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Systematics and Biodiversity 1(1): 55–108 Issued 19 May 2003
DOI: 10.1017/S1477200002001007 Printed in the United Kingdom C
The Natural History Museum
Estrella Hern´
andez-Su´
arez1
Aurelio Carnero1
Antonio Aguiar2
Gerhard Prinsloo3
John LaSalle4&
Andrew Polaszek5∗
1Departamento Protecci´on
Vegetal, Instituto Canario de
Investigaciones Agrarias,
P.B. 60, E38200 La Laguna,
Tenerife, Islas Canarias,
Spain
2Laborat´orio Agr´ıcola da
Madeira – DSIA, 9135-260
Camacha, Madeira, Portugal
3Biosystematics Division,
ARC-Plant Protection Research
Institute, Private Bag X 134,
Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
4CSIRO Entomology, GPO Box
1700, Canberra ACT 2601,
Australia
5Department of Entomology,
The Natural History Museum,
London SW7 5BD, and
Department of Biological
Sciences, Imperial College of
Science, Technology and
Medicine, Ascot, Berks SL5 7PY,
UK
submitted August 2002
accepted October 2002
Parasitoids of whiteflies (Hymenoptera:
Aphelinidae, Eulophidae, Platygastridae;
Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) from the
Macaronesian archipelagos of the Canary
Islands, Madeira and the Azores
Abstract Data on the whitefly parasitoid species known from the Macaronesian
archipelagos of the Canary Islands, Madeira and the Azores are presented, based
largely on recently collected material. A total of 26 species are treated, including six
new species, six new records for the Canary Islands, two new records for Madeira, and
two new records for the Azores. All species are fully described and illustrated. New
species described are: Encarsia atlantica Polaszek & Hern´
andez; Encarsia levadicola
Polaszek & Hern ´
andez; Encarsia melanostoma Polaszek & Hern ´
andez; Encarsia noahi
Polaszek & Hern´
andez; Euderomphale gomer LaSalle & Hern ´
andez; Euderomphale
insularis LaSalle & Hern´
andez. A fully illustrated identification key based on females
is provided for recognition of whitefly parasitoids in these archipelagos. Data on the
known distribution and hosts are provided, as well as references to biology and use
in biological control.
Key words Aleyrodidae, Aphelinidae, Azores, biological control, Canary Islands,
Eulophidae, identification, Macaronesia, Madeira, natural enemies, parasitoids,
Platygastridae
Introduction
Whiteflies are a group of sap-sucking insects belonging to the
family Aleyrodidae (Hemiptera). The economic importance
of whiteflies is undisputed and several species are among the
most serious agricultural pests (CABI, 2001). Whiteflies cause
direct damage to crops and ornamentals, but a few are very
serious pests due to their ability to transmit a large number of
plant viruses (Markham et al., 1995), currently estimated at
over 100 (I.D. Bedford, pers. comm.).
Until very recently, whiteflies were an almost unknown
insect group in Macaronesia. In a relatively short period sev-
eral species have become major pests in these archipelagos. A
number of species belonging to the largely Neotropical sub-
family Aleurodicinae have become pests in both the Canary
Islands and Madeira, and threaten to spread further. In parti-
cular, the so-called ‘spiralling whitefly’ Aleurodicus dispersus
Russell, and the more recently introduced Lecanoideus floccis-
simus Martin et al., have caused serious economic problems
in the Canaries (Martin et al., 1997). Para l eyrodes,another
∗Corresponding author.
genus of Aleurodicinae,includes the two species P. citricolus
Costa Lima and P. bondari Perrachi that are pests on citrus in
Madeira, introduced presumably from the Neotropics (Martin,
1996). Several cosmopolitan whitefly pests are also present
throughout the Canaries, Madeira and the Azores, includ-
ing Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), Bemisia tabaci
(Gennadius) and Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell) (Carnero
et al., 1990; Aguiar & Pita, 1995; Aguiar, 1998). Solutions are
being sought to these new and continuing whitefly problems.
Chemical control of whiteflies has rarely proved successful,
due in particular to the development of pesticide resistance.
For this reason, research efforts have been focused on bio-
logical control using natural enemies, as opposed to the use of
insecticides.
As a first step towards evaluating the potential for bio-
logical control of whiteflies in the Macaronesian archipelagos,
extensive exploration for whitefly parasitoids has been con-
ducted over the last 5 years (Hern´
andez-Su´
arez, 1999). Results
obtained during these collections are presented in this paper,
which provides a preliminary revision of the whitefly para-
sitoid species from the archipelagos of the Azores, Madeira
and the Canary Islands.
55
56 E. Hern´andez-Su´arez
et al.
Background
Approximately 30 genera of Hymenoptera are known to
be either facultative or obligate parasitoids of whiteflies
(Polaszek, 1997a). They belong to six families: Aphelin-
idae, Eulophidae, Pteromalidae, Signiphoridae and Encyrtidae,
within the superfamily Chalcidoidea, and Platygastridae in the
superfamily Platygastroidea (Polaszek 1997a;Polaszek, un-
publ. data).
In the Canary Islands, 12 whitefly parasitoid species
have been recorded previously, most of them belonging to
the aphelinid genus Encarsia F¨
orster. These species are: En-
carsia dichroa (Mercet) (Viggiani & Mazzone, 1980a,asE.
pseudopartenopea Viggiani & Mazzone), Encarsia hispida
De Santis, Encarsia lutea (Masi) (Beitia et al., 1996), En-
carsia inaron (Walker) (Carnero et al., 1989 as E. parten-
opea (Masi)), Encarsia pergandiella Howard (Beitia et al.,
1996), Encarsia sophia (Girault) (Booth & Polaszek, 1996,
as E. transvena (Timberlake)), Encarsia tricolor F¨
orster
(Rodr´
ıguez-Rodr´
ıguez, 1979) and Eretmocerus mundus
Mercet (Cebri´
an et al., 1994). Together with them, Encarsia
formosa Gahan (Rodr´
ıguez-Rodr´
ıguez, 1979), Cales noacki
Howard (Rodr´
ıguez-Rodr´
ıguez, 1977a,b)andEncarsia guade-
loupae Viggiani (Nijhof et al., 2000) have been deliberately
introduced into the Canaries as potential biological control
agents of whiteflies. The introduction of Eretmocerus erem-
icus Rose & Zolnerowich has been proposed.
In Madeira, 10 whitefly parasitoids have been recorded.
Graham (1986) described Euderomphale cortinae Graham
(Eulophidae) from swept material. It was later reared in
Madeira by the authors (see below). Booth & Polaszek
(1996) recorded the Neotropical Encarsia hispida DeSantis
from Madeira for the first time. The remaining published
records are as follows: Amitus fuscipennis MacGown &
Nebeker, C. noacki,E. formosa,E. inaron,E. lutea,E. pergan-
diella,E. tricolor and Eretmocerus mundus (Aguiar, 1999).
Encarsia formosa has been recently introduced into the
Azores archipelago for biological control of the greenhouse
whitefly T. vaporariorum,andC. noacki is known to play an
important role in the natural control of the citrus whitefly A.
floccosus (Soares, pers. comm.). Encarsia estrellae Manzari &
Polaszek was recently described from the Azores as part of the
present survey of Macaronesian whiteflies and their parasitoids
(Manzari et al., 2002).
Our recent surveys on all three archipelagos have
recorded a number of both described and undescribed species,
all of which are treated in detail below.
Material, methods and
abbreviations
This study is largely based on new host-reared material col-
lected in the aforementioned archipelagos by the authors.
In addition, specimens in The Natural History Museum in
London, UK (BMNH), as well as material deposited in the
Museo Nacional de Ciencas Naturales in Madrid, Spain
(MNCN), Universidad de La Laguna, Canary Islands (ULL)
and the University of Naples, Italy (IEUN), have been stud-
ied. All species of whitefly parasitoids previously recorded are
included.
Holotypes of newly described species are deposited in
BMNH. Paratypes and other material examined have been
deposited at the Entomology department, Instituto Canario
de Investigaciones Agrarias, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
(ICIA) and in the Insect Collection of the Laborat ´
orio Agr´
ıcola,
Madeira (ICLAM). When not mentioned in the text, specimens
examined are deposited in the ICIA insect collection.
Most specimens examined in this study have been pre-
served as slide-mounts in Canada Balsam, following the
method outlined by Noyes (1982) with amendments (Polaszek,
1997a).
Ter m inology (Figs 1 to 4) used in the description of
Encarsia species follows Hayat (1989) with a very few ex-
ceptions outlined by Huang & Polaszek (1998). The length of
the marginal fringe refers to its longest seta (Fig. 1, H). The
radicle and anellus are not counted in the number of antennal
segments. Mesoscutum refers to the mid lobe and side lobes
combined. Regarding Eretmocerus species, terminology used
follows that of Rose & Zolnerowich (1997), and terminology
used in descriptions of eulophid species follows LaSalle &
Schauff (1994).
Descriptions have been kept as brief as possible. The body
colour has been noted from live or card-mounted specimens.
Habitus drawings for Encarsia species show the colour and
cuticular sculpture on the right-hand side only, the setation on
the left-hand side. The same scale has been followed when
drawing the ovipositor and mid leg in each species.
The key provided is designed to be used for specimens
mounted on microscope slides, examined with a good quality
compound microscope. Males of most Encarsia species are
extremely difficult to identify, thus the key provided has been
designed to be used mainly for female specimens. For several
species, isolated males (i.e. without their conspecific females)
cannot be successfully identified to species with this key.
Material examined is listed in Appendix 1.
