisbased upon theobservationthat the various ,contexts that are enumerated above structure' the pathways of vocational development ' " i,n adolescence and throughou~ the life-course (e.g., Clausen, 1993;Kohn& Schooler. 1983), and that individual developmenttakes place within the constraints and opportu ,nities created by these socially constructed pathways. ...
... Conversely, a positive CB means a decreased SoA. As a basic human value, self-direction derives from needs for control and mastery [26] [86], as well as autonomy in thought and action [57] [86]. The moderation effect we observed may suggest that with low SDR, there is less need for control, and thus even with low SoA (positive, high CB), increased Satis-HE may happen. ...
... Desta forma, procurámos olhar tanto para as variáveis clássicas do modelo socioeconómico que se referem aos fatores gerais, como «género», «idade» e «recursos materiais e cognitivos», como também Acesso rápido Capa | Índice | Agradecimentos | Capítulo 1 | Capítulo 2 | Capítulo 3 | Capítulo 4 | Capítulo 5 | Capítulo 6 | Conclusão | Referências | Notas | Autores /52 bem equipados para participar (Kohn e Schooler 1982;Van Deth e Kreuter 1998;Gabriel et al. 2002). Desta forma, as desigualdades socioeconómicas são reprodutoras de desigualdades na participação política e organizacional. ...
Os grupos de interesse — entendidos aqui como organizações que procuram influenciar as decisões políticas defendendo os interesses dos seus membros — são actores fundamentais das democracias representativas. Este estudo demonstra que o envolvimento dos grupos de interesse no sistema político português acontece em diferentes arenas, nomeadamente na sociedade civil, na opinião pública, nos media e na esfera institucional.
A acção das organizações de interesse não é uma anomalia ou uma disfunção do sistema político, antes faz parte do normal funcionamento das democracias representativas. No entanto, a opinião dos cidadãos em relação a estes grupos é muitas vezes ambivalente ou contraditória, faltando em Portugal conhecimento sobre as suas funções, estratégias e actividades.
Esta investigação apresenta um quadro geral e sistemático do papel dos grupos de interesse no sistema político português, apontando os desafios que a sua acção pode colocar ao sistema político, sobretudo se não houver transparência e instrumentos de controlo, mas também os seus potenciais benefícios para o sistema democrático, em particular como estímulo à participação e à melhoria dos processos de tomada de decisão.
... For example, social class has very different implications in England than it does in Germany (e.g., Hartmann, 1997) or the United States (e.g., Ingram & Oh, 2022). While using a geographically uniform sample might reduce the generalizability of our findings to other contexts, Kohn and Schooler (1983) argue that social class impacts perceptions and attitudes independently of cultural contexts. Evidence from many other cultural settings, from the United States to Russia to Japan (Grossman & Varnum, 2011;Kohn, Atsushi, Schoenbach, Schooler, & Slomczynski, 1990) supports this argument. ...
In this paper, we examine the social class of chief executive officers (CEOs) in different industries. Our study draws on unique data on 1,514 German CEOs and their respective firms. Using latent class analysis, we identify four different CEO social-class categories and analyze their industry affiliation. We show that CEOs of a particular social class are more likely to lead firms in specific industries. Our study contributes to the literature through its nuanced insights into the class-related traits of top executives, and opens up new avenues for research on the process of social selection through which corporate elites are defined.
... Our respondents reported having university degrees and were employed in the IT or business spheres, in the public or private sectors. They had well-paid jobs in Cyprus in occupations such as accountants, economists, IT experts, teachers, engineers, managers, psychologists, artists, fashion designers, doctors, office clerks, hairdressers and sales assistants, with a relatively high degree of literate and symbolic content in their daily job activities (based on work content items: e.g., use of paper and pencil, written reports, and computers vs. manual tools and heavy machines (Kohn & Schooler, 1983;Leseman & de Jong, 1998)), see Table 1. A few of the Russian mothers were housewives and took care of their children at home. ...
