The Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) Technical Manual Update
... Depressive Symptomology Depressive symptomology was measured using the 10-item Child Depression Inventory short form (CDI-S) [43,44]. Items consisted of a series of statements (i.e. ...
... 'I like myself', 'I don't like myself' 'I hate myself') for which adolescents had to choose the statement that reflected how they felt. Items were scored 0-2 (0 = absent symptoms, 1 = mild symptoms and, 2 = definitive symptoms) [43,44]. Scores of ≥ 3 (based on mild/ definitive symptoms due to the small number of participants reporting definitive symptoms) [45] were used to indicate symptomology consistent with a positive screen for probable depression (binary; yes/no). ...
... Scores of ≥ 3 (based on mild/ definitive symptoms due to the small number of participants reporting definitive symptoms) [45] were used to indicate symptomology consistent with a positive screen for probable depression (binary; yes/no). The CDI-S been previously found to be highly correlated (r = 0.89) with the broader 27-item CDI scale as such scores were prorated based on the suggested inclusive cut-off within the within the full scale [43,46,47]. A cut-off ≥ 3 has been previously been used in high income contexts [48]. ...
The mental health of adolescents (10–19 years) remains an overlooked global health issue, particularly within the context of syndemic conditions such as HIV and pregnancy. Rates of pregnancy and HIV among adolescents within South Africa are some of the highest in the world. Experiencing pregnancy and living with HIV during adolescence have both been found to be associated with poor mental health within separate explorations. Yet, examinations of mental health among adolescents living with HIV who have experienced pregnancy/parenthood remain absent from the literature. As such, there exists no evidence-based policy or programming relating to mental health for this group. These analyses aim to identify the prevalence of probable common mental disorder among adolescent mothers and, among adolescents experiencing the syndemic of motherhood and HIV. Analyses utilise data from interviews undertaken with 723 female adolescents drawn from a prospective longitudinal cohort study of adolescents living with HIV (n = 1059) and a comparison group of adolescents without HIV (n = 467) undertaken within the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Detailed study questionnaires included validated and study specific measures relating to HIV, adolescent motherhood, and mental health. Four self-reported measures of mental health (depressive, anxiety, posttraumatic stress, and suicidality symptomology) were used to explore the concept of likely common mental disorder and mental health comorbidities (experiencing two or more common mental disorders concurrently). Chi-square tests (Fisher’s exact test, where appropriate) and Kruskal Wallis tests were used to assess differences in sample characteristics (inclusive of mental health status) according to HIV status and motherhood status. Logistic regression models were used to explore the cross-sectional associations between combined motherhood and HIV status and, likely common mental disorder/mental health comorbidities. 70.5% of participants were living with HIV and 15.2% were mothers. 8.4% were mothers living with HIV. A tenth (10.9%) of the sample were classified as reporting a probable common mental disorder and 2.8% as experiencing likely mental health comorbidities. Three core findings emerge: (1) poor mental health was elevated among adolescent mothers compared to never pregnant adolescents (measures of likely common mental disorder, mental health comorbidities, depressive, anxiety and suicidality symptoms), (2) prevalence of probable common mental disorder was highest among mothers living with HIV (23.0%) compared to other groups (Range:8.5–12.8%; Χ ² = 12.54, p = 0.006) and, (3) prevalence of probable mental health comorbidities was higher among mothers, regardless of HIV status (HIV & motherhood = 8.2%, No HIV & motherhood = 8.2%, Χ ² = 14.5, p = 0.002). Results identify higher mental health burden among adolescent mothers compared to never-pregnant adolescents, an increased prevalence of mental health burden among adolescent mothers living with HIV compared to other groups, and an elevated prevalence of mental health comorbidities among adolescent mothers irrespective of HIV status. These findings address a critical evidence gap, highlighting the commonality of mental health burden within the context of adolescent motherhood and HIV within South Africa as well as the urgent need for support and further research to ensure effective evidence-based programming is made available for this group. Existing antenatal, postnatal, and HIV care may provide an opportunity for mental health screening, monitoring, and referral.
... Para rastrear sintomas preditores de depressão, foi utilizado o teste CDI -Child Depression Inventory, na versão adaptada por Gouveia et al. (1995). O mesmo foi criado por Kovacs (1983Kovacs ( , 1985Kovacs ( , 1992Kovacs ( , 2003, a partir de uma adaptação do Beck Depression Inventory para adultos. O objetivo do CDI é verificar a presença e a severidade de sintomas de depressão em jovens de 7 a 17 anos, a partir de seu autorrelato. ...
... O objetivo do CDI é verificar a presença e a severidade de sintomas de depressão em jovens de 7 a 17 anos, a partir de seu autorrelato. Os itens do CDI abrangem as reações afetivas, os aspectos cognitivos, os aspectos comportamentais e os sintomas somáticos e o instrumento original com 27 itens descreve cinco fatores que compõem o instrumento completo, sendo eles: humor negativo, problemas interpessoais, inefetividade, anedonia e auto-estima negativa (Kovacs, 2003). ...
Introdução: Dentre os transtornos emocionais, a depressão ocupa um lugar de destaque, pois atinge o ser humano nos diferentes momentos de sua vida, desde a infância, adolescência, até a vida adulta, constituindo-se numa carga de doença expressiva, com prejuízos na vida escolar, nas relações familiares e sociais desses indivíduos. Objetivo: Analisar a prevalência e os fatores associados à depressão em adolescentes de uma escola pública de uma capital do nordeste brasileiro. Método: Pesquisa transversal, analítica e quantitativa, realizada com 73 adolescentes de uma escola da rede pública estadual, no período de agosto a outubro de 2022. Foi aplicado um questionário sociodemográfico, o AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test) e o CDI (Child Depression Inventory), para avaliar consumo de álcool e sintomas depressivos. Realizaram-se testes de hipóteses estatística, considerando nível de significância de 5% Resultados: Identificou-se uma prevalência de 30% de sintomas depressivos. Entre os fatores que contribuem para a depressão estão o sexo feminino, não gostar de ir à escola e ter uma relação ruim com os professores, faltar mais a escola e mais horas de acesso à internet, já ter experimentado bebida alcoólica e/ou consumi-la habitualmente e ter renda familiar maior que um salário mínimo. Conclusão: Devido à alta prevalência de sintomas depressivos nesta população, sugere-se a criação de espaços de escuta individual e em grupo, por profissionais da psicologia dentro do ambiente escolar.
... Children's self-reported depressive symptoms were assessed using Timbremont et al. (2004) Dutch translation of the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI; (Kovacs & Inc, 2003). The 27-item questionnaire asks respondents to choose the most fitting option from three descriptions per item pertaining to the previous 2 weeks (e.g. ...
... The items were scored on a 3-point rating scale ranging from 0 to 2, with higher mean scores reflecting more severe cognitive, affective or behavioural symptoms of depression. A mean score was calculated across all 27 items (Kovacs & Inc, 2003). Overall, the CDI is a reliable and valid questionnaire, typically reporting internal consistency reliability coefficients in the low to upper 0.80s (Cole & Carpentieri, 1990). ...
A better understanding of protective factors against childhood depression may allow for the mitigation of severe and chronic symptoms and the timely implementation of intervention strategies. This study investigated the protective effect of having a secure base script on depressive symptoms when children face daily stressors. To test this hypothesis, moderation analyses were performed in a cross-sectional study with 378 children (48.5% boys, 51.5%) aged 8-12 years (M = 10.20; SD = 0.57). The results provided some support for the moderation effect when secure base script knowledge was investigated as a categorical variable in middle childhood. However, the results did not support the moderation effect when investigating secure base script as a continuous variable. Therefore, future investigations may need to address whether a categorical approach could better elucidate the protective role of secure base script knowledge in childhood depression. .
... See Table 1 for group differences on baseline demographics, cognitive functioning, psychopathology, and alcohol use. The two groups were not significantly different in age, sex, household income, psychotropic medication use, depressive symptoms (i.e., Children's Depressive Inventory; Kovacs & Staff, 2003), oppositional defiant symptoms (Child Symptom Inventory -ODD subscale; Gadow & Sprafkin, 2002), conduct symptoms (Child Symptom Inventory -CD subscale; Gadow & Sprafkin, 2002), or attention deficit symptoms (Child Symptom Inventory -ADHD combined symptoms subscale; Gadow & Sprafkin, 2002). Alcohol initiators had reduced cognitive functioning (Weschler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence; Wechsler, 1999) and were more likely to be White; all alcohol initiators were non-Hispanic. ...
... **p < .01, ***p < .001. 1 Score derived from Children's Depressive Inventory (Kovacs and Staff, 2003), a self-report measure of depressive symptoms. A cut-off score of 19 or 20 is recommended to differentiate youth with or without depressive disorders in a non-clinical sample. 2 Scores derived from the Child Symptom Inventory (Gadow and Sprafkin, 2002), a parent-report measure of DSM childhood disorders. ...
Adolescent alcohol use is associated with adverse psychosocial outcomes, including an increased risk of alcohol use disorder in adulthood. It is therefore important to identify risk factors of alcohol initiation in adolescence. Research to date has shown that altered neural activation to reward is associated with alcohol use in adolescence; however, few studies have focused on neural activation to loss and alcohol use. The current study examined neural activation to loss and reward among 64 alcohol naive 12-14 year olds that did (n = 20) and did not initiate alcohol use by a three year follow-up period. Results showed that compared to adolescents that did not initiate alcohol use, adolescents that did initiate alcohol use by the three year follow-up period had increased activation to loss in the left striatum (i.e., putamen), right precuneus, and the brainstem/pons when they were alcohol naive at baseline. By contrast, alcohol initiation was not associated with neural activation to winning a reward. These results suggest that increased activation in brain regions implicated in salience, self-referential processing, and sensorimotor function, especially to negative outcomes, may represent an initial vulnerability factor for alcohol use in adolescence.