Abbreviations for institutions and collections
BMNH The Natural History Museum, London, UK.
BPBM Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii,
USA.
ICLAM Laboratorio Agr´
ıcola da Madeira, Madeira Island,
Portugal.
ICIA Instituto Canario de Investigaciones Agrarias,
Ten e rife, Canary Islands, Spain.
IEUN Istituto de Entomologia Agraria, Universit`
adegli
Studi di Napoli, Portici, Italy.
MNCN Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid,
Spain.
NMI National Museum of Ireland, Dublin.
UNLP Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina.
USNM United States National Museum of Natural History,
Wash i ngton DC, USA.
ZDAMU Zoology Department, Aligarh Muslim University,
India.
ZSIC Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta.
Parasitoids of whiteflies 57
Figs 1–4 Morphological terminology: 1. Fore wing. A–D Eretmocerus
sp. A. Length submarginal vein. B. Length marginal vein.
C. Length postmarginal vein. D. Length stigmal vein.
E–H Encarsia sp. E. Maximum length. F. Maximum width.
G. Width at stigmal vein. H. Length of longest marginal
fringe seta. 2. Female antenna (Encarsia). A. Length
flagellum. B. Length clava. C. Length funicle. P. Pedicel. Sc.
Scape. 3. Leg (Encarsia). F, Femur. Ti, Tibia. Ts, Tibial spur.
Ta, Tarsus. 4. Meso- and metasoma (Encarsia female) A,
Axilla. Ms, Mesoscutum. SL, Side lobe. S, Scutellum. ss,
scutellar sensilla. GTI–GTVII.Gastral tergites. a. Second
valvifers. b. Third valvulae.
Abbreviations used for morphology
F1–F4:Funicular segments 1 to 4.
GTI–GTVII:Gastral tergites 1 to 7.
All illustrated characters are for females unless otherwise
stated.
Key to the whitefly parasitoid species present in
the Macaronesian archipelagos
1. Fore wing without venation (Fig. 122) . . . . . . ...........
..................................Amitus fuscipennis
—Forewingwith venation(e.g.Figs 83, 88) ........... 2
2. Tarsi of fore and hind legs 5-segmented. Mid tarsi 4- or
5-segmented......................... Encarsia spp., 3
—Tarsi of fore,mid andhindlegs4-segmented .........19
3. Midtarsi 4-segmented..............................4
—Mid tarsi5-segmented ..............................6
4. Female with mesosoma dark brown, metasoma pale or
dark ..............................................5
—Femalewithmesosomaandmetasomayellow ..........
....................................Encarsia hispida
5. Female with scutellum dark brown; metasoma pale yel-
low, with 1–2 setae on each side of GTII and GTIII ......
...................................Encarsia formosa
—Female with scutellum pale yellow; metasoma dark
brown, with more than 2 setae on each side of GTII and
GTIII ..........................Encarsia guadeloupae
6. Fore wing with an evident asetose area around stigmal vein
(e.g.Fig.5) ....................................... 7
—Fore wing without an asetose area around the stigmal vein
(e.g.Fig.9) ....................................... 8
7. Fore wing (Fig. 75) narrowly rounded at its distal end,
faintly infuscated proximally. Maximum marginal fringe
lengthmorethanhalfofwingdiscwidth ..............
...............................Encarsia pergandiella
—Fore wing (Fig. 5) broadly rounded at its distal end,
without infuscation. Maximum marginal fringe length less
than or equaltohalfofwingdiscwidth ................
............................Encarsia acaudaleyrodis
8. Scutellar sensilla very closely placed, separated by a dis-
tance of approximately the maximum width of one sensil-
lumorless(e.g.Figs 71, 81) ........................9
—Scutellar sensilla widely placed, separated by a distance
of more than the maximum width of one sensillum . . . 10
9. Mid tibial spur short, less than half the length of the corre-
sponding basitarsus (Fig. 72). Female and male with body
largelydarkbrown .............Encarsia noahi sp. nov.
—Mid tibial spur long, more than half the length of the cor-
responding basitarsus (Fig. 82). Female with body entirely
yellow, male largely pale brown. . . . . . . Encarsia sophia
10. Third valvula of ovipositor dark, in striking contrast to
second valvifer. Male with F1–F3strongly developed into
asensorial complex(Figs 22, 61) ...................11
—Third valvula of ovipositor pale. Male without F1–F3de-
velopedintoasensorialcomplex ...................12
11. Third valvula of ovipositor less than one third total ovi-
positorlength.........................Encarsia lutea
—Thirdvalvula of ovipositor more than one third total ovi-
positorlength ........................ Encarsia davidi
12. Female with mesosoma and head dark brown to black and
metasoma mostly pale yellow ......................13
—Female with different colour pattern, body unicolorous,
either yelloworbrown .............................15
13. Female clava 3-segmented. Male antenna with F5–F6
fused...............................Encarsia dichroa
—Female clava 2-segmented. Male with F5–F6either separ-
ated or partly fused...............................14
14. Cells of mid lobe of mesoscutum and scutellum with in-
ternal sculpture (Fig. 11). Stemmaticum pale. Male with
F5–F6partly fused.....................Encarsia azimi
58 E. Hern´andez-Su´arez
et al.
—Cells of mid lobe of mesoscutum and scutellum without
internal sculpture. Stemmaticum dark. Male with F5–F6
separate .............................Encarsia inaron
15. Female clava 3-segmented. Mid tibia more than 3×the
length of the corresponding basitarsus . . ............16
—Female clava 2-segmented. Mid tibia less than 3×
the length of the corresponding basitarsus . . . . . . .....
...................................Encarsia estrellae
16. Female body mostly brown. Male, when present, with
mesoscutum mostly dark brown....................17
—Female body mostly yellow. Male with mesoscutum
mostly pale ...................................... 18
17. Female scutellumdarkbrown .........................
...........................Encarsia atlantica sp. nov.
—Female scutellum pale yellow . . . . . . . . Encarsia tricolor
18. Third valvula of ovipositor less than 1.4×maximum
lengthofmid tibialspur .............................
.........................Encarsia levadicola sp. nov.
—Thirdvalvula of ovipositor more than 1.7×maximum
lengthofmid tibialspur .............................
.......................Encarsia melanostoma sp. nov.
19. Antennal clava of both sexes elongate, composed of a
single segment (e.g. Figs 89, 90, 92, 93, 95, 96, 98, 100,
101). Mesosoma yellow ...........................20
—Antennal clava short, composed of several segments
(e.g. Figs 103, 104). Mesosoma dark brown-black
...............................Euderomphale spp. 24
20. Female antenna 6-segmented, the funicle with 3 seg-
ments, F3 longer than wide (Fig. 100). Male antenna
4-segmented, the flagellum 2-segmented with long setae
(Fig. 101). Fore wing disc setae arranged in a few parallel
rows as in Fig. 99 ....................... Cales noacki
—Female antenna 5-segmented, the funicle with 2 small
segments, each quadrate to transverse (Figs 90, 92). Male
antenna 3-segmented with one flagellar segment, the setae
short (e.g. Fig. 89). Fore wing disc setae not arranged in
parallelrows .....................Eretmocerus spp. 21
21. Midlobe of mesoscutum with 6setae ..................
...............................Eretmocerus eremicus
—Mid lobe of mesoscutum with 4setae ...............22
22. Stigmal vein of fore wing less than half the length of mar-
ginal vein. Female antenna with first and second funicule
segments subequal in size, clava more than 5×as long as
wide (Fig. 92) ...................Eretmocerus mundus
—Stigmal vein of fore wing more than half the length of
marginal vein. First funicule segment clearly shorter than
second. Female clava less than 5×as long as wide . . . . .
.................................................23
23. Marginal fringe of fore wing less than 0.15×the maxi-
mumwidth of wing disc (Fig. 94) ....................
.....................Eretmocerus sp. nr. rajasthanicus
— Marginal fringe of fore wing more than 0.15×the max-
imum widthofwingdisc(Fig. 97) ....................
.................................Eretmocerus roseni
24. Fore wing hyaline (Fig. 115), some slight infuscation may
be present basally, but never reaching stigmal vein. F2 in
both sexes quadrate or slightly longer than wide (Figs 116,
117). Male antenna with scape very strongly broadened,
1.4×as long as wide (Fig. 117) . . . . ..................
......................Euderomphale insularis sp. nov.
—Fore wing with infuscation below marginal vein, reaching
to stigmal vein (Figs 102, 108). F2 in both sexes transverse
(Figs 103, 104, 109, 110). Male antenna with scape at most
moderately broadened, clearly more than 1.4×as long as
wide (Figs 104, 110) . .............................25
25. Fore wing with postmarginal vein absent (Fig. 108). F1 in
both sexes transverse, closer in size to anellus (Figs 109,
110) . . . . . ...............Euderomphale gomer sp. nov.
—Fore wing with postmarginal vein present (though often
faint; Fig. 102). F1 in both sexes longer, almost quadrate
(Figs 103, 104) . . . .............Euderomphale cortinae
Whitefly parasitoids in the Macaronesian archipelagos
APHELINIDAE
Genus Encarsia F¨
orster
Encarsia F¨
orster, 1878:65. Type species Encarsia tricolor
F¨
orster, by monotypy.
Aspidiotiphagus Howard, 1894a:229. Synonymized by
Viggiani & Mazzone, 1979:44.
Prospalta Howard, 1894b:6. Preoccupied by Prospalta
Walker, 1857 (in Lepidoptera) designated by ICZN Opin-
ion 845.