The home literacy environment (HLE) involves various oral and
written interactions amongst children and parents in a family (Aram
& Levin, 2002; Leseman & de Jong, 1998). HLE affects reading and
writing development via formal and informal literacy activities
(Sénéchal & LeFevre, 2002). Through direct and indirect conditions,
HLE may provide opportunities and experiences to children
(Burgess, 2011; Burgess et al., 2002). This study examined the HLE
of Russian-speaking families in Cyprus and its effects on heritage
language (HL) use, maintenance and transmission as well as
language and literacy development in minority and majority
languages. Eighty families residing in Cyprus participated in the
study: 40 mixed-marriage and 40 Russian-speaking immigrant
families, and data was collected through mixed methods. In other
words, data collection instruments included written questionnaires,
oral semi-structured interviews and observation, which focused on
parental demographics, education, literacy habits and activities,
writing and reading beliefs regarding minority and majority
languages (Burgess et al., 2002). Results indicated that Russianspeaking parents in this immigrant context realise the importance
of (early) child literacy experiences at home and try to enhance
these experiences, both in Russian and the majority language(s), via
(in)direct teaching and code/meaning-focused shared activities.
Different factors affecting the HLE of Russian-speaking immigrants
in Cyprus include family type, socio economic status (SES) level of
parents’ education, personal trajectories and experience, linguistic
and cultural identities, plans for residency, and their children’s
education and career.
Keywords: home literacy environment, home literacy practices and
strategies, early child literacy.
... (We also recognize that low-income students with parents who have advanced degrees are not included in our definition of workingclass, etc., but are captured in the designation of first generation or low income.) As others have highlighted, these working-class families are often unfamiliar with complex institutional practices (Lareau 2011); these backgrounds also give young people training in distinctive cultural and economic practices (Friedman and Laurison 2019;Lamont 2000;Lareau 2011;Silva 2012) and childrearing values (Kohn and Schooler 1983). In some instances, these class-based practices are linked to parents' occupational experiences rather than parents' educational experiences, leading to the need for a broader conception than first-generation students. ...
In the growing literature on upwardly mobile college students, there is evidence of students from working-class backgrounds experiencing exclusion on campus. Yet there has been insufficient attention to interactions between working-class students and their more affluent same-race friends. Drawing on 44 in-depth interviews with undergraduates from working-class backgrounds at two private universities, the authors show that Black, white, and Asian American students experience classist interactions with same-race friends characterized by what the authors term hostile ignorance. Although these interactions challenged same-race friendships for each racial group, the precise form they took was inflected by racial dynamics. Furthermore, tensions in intraracial friendships led students to withdraw socially, thereby shrinking their social networks. These findings clarify how racially homogenous social ties can provide support yet also feature class-based antagonisms. As we consider students’ sense of belonging on campus, we must be more precise about where working-class students are exposed to classism and who is responsible.
... Cognitive Flexibility As employees learn new skills and competencies, they may be motivated to transfer them to other areas of their life, bene tting their cognitive exibility (Kohn & Schooler, 1983). Cognitive exibility refers to the abilities of individuals to adapt to changing environments, to consider and integrate the perspectives of others, and to solve problems exibly (Dennis & Vander Wal, 2010). ...
Technological developments and the increase of flexible working conditions are accompanied by new cognitive demands on employees. In highly flexible work, there is an increased need for planning of working times and for planning of working places, for structuring of work tasks, and for coordinating with others. On the one hand, these new demands result in greater cognitive effort and, in the long run, in reduced psychological detachment and increased fatigue and conflict in working life (strain process). On the other hand, cognitive demands result in learning processes and thus in increased cognitive flexibility, work motivation, and work–home enrichment (learning process). Preliminary evidence from a series of independent studies mostly confirms these demands and their complex negative and positive outcomes. Coordinating with others seems to be especially important with regard to the proposed strain process, whereas structuring of work is clearly related to the learning process. Planning of working times and planning of working places are related to both processes. Individual factors, like individual boundary creation, become more important with the increase of flexible working conditions.
... Die erfassten Persönlichkeitsfaktoren waren dabei anxiety, anger, sensation-seeking, altruism und normlessness. Die Items der ersten vier Faktoren wurden aus dem International Personality Item Pool (IPIP;Goldberg et al., 2006) übernommen, während die Items für normlessness aus der normlessness scale von Kohn und Schuler entnommen wurden(Kohn & Schooler, 1983). Die Einstellungen hinsichtlich der Verkehrssicherheit und riskantem Fahrverhalten im Straßenverkehr stammen vonUlleberg und Rundmo (2003). ...
Ziel der Studie war es, eine Typologie von RadfahrerInnen in Deutschland zu erarbeiten und diese zu beschreiben. Zu diesem Zweck wurde auf Basis einer umfassenden Literaturrecherche eine groß angelegte Online-Befragung durchgeführt und dabei 10.294 auswertbare Datensätze gewonnen. Durch Hauptkomponenten- und Faktorenanalyse wurden neun Faktoren extrahiert, die anschließend zur Clusterung der RadfahrerInnen genutzt wurden.