... In Tier 2 activities, school counselors or other psychiatric professionals conduct more specialized assessments based on students' symptoms. For example, the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) 37 and the Children's Depression Inventory -Shortform (CDI-S) 38 are suitable for more thoroughly evaluating students at risk for depression. The Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children 39 can be used to assess children's and adolescents' anxiety symptoms. ...
Background: As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, educational systems worldwide were disrupted. Students, educators, and parents faced challenges from the rapid switch to distance learning with attendant social isolation and limited teacher or peer interaction, along with excessive demand and worries from the lasting pandemic. It exacerbated preexisting mental health crises within school communities. Amidst such challenges, psychiatrists prescribed tailored medication regimens to manage individual mental health in the time of crisis, ensuring continuity of care and support for those affected. Methods: A scoping review was conducted to identify studies of Kindergarten to 12th grade school members' mental health and mental health support programs offered by schools and institutions during the COVID-19 pandemic. We also conducted a survey to examine mental health concerns faced by grade 6 to 12 teachers, school staff, children, and parents in Connecticut, United States. Results: While publication bias may be extant, we found well-documented studies of exacerbation and the emergence of mental health problems among parents, teaching staff, and students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on our comprehensive review of relevant literature and analysis of survey results, we have identified four key themes pertaining to the mental health challenges encountered by parents, teaching and non-teaching staff, and students in Kindergarten through 12th grade (K-12). Moreover, upon examining pertinent mental health interventions and models, we have identified the multi-tiered systems of support as an effective approach to address these difficulties, with explanations on how to utilize the framework during a crisis. This system is designed with tiers that provide various levels of interventions aimed at helping schools effectively manage the psychological well-being of their members during a crisis. Conclusions: Drawing on findings from literature reviews and surveys, this study sheds light on the difficulties surrounding mental health in schools during times of crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, it puts forward a recommendation for employing multi-tiered support strategies to address these challenges and promote psychological well-being within educational settings amidst crisis. By adopting a multi-tiered systems of support framework that integrates various interventions tailored to individual needs, schools can effectively manage mental health concerns among their members. The study underscores the critical role of psychiatry in providing specialized care and medication management to support mental health in educational environments, particularly during times of crisis, with important implications to address the urgent mental health demands in Kindergarten to 12th grade schools.
... The Children's Depression Inventory-Short Version (CDI-S) [64] was used to assess depressive symptoms in our participants. The CDI-S is a ten-item scale. ...
Family income is an important factor that affects depression in children and can indirectly be associated with children’s development through family and individual factors. However, few studies have examined the mechanism of multiple risk factors. Therefore, this study focused on the relationship between family income and child depression, as well as the chain mediating the roles of parental involvement and children’s self-esteem both in single-parent families and intact families. A total of 1355 primary school students completed questionnaires that assessed family income, parental involvement, children’s self-esteem, and depression. The results showed that family income influenced child depression through both the mediating roles of parental involvement and children’s self-esteem and the chain mediating role of parental involvement and children’s self-esteem. Meanwhile, family income only influenced child depression through chain mediation in single-parent families. The group differences in the mechanism of depression provide a reference for empirical research on depression intervention in children from different family structures.
... Nesse instrumento, o Módulo de Transtorno Depressivo Maior é utilizado para diagnosticar a depressão em adolescentes. O Children's Depression Inventory (CDI; Kovacs & Staff, 2003) foi utilizado em dois estudos (Charkhandeh et al., 2016;Pössel et al., 2013) Angold et al., 1987) para mensurar os sintomas depressivos (Aitken et al., 2020;Cirasola et al., 2021). Cirasola et al., (2021) Horvath & Greenberg, 1989;Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989). ...
Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar os principais achados reportados por pesquisas desenvolvidas na última década acerca de intervenções de TCC em grupo para o tratamento da depressão em adolescentes. Realizou-se uma revisão sistemática da literatura por meio das bases de dados PubMed, PsychoINFO e BVS-Brasil, no período de 17 a 20 de junho de 2023. Após a análise dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, um total de 11 artigos completos constituíram a amostra final. Técnicas terapêuticas como a reestruturação cognitiva, a psicoeducação e a regulação emocional demonstraram ser importantes para a redução ou remissão de sintomas depressivos em adolescentes. Além disso, novos programas incluindo o suporte colaborativo de professores também parecerem ser efetivos quando trazendo o TCC para adolescentes com depressão. Conclui-se que, em comparação com outros tratamentos terapêuticos ou farmacológicos, as intervenções em TCC, frequentemente, apresentam potencial benéfico para o tratamento da depressão em adolescentes.
... Neurodevelopmental outcomes included cognitive performance indicated by full-scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ), harmonized as previously described (Ni et al., 2022) across age 4-6 Stanford Binet 5 (Roid and Barram, 2004); age 4-6 Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, Fourth Edition (Wechsler, 2012); and age 6-8 Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fifth Edition (Wechsler, 2014) assessments from CANDLE, GAPPS, and TIDES, respectively. Behavioral outcomes included age 8-9 anxiety, depression, and irritability as assessed using the total scores for the child self-reported Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) assessment (Birmaher et al., 1997), Children's Depression Inventory 2 (CDI) (Kovacs, 1992), and the Affective Reactivity Index (ARI) (Stringaris et al., 2012), respectively. We also included five Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) (Achenbach, 2001) subscale scores of social, thought, and attention problems as well as externalizing and internalizing behaviors reported by parents at age 8-9. ...
A multimorbidity-focused approach may reflect common etiologic mechanisms and lead to better targeting of etiologic agents for broadly impactful public health interventions. Our aim was to identify clusters of chronic obesity-related, neurodevelopmental, and respiratory outcomes in children, and to examine associations between cluster membership and widely prevalent chemical exposures to demonstrate our epidemiologic approach. Early to middle childhood outcome data collected 2011–2022 for 1092 children were harmonized across the ECHO-PATHWAYS consortium of 3 prospective pregnancy cohorts in six U.S. cities. 15 outcomes included age 4–9 BMI, cognitive and behavioral assessment scores, speech problems, and learning disabilities, asthma, wheeze, and rhinitis. To form generalizable clusters across study sites, we performed k-means clustering on scaled residuals of each variable regressed on study site. Outcomes and demographic variables were summarized between resulting clusters. Logistic weighted quantile sum regressions with permutation test p-values associated odds of cluster membership with a mixture of 15 prenatal urinary phthalate metabolites in full-sample and sex-stratified models. Three clusters emerged, including a healthier Cluster 1 (n = 734) with low morbidity across outcomes; Cluster 2 (n = 192) with low IQ and higher levels of all outcomes, especially 0.4–1.8-standard deviation higher mean neurobehavioral outcomes; and Cluster 3 (n = 179) with the highest asthma (92 %), wheeze (53 %), and rhinitis (57 %) frequencies. We observed a significant positive, male-specific stratified association (odds ratio = 1.6; p = 0.01) between a phthalate mixture with high weights for MEP and MHPP and odds of membership in Cluster 3 versus Cluster 1. These results identified subpopulations of children with co-occurring elevated levels of BMI, neurodevelopmental, and respiratory outcomes that may reflect shared etiologic pathways. The observed association between phthalates and respiratory outcome cluster membership could inform policy efforts towards children with respiratory disease. Similar cluster-based epidemiology may identify environmental factors that impact multi-outcome prevalence and efficiently direct public policy efforts.
... Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Children's Depression Inventory-Short Version (CDI-S; Kovacs, 1992). The 10 items in the CDI-S cover "sadness, " "pessimism, " "self-deprecation, " "self-hate, " "crying spells, " "irritability, " "negative body image, " "loneliness, " "lack of friends, " and "feeling unloved" (e.g., "I don't know if anyone loves me"). ...
Introduction
Few studies have simultaneously focused on the effects of marital conflict and marital intimacy on adolescent development, and little is known about the role of sibling relationships. Thus, this study examined the association between marital relationships and adolescent behavioral problems, including depressive symptoms and aggressive behavior. At the same time, we explored the mediating role of sibling hostility and sibling affection and the moderating effect of birth order in multichild families in China.
Methods
Participants included 842 adolescents (Mage = 12.60, 46.2% boys) from Henan Province. Marital relationship, sibling relationship, birth order, depressive symptoms and aggressive behavior were assessed by a self-administered questionnaire. SEM was then used to examine the role of sibling relationships and birth order in the association between marital relationship and adolescent behavioral problems.
Results
Our results showed that marital intimacy was negatively correlated with depressive symptoms and aggressive behavior, while marital conflict was positively correlated with them. Marital intimacy was associated with depressive symptoms and aggressive behavior through both sibling hostility and sibling affection. Marital conflict was indirectly associated with depressive symptoms and aggressive behavior through sibling hostility. In addition, the first-born adolescents were more sensitive to marital intimacy.
Discussion
Given that the occurrence of adolescent behavioral problems is more common in contemporary society, our findings suggest that establishing a more intimate and warmer family atmosphere and promoting positive interactions between siblings may help control adolescent mental health problems.
... Depressive symptoms were measured using a shorted and modified version of the Children's Depression Inventory-Short Version from the National Children's Study of China (NCSC) (Kovacs, 2003;Dong & Lin, 2011), which consists of 10 items (e.g., "In the last 2 weeks, (1) I was sometimes unhappy, (2) I was often unhappy, (3) I was always unhappy."). Participants responded using a 3-point scale (0 = light, 2 = severe). ...
Although loneliness and depressive symptoms are particularly prominent among migrant children and often occur simultaneously, little is known about the co-occurring and transitional nature of loneliness and depressive symptoms among migrant children, and the role of bullying victimization on their profiles and transitions. This study examined the profiles and transitions of loneliness and depressive symptoms among migrant children using latent profile analysis and latent transition analysis, as well as how bullying victimization predicted their profile memberships and transitions. A total of 692 migrant children (55.3% males, Mage = 9.41, SD = 0.55, range = 8 to 12 years old at T1) participated in both two waves of the study over six months. The results indicated that low profile (59.2%), moderate profile (22.0%), moderately high profile (14.3%), and high profile (4.5%) were identified at Time 1; low profile (69.4%), predominantly loneliness profile (16.8%), predominantly depressive symptoms profile (6.5%), and high profile (7.3%) were identified at Time 2. Migrant children in at-risk profiles displayed varying degrees of transition. Migrant children experiencing more bullying victimization were more likely to belong or transition to at-risk profiles. The findings highlight the importance of subgroup differences considerations in understanding the co-occurring and transitional nature of loneliness and depressive symptoms, as well as the predictive role of bullying victimization, informing effective strategies for prevention and intervention.