Prospaltella Ashmead, 1904:126. Replacement name
for Prospalta Howard. Synonymized by Viggiani &
Mazzone, 1979:44.
Mimatomus Cockerell, 1911:464. As synonym of Prospal-
tella by Girault, 1917:114.
Doloresia Mercet, 1912:294. Synonymized by Mercet,
1930a:191.
Prospaltoides Br`
ethes, 1914:12. As synonym of Aspidi-
otiphagus by Br`
ethes, 1916:429.
Aleurodiphilus DeBach & Rose, 1981:659. Synonymized
by Hayat, 1983:85.
Diagnosis
Diagnostic characters of Encarsia species have been provided
by several authors, including Hayat (1989; 1998), Huang &
Polaszek (1998) and Polaszek et al.(1999). The most important
characters are summarized here.
Colour.Variesfrom entirely pale yellow to completely
dark brown, the males generally darker than the females. Body
colour can be used with some degree of confidence as a key
character in certain species groups, but is best avoided in
others. For example, it is known to vary intraspecifically in the
inaron-andlutea-groups. Fore wings vary from completely
hyaline to infuscate below the marginal vein.
Morphology.Head dorsum transverse, twice or more
as wide as long, and with a postocellar bar behind each
lateral ocellus. Mandibles usually with three teeth, or two
teeth and a truncation; labial palps 1-segmented. Antenna
8-segmented excluding radicle and anellus, often 7-segmented
in males; scape cylindrical or slightly flattened; funicle 2- to
4-segmented, clava 2- to 4-segmented, or not apparent.
Pronotum medially membranous. Mid lobe of mesoscu-
tum with 0–20 setae, usually arranged in bilateral symmetry;
Parasitoids of whiteflies 59
axillae separated mesally by a distance greater than the max-
imum length of an axilla, and each with a single seta. Scutellum
distinctly wider than long, with 4 setae and a pair of plac-
oid sensilla (‘ss’, Fig. 4); scutellum with reticulate sculpture,
becoming longitudinally elongate/reticulate medially. Metan-
otum a narrow transverse strip; propodeum narrow in the
middle, not much longer than metanotum, and expanded on
sides with a spiracle and a pair of setae on each side.
Fore wings with shape and length of marginal fringe
variable. Submarginal vein shorter than marginal vein, with 2
setae, rarely with 1 or more than 2. Basal area usually with
fewer than 10 setae, occasionally more, and costal cell with
arowofminute setae. A strong seta present at the junction
of the submarginal vein and parastigma or on the parastigma.
Avariablenumber of setae on anterior margin of marginal
vein. Pos tmarginal vein absent. Disc densely or sparsely setose.
Hind wings narrow. Legs with tarsal formula 5-5-5 or 5-4-5.
Petiole transverse, remainder of metasoma consisting of
seven tergites (GTI–GTVII); apex of GTVII always membranous
and pale; GTIusually without setae, GTII–IV with 1–5 setae
on each side, GTV–VI usually with 2+ 2 setae (occasionally
more) each and GTVII usually with 4 setae (occasionally 6).
Ovipositor with relative lengths of the second valvifer and third
valvula variable and useful as key characters; ovipositor/mid
tibia ratio often useful for species recognition. Male genitalia
usually with phallobase several times longer than wide, without
digiti; aedeagus generally longer than phallobase.
Remarks
The genus Encarsia contains species considered as the most
effective group of whitefly (Aleyrodidae) and armoured scale
insect (Diaspididae) parasitoids. Females usually develop as
primary parasitoids, but males are very often hyperparasitoids
of females (or males) of their own or other species (Viggiani
1984; Williams & Polaszek, 1996). Males of certain species
have been recorded as hyperparasitoids of Psyllidae (Polaszek
et al., 1992) and males of E. porteri are obligate parasitoids
of lepidopteran eggs (Polaszek, 1991; Polaszek et al., 1995;
Hunter et al., 1996).
Currently, Encarsia contains 280 species, and 29 species
groups have been recognized. Major recent contributions to
Encarsia taxonomy have been made by: Viggiani & Mazzone
(1979), Viggiani (1985a,b,1986, 1987a,b,1989a,b), Hayat
(1989, 1998), Yasnosh (1989), Huang & Polaszek (1998),
Polaszek et al.(1999) and Schmidt et al.(2001). In partic-
ular, Encarsia species parasitic on whiteflies have been treated
by Huld´
en (1986), Rivnay & Gerling (1987), Polaszek et al.
(1992), Krishnan & David (1996), Schauff et al.(1996), Trjap-
itzin et al.(1996), Heraty & Polaszek (2000) and Schmidt
et al.(2001).
Encarsia acaudaleyrodis Hayat
(Figs 5–8)
Encarsia acaudaleyrodis Hayat, 1976:158. HOLOTYPE L:
INDIA, Rajasthan, Sardar Samand, i.1974 (M. Hayat)
(ZSIC not examined; paratypes examined).
Encarsia acaudaleyrodis Hayat; Polaszek et al., 1999:135.
Diagnosis
Female
Colour.Head pale, with clypeus very distinctly darker.
Antennae light brown, with pedicel and clava darker. Meso-
soma largely yellow, with pronotum, anterior margin of mid
lobe of mesoscutum, half of axillae and propodeum brown.
Metasoma largely pale, with petiole and GTIdarker. Fore
wings hyaline. Legs pale.
Morphology.Antennal formula 1-1-4-2. Scape 1.7×as
long as pedicel. F1slightly longer than wide, 0.6×as long as
pedicel. F2intermediate in size between F1and F3;F
3and F4
subequal in length. Clava 0.7×as long as funicle. Flagellum
with the following numbers of longitudinal sensilla: F1:0, F2:0,
F3:1–2, F4:2, F5:3, F6:2–3 (Fig. 8).
Mid lobe of mesoscutum with 2 + 2 setae. Distance
between placoid sensilla on scutellum 5×the maximum width
of one sensillum; distance between anterior pair of scutellar
setae a little greater than that between posterior pair (Fig. 6).
Fore wing 3.5×as long as wide, with the wing apex roun-
ded (Fig. 5); marginal fringe 0.4–0.6×disc width. A distinct
asetose area present below the stigmal vein, 2 setae on sub-
marginal vein, 5–7 setae on anterior margin of marginal vein,
2–3 setae in basal area, 5 setae in costal cell. Tarsal formula
5-5-5. Mid basitarsus 0.4×as long as corresponding tibia; mid
tibial spur 0.3×as long as corresponding basitarsus (Fig. 7).
GTI–VII with 0 + 0, 1+1, 1+1, 1+1, 2+2, 1+1 and 4
setae, respectively. Ovipositor 1.0–1.25×as long as mid tibia;
third valvula 0.35×ovipositor length, with 3–4 pairs of short
apical setae and one pair of medial setae.
Male
In general much darker than the female. Head and mesosoma
largely yellow with pronotum, mid lobe of mesoscutum, axillae
and propodeum brown. Metasoma dark brown. Morphology
similar to that of female except for genitalia characters and the
following: Antennae with F5and F6partially fused.
Species-group placement: E. parvella-group. However,
E. acaudaleyrodis is very closely related to, and possibly con-
specific with, E. mineoi Viggiani. Recent molecular studies
(Babcock et al., 2001) have placed E. mineoi (and by infer-
ence E. acaudaleyrodis)distant from the parvella-group.
Hosts in Macaronesia: Acaudaleyrodes rachipora (Singh)
(=A. citri), Bemisia tabaci-complex.
Other recorded hosts: Tet raleurodes leguminicola Bink-
Moenen (Polaszek et al., 1999).
Distribution: CANARY ISLANDS (new records): Lanzarote,
Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, La Palma.
Distribution outside Macaronesia: Palaearctic: Egypt. Ori-
ental: India (Polaszek et al., 1999).
Remarks: As mentioned by Polaszek et al.(1999), E. acauda-
leyrodis is very close to Encarsia mineoi Viggiani, and differ-
ences between both species are very slight. Specimens col-
lected in the Macaronesian archipelagos have been identified
as E. acaudaleyrodis based on their antennal configuration (in
particular the presence of a short funicle), the body colour
(presence of dark axillae) and the ovipositor length, which is
longer than 1.2×mid tibia.
60 E. Hern´andez-Su´arez
et al.
Figs 5–8 Encarsia acaudaleyrodes Hayat: 5. Wing. 6. Meso- and metasoma. 7. Mid leg. 8. Female antenna.
Encarsia atlantica Polaszek & Hern´
andez sp. nov.
(Figs 9–12)
HOLOTYPE L:CANARY ISLANDS: Tenerife, Baranco de
Badajoz, 1.v.98 (E. Hern´
andez) ex Aleyrodes sp. on
Bencomia caudata (BMNH).
Description
Female
Colour.Head dark brown, with clypeus and malar sul-
cus black. Stemmaticum yellow. Mesosoma yellow with pro-
notum, posterior margin of mid lobe of mesoscutum, axillae
and scutellum dark brown. Propodeum and metasoma dark
brown. Legs yellow, with brown infuscation on femora. Wings
with dark infuscation below marginal vein.
Morphology.Stemmaticum with striate sculpture. Anten-
nal formula 1-1-3-3. Scape 2×as long as pedicel; F11.9×as
long as wide, shorter than pedicel and F2;F
2,F
3,F
4and
F5equal in length. Flagellum with the following numbers
of longitudinal sensilla: F1:0, F2:0–1, F3:3, F4:3, F5:3, F6:3
(Fig. 10).