Im Ergebnis ließen sich vier Typen von RadfahrerInnen identifizieren: passionierter, pragmatischer, funktioneller und ambitionierter Radfahrtyp. Die Typen unterscheiden sich dabei sowohl hinsichtlich der Typologisierungsfaktoren als auch bezüglich infrastruktureller Präferenzen, Unfallhistorie und der Radfahrhäufigkeit für bestimmte Wegezwecke. Die Einbeziehung motivationaler Faktoren erbrachte wichtige Einblicke in die Eigenschaften von RadfahrerInnen. Aus den Kenntnissen der Eigenschaften der vier Radfahrtypen lassen sich u.a. Implikationen für die Radverkehrsförderung ableiten.
Die Arbeit schließt mit einem Ausblick auf Teil 2 des Projektes, bei dem die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse über die Radfahrtypen mit realem Fahrverhalten verknüpft wurden.
... According to this dimension, an employment relationship can be described as decent if one's work is recognized and valued by personally relevant people and groups. Jobs that require or promote the formation of social relationships with colleagues and clients are a valuable source for status, recognition, and personality development (Jahoda, 1981;Kohn & Schooler, 1983). Recognition and respect for one's job is also vital for the development of self-esteem (Honneth, 2001) and the formation of an identity (Sennett, 2001). ...
Recent efforts to consider quality of (work) life rather than mere economic subsistence in determining living wages have received increasing attention. However, it remains unclear how increased income translates into quality of life. Previous research found curvilinear relationships between income and capability development, suggesting contextual influences. This conceptual paper proposes a framework of decent work with five dimensions (reproductive–material, social–communicative, legal–institutional [participation], status and recognition, meaningful–subject-related) with living wages at its core, enriched by employment- and work-related factors. Furthermore, we argue that capability development results from both living wages and decent work contributing to need satisfaction. Since different needs are satisfied differently, we propose each of the five dimensions of decent work to be predominantly related to a specific set of hierarchically ordered needs. Finally, we apply this framework to explain the shape of the curve that links income and capabilities. While higher income satisfies basic needs and triggers capability development up to a satiation point, psychological and self-fulfilment needs become more salient for capability development beyond that point. Individual, organizational, and country-level context factors outlined in this paper should be considered in future investigations of how living wages impact individuals.
... Although this could reduce the generalizability of our findings to other contexts, Kohn and Schooler (1983) argued that social class impacts cognition independently of the cultural context. Empirical evidence from many cultural settings, from the US to Russia and Japan (Grossmann & Varnum, 2011;Kohn et al., 1990) supports this argument. ...
In this paper, we examine the impact of top managers' social class on their attitude towards employee downsizing. Mobilizing Bourdieu's concepts of social class as a unique social position defined by the combination of economic, cultural, and social capital, we develop hypotheses about the effects of different capital endowments, which we test with unique data on more than 2500 top managers in Germany. We find that both higher economic and higher social capital increase openness towards employee dismissals, while higher cultural capital reduces it. We also find that the overall effect of a top manager's social position is an aggregate of the effects of the individual types of capital: Managers with high cultural, low social and low economic capital are least open to employee dismissals, while those with low cultural, high social and high economic capital are most open – with the other combinations lying somewhere between the two extremes.
... Powerlessness fits well into a general understanding of estrangement from objects and self because powerlessness represents a perceived disconnect between individuals' personal actions and what happens in their life (Ross et al., 2001). A vast literature on social structure and personality has revealed paid work characteristics that are associated with powerlessness, including routine work, job insecurity, and closely supervised work with limited job discretion (Glavin, 2013;Kohn & Schooler, 1983;Ross & Mirowsky, 1992;Schieman & Plickert, 2008). These patterns lend support to Marx's argument that alienation reflects wage laborers' lack of control over the means of production, while also supporting the view of powerlessness as a learned expectation that is influenced by socialstructural arrangements over the life course (Ross & Sastry, 1999;Schieman & Narisada, 2014) Yet, an emphasis on powerlessness overlooks the Marxian inclusion of isolation as a key manifestation of the alienating conditions of labor. ...