... Depression symptoms. Depression symptoms were measured using the Children's Depression Inventory -Short Form (Kovacs, 2003). Respondents are presented with 10 sets of three sentences. ...
Interpretation biases and inflexibility (i.e., difficulties revising interpretations) have been linked to increased internalizing symptoms. Although adolescence is a developmental period characterized by novel social situations and increased vulnerability to internalizing disorders, no studies have examined interpretation inflexibility in adolescents. Additionally, no studies (on adolescents or adults) have examined interpretation flexibility as a protective factor against adverse outcomes of interpersonal events. Using a novel task and a 28-day diary we examined relations among interpretation bias and inflexibility, internalizing symptoms, and negative interpersonal events in a sample of children and adolescents (N = 159, ages 9-18). At baseline, negative interpretation bias was positively correlated with social anxiety symptoms, and positive interpretation bias negatively correlated with social anxiety and depressive symptoms. Inflexible positive interpretations were correlated with higher social anxiety and depressive symptoms, while inflexible negative interpretations were correlated with higher social anxiety. Finally, interpretation inflexibility moderated daily associations between negative interpersonal events and depressive symptoms in daily life, such that higher inflexibility was associated with stronger associations between interpersonal events and subsequent depressive symptoms, potentially increasing depressive symptom instability. These results suggest that interpretation biases and inflexibility may act as both risk and protective factors for adolescent anxiety and depression.
... Suicidal ideation was evaluated based on one item from the Chinese version of the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) (31,32). The item comprised three statements: (I) I do not think about killing myself; (II) I think about killing myself, but would not do it; (III) I want to kill myself. ...
Background:
Few studies have explored the important role of different dimensions of emotional and behavioral problems (EBPs), perceived social support and loneliness in predicting suicidal ideation among Chinese adolescents. Based on a 6-month longitudinal study conducted in Taizhou high schools, we aimed to explore the associations between psychosocial problems and suicidal ideation in Chinese adolescents, and to ascertain whether co-occurring psychosocial problems increase suicidal ideation.
Methods:
A total of 3,267 students were eligible for this analysis. Perceived social support was assessed using the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Loneliness and suicidal ideation were assessed using the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) 3-Item Loneliness Scale and one item from the Children's Depression Inventory. The Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire assessed EBPs. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate longitudinal associations between each psychosocial problem (lack of perceived social support from family, friends, and significant others, loneliness, emotional, conduct and peer problems, hyperactivity, and poor prosocial behavior) at baseline and suicidal ideation at follow-up. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to examine the association between the number of psychosocial problems at baseline and suicidal ideation at follow-up.
Results:
The multivariable logistic regression results showed that after adjusting for baseline suicidal ideation, sociodemographic covariates and depressive symptoms, low level of perceived social support from family (OR =1.78; 95% CI: 1.10-2.87), emotional problems (OR =2.35; 95% CI: 1.41-3.79), and poor prosocial behavior (OR =1.74; 95% CI: 1.08-2.79) were significant predictors of suicidal ideation among the adolescents. The risk of suicidal thoughts increased as the number of psychosocial problems increased. The participants with five or more psychosocial problems had a higher risk of having serious suicidal thoughts than those with no problem (relative risk ratio =4.50; 95% CI: 2.13-9.49).
Conclusions:
The study confirmed the predictive role of multiple psychosocial problems on suicidal ideation, and the accumulative effect of co-occurring psychosocial problems in magnifying the risk of suicidal ideation. More integrated and holistic approaches need to be taken to identify high-risk groups and provide interventions of suicidality in adolescents.
... Depressive symptoms were measured by the Children's Depression Inventory-Short Version (CDI-S; Kovacs, 2003), including 10 items (e.g., "In the last 2 weeks, (1) I have not felt lonely, (2) I have often felt lonely, or (3) I always felt lonely."). All items were responded to on a 3-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (light) to 2 (severe). ...
Although non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and depressive symptoms often co-occur, as well as display distinct profiles in different genders, few studies examined the gender-specific profiles and transitions of NSSI and depressive symptoms among adolescents and the role of bullying victimization on their profiles and transitions. This study examined the profiles and transitions of NSSI and depressive symptoms for Chinese adolescent boys and girls separately, along with the predictive role of bullying victimization in subgroup memberships and transitions. A total of 3510 adolescents (52.9% boy, M age = 13.36, SD = 0.50) participated in two waves of the study over six months. The results indicated that four and three profiles identified for girls and boys separately. Adolescents in at-risk profiles showed varying degrees of transition. Adolescents with more bullying victimization were more likely to belong or transition to at-risk profiles for both genders, and bullying victimization exacerbated girls transitioning into co-occurring high profile but not in boys. The findings indicate distinct profile and transition patterns of NSSI and depressive symptoms, as well as different risk role of bullying victimization on their profiles and transitions in boys and girls, highlighting the importance of gender differences in understanding co-occurring and transitional nature of NSSI and depressive symptoms and the risk role of bullying victimization, informing effective strategies for prevention and intervention.
... Oryginalna wersja skali została opracowana przez Kovacs (2003). Autorami polskiej adaptacji są Wrocławska-Warchala i Wujcik (2017). ...
Zaburzenia depresyjne oraz syndrom wyczerpania sił w grupie uczniów to zjawiska,
które w swoim przebiegu cechują się długim czasem trwania oraz stopniową eskalacją symptomów. Dotychczasowe wyniki badań potwierdziły, że obydwa powyższe zjawiska stanowią istotne czynniki utrudniające a nawet blokujące rozwój jednostki. Jednocześnie obydwa wiążą się z utratą zasobów umożliwiających efektywne funkcjonowanie w środowisku i radzenie sobie z wyzwaniami. Jednym z takich zasobów jest umiejętność zachowania równowagi
pomiędzy różnymi perspektywami temporalnymi. Celem przeprowadzonego projektu badawczego było sprawdzenie mediacyjnej roli wypalenia szkolnego w relacji pomiędzy perspektywą temporalną a poziomem depresji u adolescentów. Badaniami objęto grupę 355 uczniów (w tym 61,6% dziewcząt) z III klas szkół ponadpodstawowych (średnia wieku 18.5). W badaniu wykorzystano trzy narzędzia psychologiczne tj. skalę wypalenia szkolnego dla młodzieży SSBS, pełną wersje Kwestionariusz Perspektywy Temporalnej Zimbardo i Boyda oraz skalę depresji Kutchera dla Młodzieży. Uzyskane dane potwierdziły występowanie istotnych związków między wskaźnikami perspektywy temporalnej a depresją i wypaleniem szkolnym u uczniów. Wyniki analizy mediacyjnej ujawniły, że przeszła perspektywa temporalna oraz fatalistyczna wypalenie szkolne. Wykazano również, że koncentracja na doraźnych hedonistycznych celach nabiera istotnego znaczenia dla nasilenia depresji dopiero po uwzględnieniu w modelu poziomu wypalenia szkolnego. Przyszła perspektywa czasowa jedynie pośrednio była związana z poziomem depresji poprzez mediator. Uzyskane dane sugerują konieczność projektowania oddziaływań pomocowych skierowanych do młodzieży doświadczającej depresji i wypalenia szkolnego, uwzględniających kształtowanie efektywnego zarządzania perspektywą temporalną
... Children's Depression Inventory (CDI; Kovacs, 2003) Youth depressive symptoms were measured at baseline and 36-months via self-report on the CDI (Kovacs, 2003). The CDI comprises 27-items assessing youths' experience of a range of symptoms associated with depression. ...
Stress is one candidate mechanism posited to contribute to the intergenerational risk of psychopathology. However, the ways in which parent and child stress are related across adolescence, and the role that co-occurring parent and child stress may exert regarding bidirectional risk for internalizing symptoms, are not well understood. Using repeated measures data spanning 3-years, this study investigated (1) the extent to which trajectories of parent and child stress are related during adolescence, and (2) whether co-occurring parent and child stress trajectories mediate prospective, bidirectional associations between parent depression symptoms and child internalizing symptoms (depression, physical and social anxiety). Participants included 618 parent-adolescent dyads (age 8-16; 57% girls; 89% mothers). Parent depressive symptoms and child symptoms of depression, social anxiety, and physical anxiety were assessed via self-report questionnaire at baseline and 36 months later. Parent and child stress were assessed via self-report questionnaire every three months between 3- and 33-months (11 total assessments). Latent growth curve model (LGCM) analysis found that parent and child stress trajectories were positively related across development. Prospective LGCM mediation analysis showed that higher youth stress at 3-months partially mediated prospective relations between parental depressive symptoms at baseline and youth depressive, as well as physical and social anxiety symptoms at 36-months. Parent and child stress reinforce each other across adolescence and may lead to increased risk for psychopathology. Increases in child stress represent an important factor conferring transdiagnostic risk for internalizing among children of depressed parents.
... Experience of any common mental disorder was also measured in the sample (Roberts et al., 2021). Participants were classified as experiencing common mental disorder if they scored above the cut-off on any of the four mental health symptomatology measures utilized within the study (depressive symptoms [Child Depression Inventory short form -10 items; CDI-S; Kovacs & Staff, 2003], anxiety symptoms [Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale -14 items; RCMAS; Gerard & Reynolds, 1999;Reynolds & Richmond, 1978], Trauma symptoms [Child posttraumatic stress disease-PTSD checklist -12 items over four domains of PTSD; Amaya-Jackson et al., 1995] and suicidality [Mini International Psychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents À5 items; Sheehan et al., 1997;Sheehan et al., 2010]). The CDI-S has strong psychometric properties, is well-validated, and is a widely used measure within South African populations (Suliman, 2002; current sample α = 0.66). ...