Mid lobe of mesoscutum with 4–5 pairs of large setae,
from anterior to posterior margin: 2 + 2, 0–1 + 0–1, 1 + 1, 1 + 1;
each axilla with one short seta. Mid lobe of mesoscutum, axil-
lae and scutellum with polygonal/reticulate sculpture, each cell
with sculpture centrally. Distance between scutellar sensilla
Parasitoids of whiteflies 61
Figs 9–12 Encarsia atlantica Polaszek & Hern´andez sp. n.:9.Wing.10.Female antenna 11. Meso- and metasoma. 12. Mid leg.
5.6×the width of one sensillum; distance between anterior
pair of scutellar setae slightly longer than that between pos-
terior pair (Fig. 11). Fore wing (Fig. 9) 2.5×as long as width;
marginal fringe short. No asetose area distally from the stigmal
vein, discal setae uniformly distributed; 7–8 setae in basal area,
2setae on submarginal vein, 7 long setae on the anterior margin
of marginal vein. Tarsal formula 5-5-5. Middle leg tibial spur
0.6×length of corresponding basitarsus; middle leg basitarsus
0.3×as long as corresponding tibia (Fig. 12).
Gastral dorsum with rugose lateral margins on GTI–IV;
GTI–VII with 0 + 0, 1+1, 1+1, 1+1, 3+3, 2+2 and 4 setae,
respectively. Ovipositor slightly longer (1.2×)thanmidtibia;
third valvula 0.4×as long as second valvifer; ovipositor
with one pair of medial setae and 4–5 pairs of short apical
setae.
Male
Unknown.
Species-group placement: E. inaron-group.
Hosts in Macaronesia: Undescribed Aleyrodes sp. on Ben-
comia caudata (specimens examined by the first author and
Dr J. Martin, The Natural History Museum, London).
Distribution: CANARY ISLANDS: Tenerife.
Remarks: E. atlantica is most closely related to E.
melanostoma and E. levadicola,allapparently endemic spe-
cies here described from the Canary Islands and Madeira,
62 E. Hern´andez-Su´arez
et al.
Figs 13–17 Encarsia azimi Hayat: 13. Wing. 14. Female antenna. 15. Meso- and metasoma. 16. Mid leg. 17. Male antenna.
respectively. Encarsia atlantica differs in having the scutel-
lum dark brown, cells of mesoscutum centrally sculptured,
longer third valvulae, and dark infuscation below the marginal
vein. The other two species have the scutellum pale, central
sculpture absent from the mesoscutal cells, shorter third valv-
ulae and hyasline wings. Encarsia atlantica is here placed in
the Encarsia inaron species group, which has been character-
ized as follows: 2-segmented clava, mid tibial spur less than
half the length of corresponding basitarsus, ovipositor shorter
than mid tibia and basitarsus combined. Encarsia atlantica
has a 3-segmented clava and the mid tibial spur is slightly
longer than half the length of the corresponding basitarsus.
However, recent studies have shown that the latter character is
not consistent within the E. inaron group and E. dichroa,with
a3-segmented clava, was also found to be a member of this
group (Manzari et al., 2002). A revision of the Encarsia in-
aron group, including E. atlantica,iscurrently in preparation
(S. Manzari & A. Polaszek).
Encarsia azimi Hayat
(Figs 13–17)
Trichaporus indicus Azim & Shafee, 1980:335. HOLO-
TYPE L:INDIA, Tamil Nadu, Ootacamund, 24.vi.1968
(S.A. Shafee) ex Aleyrodidae on Nerium (ZDAMU, ex-
amined).
Encarsia azimi Hayat, 1986:160. Replacement name for
Trichaporus indicus Azim & Shafee. Preoccupied by
Prospaltella indica Shafee, 1973:255.
Parasitoids of whiteflies 63
Encarsia adrianae Lopez-Avila, 1987:425. Synonymized
by Hayat, 1998:202.
Encarsia adrianae Lopez-Avila; Polaszek et al., 1992:381;
Booth & Polaszek, 1996:72.
Encarsia azimi Hayat; Hayat, 1989:62–64; Hayat,
1998:202–203; Huang & Polaszek, 1998:1845–1847;
Schmidt et al., 2001:376.
Diagnosis
Female
Colour.Head, mesosoma and petiole brown to dark
brown. Head with stemmaticum yellow. Metasoma pale (yel-
low/white) except GTInarrowly across base and sides dark
brown. Third valvulae pale. Antennae yellow, with pedicel
and clava slightly darkened. Fore wings hyaline with slight
infuscation below marginal vein. Legs yellow with fore and
hind coxae brown basally.
Morphology.Stemmaticum with striate sculpture. Anten-
nal formula 1-1-4-2. Pedicel 0.37×as long as scape, longer
than F1and equalinlengthtoF
2;F
11.67×as long as wide,
shorter than F2;F
2,F
3,F
4and F5all approximately equal
in length, F6longer (Fig. 14). Flagellum with the following
numbers of longitudinal sensilla: F1:0, F2:1–2, F3:2–3, F4:2–
3, F5:3, F6:3; flagellar segments with 2–3 pit sensilla distally,
F6with the sensillum pre-apical.
Mid lobe of mesoscutum with four pairs of setae, from
anterior to posterior margin: 2 + 2, 1 + 1, 1 + 1. Each axilla
with one short seta. Placoid sensilla on scutellum rather widely
separated, 9×the maximum width of one sensillum; distance
between anterior pair of scutellar setae 1.5×that between
posterior pair. Mid lobe of mesoscutum, scutellum and axillae
with distinct reticulate sculpture, also with slight sculpture
within cells. Fore wing (Fig. 13) 2.6×as long as wide; marginal
fringe 0.30×disc width. Fore wing disc uniformly setose, 2
setae on submarginal vein, 5–6 setae on anterior margin of
marginal vein, 2 parastigmal setae, 1–3 setae on basal area, 8–
10 setae on costal area. Tarsal formula 5-5-5. Mid basitarsus
0.39×as long as corresponding tibia. Mid tibial spur 0.31–
0.38×as long as corresponding basitarsus (Fig. 15).
Metasoma with GTI–VII (unusually) with 2 + 2, 3 + 3,
3+3, 3+3, 2+2, 2+2 and 4 setae respectively (see ‘Re-
marks’ below). Ovipositor shorter than middle tibia and basit-
arsus combined. Third valvula 0.3–0.48×as long as second
valvifer.
Male
Not recorded previously from Macaronesia. Described by
Lopez-Avila (1987) as: mostly brown, with darker axillae and
side lobes of mesoscutum paler. Fore wings hyaline. Morpho-
logy as for female except genitalia and the following charac-
ters: Antennae (Fig. 17) 7-segmented with F5and F6fused.
Species-group placement: E. inaron-group.
Hosts in Macaronesia: B. tabaci complex, T. vaporariorum.
Other recorded Aleyrodidae hosts: Aleurolobus rhodo-
dendri Taka hashi, Dialeurodes fici Quaintance & Baker,
Dialeurodes piperis Tak ahashi, Lipaleyrodes sp., Odonta-
leyrodes rhododendri (Takahashi), Pa rabemisia myricae
(Kuwana), Rachipora fici (Takahashi) (recorded as Dialeur-
odes citri).
Distribution: CANARY ISLANDS (new records): Lanzarote,
El Hierro.
Distribution outside Macaronesia: Palaearctic: Italy, Japan,
Pakistan, Spain. Oriental: China, India, Australia.
Remarks: Placed previously in the coryli species group by
Lopez-Avila (1987), E. azimi belongs to a section of the in-
aron species group that contains Encarsia accenta Schmidt
&Naumann, E. adusta Schmidt & Naumann, E. aethiopica
Viggiani, E. coryli Vi ggiani, E. margaritiventris (Mercet), and
E. reticulata Rivnay. These species are characterized by hav-
ing a dark mesosoma contrasting with a pale metasoma, tarsal
formula 5-5-5, antennal formula 1-1-4-2, and male with F5
and F6at least partially fused. The setation of the metasoma is
unusual in E. azimi (though unfortunately is indistinct in the
holotype) with setae present on GTI.Thischaracter, or suite
of characters, merits further study in this subgroup.
E. azimi is a biparental species with hyperparasitic males
developing on conspecific females and other Encarsia spe-
cies such as E. formosa (Lopez-Avila, 1987). Life history and
detailed morphological studies on adults and developmental
stages of E. azimi (as E. adrianae)weregiven by Lopez-Avila
(1988).
Encarsia davidi Viggiani & Mazzone
(Figs 18–22)
Encarsia lutea (Masi); Rosen, 1966:57 (misidentification).
Encarsia davidi Viggiani & Mazzone, 1980b:55.HOLOTYPE
L:ISRAEL, Nazareth, 10.iv.1975 ex Acaudaleyrodes citri on
Ceratonia siliqua (IEUN, examined).
Encarsia davidi Viggiani & Mazzone; Rivnay & Gerling,
1987:464; Polaszek et al., 1999:143.
Diagnosis
Female
Colour.Head orange-yellow except a small dark spot next
to each ocellus. Antennae dark from pedicel to F6. Mesosoma
largely yellow with pronotum and propodeum brown. Meta-
soma largely yellow with petiole and anterior part of GTIdark.
Third valvulae conspicuously dark. Fore wings hyaline. Legs
yellow.
Morphology.Stemmaticum with striate sculpture. Anten-
nal formula 1-1-3-3. Pedicel 0.4×as long as scape and twice
as long as F1;F
1quadrate, shorter and narrower than F2and
F3,whichare subequal; Funicle 0.64×as long as clava; clava
0.36×maximum width. Flagellum with the following num-
bers of longitudinal sensilla: F1:0, F2:2–3, F3:2–3, F4:3, F5:3,
F6:3 (Fig. 19).