While the gig economy has expanded rapidly in the last decade, few have studied the psychological ramifications of working for an online labor platform. Guided by classical and modern theories of work and alienation, we investigate whether engagement in platform work is associated with an increased sense of powerlessness and isolation. We analyze data from two national surveys of workers from the Canadian Quality of Work and Economic Life Study in September 2019 ( N = 2,460) and March 2020 ( N = 2,469). Analyses reveal greater levels of powerlessness and loneliness among platform workers—a pattern that is not fully explained by their higher levels of financial strain. Additional analyses of platform activity reveal that rideshare driving is more strongly associated with powerlessness and isolation than engagement in online crowdwork. We interpret our findings in light of platform firms’ use of algorithmic control and distancing strategies that may undermine worker autonomy and social connection.
... Educational systems of countries are not only the systems teaching thinking skills and knowledge bot also teaching and strengthening the cultural values (Matsumoto and Jung, 2013). Experiences on education enable developments possible to be explained with self-direction value such as intellectual openness, flexibility and point of view (Kohn and Schooler, 1983). According to Karakitapoğlu and İmamoğlu (2002), there is a negative relationship between the year of education and traditionalism-devoutness, prescriptivism and conservatism and a positive relationship between the year of education and universalism. ...
Systematic changes can be seen in basic values attributed to personal and socioeconomic variables of children in international comparisons. In this study, basic individual values (power, achievement, hedonism, stimulation, self-direction, universalism, benevolence, traditionalism, conformity and security) of high school students were compared according to the variables of gender, type of school and level of grade. The research group included totally 294 high school students including 130 female and 164 males. Basic individual values of the high school students were measured with Portrait Values Scale. For analyzing the data, t-test and one-way analysis of variance were used. As result of the analysis, it was determined that achievement, hedonism, stimulation, self-direction, universalism, benevolence, traditionalism, conformity and security basic values of the high school students differed according to gender. Furthermore, power, self-direction and security basic values of the high school students were noticed to differ significantly according to the level of grade. Lastly, achievement, hedonism, stimulation, self-direction, universalism, benevolence, traditionalism, conformity and security basic values of the students were found to differ significantly according to the type of school. To conclude, some basic individual values of the high school have relationships with gender, type of school and grade level.
... All of the respondents had university degrees and were employed in the IT or business spheres, either in the public or private sectors. They had well-paid jobs in Cyprus in occupations such as accountants, economists, IT experts, teachers, engineers, managers, psychologists, artists, fashion designers, doctors, office clerks, hairdressers and sales assistants, with a relatively high degree of literate and symbolic content in their daily job activities (based on work content items: e.g., use of paper and pencil, written reports, and computers vs. manual tools and heavy machines (Kohn and Schooler 1983;Leseman and Jong 1998)). Some of the Russian females (12/30% in the immigrant Russian families and 8/20% in mixed-marriage families) were housewives who looked after their children at home. ...
Literacy is a broad term that includes reading and writing abilities, as well as cognitive skills that are socially and culturally constructed. Thus, it is essential to take the family context and home literacy environment (HLE) into consideration when discussing literacy. HLE affects reading and writing development via (in)formal literacy experiences focused on the development of oral language and code skills via exposure, child-centered and instructed activities. In this study, we investigated the effect of the family type (intermarriage/exogamous and co-ethnic/endogamous) and HLE on the development of literacy in bi-/multilingual children in Cyprus. The results of the study, which was based on qualitative methodology (questionnaires, interviews and observations), showed that there was a close relationship between the family type, family language policy (FLP), the HLE and the development of children’s language and literacy skills which, in addition, depended on their socioeconomic status (SES), the level of the parents’ education, life trajectories and experience, linguistic and cultural identities, status in the society, future plans for residency, and the education and careers of their children. Overall, Russian-speaking parents in immigrant contexts realized the importance of (early) child literacy experiences at home, as well as of multiliteracy and multimodality, and attempted to enhance these experiences both in Russian and in the majority language(s), mainly via formal, didactic activities focused on code skills.
... Kohn M. L. and Schooler, C. (1983), studies" Work and personality: an inquiry into the impact of social stratification". The research presented has shown that under-educated parents are not able to solve the problem of adolescents better than less-educated parents. ...
The world is addressing importance of mental and emotional health as there is increase in suicide rates due to these health problems. Highest suicide rate among age groups 15-29 years and 15-39 years has been seen in India in 2016. The reason could in the competitive world the youth has tremendous pressure of academic performance where importance to literary intelligence is given. Thus teachers, parents and society are either not aware about emotional health or feel no importance of enhancing it. A literature survey is an important first step to carry out the research process. Due to which the information on the process and related subject matter of the previous research is obtained in detail, which shows the gap in the research. In this article, an attempt has been made to study the findings of the researchers done on emotional intelligence in youth. Literature related to socioeconomic status, emotional intelligence, and parenting style has been collected. Attempts have been made to collect literature reviews from the past to the present on emotional intelligence, socioeconomic status, and parenting style for providing a guideline for future research.