This study explores the cognitive development of children born to adolescent mothers within South Africa compared to existing reference data, and explores development by child age bands to examine relative levels of development. Cross‐sectional analyses present data from 954 adolescents (10–19 years) and their first‐born children (0–68 months). All adolescents completed questionnaires relating to themselves and their children, and standardized child cognitive assessments (Mullen Scales of Early Learning) were undertaken. Cognitive development scores of the sample were lower than USA reference population scores and relative performance compared to the reference population was found to decline with increasing child age. When compared to children born to adult mothers in the sub‐Saharan African region, children born to adolescent mothers (human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] unexposed; n = 724) were found to have lower cognitive development scores. Findings identify critical periods of development where intervention may be required to bolster outcomes for children born to adolescent mothers.
Highlights
An exploration of the cognitive development of children born to adolescent mothers within South Africa utilizing the Mullen Scales of Early Learning.
Cognitive development scores of children born to adolescent mothers within South Africa were lower compared to USA norm reference data and declined with child age.
Previous studies utilizing the Mullen Scales of Early Learning within sub‐Saharan Africa were summarized, and comparisons were made with the current sample.
Findings highlight a potential risk of developmental delay among children born to adolescent mothers compared to children of adult mothers in the sub‐Saharan African region.
... Depressive symptoms and demographic information were assessed in the classrooms. The Child Depression Inventory (CDI; Kovacs, 1992) was administered to evaluate depressive symptoms. The CDI includes 27 items divided into 5 subscales-anhedonia, negative mood, negative self-esteem, ineffectiveness and interpersonal problems-to assess depressive symptoms in children. ...
Background: Previous studies have found that the postdisaster developmental course of depression is more stable than that of other mental disorders among children and adolescents. However, the network structure and temporal stability of depressive symptoms after natural disasters among children and adolescents remain unknown.
Objective: This study aims to understand the depressive symptom network and evaluate its temporal stability among children and adolescents after natural disasters.
Methods: Three-wave measurements were conducted among 1,466 children and adolescents at 3, 15, and 27 months following the Zhouqu debris flow. Depressive symptoms were evaluated by the Child Depression Inventory (CDI), which was dichotomised to signify the presence or absence of depressive symptoms. Depression networks were estimated with the Ising model, and expected influence was used to assess node centrality. A network comparison test was used to test the differences in the depression networks among the three temporal points.
Results: Overall, the depressive symptom network was temporally stable regarding symptom centrality and global connectivity over the two-year study period. Self-hate, loneliness, and sleep disturbance were central symptoms and had low variability in the depressive networks at the three temporal points. Crying and self-deprecation had large temporal variability in centrality.
Conclusion: The present study provides the first evidence for the temporal stability of the youth depressive symptom network postdisaster. The similar central symptoms and connectivity of depression symptoms at different temporal points after natural disasters may partially explain the stable prevalence and developmental trajectory of depression. Self-hate, loneliness, and sleep disturbance could be central characteristics, and sleep disturbance and reduced appetite, sadness and crying, and misbehaviour and disobedience could be key associations in the endurance of depression among children and adolescents after experiencing a natural disaster.
... The Children's Depression Inventory (CDI; Kovacs 1985Kovacs , 1992) is a well-validated measure of depressive symptoms with high levels of internal consistency (Cronbach's alphas = 0.80-0.94), test-retest reliability (reliability coefficient = 0.38-0.87), ...
Activational effects of the reproductive neuroendocrine system may explain why some youths with ADHD are at greater risk for exacerbated ADHD symptoms (hyperactivity, inattention, impulsivity) during adolescence. For youths diagnosed with ADHD, first signs of ADHD symptoms become noticeable by multiple reporters (e.g., teachers, parents) when children enter schools, typically around kindergarten. The current study examined possible sex differences in ADHD, impairment, and comorbidity due to pubertal effects, as the role of pubertal development in ADHD is understudied. ADHD symptoms, depressive symptoms, impairment, and pubertal stage were assessed annually by multiple reporters in a well-characterized community sample of 849 children over-recruited for ADHD over eight years. Ages ranged from 7 to 13 years (38.16% female) at wave 1. Multilevel models indicated that males had higher levels of hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention than females, but that females had higher levels of impairment than males. Inattention symptoms did not show marked maturation changes. Hyperactivity and impulsivity declined as youth aged and impairment increased as youth aged. Lastly, depressive symptoms largely increased as youth aged and were higher amongst youth at later pubertal stages. Put together, aging and pubertal development are associated with improved ADHD symptoms but not for youth with high impairment. Findings from this study contributes to understanding the role that aging, pubertal status, and pubertal development plays in ADHD, impairment, and comorbidity in children and adolescents.
... ADA suggests screening of all patients with diabetes, especially those with a self-reported history of depression, with beginning at diagnosis of complications or when there are significant changes in medical status [7]. They recommend the following depression screening measures: the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) [30], the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) [31], Child Depression Inventory [32], and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) [33]. The PHQ-9 is the most used and validated screening tool for depression in patients with diabetes with a high sensitivity and specificity [34]. ...
... The French version of the Children's Depression Inventory-Short version (CDI-S) (Kovacs, 2003) was used to measure feelings of depression. It is comprised of 10 items, each made up of three statements (e.g., "I hate me/I don't like me/I like myself"), and the child is asked to select the one answer that best describes their feelings over the past 2 weeks. ...
Anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent psychopathologies in Western adolescents and have been on the rise in recent years. Not only does anxiety disrupt the daily lives of the young people who suffer from it, it can also have harmful behavioral, psychological, social, and academic effects. Given this, there is a pressing need to implement universal anxiety prevention programs for adolescents in one of their main living environments, the school. This type of program has the twofold advantage of reaching all adolescents before the onset of more significant symptoms and of promoting access to services for young people in difficulty. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the HORS‐PISTE—Exploration Cycle 1 program developed by the RBC Center for Academic Expertise in Mental Health, based on the initial level of problems presented by the students, using a preexperimental pretest–posttest design. A total of 2276 students in grades 7 and 8, with an average age of 12.65 years, from 16 high schools participated in the pretest and posttest evaluations. The results showed that the students who participated in the HORS‐PISTE program reported a significant change in the intended direction for several of the variables examined between T1 and T2. In particular, decreases in anxiety symptoms, fear of being judged by others, perfectionism, internet addiction, intolerance of uncertainty, and anxiety interference, as well as an increase in the sense of self‐efficacy, were observed between T1 and T2 for both boys and girls. The results also showed that students who presented at T1 with more significant anxiety symptoms and proximal risk factors experienced greater improvement than did those with a moderate or low level of initial problems. Overall, the results of this evaluative study of the HORS‐PISTE program are promising, demonstrating positive changes in symptoms and in the main proximal risk factors for anxiety, in particular among students who initially presented with high levels of problems. This study therefore demonstrates the relevance of implementing this type of prevention program in high schools. Participation in the HORS‐PISTE program is associated with a decrease in anxiety symptoms, fear of judgment by others, perfectionism, internet addiction, intolerance of uncertainty, and anxiety interference. The changes observed as a result of participating in the HORS‐PISTE program are observed in both boys and girls. The results of this study showed that the HORS‐PISTE program appears to be particularly effective for students who initially had higher levels of anxiety. Participation in the HORS‐PISTE program is associated with a decrease in anxiety symptoms, fear of judgment by others, perfectionism, internet addiction, intolerance of uncertainty, and anxiety interference. The changes observed as a result of participating in the HORS‐PISTE program are observed in both boys and girls. The results of this study showed that the HORS‐PISTE program appears to be particularly effective for students who initially had higher levels of anxiety.
... Participants self-reported their depressive symptoms using the 10-item version of the Children's Depression Inventory (16). This widely used reliable measure (17) has been shown to have convergent validity with clinician ratings of depression symptoms and diagnosis (18). ...
Background
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant stress and disruption for young people, likely leading to alterations in their mental health and neurodevelopment. In this context, it is not clear whether youth who lived through the pandemic and its shutdowns are comparable psychobiologically to their age- and sex-matched peers assessed before the pandemic. This question is particularly important for researchers who are analyzing longitudinal data that span the pandemic.
Methods
In this study we compared carefully matched youth assessed before the pandemic (n=81) and after the pandemic-related shutdowns ended (n=82).
Results
We found that youth assessed after the pandemic shutdowns had more severe internalizing mental health problems, reduced cortical thickness, larger hippocampal and amygdala volume, and more advanced brain age.
Conclusions
Thus, not only does the COVID-19 pandemic appear to have led to poorer mental health and accelerated brain aging in adolescents, but it also poses significant challenges to researchers analyzing data from longitudinal studies of normative development that were interrupted by the pandemic.
... Demographic information including participant age, sex, and genotype was collected via the Psychosocial Assessment Tool 2.0 (PAT 2.0), a caregiver report measure commonly used among patients with chronic medical conditions such as cancer and sickle cell disease (Karlson et al., 2012). Baseline characteristics of pain, fatigue, depression, and anxiety were measuring using a pain history interview with the caregiver (Schlenz et al., 2016), the Pediatic Quality of Life Inventory Multidimensional Fatigue Scale (PedsQL MFS) , the Child Depression Inventory, 2nd edition (CDI-2) (Kovacs & Staff, 2003), and the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children, 2nd edition (MASC-2) (Baldwin & Dadds, 2007). These measures were collected at the time of study enrollment. ...