Mid lobe of mesoscutum with four pairs of setae, from
anterior to posterior margin: 2 + 2, 1 + 1, 1 + 1, occasionally
an additional seta or pair of setae present. Placoid sensilla on
scutellum rather widely separated, distance between placoid
sensilla 7×the maximum width of one sensillum; distance
between anterior pair of scutellar setae a little greater than that
between posterior pair (Fig. 21). Fore wing length 2.3×as
long as maximum width of wing; wing disc uniformly setose,
with marginal fringe 0.25–0.27×disc width. Two setae on
submarginal vein, 0–1 basal area setae, 5–6 setae in costal
area, 2 parastigmal setae (Fig. 18). Tarsal formula 5-5-5. Mid
64 E. Hern´andez-Su´arez
et al.
Figs 18–22 Encarsia davidi Viggiani: 18. Wing. 19. Female antenna. 20. Mid leg. 21. Meso- and metasoma. 22. Male antenna.
basitarsus 0.23×as long as corresponding tibia. Mid tibial
spur as long as corresponding basitarsus (Fig. 20).
Petiole without distinct sculpture, GTI−II with some re-
ticulate sculpture laterally. GTII−VII with 1 + 1, 1 + 1, 1 + 1, 2–
3+2–3, 2–3 + 2–3 and 4 setae, respectively. Ovipositor 1.2×
as long as middle tibia, shorter than middle tibia and basitarsus
combined; third valvulae 0.35–0.40×as long as ovipositor.
Male
Colour darker than female. Head yellow. Mesosoma pale,
with pronotum, anterior margin of the mid lobe of mesoscu-
tum, axillae and propodeum brown. Metasoma dark brown.
Legs pale. Fore wings hyaline. Morphology typical of the
E. lutea-group, with F1–F3forming an enlarged, specialized
sensory/glandular complex, F5and F6fused (Fig. 22). Meta-
soma with two pairs of setae present on ventral surface of
GTI−V.
Species-group placement: E. lutea-group.
Hosts in Macaronesia: Acaudaleyrodes rachipora;Bemisia
sp. (afer-group); probably an undescribed species, on Euphor-
bia spp. Material has been examined by the first author and
Dr J. Martin (The Natural History Museum, London).
Parasitoids of whiteflies 65
Figs 23–27 Encarsia dichroa (Mercet): 23. Wing. 24. Male antenna. 25. Female antenna 26. Mid leg. 27. Meso- and metasoma.
Other recorded hosts: Aleurolobus niloticus Priesner &
Hosny, B. tabaci,S. phillyreae,T. leguminicola.
Distribution: CANARY ISLANDS (new records): Lanzarote,
Ten e rife, La Gomera, La Palma.
Distribution outside Macaronesia: Egypt, Israel,
South Africa.
Remarks: E. davidi is very close to E. abatei Viggiani (1982)
and these species are difficult or impossible to distinguish.
Polaszek et al.(1999) have suggested E. abatei may be syn-
onymized and the necessity of revision of the Encarsia lutea
species group, which is currently in preparation (P. Pedata &
A. Polaszek, in prep.).
Encarsia dichroa (Mercet)
(Figs 23–27)
Prospaltella brunnea Howard: Mercet, 1921:305. Misiden-
tification.
Prospaltella dichroa Mercet, 1930b:76. LECTOTYPE L
(here designated): SPAIN, Madrid, unknown host on
Pinus halepensis (MNCN, examined).
Encarsia dichroa (Mercet); Ferri`
ere, 1965:139.
Encarsia pseudopartenopea Viggiani & Mazzone,
1980a:9. Synonymized by Viggiani, 1987a:139–
140.
66 E. Hern´andez-Su´arez
et al.
Diagnosis
Female
Colour.Head and mesosoma largely dark brown; meta-
soma yellow-white, sometimes with lateral brown infuscation
on GTV−VII.Antennae and legs pale. Hind coxae with anterior
margin brown. Fore wings hyaline.
Morphology. Stemmaticum with striate sculpture. Anten-
nal formula 1-1-3-3. Scape 2.6–2.8×as long as the pedicel. F1
slightly shorter than F2,F
2and F3subequal and slightly longer
than F4.Clavaaslong as funicle. Flagellum with the follow-
ing numbers of longitudinal sensilla: F1:0–1, F2:2, F3:2–3, F4:
2–3, F5:2–3, F6:3. 2–3 pit sensilla on all flagellar segments
(Fig. 25).
Mid lobe of mesoscutum with four pairs of setae, from an-
terior to posterior margin: 2 +2, 1 + 1, 1 + 1. Distance between
posterior scutellar setae 0.7×the distance between the an-
terior pair; distance between placoid sensilla on scutellum 6×
the maximum width of one sensillum. Fore wing as in Fig. 23,
2.3×as long as maximum wing width. Wing disc uniformly
setose. Two setae on submarginal vein, basal area with 3–4
setae, costal area with 6 setae; 5–6 setae on anterior margin of
marginal vein and one parastigmal seta. Marginal fringe short,
0.2×disc width. Tarsal formula 5-5-5. Basitarsus of middle leg
0.28×as long as corresponding tibia. Mid tibial spur 0.4–0.6×
as long as corresponding basitarsus.
Dorsum of metasoma with imbricate sculpture on GTI−IV.
GTI−VII with 0 + 0, 1 + 1, 1 + 1, 1 + 1, 2 + 2, 1–2 + 1–2, 4 setae,
respectively. Third valvulae 0.35×as long as ovipositor, with
one pair of medial setae and 3–4 pairs of short apical setae.
Male
Body largely dark brown. Morphology similar to that of female
except genitalia and the following characters: Antennae 7-
segmented with F5and F6fused (Fig. 24); scape 2.6×as long
as pedicel; pedicel half the length of F1;F
1slightly shorter
than following segments which are subequal. Each flagellar
segment with 5–6 longitudinal sensilla, F5and F6with 3–4
longitudinal sensilla.
Species-group placement: E. inaron-group.
Hosts in Macaronesia: Siphoninus phillyreae (Haliday),
Aleyrodes singularis Danzig.
Distribution: CANARY ISLANDS: Lanzarote (new record),
Fuerteventura (new record), Tenerife, La Palma (new record).
Distribution outside Macaronesia: Palaearctic: Italy,
Morocco, Spain.
Remarks: Mercet (1921) recorded E. brunnea (Howard) from
Spain (as Prospaltella brunnea Howard) referring to mater-
ial collected in Madrid on Pinus halepensis.In1930, Mercet,
based on the same material assigned to P. brunnea,described
the new species, E. dichroa (as Prospaltella dichroa). We have
examined three female specimens on two slides in the col-
lection of the Madrid Museum (MNCN) labelled in Mercet’s
handwriting ‘Prospaltella dichroa Mercet s/ Pinus halepen-
sis Madrid 29.8.917’. These were originally misidentified as
brunnea Howard (Mercet, 1921) and later described as the new
species dichroa (Mercet, 1930b), although no specific mention
is made of any type material. For that reason, and in interests of
nomenclatural stability, we are hereby designating the single
specimen as the lectotype which has been clearly labelled as
such. The remaining two specimens, together under a single
coverslip are therefore paralectotypes.
Ferri`
ere (1965) described the males of this species based
on specimens collected from Morocco. In the Canary Islands,
Viggiani & Mazzone (1980a)firstrecorded E. dichroa from
Ten e rife in their description of E. pseudopartenopea.Encar-
sia dichroa has been reared mainly from the ash whitefly, S.
phillyreae.The morphology of the preimaginal stages, lar-
valdevelopment and oviposition behaviour of E. dichroa are
described and illustrated by Laudonia (1988). These studies
showed that E. dichroa males develop as hyperparasitoids on
larvae, prepupae and pupae of conspecific females, but also on
other Encarsia species, such as E. inaron.
Encarsia estrellae Manzari and Polaszek
(Figs 28–31)
Encarsia estrellae Manzari & Polaszek in Manzari et al.,
2002:165–175. HOLOTYPE L:Azores,S
˜
ao Miguel, Lagoa
Canarios, 715m, 27.ix.1998, (E. Hern´
andez & A. Polaszek),
ex Aleyrodes singularis on Lysimachia nemorum (BMNH,
examined).
Diagnosis
Female
Colour.Head dark yellow; occiput and areas behind
postocellar bar brown; clypeus, malar space brown to dark
brown. Mesosoma brown, but pronotum, axillae and pro-
podeum dark brown; middle of scutellum dark yellow to
brown. Petiole brown, lateral parts dark brown. Metasoma
brown to dark brown. Third valvula yellow to dark yellow.
Antenna dark yellow except scape, pedicel, anterior half of
F5, F6 brown. Fore wings (Fig. 28) hyaline, faintly infuscated
below marginal vein. Legs yellow except basitarsus brown.
Morphology.Antennal formula (Fig. 31) 1-1-4-2. Pedicel
shorter than F1–F6 individually. Flagellum with the following
numbers of longitudinal sensilla: F1:2, F2:3, F3:3, F4:4, F5:4,
F6:3.
Mid lobe of mesoscutum, axillae and scutellum with dis-
tinctly reticulate sculpture, longitudinal on the central scutel-
lum (Fig. 29). Mid lobe of mesoscutum with 4 + 2 + 2 setae.
