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Born with a "silver spoon': the origin of world trade in 1571
Abstract
Global trade emerged with the founding of Manila in 1571, at which time all important populated continents began to exchange products continuously. The silver market was key to this process. China became the dominant buyer because both its fiscal and monetary systems had converted to a silver standard; the value of silver in China surged to double its worth in the rest of the world. Microeconomic analysis leads to startling conclusions. Both Tokugawa Japan and the Spanish empire were financed by mining profits - profits that would not have existed in the absence of end - customer China. Europeans were physically present in early modern Asia, but the economic impact of China on Western lands was far greater than any European influence on Asia. -Authors
... 16 Spain has used such commemorations to defend its prominent role in the origin of globalization and the connection of the Spanish world with the Pacific. 17 There is little evidence to investigate the past and current image of Spain's former colonies in this country's construction of this cultural diplomacy. This fact has caused the interactions between the political entities of Micronesia and Spain to not stand out despite the shared common past. ...
Con base en el cruce de fuentes que dan cuenta de la actividad de indianos residentes en la corte de Madrid durante la primera mitad del siglo XVII, esta contribución tiene por objetivo estudiar formas de movilidad que se interrelacionaron en las capitales de las monarquías ibéricas. Se propone el empleo de una herramienta analítica para describir y comparar “confluencias migratorias” que tuvieron como epicentros la corte de Madrid, Sevilla, la ciudad de México, el real minero de Zacatecas y algunas otras ciudades de la América española. Se apuesta por considerar que las formas de movilidad laboral, local y regional, las tramas de intereses indianos en la corte de Madrid y la acción política resultante, de carácter transatlántico, fueron determinantes, en sus diversas escalas, en la configuración imperial de la monarquía española.
This major new reference work presents an accessible and innovative survey of the latest developments in the study of early modern Japan. The period from about 1580 to 1877 saw the reunification of Japan after a long period of civil war, followed by two and a half centuries of peace and stability under the Tokugawa shogunate, and closing with the Meiji Restoration of 1868, which laid the foundation for a modern nation-state. With essays from leading international scholars, this volume emphasizes Japan's place in global history and pays close attention to gender and environmental history. It introduces readers to recent scholarship in fields including social history, the history of science and technology, intellectual history, and book history. Drawing on original research, each chapter situates its primary source material and novel arguments in the context of close engagement with secondary scholarship in a range of languages. The volume underlines the importance of Japan in the global early modern world.
Tras la firma de Münster en 1648, la Compañía neerlandesa de las Indias Orientales llevó acabo una serie de intentos por adentrarse en el comercio manileño que fracasaron ante lanegativa de las autoridades hispánicas. En cambio, entre 1663 y 1668, el trato neerlandés enFilipinas encontró en la figura del gobernador Diego Salcedo y en el contrabando semioficialuna vía para su penetración en las islas. En este artículo intentaremos analizar cómo se desarrollóeste comercio, cuáles fueron los agentes que lo hicieron posible y cuál fue el papel delos vecinos de Manila en él. Al mismo tiempo que trataremos de calibrar cual fue el peso deltrato neerlandés en las islas durante este periodo respecto al de otros territorios como Chinao Taiwán. Así como se formuló la intervención de diversos intermediarios asiáticos llegadosdesde la India, Macasar, Siam o Bantam.
En este trabajo se analiza la contribución memorialista del franciscano Martín Ignacio de Loyola (Éibar, 1550 – Buenos Aires, 1606), misionero en sus años jóvenes en Extremo Oriente y nombrado obispo de Río de la Plata en 1601. Por su trayectoria misional este religioso, sobrino-nieto de Ignacio de Loyola, desarrolló un elevado grado de conocimiento sobre los asuntos asiáticos gracias a la publicación de su relato viajero «Itinerario del Padre Custodio Martín Ignacio de Loyola», de principios de la década de 1580, en la obra impresa del agustino Juan González de Mendoza Historia de las cosas más notables, ritos y costumbres del Gran Reino de la China (Roma, 1585). En los años finales de su vida, el franciscano escribió al rey y al Consejo de Indias dando su parecer sobre la conservación de los dominios asiáticos de la Monarquía Católica —con campo base en las Filipinas—, así como sobre las relaciones económicas entre España y China. Mediante el análisis de esta documentación (en parte publicada, en parte inédita, como un memorial de 1602 conservado en el Archivo de Indias), reconstruiremos la visión de Martín Ignacio sobre la política de la Monarquía Católica en el ámbito asiático.
This article focuses on the sailors who served during the initial years of the Carrera del Pacífico, one of the globalizing projects of the Spanish Monarchy. In particular, the paper aims to examine the sailors who took advantage of the Pacific trade circuits by actively participating in various income-generating activities created by the Carrera. Using the sailors’ economic endeavors, especially as sailor-merchants, as a lens can elucidate how early global trade was conducted and demonstrate the dynamics of the early Pacific trade. The paper argues that by seizing the opportunities presented by the Carrera, primarily by assuming the dual roles of sailors and merchants, these laborers helped consolidate the Spanish-Pacific region and reshape the consumption pattern of its local population. The sailors engaged in the transportation, sale, and purchase of global commodities during the early modern period, including textiles and chinaware, which catered to the demands of the broader consumer base in Spanish America. The sources draw data from the Royal Treasury of Acapulco registers during its first decade (1590-1600), where 1,574 sailors were identified. It belongs to Archivo General de Indias’ Contaduría (Account) records, which contain the duties of commodities entering and leaving the port of Acapulco.
This handbook aims to provide a comprehensive (though obviously not exhaustive) picture of state-of-the-art international scholarship on the history of money and currency. The chapters of this handbook cover a wide selection of research topics. They span chronologically from antiquity to nowadays and are geographically stretched from Latin America to Asia, although most of them focus on Western Europe and the USA, as a large part of the existing research does. The authors of these chapters constitute, we hope, a balanced sample of various generations of scholars who contributed to what Barry Eichengreen defined as "the new monetary and financial history" – an approach that combines the analysis of monetary aggregates and policies with the structure and dynamics of the banking sector and financial markets. We have structured this handbook in ten broad thematic parts: the historical origins of money; money, coinage, and the state; trade, money markets, and international currencies; money and metals; monetary experiments; Asian monetary systems; exchange rate regimes; monetary integration; central banking and monetary policy; and aggregate price shocks. In this introduction, we offer for each part some historical context, a few key insights from the literature, and a brief analytical summary of each chapter. Our aim is to draw a map that hopefully will help readers to organize their journey through this very wide and diverse research area.
Link to accepted version: http://hdl.handle.net/10016/38214
Volume I surveys the long history of fashion from the ancient world to c. 1800. The volume seeks to answer fundamental questions on the origins of fashion, challenging Eurocentric explanations that the emergence of fashion was a European phenomenon and shows instead that fashion found early expressions across the globe well before the age of European colonialism and imperialism. It sheds light on how fashion was experienced in a multitude of ways depending on class, gender, and race, and despite geographical distance, fashion connected populations across the globe. Fashions flowered and were reseeded, through entanglements of empire, forced and voluntary migration, evolving racial systems, burgeoning sea travel and transcontinental systems.
We study the effect of the discovery of precious metals in America from 1500 to 1810 on international trade. Around 1500, there was a simultaneous discovery of precious metals and new trading routes. We construct a counterfactual of new routes but no precious metals. The discovery of precious metals increased the stock of precious metals more than tenfold. We show that Euro‐Asian trade at its peak increased up to 20 times compared with the counterfactual. Our simulations match the observed price dynamics. We find that precious metals were at least as important as the new routes.
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