Youth with sickle cell disease (SCD) experience disease effects including vaso-occlusive pain crises, poor sleep quality, and fatigue. The present study examines how sleep quality and pain medications impact fatigue in youth with SCD. Daily diaries assessing pain, fatigue, sleep quality, mood, and use of pain medications from 25 youth with SCD ages 11 to 18 years were collected for eight consecutive weeks. Poor sleep quality predicted increases in next-day fatigue levels while controlling for pain and mood. Sleep quality did not moderate the existing temporal relationship between pain and next-day fatigue established by Reinman et al. (2019) as predicted. Non-opioid medications affected ratings of next-day fatigue but opioid medications did not. Sleep quality appears to play an important role in predicting next-day fatigue levels and may be an important target for intervention. Pain medication use did not substantially contribute to prospective fatigue levels among youth, but requires further study.
... Depressive symptomology was measured using the 10-item Child Depression Inventory short form (CDI-S) [44,45]. Scores of �3 (based on definitive symptoms; 0-10) were used to indicate symptomology consistent with in a positive screen for depression (binary; yes/no) [46]. ...
Background
Some children born to adolescent mothers may have developmental challenges, while others do not. Research focusing on which children of adolescent mothers are at the highest risk for cognitive delay is still required. Both maternal HIV status and maternal mental health may affect child development. An examination of maternal mental health, especially in the presence of maternal HIV infection may be timely. This study explores the relationship between the mental health of adolescent mothers (comparing those living with and not living with HIV) and the cognitive development performance scores of their children. Additional possible risk and protective factors for poor child development are explored to identify those children born to adolescent mothers who may be at the greatest risk of poor cognitive development.
Methods
Cross-sectional data utilised within the analyses was drawn from a large cohort of adolescent mothers and their children residing in South Africa. Detailed study questionnaires were completed by adolescent mothers relating to their self and their child and, standardised cognitive assessments were completed by trained researchers for all children using in the Mullen Scales of Early Learning. Chi-square, t-tests (Kruskal Wallis tests, where appropriate), and ANOVA were used to explore sample characteristics and child cognitive development scores by maternal mental health status (operationalised as likely common mental disorder) and combined maternal mental health and HIV status. Multivariable linear regression models were used to explore the relationship between possible risk factors (including poor maternal mental health and HIV) and, child cognitive development scores.
Results
The study included 954 adolescent mothers; 24.1% (230/954) were living with HIV, 12.6% (120/954) were classified as experiencing likely common mental disorder. After adjusting for covariates, maternal HIV was found to be associated with reduced child gross motor scores ( B = -2.90 [95%CI: -5.35, -0.44], p = 0.02), however, no other associations were identified between maternal likely common mental disorder, or maternal HIV status (including interaction terms), and child cognitive development scores. Sensitivity analyses exploring individual maternal mental health scales identified higher posttraumatic stress symptomology scores as being associated with lower child cognitive development scores. Sensitivity analyses exploring potential risk and protective factors for child cognitive development also identified increased maternal educational attainment as being protective of child development scores, and increased child age as a risk factor for lower development scores.
Conclusions
This study addresses a critical evidence gap relating to the understanding of possible risk factors for the cognitive development of children born to adolescent mothers affected by HIV. This group of mothers experience a complex combination of risk factors, including HIV, likely common mental disorder, and structural challenges such as educational interruption. Targeting interventions to support the cognitive development of children of adolescent mothers most at risk may be of benefit. Clearly a basket of interventions needs to be considered, such as the integration of mental health provision within existing services, identifying multiple syndemics of risk, and addressing educational and structural challenges, all of which may boost positive outcomes for both the mother and the child.
... Four standardised mental health measures with established cutoff points for potential mental health difficulties were utilised. Participants were classified as experiencing likely CMD (Roberts, Smith, Cluver, Toska, Sherr et al., 2021a;Roberts, Smith, Cluver, Toska, Zhou, et al., 2021) if they scored above the cutoff on any of the four mental health symptomology measures utilised within the study (depressive symptoms [Child Depression Inventory ≥3/10 items (Kovacs, 1992;Kovacs & Staff, 2003)] anxiety symptoms [Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale ≥10/14 items ( (Gerard & Reynolds, 1999;Reynolds & Richmond, 1978)] posttraumatic stress symptoms [Child PTSD checklist-12 items over four domains of PTSD, scoring ≥1 on each of the four domains of the scale: re-experience, voidance, hyperarousal and dysphoria (Amaya-Jackson et al., 1995;Boyes et al., 2012;Newman & Amaya-Jackson, 1996)], and suicidality [any; Mini International Psychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents ≥1/5 items (Sheehan et al., 2010)]. ...
In South Africa, high rates of adolescent pregnancy and HIV pose prominent public health challenges with potential implications for mental wellbeing. It is important to understand risk factors for mental health difficulties among adolescent mothers affected by HIV. This study aims to identify the prevalence of likely common mental disorder among adolescent mothers (both living with and not living with HIV) and explores hypothesised risk factors for likely common mental disorder. Cross-sectional data from adolescent mothers (10–19 years; n=1002) utilised within these analyses are drawn from a cohort of young mothers residing in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. All mothers completed a detailed questionnaire consisting of standardised measures of sociodemographic characteristics, mental health, and hypothesised risk factors. Logistic regression models were utilised to explore associations between hypothesised risk factors and likely common mental disorder. Risk factors were clustered within a hypothesised socioecological framework and entered into models using a stepwise sequential approach. Interaction effects with maternal HIV status were additionally explored. The prevalence of likely common mental disorder among adolescent mothers was 12.6%. Adolescent mothers living with HIV were more likely to report likely common mental disorder compared to adolescent mothers not living with HIV (16.2% vs 11.2%, X2=4.41, p=0.04). Factors associated with likely common mental disorder were any abuse exposure (OR=2.54 [95%CI:1.20–5.40], p=0.01), a lack of perceived social support (OR=4.09 [95%CI:2.48–6.74], p=<0.0001), and community violence exposure (OR=2.09 [95%CI:1.33–3.27], p=0.001). There was limited evidence of interaction effects between risk factors, and maternal HIV status. Violence exposure and a lack of perceived support are major risk factors for poor mental health among adolescent mothers in South Africa. Violence prevention interventions and social support may help to reduce risk. Identified risk factors spanning individual, interpersonal, and community levels have the potential to impact adolescent maternal mental health.
... Adolescent depression was measured with the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) [48]. The CDI is a 27-item selfrated scale for children aged 7-17 that assesses feelings or behaviors associated with depressive symptoms. ...
Studies have demonstrated that bullying victimization is a risk factor for depressive symptoms; however, little is known about the underlying processes that may mediate or moderate this relationship. To address this research gap, this study examined the mediating effects of personal and general belief in a just world (BJW) and the moderating effect of classroom-level victimization on the relationship between bullying victimization and depressive symptoms. Using a short-term longitudinal design, two-wave data were obtained from 2,551 Chinese adolescents (initial age = 12.99 ± 0.61, 52.2% boys) from 47 classes over 6 months. The results indicated that Time 1 personal BJW mediated the relationship between Time 1 bullying victimization and Time 2 depressive symptoms. Furthermore, the mediating effect of Time 1 personal BJW was moderated by Time 1 classroom-level victimization; this effect was stronger for adolescents in classrooms with low levels of victimization. These findings contribute to our understanding of how and when bullying victimization impacts youth depressive symptoms. Education practitioners should pay special attention to personal BJW in victimized adolescents, especially when classroom-level victimization is low.
... Adolescents who were living with HIV (n = 200) were asked to report antiretroviral (ART) adherence in the past week. Any common mental disorder was a composite measure of four measures of maternal mental health symptomology (depression [31,32], anxiety [33,34], trauma [35,36], and suicidality [37,38]). Mothers were classified as experiencing common mental disorder if they scored above the validated cut-off on any measures of mental health symptomology (depression: short form of the Child Depression Inventory [ [37,38]. ...
HIV, both directly and indirectly, impacts child development outcomes. The most severe impacts are for children infected with HIV, and those exposed but uninfected are also shown to have challenges–though less severe. However, little is known regarding the development of children born to adolescent mothers affected by HIV. This study aims to examine cognitive development for children born to adolescent mothers, comparing those children living with HIV, those HIV exposed and uninfected (HEU) and those HIV unexposed (HU). Analyses utilise cross-sectional data from 920 adolescent mother (10–19 years)-first born child dyads residing in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Participants completed detailed study questionnaires inclusive of validated and study specific measures relating to sociodemographic characteristics, HIV, and maternal and child health. Trained assessors administered standardised child development assessments (using the Mullen Scales of Early Learning) with all children. Chi-square tests and ANOVA tests were used to explore maternal and child characteristics according to child HIV status (HIV, HEU, HU) on cognitive development. Linear regression models were used to explore the cross-sectional associations between child HIV status and child cognitive development. 1.2% of children were living with HIV, 20.5% were classified as being HEU and, 78.3% were classified as HU. Overall, children living with HIV were found to perform lower across developmental domains compared to both HEU and HU groups (composite score of early learning: 73.0 vs 91.2 vs. 94.1, respectively: F = 6.45, p = 0.001). HEU children on average scored lower on all developmental domains compared to HU children, reaching significance on the gross motor domain (p
... Depression Symptoms. Adolescents completed the Children's Depression Inventory at T2 (CDI; Kovacs, 2003). This scale consists of 27 items divided into 5 dimensions: lack of pleasure, negative emotion, low self-esteem, low self-efficacy, and interpersonal problems. ...
Background: Identifying deliberate self-harm (DSH) and peer victimization in adolescents is a public health issue. The present study evaluates a three-wave longitudinal model to examine the effect of peer victimization on DSH and the roles of internalizing problems (depression and anxiety) and perceived peer and teacher support climate in this relationship. Methods: The participants were 2381 adolescents (51.2% boys, Mage = 13.38, SD = .59) from Chinese middle schools. Self-report measures were used to collect data every 6 months in three waves. Results: (1) Peer victimization at T1 positively predicted DSH at T3. (2) Depression at T2, rather than anxiety, mediated the relationship between peer victimization at T1 and DSH at T3. (3) Perceived peer support climate at T1 played a moderating role between peer victimization at T1 and depression and anxiety at T2, but perceived teacher support climate did not. Peer victimization had a stronger predictive effect on depression and anxiety for students with high level of perceived peer support climate. Limitations: Study limitations include the short interval (6 months) of the longitudinal design, the reliance on self-report questionnaires, the inclusion of only one aspect of student-student and teacher–student relationships, and the age limitation. Conclusions: The results demonstrated the importance of prevention for improving social and emotional skills to reduce peer victimization and of interventions to promote a peer support climate in the classroom. The findings highlight the need to consider different types of internalizing problems and perceived support in studies of DSH in adolescents.