Placoid sensilla on scutellum relatively widely separated, dis-
tance between anterior pair of scutellar setae greater than that
between posterior pair. Fore wing (Fig. 28) 2.4 times as long
as wide. Marginal fringe of fore wing short. Tarsal formula
5-5-5.
T1–T7 with 0 + 0, 1 + 1, 1 + 1, 1 + 1, 4, 4 and 5 setae,
respectively. Ovipositor shorter than mid tibia and basitarsus
combined (41:66), third valvula 0.36 times as long as second
valvifer (11:30).
Male
Colour.Similar to female.
Morphology.Structural details essentially as for female,
except ovipositor, and antenna with abundant longitudinal
Parasitoids of whiteflies 67
Figs 28–31 Encarsia estrellae Manzari & Polaszek: 28. Wing. 29. Meso- and metasoma. 30. Male antenna. 31. Female antenna.
sensilla on all flagellomeres. Two claval segments partially
fused (Fig. 30). Male genitalia approximately as long as hind
tibia.
Species-group placement: E. inaron-group.
Hosts in Macaronesia: Aleyrodes singularis Danzig,
A.?singularis,Bemisia sp. afer-group.
Distribution: AZORES: Pico, S˜
ao Miguel.
Encarsia formosa Gahan
(Figs 32–35)
Encarsia formosa Gahan, 1924:14. SYNTYPE L:USA,
Idaho, Twin Falls, 9.v.1920 (R.H. Smith) ex Aleyrodidae
on Geranium sp. (USNM, examined).
Encarsia formosa Gahan; Ferri`
ere, 1965:137; Nikolskaya
&Yasnosh, 1966:266; Viggiani & Mazzone, 1979:45;
Huld´
en, 1986:18; Rivnay & Gerling,1987:465; Viggiani,
1987a:144–145; Polaszek et al., 1992:382; Schauff
et al., 1996:19; Huang & Polaszek, 1998:1881; Polaszek
et al., 1999:146; Schmidt et al., 2001:377.
Diagnosis
Female
Colour.Head, mesosoma and petiole brown to dark
brown, occasionally mid lobe of mesoscutum with black spots.
Metasoma yellow except, narrowly, anterior margin of GTI
brown. Third valvulae pale. Antennae yellow to dusky. Fore
wings hyaline. Legs yellow except fore and hind coxae basally
brown.
Morphology.Stemmaticum with striate sculpture. Anten-
nal formula 1-1-4-2. Scape 3.4×as long as pedicel; pedicel
longer than F1;F
11.60–1.70×as long as wide, shorter than
F2and F3;F
4slightly longer (Fig. 35). Flagellum with the
following numbers of longitudinal sensilla: F1:0–2, F2:2, F3:2,
F4:3, F5:3, F6:2. 2–3 pit sensilla in all flagellar segments.
Mid lobe of mesoscutum with 6 pairs of setae. Plac-
oid sensilla on scutellum widely separated, 5.5×as long as
the width of one sensillum; distance between anterior pair of
scutellar setae approximately equal to that between posterior
pair. Fore wing (Fig. 32) 2.37–2.5×as long as maximum disc
width; marginal fringe 0.28–0.3×disc width. Two setae on
68 E. Hern´andez-Su´arez
et al.
Figs 32–35 Encarsia formosa Gahan: 33. Mid leg. 34. Meso- and
metasoma. 35. Female antenna.
submarginal vein, 6–7 setae on anterior margin of marginal
vein, 3–4 basal area setae, 5–6 setae in costal area. Tarsal
formula 5-4-5. Basitarsus of middle leg 0.37×as long as cor-
responding tibia (Fig. 33). Mid tibial spur 0.4×as long as
corresponding basitarsus.
GTII–VII with 1 + 1, 1+1, 1+1, 2+2, 2+2 and 4 setae,
respectively. Ovipositor third valvula 0.60×as long as second
valvifer.
Male
In Macaronesia, known so far only from Madeira.
Head brown, with ocellar area, clypeus, and malar space
dark brown. Mesosoma, petiole and metasoma brown to dark
brown. Antenna 8-segmented, each segment of flagellum with
5–6 longitudinal sensilla. Male genitalia as long as mid tibia.
Species-group placement: E. luteola-group (Gahan, 1924). E.
formosa is closely related to E. luteola (Howard) and has been
confused with it. Differences between the two species, both
morphological and molecular, are summarized by Babcock &
Heraty (2001).
Hosts in Macaronesia: Aleyrodes proletella (L.), A. singu-
laris,B. tabaci complex, T. vaporariorum.
Other recorded hosts: Aleuroglandulus malangae
Russell, Aleurotrachelus trachoides (Back), Aleyrodes
lonicerae Wal k e r, Aleyrodes spiraeoides Quaintance, Dialeur-
odes chittendeni Laing, Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead),
Tetraleu rodes mori (Quaintance), Trialeurodes abutiloneus
(Haldeman), Trialeurodes ricini,T. variabilis (Quaintance).
Distribution: CANARY ISLANDS: Lanzarote (new record),
Fuerteventura (new record), Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La
Gomera (new record). MADEIRA. AZORES: S˜
ao Miguel.
Distribution outside Macaronesia: Cosmopolitan.
Remarks: E. formosa is perhaps the best known of all parasit-
oids because of its widespread application in glasshouses for
the control of the greenhouse whitefly T. vaporariorum.Ithas
been introduced into the Canaries, Madeira and Azores for the
control of T. vaporariorum and more recently, for the control
of B. tabaci complex (Carnero, 1982; Carnero et al., 1989;
Rodr´
ıguez et al., 1997). This species was first recorded from
the Canary Islands in 1978 from Gran Canaria and is now
widespread in the entire archipelago. E. formosa is a thely-
tokous species, producing occasional males, though males of
E. formosa have so far been recorded only from Madeira.
Although most reports associating E. formosa and B. tabaci
complex are from glasshouses, in the Macaronesian Islands
E. formosa has been field-collected on both hosts.
Encarsia guadeloupae Viggiani
(Figs 36–39)
Encarsia guadeloupae Viggiani, 1987b:35–37. HOLO-
TYPE L:GUADELOUPE, Wonche, 12.vi.1985
(J. Eti`
enne) ex Aleyrodes sp. on Persea americana
(IEUN, examined).
Encarsia guadeloupae Viggiani; Viggiani, 1993:123–125
(redescription); Schmidt et al., 2001:377, 379.
Diagnosis
Female
Colour.Head, pronotum, mesoscutum, axillae and meta-
soma dark brown to black. Scutellum yellow. Legs pale except
for brown hind coxae and hind femur. Antenna pale with rad-
icle and scape brown. Fore wing faintly infuscate from base to
stigmal vein. Ovipositor with the apex dark brown to black.
Morphology.Stemmaticum with striate sculpture. Anten-
nal formula 1-1-4-2 (Fig. 37). Scape 2.5×as long as pedicel;
F1slightly shorter than F2;F
3and F4subequal to, or slightly
longer than, F2;clava0.7×as long as funicle. Flagellum with
the following numbers of linear sensilla: F1:1, F2:2, F3:2, F4:2–
3, F5:2–3, F6:3; F1–F5with 2–3 pit-like sensilla located along
each segment.
Mid lobe of mesoscutum with 9–11 pairs of long and
stout setae, often rather irregularly arranged; scutellum with
2pairsofsetae, distance between the anterior pair similar
to that between the posterior pair; distance between placoid
sensilla 7×width of one sensillum (Fig. 38). Fore wing broad
(Fig. 36), 2.6×as long as wide. Wing disc uniformly setose.
Marginal fringe 0.2×disc width. Two setae on submarginal
vein, 3–5 setae in basal area, 7–8 setae in costal cell, marginal
vein with 6–7 long and stout setae along its anterior margin, 2
parastigmal setae at its base. Tarsal formula 5-4-5. Middle leg
basitarsus 0.3×as long as corresponding tibia; mid tibial spur
0.9×as long as corresponding basitarsus (Fig. 39).
Gastral dorsum with lateral margins of tergites imbric-
ate; GTI−VII with 0 + 0, 3+3, 3+3, 3+2, 3+3, 2+2, 4 setae
respectively. Ovipositor 0.95×as long as mid tibia; third
Parasitoids of whiteflies 69
Figs 36–39 Encarsia guadeloupe Viggiani: 36. Wing. 37. Female antenna. 38. Meso- and metasoma. 39. Mid leg.
valvulae 0.4×as long as ovipositor, with a pair of medial
setae and 3–4 pairs of apical setae.
Male
Unknown.
Species-group placement: E. luteola-group.
Hosts in Macaronesia: Aleurodicus dispersus,Lecanoideus
floccissimus.
Other recorded hosts: Aleurodicus dugesii Cockerell; T.
vaporariorum.
Distribution: CANARY ISLANDS:Teneri fe.
Distribution outside Macaronesia: Neotropical: Guade-
loupe; Oriental /Pacific /Australian: French Polynesia, Hawaii,
India, Micronesia, Nauru, Papua New Guinea, Philippines,
Thailand; Afrotropical: Benin; Nearctic: USA (Florida).
Remarks: The female of E. guadeloupae can be distin-
guished from other members of the E. luteola species-group
by its dark brown to black body, with yellow scutellum; 2-
segmented clava; numerous pairs of mesoscutal setae, and
3pairsoflateral setae on GTII−III.Encarsia guadeloupae
was introduced into the Canary Islands for the biological
control of the whiteflies A. dispersus and Lecanoideus floc-
cissimus Martin et al.(Nijhof et al., 2000). Initial results
appeared promising, but at the time of writing it would ap-
pear that the introduction of a second biocontrol agent is
necessary.