Socioeconomic status (SES) or social class and leisure are closely linked, with leisure often seen as a marker of social class or social class constraining or facilitating access to leisure. Another way to examine social class and leisure is to consider the psychological impact of SES. Themes of individualism and collectivism have been linked to social class, namely, those with lower SES value collectivism and those with higher SES value individualism. We tested these patterns with population-based data by examining the association of more or less socially focused leisure with well-being, moderated by SES. Socially focused leisure was associated with greater life satisfaction and sense of belonging and lower levels of self-rated stress for those with lower SES compared to higher SES. These findings show the value in considering how social class has an impact on psychological perspectives and the differing importance of social leisure for well-being based on SES.
This chapter analyzes citizens’ involvement in civil society associations and political participation in Portugal, both longitudinally and within the broader European framework. The study examines the scope, type, and intensity of associational involvement and political participation, as well as the determinants of variation in associational involvement. The results show that civil society involvement is more widespread than previously believed, with citizens mostly affiliated with sports clubs and labor unions.Among those who are members, the majority tend to participate in some capacity in the meetings or activities organized by these organizations. The study also finds an overall increase in all forms of participation between 1999 and 2020. The study contributes to the growing body of literature on interest groups from a demand-side perspective and tests the influence of socioeconomic and attitudinal variables on associational involvement. Results indicate that individuals with higher cognitive resources, social integration, and political interest tend to exhibit higher levels of involvement.KeywordsAssociational involvementMembershipPolitical participationCivil society associationsSurvey data
Purpose
The transition from school to work is an important stage in the career development of university students, and precarious employment during this period can significantly impact their early career success. In today’s unstable employment environment, this study examines how employment instability during the transition from school to work directly and indirectly affects college students’ subjective career success. This contributes to a thorough understanding of this transitional period and provides university students with the necessary resources to cope with a smooth transition from school to work.
Patients and Methods
We recruited senior students at five universities in Harbin, China, from May to July 2022. After obtaining participants’ consent, questionnaires were distributed via social media, resulting in 967 valid questionnaires. Based on this sample, we examined the chain mediating effect of financial stress and occupational self-efficacy in the association between precarious employment and career success and the moderating effect of employability.
Results
The study found that precarious employment hurts career success and can also affect career success by increasing financial stress and decreasing occupational self-efficacy among college students. At the same time, financial stress can also decrease students’ self-efficacy. Finally, employability can reduce the adverse effects of precarious employment on career success and occupational self-efficacy.
Conclusion
The link between employment instability and subjective career success during the transition from school to work has been demonstrated for university students. Employment instability not only increases college students’ financial stress but also reduces career self-efficacy, which in turn affects college students’ perceptions of early subjective career success. Importantly, employability plays a positive role in the smooth school-to-work transition and subjective career success of university students.
The present chapter further investigates parents’ demand for private tutoring with a focus on parental socio-economic status. It examines the extent to which the patterns of demand for private tutoring vary across parental SES and explores how parental factors contribute to the differentiated demand.
This chapter moves to the demand for private tutoring in China. It first briefs how private tutoring industry has evolved in past decades. Then it describes the scale of demand for private tutoring according to the nationwide CFPS survey data in 2018 and its group variations. The follow-up SEM analysis explores how parental socio-economic resources and attitudes influence their demand for private tutoring for children.
Private tutoring has expanded to be a worldwide phenomenon alongside the formal education system.
In this article, the existence of a working class culture is analysed on the basis of a representative sample of workers in Flanders. In the firsl part, theories such as the inclividualization theory and the postmodern criticism of social classes are reviewed, leading to the hypothesis that a working class culture no longer exists. Next, three hypotheses are analysed; (1) blue collar workers still hold a set of typical attitudes which distinguish them from white collar workers, (2) the social class of the respondents can be predicted on the basis of their attitudes and subjective identification with a social class, (3) the social class of the respondents has an autonomous effect on their attitudes. These three hypotheses are all corroborated, suggesting that the disappearance of a working class culture needs a more carefully balanced appraisal than the one offered by the reviewed theories on its disappearance.