... ardised for age (in months) and sex 22 . Underweight was defined as having a z-score < − 2; normal as having − 2 ≤ z-score ≤ 1; overweight as having 1 < z-score ≤ 2; and, obese as z-score > 2. For mental health, the 10-item Children's Depression Inventory short form (CDI:S) was employed 23,24 . The CDI:S is a self-rated symptom-orientated screen for depressive symptoms in children aged 7 to 17 years. ...
Pacific people continue to carry a disproportionately heavy social and health burden relative to their non-Pacific peers in New Zealand, and those with less formal education are experiencing social and health declines. Improving education and educational needs is seen as being central to decreasing these health inequities. While expansive, the empirical evidence-base supporting this stance is relatively weak and increasingly conflicting. Using a large birth cohort of 1,368 eligible Pacific children, together with their mothers and fathers, this study longitudinally investigates the relationship between paternal education levels and sentinel measures of their children’s physical health, mental health and health risk taking behaviours during late childhood and early adolescence. In adjusted analyses, it was found that mothers and fathers who undertook further schooling over the 0–6 years postpartum period had children with significantly lower logarithmically transformed body mass index increases at 11-years and 14-years measurement waves compared to 9-years levels than those who did not study (p = 0.017 and p = 0.022, respectively). Furthermore, fathers who undertook further schooling over this 0–6 years postpartum period also had children with significantly lower odds of risk taking behaviours (p = 0.013). These results support policy aimed at increasing educational opportunities for Pacific people in New Zealand.
... We assessed depressive symptoms using the 10-item version of the Children's Depression Inventory (57). Participants reported on their depressive symptoms over the preceding 2 weeks. ...
Background
Mental and physical health are affected by family and neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES). Accelerated maturation in the context of lower SES is one mechanism that might contribute to underlying health disparities; few studies, however, have considered neighborhood SES in relation to putative markers of brain maturation in adolescents.
Methods
In 120 adolescents 13-18 years of age, we examined family and neighborhood SES in relation to cortical thickness adjusted for age. We also examined whether cortical thickness was related to depressive symptoms and explored regions of interest.
Results
Controlling for age, neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage was associated with thinner cortex in the left hemisphere (standardized β=-.20), which was related to more severe depressive symptoms (standardized β=-.33). Family SES was not significantly associated with age-adjusted mean cortical thickness in either hemisphere after controlling for relevant covariates. In exploratory, covariate-adjusted analyses of cortical thickness at the regional level, neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage was associated with reduced cortical thickness in the left superior frontal gyrus (standardized β=-.27), fusiform gyrus (standardized β=-.20), and insula (standardized β=-.21), whereas family SES was positively associated with cortical thickness in the right lateral and right medial orbitofrontal cortex (standardized β=.21 and standardized β=.19, respectively) and left transverse temporal gyrus (standardized β=.22).
Conclusion
Our findings provide evidence for a social gradient of cortical thickness during adolescence. Adolescents living in less advantaged community or family contexts appear to have thinner cortex according to global and regional measures. Reduced cortical thickness in the left hemisphere may indicate increased risk for depression in adolescence.
... Depression. The 10-item version of the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI; Kovacs & Staff, 2003) was used. Previous work has supported its validity among Chinese adolescents (Wu et al., 2010). ...
Emotional intelligence, or the ability to perceive, understand, and regulate emotions, has been identified as a protective factor for one's adaptation. Measuring emotional intelligence using performance-based approach is thought to be objective and effective. However, performance-based emotional intelligence instruments for non-Western adolescents are rarely available. To facilitate research on emotional intelligence, the present study developed and validated the emotional intelligence test for adolescents (A-EIT) using a Chinese sample. Study 1 (N = 1,536) showed that emotional intelligence consists of three subabilities (i.e., emotion perception, emotion understanding, and emotion regulation) and identified eligible items for each subtest through exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Study 2 (N = 2,568) confirmed the three-factor structure and its measurement invariance across gender and age groups by (multiple-group) confirmatory factor analyses. Both the full test and its three subtests showed acceptable internal consistencies, and their scores increased with age and showed female advantage. Also, the A-EIT scores were significantly correlated with indicators related to emotional and cognitive skills (convergent validity) and were independent of personality (discriminant validity). Additionally, higher scores on the A-EIT were related to better intrapersonal, interpersonal, and academic adaption (criterion validity), as expected. Study 3 (N = 163) provided further convergent validity evidence for each subtest by using validity tools not based on an emotional intelligence framework. Additionally, the A-EIT displayed satisfactory test-retest reliability. Generally, the A-EIT appears to be a valid and reliable instrument to assess adolescents' emotion intelligence, especially those with relatively low level. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
... Children's self-reported depressive symptoms were measured by a shortened Chinese version of the Childhood Depression Inventory (CDI; Kovacs, 1992). The 14 items with responses on a 4-point scale (from "not at all" to "most of the time") assess thoughts, feelings, and behaviors associated with depression (e.g., anhedonia, self-blame, fatigue, reduced appetite). ...
The present study explored the role of parenting styles as mediating mechanisms in the link between marital conflict and Chinese children's internalizing problems. Participants were N = 1269 families (mothers, fathers, and children) from Shanghai, P. R. China. Multisource assessments were employed at three time points. Mothers and fathers reported their marital conflict and parenting styles (authoritative, authoritarian) and teachers and children reported on children's internalizing problems. Results from the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM) showed significant actor and partner effects for associations between marital conflict and parenting styles. After controlling for internalizing problems at Time 1, only maternal authoritarian parenting continued to mediate the relations between mothers' reported marital conflict and change in children's internalizing problems over time. This research provides valuable information about how important aspects of parenting influence the relations between marital conflict and internalizing problems among Chinese children.
... At ages 14 and 16, target youth completed measures that assessed symptoms of psychopathology and risky behaviors. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Child Depression Inventory-Short Form (CDI-SF; Kovacs, 2003; 10 items, α Age 14 = .83, α Age 16 = .86). ...
Objective:
The present study tested the protective role of youth's school-age extracurricular involvement and multiple informants' reports of adolescent internalizing and externalizing problems in a sample of youth from low-income households.
Method:
Participating youth (n = 635, 49% female, 49% White, 28% Black/African American, 14% biracial, 8% other race, 13% Hispanic/Latinx) were drawn from the Early Steps Multisite Study. At ages 7.5, 8.5, and 9.5, primary caregivers reported the number of extracurricular activities for which youth participated (Parent Aftercare Survey). At ages 14 and 16, measures of internalizing and externalizing problems were collected from primary and alternate caregivers (Child Behavior Checklist) and target youth (Child Depression Inventory-Short Form, Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children, and Self-Report of Delinquency). At age 16, target youth also contributed measures of risky sexual behaviors and substance use (Youth Risk Behavior Survey). Teachers contributed measures of youth's internalizing and externalizing problems at age 14 (Teacher Report Form).
Results:
After accounting for the effects of multiple sociodemographic factors, initial levels of child problem behavior, and intervention group status, structural equation models revealed that school-age extracurricular involvement was inversely associated with latent factors representing adolescent externalizing, but not internalizing, problems at ages 14 (β = -.13, p < .01) and 16 (β = -.12, p = .02).
Conclusions:
The present study suggests that low-income, school-age children's involvement in extracurricular activities serves a protective function in relation to adolescent externalizing problems. Future studies should assess underlying mechanisms and expand the scope of adolescent outcomes to include prosocial functioning. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
... The global score ranges from 0 to 54: the higher the number, the greater the level of depression symptoms (Oleś, 2010). A final score of 13 or higher indicates at least mild depression, and a score higher than 19 indicates severe depression (Kovacs, 2003). The method has 5 subscales: Negative Mood (6 items; α = 0.76), Interpersonal Problems (4 items; α = 0.32), Ineffectiveness (4 items; α = 0.69), Anhedonia (8 items; α = 0.78), and Negative Self-Esteem (5 items; α = 0.39). ...
For patients with type 1 diabetes, sense of coherence (SOC), locus of control (LOC) and depression symptoms seem to be important variables in the context of compliance with a treatment regimen. The aim of this article is to describe the functioning of adolescents with type 1 diabetes—to define the common features and differentiating characteristics of the clinical group in comparison with the control group in terms of SOC, LOC and symptoms of depression. The other aim is to check whether LOC mediates the relationship between SOC and depression symptoms in the diabetics group. The study involved 100 adolescents aged 13–17. The clinical group contained adolescents with type 1 diabetes while the control group featured adolescents without diabetes. Antonovsky’s Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC-29), the Locus of Control Questionnaire (LOCQ) by Krasowicz and Kurzyp-Wojnarska and the Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) by Kovacs were used. The groups did not differ in their SOC level but varied in the level of depression symptoms and LOC. The clinical and control groups had undetermined and external LOC, respectively. Diabetics also had a lower level of depression symptoms. SOC correlated positively with LOC and negatively with depression symptoms. Additionally, within the clinical group, LOC mediated the relationship between SOC and symptoms of depression. Determining the level of key health variables in type 1 diabetics is important in educating them how to manage their disease. With regard to adolescents without diabetes, the results confirm the need to intensify activities aimed at monitoring their mental state.
... We assessed depressive symptoms using the 10-item version of the self-report Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) (51). Participants reported on their depressive symptoms over the preceding 2 weeks. ...