70 E. Hern´andez-Su´arez
et al.
Figs 40–44 Encarsia hispida DeSantis: 40. Wing. 41. Male antenna. 42. Female antenna. 43. Mid leg. 44. Meso- and metasoma.
Encarsia hispida De Santis
(Figs 40–44)
Encarsia hispida De Santis 1948a:45. HOLOTYPE L:
ARGENTINA, Rosario, Santa Fe, ex aleirodoidea
[=Aleyrodidae] on coral rojo [=Salvia splendens]
(UNLP, paratype examined). Note: Mistakenly recorded
as described from Brazil and published in De Santis
1948b(Polaszek et al., 1992 and some subsequent
authors).
Encarsia hispida De Santis; Viggiani 1989a:207 as junior
synonym of Encarsia meritoria Gahan.
Encarsia hispida De Santis; Polaszek et al.,1992:383 status
revised. Schmidt et al., 2001:379.
Diagnosis
Female
Colour.Body pale yellow, sometimes with anterior mar-
gin of mid lobe, axillae anteriorly, and base of GTIfuscous.
Eyes black, antennae and legs pale. Wings hyaline. Ovipositor
apex dark in contrast with the rest of the ovipositor which is
pale.
Morphology.Antennal formula 1-1-4-2. Scape 2.5×as
long as pedicel; pedicel 1.3×as long as F1;F
10.6×as long as
Parasitoids of whiteflies 71
wide; F2intermediate between F1and F3,1.4×as long as F1
and 0.6×as long as F3;F
3,F
4and F5subequal in length; F6
1.1–1.2×as long as F4.Flagellum with the following numbers
of longitudinal sensilla: F1:0, F2:0, F3:2, F4:2–3, F5:2–3, F6:2
(Fig. 42).
Mid lobe of mesoscutum with 5–8 pairs of setae arranged
as: 2–4 + 2–4, 1 + 1, 0–1 + 0–1, 1 + 1, 1 + 1. Anterior scutellar
setae reaching bases of posterior pair; distance between plac-
oid sensilla 4.0–5.0×the maximum width of one sensillum
(Fig. 44). Fore wing length (Fig. 40) about 2.4×maximum
disc width; wing disc uniformly setose. 4–5 basal area setae,
marginal vein with 8–9 setae along its anterior margin, 2 para-
stigmal setae at its base, marginal fringe 0.3×disc width.
Tarsal formula 5-4-5. Tibial spur of middle leg 0.75–0.85×as
long as corresponding basitarsus. Middle leg basitarsus 0.2–
0.25×as long as corresponding tibia (Fig. 43).
Gastral dorsum with imbricate lateral margins on GTI–IV;
GTV–VII weakly sculptured; GTI–VII with 0 + 0, 1+1, 1+1,
1+1, 3+3, 3+3 and 4 setae, respectively. Ovipositor 1.0–
1.2×as long as tibia of middle leg; third valvula 0.3–0.4×as
long as ovipositor, with 1 pair of medial setae and 3–4 apical
setae.
Male
Head yellow with base of occiput dark brown. Pronotum, basal
part of mesoscutum, axillae and metasoma, except a basal
yellow band, dark brown. Morphology similar to that of female
except for genitalia and the following characters: Each flagellar
segment with 4–5 longitudinal sensilla, F5and F6separate;
GTVI with 2 pairs of setae between cerci.
Species-group placement: E. luteola-group.
Hosts in Macaronesia: Aleyrodes proletella,A. singularis,A.
dispersus,Aleurotrachelus rhamnicola (Goux), Bemisia tabaci
complex, Crenidorsum aroidephagus,Lecanoideus floccis-
simus,Lipaleyrodes sp.A, Trialeurodes ricini,T. vaporari-
orum.
Other recorded hosts: Aleurothrixus malangae,A. porteri
Quaintance & Baker, A. spiraeoides,S. phillyreae,Tet r a l eur-
odes acaciae (Quaintance), T. ab utiloneus,Tria leurodes flor-
idensis (Quaintance), T. variabilis.
Distribution: CANARY ISLANDS: Lanzarote, Fuerteven-
tura, Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Gomera. MADEIRA.
Distribution outside Macaronesia: Palaearctic: France, Italy,
Spain. Nearctic: USA (Florida). Neotropical: Brazil, Chile,
Colombia, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Honduras,
Jamaica, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Venezuela. Pacific: French
Polynesia.
Remarks: Encarsia hispida is close to Encarsia meritoria
and was treated as a synonym of the latter by Viggiani (1989a)
and Schauff et al.(1996). Its status was revised by Polaszek
et al.(1992) based on the following characters: F5and F6in
E. meritoria male antenna partially fused, separate in E.
hispida;F
2of the female antenna in E. hispida smaller than
F3and intermediate in size between F1and F3,whereas in E.
meritoria F2and F3are equal in length. Recent detailed stud-
ies on this group have confirmed these differences, including
molecular differences in the 28S-D2 region of ribosomal DNA
(Polaszek et al., in prep.).
New World populations of E. hispida appear to be com-
monly biparental, while Old World populations are mainly
thelytokous, with males appearing occasionally under natural
conditions. In the Canary Islands both biparental and unipar-
ental populations have been observed.
Encarsia inaron (Walker)
(Figs 45–49)
Aphelinus inaron Walker, 1839:10. LECTOTYPE L:
[designated by Graham, 1976]: [UK] (Haliday) [no other
data] (NMI, examined).
Aphelinus idaeus Walker, 1839:12. Synonymized by
Graham, 1976:142.
Encarsia inaron (Walker); Graham, 1976:142; Hayat,
1989:64–65; Polaszek et al., 1992:383; 1999:148; Huang
&Polaszek, 1998:1891–1893; Manzari et al.2002:165.
Encarsia partenopea Masi, 1909:32; Mercet, 1912:159–
162; Thompson, 1953:19. Synonymized by Polaszek
et al., 1992:383.
Trychaporus aleyrodis Mercet, 1930a:196. Synonymized
by Polaszek et al., 1992.
Encarsia brassicae Shafee & Darvas, 1984:29. Synonym-
ized by Hayat, 1998.
Encarsia borealis Huld´
en, 1986:18. Synonymized by
Huang & Polaszek, 1998:1891.
Encarsia indifferentis Mercet, 1929:220. Synonymized by
Polaszek et al., 1999:148.
Diagnosis
Female
Colour.Head, mesosoma and petiole dark brown to al-
most black. Metasoma variable, from largely pale, with a vari-
able number of tergites laterally brown, to largely brown. Ovi-
positor pale. Antenna brown. Fore wing hyaline with some
dark infuscation basally. Legs yellow except coxae, and (in
dark specimens) mid and hind femora.
Morphology.Stemmaticum with striate sculpture. Anten-
nal formula 1-1-4-2. Scape 2.5–2.7×as long as pedicel; F12×
as long as wide and as long as F2;F
3–F5slightly longer than
previous segments. Flagellum with the following numbers of
longitudinal sensilla: F1:1–2, F2:2–3, F3:2–3, F4:3–4, F5:2–3,
F6:2–3. Pit sensilla present on all flagellum segments.
Mid lobe of mesoscutum with 3–4 pairs of setae, usu-
ally arranged as: 2 + 2, 1 + 1, 1 + 1. Distance between anterior
pair of scutellar setae 1.2–1.3×the distance between posterior
pair. Placoid sensilla on scutellum widely separated by 5.3×
the maximum width of one sensillum (Fig. 49). Fore wing
(Fig. 45) 2.4×as long as wide. Wing disc uniformly setose.
Marginal fringe of fore wing very short, 0.2×wing disc, 2 setae
on submarginal vein, 4–5 basal area setae, 5–9 setae in costal
cell, 6–7 setae on anterior margin of marginal vein, 3 parastig-
mal setae. Tarsal formula 5-5-5. Mid basitarsus 0.3×as long
corresponding tibia; mid tibial spur approximately 0.57×as
long as corresponding basitarsus (Fig. 48).
Gastral dorsum with imbricate lateral margins on GTI–IV,
GTV–VII weakly sculptured. GTI–VII with 0 + 0, 1 + 1, 1 + 1, 1–
2+1–2, 2–3 + 2–3, 2 + 2 and 4 setae, respectively. Ovipositor
shorter than mid tibia and basitarsus combined. Third valvula
72 E. Hern´andez-Su´arez
et al.
Figs 45–49 Encarsia inaron Walker: 45. Wing. 46. Male antenna. 47. Female antenna. 48. Mid leg. 49. Meso- and metasoma.
0.28×as long as ovipositor, with a pair of medial setae and
3–4 apical setae.
Male
Head and mesosoma dark brown. Metasoma from pale, with
petiole and GTV–VII brown, to largely brown. Morphology
similar to that of female except genitalia and the following
characters: Antennae 8-segmented with F5and F6separated;
each segment with 6–7 longitudinal sensilla.
Species-group placement: E. inaron-group.
Hosts in Macaronesia: Aleyrodes proletella,Pealius
madeirensis (Martin et al.), Pea lius azaleae (Baker & Moles),
S. phillyreae.
Other recorded hosts: Acaudaleyrodes rachipora,Aleyrodes
lonicerae,A. singularis,Asterobemisia carpini (Koch), A.
paveli (Zahradnik), Bemisia sp., B. tabaci-complex, Bul-
garialeurodes cotesii (Maskell), Pealius quercus (Signoret),
Siphoninus immaculatus (Heeger), Trialeurodes vaporari-
orum.