This chapter sets out the framework used in 17 organisational case studies (across three economic sectors in nine countries) to investigate ‘organisational’ and individual agency in workplace learning. Agency is key to explaining why individuals take up learning opportunities in different dimensions of their lives over the life course. It is relational: actors’ choices are bound by their environments. The framework treats both individuals and organisations as actors with agency: whether workplace learning actually occurs results from how they interact. Those who find their workplace offers limited learning opportunities may seek more learning-conducive jobs, or to learn outside work. Policies should promote meaningful learning across society, but poor workplace organisation is a barrier to making lifelong learning a reality for all.
Work alienation refers to mental self-separation from work, and it is an integral reflection of workers and their work. Few studies have explored the association between work area and work alienation among grassroots judicial administrators. A stratified sampling method was used to collect data from 288 grassroots judicial administrators in Guangzhou to measure the overall status quo and work alienation in this group. This study found that the current grassroots judicial administrative team has a reasonable structure, high professional quality, and rich grassroots work experience, but a high level of work intensity (Mean = .667) and a lack of autonomy (Mean = .757) are prominent. Work area (unstandardized regression coefficient, B = .917) is significantly related to work alienation when controlling for sociodemographic and work characteristic variables: the closer the work area is to the city centre areas, the higher the level of work alienation. In addition, education level also has a significant effect on work alienation: the lower the individual education level is, the stronger the work alienation. The discussion focuses on the knowledge needs in grassroots judicial administrative work and the importance of the external working environment, and further research implications are proposed.
This work examines whether the increase of single parenthood in Italy and Spain, specifically amongst women in an unfavourable socioeconomic position, has repercussions for child well-being, understood here as material deprivation. In particular, our main objective is to analyse the possible differential impact of single parenthood on children’s material deprivation in relation to mothers’ level of education. Using the 2014 EU-SILC Module on material deprivation, we identify five areas of child deprivation based on the EU-MODA approach: nutrition, clothing, education, leisure, and social life. In the case of Italy, our main results indicate that, compared to children from two-parent households, children of single mothers with a low level of education have a higher risk of nutrition and clothing deprivation. In Spain, living in a single-parent household is associated with a higher risk of deprivation in terms of social life for those children whose mothers do not have a high level of education. Therefore, the findings suggest that in both countries the growth of single parenthood amongst women with a lower educational level may have an impact on child well-being inequality. This article contributes empirical data to the growing literature on the rise of child poverty in Southern European countries.
Väitekirja keskseks sotsiaalpsühholoogiliseks teoreetiliseks fookuseks on sotsiaalse tunnetuse käsitlus, mis võimaldab mõtestada, kuidas inimesed orienteeruvad sotsiaalses maailmas. Sotsiaalse tunnetuse protsessid toovad välja, millistest arusaamadest lähtuvalt inimesed oma sotsiaalses maailmas ühiselt orienteeruvad, kuidas nad seda mõistavad ja kuidas need arusaamad neid mõjutavad. Väärtuste, hoiakute ja sotsiaalsete representatsioonide uurimine võimaldab aru saada, mille alusel inimesed mõtestavad nii iseennast kui ka neid ümbritsevaid füüsilisi ja sotsiaalseid maailmu ning oma suhet nende maailmadega. Sotsiaalse tunnetuse sisu pärineb sotsiaalsest elust, inimestevahelistest interaktsioonidest ja kommunikatsioonist.
Väitekirja empiiriline osa käsitleb erinevate arusaamade teisenemisena avalduvaid siirdekultuuri ilminguid Ida-Euroopa kontekstis kiirete poliitiliste ja majanduslike ümberkorralduste käigus asetleidvate ühiskondlike muutuste käigus ajavahemikul 1990–2011. Sotsiaalse tunnetuse muutusena avaldus siire konfliktina ühiskondlike nähtuste ühiseks mõtestamiseks kasutatavate omavahel sageli vastuollu minevate nõukogudeaegsete ning läänelike mõttemallide vahel. Töös on analüüsitud sotsiaalse tunnetuse muutusi Eestis kolmes valdkonnas: poliitilised hoiakud, tööväärtused ja teaduskultuur.