Background: Mental and physical health are affected by family and neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES). Accelerated biological aging in the context of lower SES is one mechanism that might contribute to underlying health disparities; few studies, however, have considered neighborhood SES in relation to neural markers of biological aging in adolescents. Methods: In 120 adolescents 13-18 years of age, we examined family and neighborhood SES in relation to biological aging in the brain, indexed by cortical thickness relative to chronological age. We also examined whether advanced cortical thinning relative to age was related to depressive symptoms and explored regions of interest.Results: Neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage was uniquely associated with advanced cortical thinning in the left hemisphere (=-.20), which was related to more severe depressive symptoms (=-.33). In contrast, family income-to-needs was not significantly associated with cortical thickness age after controlling for relevant covariates. In exploratory, covariate-adjusted analyses of cortical thickness relative to age at the regional level, neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage was associated with advanced cortical thinning in the left superior frontal gyrus (=-.27), fusiform gyrus (=-.20), and insula (=-.21). Of these regions, only advanced cortical thinning in the left superior frontal gyrus was associated with more severe depressive symptoms (=-.18). Conclusion: Our findings provide evidence for a social gradient of accelerated biological aging at the neural level during adolescence. Adolescents living in less advantaged communities have a thinner left hemisphere cortex than expected given their chronological age. Advanced cortical thinning may increase risk for depression in adolescence.
... Participants in the current study were recruited based on temperamental models of depression risk that posit that high of NE, low PE, and high fear may be relevant to depression's etiology (Rothbart & Bates, 2006). 1,2 At the MRI assessment, we also measured children's depressive symptoms via self-report using the Child Depression Inventory (Kovacs & Staff, 2003; Cronbach's α = .87). Of the 74 children with usable MRI data, two were diagnosed as having a lifetime history of major depressive disorder or dysthymia by age 12 via the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, Present and Lifetime version (Kaufman et al., 1997), conducted at age 9 and age 12. ...
Cognitive theories of depression contend that biased cognitive information processing plays a causal role in the development of depression. Extensive research shows that deeper processing of negative and/or shallower processing of positive self-descriptors (i.e., negative and positive self-schemas ) predicts current and future depression in adults and children. However, the neural correlates of the development of self-referent encoding are poorly understood. We examined children's self-referential processing using the self-referent encoding task (SRET) collected from 74 children at ages 6, 9, and 12; around age 10, these children also contributed structural magnetic resonance imaging data. From age 6 to age 12, both positive and negative self-referential processing showed mean-level growth, with positive self-schemas increasing relatively faster than negative ones. Further, voxel-based morphometry showed that slower growth in positive self-schemas was associated with lower regional gray matter volume (GMV) in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC). Our results suggest that smaller regional GMV within vlPFC, a critical region for regulatory control in affective processing and emotion development, may have implications for the development of depressogenic self-referential processing in mid-to-late childhood.
... Adolescent depressive symptoms. The Child Depression Inventory, Second Edition (CDI-2; Kovacs, 1992) is a 26-item questionnaire for which youth self-reported the degree to which sentences best described their feelings and ideas over the past two weeks (e.g., I am sad once in a while, I am sad many times, and I am sad all of the time). Reliability was high at both time points, .90 and .92, ...
Mothers (n = 155) and their adolescent children (n = 146; aged 12-13 at pre-COVID wave [Time 1, September 2019 to March 2020]) repeated measures of anxiety and depressive symptoms, and details about the impacts of the pandemic and social distancing at Time 2 (May-June 2020). Average slopes of mother and adolescent depression increased but anxiety symptoms decreased from Time 1 to Time 2. Adolescent decreases in anxiety symptoms were driven by males, whereas depression increase was driven by females. Adolescents' depression slopes were steeper for those who reported more negative changes. Implications are discussed relative to findings from other regions and later phases of the pandemic.
... Das DIKJ ist ein Messinstrument zur Erfassung des Schwere-bzw. Ausprägungsgrades einer depressiven Störung und ist die autorisierte Übersetzung des amerikanischen Originals Children's Depression Inventory(Kovacs, 1992;Kovacs et al., 2003). Geeignet ist es für Kinder und Jugendliche zwischen acht bis 17 Jahren. ...
... PROMIS anxiety and depressive symptom measures are interpreted as follows: normal, t-score < 50; mild symptoms, t-score 50 to ≤ 54; moderate symptoms, t-score 55 to ≤ 64; and severe symptoms, t-score ≥ 65. 37 We chose a t-score ≥ 65 to indicate a clinically significant result based on previous historical childhood behavior and depression assessments. 39,40,41 Mobility assessment. The Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire (CHAQ) has 8 categories: dressing and grooming, arising, eating, walking, hygiene, reach, grip, and activities, and asks about use of aids/devices such as jar openers or shower seats. ...
Objective
Describe anxiety and depressive symptoms in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) using Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) measures and evaluate potential correlations with disease manifestations.
Methods
We performed a cross-sectional study of children with JIA and a parent-proxy who completed PROMIS measures on depression, anxiety, stress, and pain. The Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire (CHAQ) measured mobility, and the clinical juvenile arthritis disease activity score (cJADAS10) measured disease activity.
Results
84 patients completed the study. Demographic median values included: age 14 years, disease duration 4.73 years, CHAQ score 0, total active joint count 0, and cJADAS10 score 2. Using cJADAS10, 57 patients (68%) had inactive or low disease activity. Mean PROMIS T-scores for depressive and anxiety symptoms were lower in children with JIA compared to the reference population (p<0.0001). Nineteen patients (23%) had moderate to severe symptoms of anxiety and/or depression. Age and CHAQ score (mobility) correlated with depressive symptoms (r=0.36, p=0.0008; r=0.32, p=0.0029, respectively) but not anxiety. Depressive and anxiety symptoms correlated with pain (r=0.64 and r=0.47 respectively; p<0.0001) and stress (r=0.79 and r=0.75 respectively; p<0.0001) but not with gender, JIA subtype, disease duration, or disease activity.
Conclusion
Approximately one-quarter of children with JIA reported moderate to severe symptoms of anxiety and depression. These symptoms are associated with pain and stress, but they are not associated with other disease manifestations. Understanding how mental health symptoms and JIA impact one another is necessary in order to improve patient outcomes and provide well-rounded care.
... At T1 and T2, adolescents reported on their depressive symptoms over the preceding 2 weeks using the 10-item version of the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) (44). For each item, adolescents endorsed one of three statements reflecting graded severity of symptoms. ...
Background
Neurobiological measures may inform our understanding of individual differences in adolescents’ general risk for and resilience to depressive symptoms, including during the COVID-19 pandemic. We tested a developmental model linking variation in amygdala–subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) resting-state connectivity to perceived parenting experiences earlier in adolescence, to concurrent depressive symptoms prior to the pandemic, and to subsequent depressive symptoms during the pandemic.
Methods
We used data from a longitudinal study that included three waves (N=214 adolescents; ages 9-15 years at Time 1 (T1), 11-17 years at Time 2 (T2), and 12-19 years during the pandemic at Time 3 [T3]). We assessed positive parenting (warm and supportive) (T1), depressive symptoms (T1 to T3), and functional connectivity between the sgACC and basolateral (BLA) and centromedial amygdala (CMA) (T1 and T2). We modeled associations among earlier positive parenting, amygdala–sgACC connectivity, and depressive symptoms before and during the pandemic.
Results
Less positive parenting at T1 was associated prospectively with stronger BLA–sgACC connectivity at T2 (β=-.22) over and above the effect of BLA–sgACC connectivity at T1. Stronger BLA–sgACC connectivity, in turn, was associated with heightened depressive symptoms, both before (r=.21) and during the pandemic (β=.19; independent of the effect of pre-pandemic symptoms).
Conclusion
Adolescents who experience less positive parenting may develop a pattern of BLA–sgACC connectivity that increases their risk for mental health problems. BLA–sgACC connectivity may be associated with depressive symptoms in general, including during periods of heightened risk for adolescents, such as the pandemic.
Most children confronted with the death of a loved one do not experience persisting psychological problems. However, for some, acute grief reactions develop into prolonged grief disorder (PGD) and other mental health problems. Research findings suggest that bereavement outcomes in children are associated with negative cognitions and avoidant coping and with different parenting behaviours. However, knowledge about factors influencing grief in children is still limited and few studies have examined the relative impact of psychological (individual-level) variables and systemic (family-level) variables in affecting their responses to loss. The aim of the current study was to examine the association of different bereavement outcomes in 8–18 year old children (including levels of self-rated PGD, depression, and posttraumatic stress (PTS)) with sociodemographic variables, individual-level variables (including negative cognitions and anxious and depressive avoidance), and family-level variables (including the severity of caregiver’s PGD, depression, and anxiety, and indices of parenting behaviours, rated both by children and by their caregivers). Questionnaire data were used from 159 children plus one of their caregivers, gathered as part of the pre-treatment assessment in a randomized controlled trial. Results showed that most of the children’s bereavement outcomes, including PGD severity and PTS severity, were associated with indices of negative cognitions and avoidance behaviours. Caregiver’s depression and anxiety showed a very small, yet significant, association with two children’s outcomes. Caregiver-rated reasoning/induction (one index of parenting behaviours) showed a small association with children’s PTS-related functional impairment. Exploratory analyses indicated that the linkage between parenting behaviour and children’s outcomes may be moderated by whether the behaviour comes from father or mother. This is one of the first studies examining how individual cognitive behavioural variables plus the mental health of caregivers and indices of parenting may affect PGD and other outcomes in bereaved children. The findings provide tentative indications that individual and family-level variables influence these outcomes, albeit that more research is urgently needed.
Recent research highlights the use of artificial boundaries between distinct types of adverse experiences, including forms of maltreatment. Commonly-utilized methods that isolate the impact of one maltreatment subtype over others and fail to consider the often co-occurring nature of maltreatment may not adequately capture the complex heterogeneous nature of maltreatment and may obscure understanding of developmental pathways. Moreover, childhood maltreatment is associated with the development of maladaptive peer relationships and psychopathology, with negative conceptions of relationships identified as a risk pathway. The current study utilizes structural equation modeling to examine the impact of an adapted threat versus deprivation framework for conceptualizing maltreatment via children's negative conceptions of relationships, which have not been previously tested as mechanisms in the context of this conceptual framework. Participants included 680 socioeconomically disadvantaged children who attended a week-long summer camp. Multi-informant methods were used to assess children's symptomatology and interpersonal functioning. Results did not support differences between threatening versus depriving maltreatment experiences, but indicated that all groups of children who experienced maltreatment, including those enduring both threatening and depriving experiences, showed more maladaptive functioning and more negative conceptions of relationships relative to non-maltreated peers. Results of the current study support the mediating role of children's appraisals of the self and peers in the effect of maltreatment on children's internalizing and externalizing symptomatology.
Internal misconduct is a universal problem in prisons and affects the maintenance of social order. Consequently, correctional institutions often develop rehabilitation programs to reduce the likelihood of inmates committing internal offenses and criminal recidivism after release. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the profile of each offender, both for the appropriate indication of a rehabilitation program and the level of internal security to which he must be submitted. In this context, this work aims to discover the most significant characteristics in predicting inmate misconduct from ML methods and the SHAP approach. A database produced in 2004 through the Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities in the United States of America was used, which provides nationally representative data on prisoners from state and federal facilities. The predictive model based on Random Forest performed the best, thus, we applied the SHAP to it. Overall, the results showed that features related to victimization, type of crime committed, age and age at first arrest, history of association with criminal groups, education, and drug and alcohol use are most relevant in predicting internal misconduct. Thus, it is expected to contribute to the prior classification of an inmate on time, to use programs and practices that aim to improve the lives of offenders, their reintegration into society, and consequently, the reduction of criminal recidivism.
Il presente contributo descrive alcune Esperienze Avverse Infantili (ACE) e, in particolare, come valutarle (Malacrea, 2007) attraverso l'utilizzo di strumenti su tre livelli (a "basso", "medio" e "alto" impatto diagnostico) e considerando due assi di osservazione: quello dei comportamenti manifesti e quello dei vissuti (il "mondo interno"), garantendo in tal modo un'ampia cornice di elementi clinici da utilizzare in un ragionamento diagnostico complesso e articolato. Tra gli strumenti utili a una valutazione articolata, il Trauma Symptom Checklist for Young Children (TSCYC; Briere, 2005) è una checklist di 90 item che valuta la sinto-matologia post-traumatica acuta e cronica in bambini dai 3 ai 12 anni, elaborata da Briere nel 2005 e di recente convalidata e pubblicata in Italia. Si presenta l'utilizzo di questo strumento in un caso clinico: Giulia, 6 anni, sottoposta a valutazione psicodiagnostica specialistica per sospetto abuso sessuale. Il TSCYC ha permesso di riscontrare specifici indicatori di un funzionamento post-traumatico e appare particolarmente utile all'interno del processo di ragionamento diagnostico, per individuare la presenza del funzionamento post-traumatico e per poterne definire le caratteristiche principali.
Shortened versions of assessments are widely used and can play a valuable role in the assessment process. Caution, however, is required when adopting such tests as there are many nuances specific to the development of shortened tests that can limit their utility. This paper synthesizes some prime concerns based on test development practices and principles from the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing (AERA, APA,, & NCME, 2014), and by bringing together the perspectives from other authors who have critically evaluated short forms. A series of potential pitfalls are presented in areas such as the over-focus on reliability statistics to drive item selection, item response theory, and the mis-application of classification statistics. These pitfalls, as well as associated best practices, are framed using examples that are of direct relevance to the practice of pediatric neuropsychology. Awareness of these pitfalls is relevant to test development professionals, and provides guidance for clinical practitioners in evaluating and selecting shortened tests. In addition, relations between item counts and alpha coefficients, inter-item correlations, and standard error of measurement are provided, and it is asserted that optimal test length is a function of this interplay as well the test’s purpose. In general, this paper aims to provide information that will help avoid both the unfair rejection and unmindful acceptance of short scales.
Background
According to the theory of emotional contagion, emotions in one person can trigger similar emotions in groups within social networks. In schools, the class just like a small social network, that teachers' emotion, such as depression, might be contagious to their students. However, until now there is few studies reporting this issue. This study aims to explore whether teachers' depression be contagious to students and what mechanics behind the phenomenon.
Methods
Using Children's depression and cognitive scales to assess 2,579 students, meanwhile using teachers' depression and emotional labor scales assess 529 teachers. The nested data from 112 classes were analyzed.
Results
Teachers' depression was positively correlated with emotional labor surface and deep acting, and teachers' depression cross-level predicted students' depression inversely. For teachers with higher levels of depression, the teacher's deep acting affected their students' depression significantly, the more effortful the teachers' deep acting, the lower the degree of the students' depression, however, for teachers with lower levels of depression, the deep acting was not significant.
Conclusion
The results maybe state that depression in teachers is not readily transmitted to students, one of reasons is that teachers' emotional labor may alleviate the influence of their depression on students. However, considered that teachers' emotional labor was positively correlated with their depression, the teachers' emotional labor may be like a double-edged sword, while alleviating the influence of teachers' depression on students, it also deteriorated their own depression, making it impossible sustainable. For students' depression interventions based in school, including teachers maybe a better selection.
While the detrimental effect of interparental conflict on adolescent depression is well-established, the underlying mechanisms linking the two continue to be inadequately understood. This study investigated the mediating role of family functioning and the moderating role of cultural beliefs about adversity in the association between interparental conflict and adolescent depression. The samples included 651 Chinese adolescents (mean age at Time 1 = 13.27 years; 56.5% girls) from a two-wave longitudinal study with data spanning 1 year. The findings from path modeling analyses provided evidence for the mediating role of family functioning; these findings indicated that interparental conflict can damage family functioning, which in turn exacerbates the risk of adolescent depression. The moderating role of cultural beliefs about adversity was also demonstrated by interactions between interparental conflict and cultural beliefs about adversity, as well as, family functioning and cultural beliefs about adversity. The results indicated a buffering role of cultural beliefs about adversity on the deleterious effect of interparental conflict on adolescent depression. They also suggested that lower levels of family functioning was associated with increased depression among adolescents were lower in cultural beliefs about adversity.
Purpose
The imposition of the thin body as an ideal of beauty and the changes that occur in adolescence lead to a constant concern with adolescents’ body weight, putting them at risk for eating disorders. Thus, the study sought to investigate associations between eating disorders and salivary cortisol concentrations, nutritional status and depressive symptoms in female adolescents with bulimia.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was carried out with 1435 adolescents aged 10–19 years. The Bulimic Investigatory Test of Edinburgh (BITE) and Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) questionnaires were used. A follow-up study was conducted from a random selection of female adolescents diagnosed with Bulimia Development and Well-Being Assessment—(DAWBA) to assess associations with salivary cortisol concentrations and nutritional status.
Results
The prevalence of body dissatisfaction among adolescents with symptoms of bulimia was 37%. There was a significant difference between salivary cortisol and bulimia (Risk Group = 0.33 ± 0.20 μg/100 ml, Diagnostic Group = 0.44 ± 0.21 μg/100 ml p = 0.040), and correlation positive between the risk of bulimia with symptoms of depression (0.355 p = 0.002) and with Body Mass Index (0.259 p = 0.028). High concentrations of salivary cortisol in bulimic adolescents may be associated with hyperactivity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and depressive symptoms.
Conclusions
Nutritional status indicators cannot be used alone for the diagnosis of bulimia, since cortisol levels seem to be a reliable parameter in the identification of bulimia, provided they are used with other diagnostic criteria.
Level III
Evidence obtained from cross-sectional study.
Objective:
Although childhood ADHD is a risk factor for internalizing problems, it consists of separable inattention and hyperactivity dimensions that differentially predict outcomes. Oppositional defiant disorder also consists of separable dimensions (i.e., irritable, oppositional), co-occurs with ADHD, and predicts internalizing outcomes. To discern independent associations with internalizing problems, dimensions must be considered simultaneously.
Methods:
Controlling for age, sex, and race, we tested inattention, hyperactivity, irritability, and oppositionality as time-varying predictors of 6 to 7-year prospective change in parent- and teacher-rated internalizing problems in 230 ethnically- diverse (50% Caucasian) 5 to 10 year old youth (M = 7.4 years, 68% male) with (n = 120) and without ADHD (n = 110).
Results:
Escalating inattention and irritability, but not hyperactivity and oppositionality, uniquely predicted internalizing problems.
Conclusion:
These findings suggest that inattention and irritability are unique risk factors for later internalizing problems. These dimensions may catalyze internalizing problems across development and constitute important intervention targets.
Background
HRQOL is a key outcome following pediatric LT. Parent-proxy reports may substitute for patients unable to report their own HRQOL. This study compared parent-proxy and self-reported HRQOL in children who have undergone LT.
Methods
Pediatric LT recipients between the ages of 8 and 18 years, and a parent, completed self and proxy versions of the PeLTQL questionnaire, PedsQL Generic and Transplant modules, and standardized measures of depression and anxiety.
Results
Data from 129 parent–patient dyads were included. Median parent age was 44 years, and most (89%) were mothers. Median patient age was 2.5 years at LT and 13.6 years at the time of study participation. Parents had significantly lower scores than patients on PedsQL total generic (70.8 ± 18.5 and 74.3 ± 19.0, p = .01), PeLTQL coping and adjustment (63.0 ± 15.6 and 67.3 ± 16.2, p < .01), and social-emotional (66.3 ± 14.9 and 71.9 ± 15.6, p < .001) domains. Higher patient anxiety and depression were related to larger absolute differences between parent-proxy and self-reported scores on all HRQOL measures (all p < .05). In this disparity, parents reported higher HRQOL scores than their child as self-reported anxiety and depression scores increased.
Conclusions
Differences in concordance between parent-proxy and self-reported HRQOL scores can be more prominent when children have more symptoms of anxiety and depression. Children's mental health symptoms should be queried, if feasible, when interpreting differences in parent and child reports of HRQOL.
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