Doktoritöö kasutatud ainulaadsed longituudsed andmed võimaldasid uurida väärtushinnangute kujunemist „võitjate põlvkonnas“ samade üksikindiviidide tasandil.
kogu siirdeaja jooksul domineerisid Eestimaalaste seas toimetulekuväärtused eneseväljenduslike üle. Enim muutusid väärtushinnangud pärast 1990. aastate alguse radikaalseid reforme ja 2008. aasta ülemaailmset majanduskriisi. Nõukogude võimu all lühemalt elanud eestlaste toetus konkurentsiühiskonna väärtustele oli suurem kui eestivenelastel. Tänu eestlaste sümbolilistele ressurssidele oli toimetulek siirdega nende jaoks lihtsam kui eestivenelaste jaoks. Siirdeaja jooksul lähenesid mitmed eestlaste ja eestivenelaste väärtushinnangud. Tööväärtustest tähtsustati kogu siirdeaja jooksul kõige rohkem hea töötasu teenimise võimalusi, kõrgelt väärtustati ka kindla töökoha olemasolu. Kogu siirdeaja jooksul väärtustasid naised sotsiaalseid tööväärtusi meestega võrreldes kõrgemalt. Peale selle hakkasid naised siirdeajal meestega võrreldes kõrgemalt hindama tööd, kus avanesid nii enesetäiendamise kui ka oma võimete kasutamise võimalused. Muutusi heade teenimisvõimaluste ja kindla töökoha olemasolu väärtustamises prognoosisid rahvus ning erinevad haridus- ja töö- ning elutee näitajad.
Eestimaalased hindasid teaduse ja tehnoloogia rolli ühiskonnas väga kõrgelt. Uutest tehnoloogiate omaksvõtmist kujundasid inimeste erialased teadmised ja kokkupuuted selle valdkonnaga.
Research question: Trust in elite sport institutions is an important antecedent that explains public attitudes towards elite sport. However, the origin of trust remains, to some extent, enigmatic. The purpose of this study is to examine the factors that define trust in elite sport institutions.
Research methods: Drawing on data collected from a cross-sectional online social survey among 2,525 representative Japanese adults, this article examines the impact of a series of (1) institutional approach-; (2) cultural approach-; and (3) social exchange theory-derived factors on the level of trust in elite sport institutions.
Results and Findings: The findings highlight the role that institutional performances, most notably the sporting and political aspects, exogenous cultural elements, and positive/negative perception towards policy development, play in determining institutional trust. Among these determinants, the contribution of institutions’ political performance (e.g., information provision and fiscal responsibility) is the most prominent.
Implications: In addition to the pursuit of medal winning performances and elite sport success, enhancing political performance, such as transparency and fiscal responsibility, needs to be considered an equally, and probably more, important part of elite sport policy in relation to public trust.
Objectives
Cognitive reserve provides evidence in the search for answers regarding the role that lifestyle has in the protection of cognition in old age. Through a structural equations model, different things were analyzed: the relative weight of education, occupational complexity, free time activities and the intelligence quotient in cognitive reserve; and its impact on three cognitive domains: memory, language and executive functions.
Design
A trail analysis was executed, using structural equations procedure.
Participants
167 older participants (mean = 76.74 years, standard deviation = 6.8 years).
Measurements
Participants were assessed with: Sociodemographic Questionnaire, Occupational Activity Agency Questionnaire, Social Participation Questionnaire and Neuropsychological Evaluation Battery for: memory, language and executive functions.
Results
The cognitive reserve factor is well represented by the measures included, with values between .43 and .86, and shows a direct effect on language (β = .52, p < .001), executive functions (β = .77, p <.001), and memory (β = .36, p = .003).
Conclusions
In conclusion, lifestyle factors, such as education, occupational complexity, leisure time activities and intelligence quotient have an impact on the conformation of cognitive reserve and performance in some psychological processes.
Die vorliegende Dissertation untersucht die Relevanz von Kontrollüberzeugungen in der intergenerationalen Transmission von sozialem Status. Motiviert ist die Arbeit von der Frage nach der Möglichkeit Chancengerechtigkeit durch die Verringerung herkunftsbedingter Unterschiede in Kontrollüberzeugungen zu erhöhen. Nach einer Einführung des zentralen Konstruktes werden im theoretischen Teil durch die Zusammenführung soziologischer und sozialpsychologischer Theorien potentielle Transmissionsmechanismen erörtert. Der empirische Teil prüft den postulierten Transmissionskanal anhand längsschnittlicher Daten. Um die Möglichkeit der Verringerung herkunftsbedingter Unterschiede in Kontrollüberzeugungen abzuschätzen wurde mit Hilfe von Zwillingsdaten und einer randomisiert kontrollierten Interventionsstudie untersucht wie stark Kontrollüberzeugung genetisch determiniert sind beziehungsweise von sozialen Faktoren innerhalb und außerhalb des familiären Kontextes beeinflusst werden. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass Kontrollüberzeugungen den Einfluss des Herkunftsstatus auf den eigenen Status teilweise mediieren. In Übereinstimmung mit bisherigen Studien weisen die Ergebnisse der Zwillingsstudien darauf hin, dass Kontrollüberzeugungen in hohem sozial determiniert sind. Die Interventionsstudie indiziert ,dass Kontrollüberzeugungen gezielt verändert werden können. Im konkreten Fall konnten externe, fatalistische Kontrollüberzeugungen durch ein Mentoringprogramm verringert werden. Abschließend wird die gesellschaftliche Norm zur Internalität kritisch betrachtet. Sowohl internale als auch externale Kontrollüberzeugungen können adaptiv sein, sofern sie auf realistischen Einschätzungen der tatsächlich vorhandenen Kontrollmöglichkeiten basieren. Die Grenzen der tatsächlich vorhanden Kontrollmöglichkeiten zu erforschen und zu benennen wird als wichtiges Ziel soziologischer Forschung in diesem Bereich herausgestellt.
While many school choice studies focus on individual parents’ preferences, we simultaneously address the structural context within which families make decisions and the strategies they develop in response. Drawing on in-depth interviews with 24 Black middle-class parents of young children, we demonstrate that they sought well-funded, academically rigorous schools populated by racially diverse middle-class students. Using administrative data, we then show that such schools are exceptionally rare, reflecting the structural realities of US society. To manage the ensuing dilemma, the parents implemented one of two school-selection strategies: ‘assiduous rationality’, which entailed collecting information to make a maximally informed decision, and ‘trusting a close tie’, which entailed identifying a network member who had been successful, and following their lead. Regardless of their strategy, the parents exhibited significant institutional mistrust and anxiety. Our results point to the constraint exercised by social structures, which can thwart parental goal realization regardless of class resources.
Cargo two- or three-wheeled vehicles (TTWs), as a new form of micro-mobility, have become a popular mode of urban cargo transportation in China. Cargo TTW riders’ psychological factors and risky behaviors lead to a number of accidents. A questionnaire is designed by comprehensively considering these factors and behaviors of cargo TTW riders that includes eleven risk factors to quantitatively analyze the risky behaviors based on structural equation modeling (SEM). One thousand three hundred nineteen participants reported using cargo TTWs on a questionnaire distributed across the country. The characteristics of riding behavior data are analyzed to verify the three-layer risk theoretical framework of “Psychological factors (Personality traits/specific factors) - Psychological acceptability of risks (confidence/perception/attitude) - Risky behaviors”. The results show that anger has a strong direct effect on riding violations, while normlessness and altruism have a direct effect on riding errors. Workload has a weak but direct effect on risky behaviors, and riding feedback has a weak and mixed effect. In addition, high-risk groups are identified by analysis of variance (ANOVA) with rider population attributes. These quantitative analyses can help guide safety countermeasures to mitigate accidents involving cargo TTWs.
Objective
To compare the prevalence and reasons for presenteeism in occupations in three branches defined as employees handling people, handling things or handling symbols.
Method
A cross-sectional population-based cohort study was conducted. The study group was drawn from a representative sample ( n = 6230) aged 16–64, who had been interviewed in 2015 or in 2017 for the Swedish Work Environment Surveys (SWES). The odds ratios (ORs) stratified by occupational category for reasons of presenteeism, with 95% confidence intervals (CI), were estimated using binomial multiple logistic regression analysis.
Results
The study showed that presenteeism was more common among employees handling people (74%), when compared to employees handling things (65%) or handling symbols (70%). The most common reason for presenteeism among employees handling people was “I do not want to burden my colleagues”, while “Because nobody else can carry out my responsibilities” was most common in the other two categories. After control for socio-demography, work environments and health, the differences in reasons mostly remained significant between the three occupational categories.
Conclusion
The differences between occupational categories are important for prevalence and reasons for presenteeism. As presenteeism affects the future health of employees and the productivity of the work unit, attempts to reduce presenteeism may be important. Because the reasons vary between occupations, customized preventive measures should be applied in different occupational settings. Among employees handling people, covering up for absence in work team is relevant, while among employees handling symbols and handling things the corresponding focus could be on shared responsibilities for specific tasks.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.