Distribution: CANARY ISLANDS: Lanzarote (new record),
Ten e rife, La Gomera (new record), La Palma (new record).
MADEIRA.
Distribution outside Macaronesia: Palaearctic: widespread
in southern Europe and North Africa. Oriental: widespread
in Asia. Nearctic: introduced into North America (Polaszek
et al., 1992; Schauff et al., 1996).
Parasitoids of whiteflies 73
Figs 50–54 Encarsia levadicola Polaszek & Hern´andez sp. n.:50. Wing. 51. Male antenna. 52. Female antenna. 53. Mid leg. 54. Meso- and
metasoma.
Remarks: Laudonia & Viggiani (1995) and Polaszek et al.
(1992) discussed gastral colour variation in E. inaron,andit
has been suggested that it may constitute a complex of species.
However, Manzari et al.(2002) have shown recently using a
combination of morphometric and molecular taxonomic tech-
niques that this appears not to be the case. Viggiani (1987a)
recorded E. inaron as very common on Aleyrodes elevatus
Silvestri and A. proletella in Italy, while on S. phillyreae,E.
dichroa wasmore abundant. In the Canary Islands the same
situation has been observed. Studies on the biology of E. in-
aron have been published by Mazzone (1983) and Gould et al.
(1995). The role of E. inaron in the biological control of white-
flies in Egypt has been published by Abd-Rabou & Abou-Setta
(1998), indicating that E. inaron is the most effective parasit-
oid of S. phillyreae.The introduction into California of E.
inaron represented a major success in the classical biological
control programme of the ash whitefly S. phillyreae (Gould
et al., 1992).
Encarsia levadicola Polaszek & Hern´
andez sp. nov.
(Figs 50–54)
HOLOTYPE L:MADEIRA: Levada da Serra, Bica da
Cana, 16.v.97 (A. Polaszek) ex Bemisia afer (sensu lato)
on Clethra arborea.(BMNH).
74 E. Hern´andez-Su´arez
et al.
Description
Female
Colour.Variable. Head yellow with clypeus and malar
sulcus black. Mesosoma yellow. Pronotum dark brown,
mesoscutum yellow or with its central portion brown, when
yellow with posterior margin dark; axillae from yellow to
distal three-quarters light brown; propodeum yellow or brown.
Metasoma yellow or with GTI−Vlight brown laterally. Legs
and antennae yellow. Wings hyaline.
Morphology.Antennal formula (Fig. 52) 1-1-3-3 al-
though clava somewhat indistinct. Antennal segments sub-
equal in length; F1slightly shorter than both F2and F3,F
1
1.5×as long as wide (Fig. 52). Flagellum with the following
numbers of longitudinal sensilla: F1:0, F2:1, F3:2, F4:2, F5:2,
F6:2.
Mid lobe of mesoscutum with 4 pairs of large setae, 3
pairs of setae present centrally and 1 pair laterally; Distance
between scutellar sensilla 4–4.8×the width of one sensillum;
distance between anterior pair of scutellar setae 0.8–1×that
between posterior pair. Fore wing (Fig. 50) 2.4–2.6×as long
as width. No asetose area distally from the stigmal vein; 8–14
costal setae, 5–9 basal area setae, 2 submarginal vein setae,
7–10 long and stout setae on the anterior margin of marginal
vein and 1–2 parastigmal setae at its base. Tarsal formula 5-5-
5; mid tibial spur 0.66–0.74×the length of the corresponding
basitarsus; basitarsus of mid leg 0.32×corresponding tibia
(Fig. 53).
Gastral dorsum with rugose lateral margins on GTI–IV;
GTI–VII with 0 + 0, 1 + 1, 1 + 1, 1 + 1, 2–3 + 2–3, 3 + 3 and 4
setae, respectively. Venter with 3–4 and 4–6 setae on GTII ,
GTIII and GTIV respectively. Ovipositor very slightly longer
(1–1.2×)thanmidtibia; third valvula less than 1.35×as long
as mid tibia spur; ovipositor with one pair of medial setae and
4–5 pairs of short apical setae.
Male
Head yellow with clypeus and malar sulcus black. Body brown
except the following yellow: lateral margins of mid lobe of
mesoscutum, side lobes, scutellum and legs. Wings hyaline,
slightly infuscated at base. Morphology similar to that of fe-
male except for genitalia characters and the following: antenna
(Fig. 51) with 5–6 pit sensilla on F1,F
2,F
3,F
4,F
5and 2–3
on F6;F
5and F6partly fused. Aedeagus long, 1.2×as long as
mid tibia.
Species-group placement: E. inaron-group.
Hosts in Macaronesia: Bemisia lauracea (Martin et al.), Be-
misia afer sensu lato,Bemisia sp. (afer-group).
Distribution: MADEIRA, CANARY ISLANDS.
Remarks: E. levadicola is similar to Encarsia silvestrii
Viggiani & Mazzone and Encarsia melanostoma,herede-
scribed from the Canary Islands. Encarsia levadicola can be
distinguished from E. silvestrii by the length of the ovipositor
(longer than mid tibia in E. levadicola,while shorter than mid
tibia in E. silvestrii)andtherelative lengths of the third val-
vulae and mid tibial spur (between 1–1.35×in E. levadicola,
while less than 1×in E. silvestrii). Moreover, there are differ-
ences in the length and morphology of the aedeagus in males,
which is much shorter and broader in E. silvestrii.E. levadic-
ola is extremely close to E. melanostoma.E. levadicola differs
in having shorter third valvulae and a longer mid tibial spur.
It can also be distinguished from E. melanostoma by having
the third valvulae less than 1.35×the length of the mid tibial
spur.
Encarsia lutea (Masi)
(Figs 55–64)
Prospaltella lutea Masi, 1909:25. SYNTYPES LL:ITALY,
Campania, Portici (IEUN, examined).
Prospaltella lutea Masi; Mercet, 1912:204–205.
Prospaltella indica Shafee, 1973:255. Synonymized by
Hayat, 1981:466.
Encarsia lutea (Masi); Ferri`
ere, 1965:132; Viggiani
&Mazzone, 1979:46, 1980b:51; Hayat, 1981:466,
1986:162, 1989:48, 1998:230–231; Viggiani, 1987a:
155–156; Polaszek et al., 1992:384; Viggiani & Ren,
1993:223; Chou et al., 1996:198; Schauff et al., 1996:21;
Huang & Polaszek, 1998:1912–1914; Polaszek et al.,
1999:154; Schmidt et al., 2001:379.
Diagnosis
Female
Colour.Colour varying from entirely yellow, to yellow
with the following brown: pronotum, axillae, petiole and GTI
laterally (Fig. 64). A second, darker, colour morph is also
present (Fig. 58), but differences in the form of the antennae
in both sexes suggest that further study may prove this to be
adistinct species (see below). Third valvulae brown to black
in striking contrast with the rest of ovipositor which is pale.
Antenna yellow. Fore wings hyaline. Legs pale yellow.
Morphology.Stemmaticum with reticulate sculpture. An-
tennal formula 1-1-3-3. Scape 2.7×as long as pedicel; pedicel
2.1–2.2×as long as F1;F
1usually quadrate, less than 1.2×as
long as wide; F3,F
4and F5subequal in length. Funicle length
0.6–0.9×length of the clava (Figs 57, 62). Flagellum with
the following numbers of longitudinal sensilla: F1:0, F2:0–1,
F3:0–1, F4:2, F5:2–3, F6:2–3.
Mid lobe of mesoscutum with 4 pairs of setae arranged
as: 2 + 2, 1 + 1, 1 + 1. Distance between anterior pair of scu-
tellar setae greater than that between posterior pair; placoid
sensilla on scutellum widely separated, 7–9×the width of
one sensillum. Fore wing (Figs 55, 60) 2.4–2.7×as long
as wide. Wing disc uniformly setose. Marginal fringe 0.3×
disc width. 2 setae on submarginal vein, 5–6 setae on an-
terior margin of marginal vein, 3–4 basal cell setae, 3–5
setae on costal area, 2 parastigmal setae. Tarsal formula 5-
5-5. Basitarsus of mid leg 0.27×as long as corresponding
tibia. Mid tibial spur 0.7×as long as corresponding basitarsus
(Figs 59, 63).
Gastral dorsum with imbricate lateral margins on GTI–IV;
GTI–VII with 0 + 0, 1 + 1, 1 + 1, 1 + 1, 2 + 2, 2–3 + 2–3 and 4
setae, respectively. Ovipositor 0.8–1×as long as middle leg
tibia, shorter than middle tibia and basitarsus combined; third
valvula 0.25–0.26×as long as ovipositor, with a pair of medial
setae and 3–4 pairs of short apical setae.
Parasitoids of whiteflies 75
Figs 55–59 Encarsia lutea (Masi) dark form: 55. Wing. 56. Male antenna. 57. Female antenna. 58. Meso- and metasoma. 59. Mid leg.
Male
Colour much darker than female. Head yellow with occipital
strip brown. Mesosoma yellow with pronotum, anterior margin
of mid lobe, axillae and propodeum dark brown. Metasoma
dark brown. Morphology similar to that of female except the
following: Antenna (Figs 56, 61) with a strongly developed
glandular/sensorial complex on F1–F3,F
5and F6partly fused.
Species-group placement: E. lutea-group.
Hosts in Macaronesia: A. rachipora,A. proletella,B. tabaci
complex, Bemisia sp., T. vaporariorum.
Other recorded hosts: Aleurocanthus zizyphi Priesner &
Hosny, Aleurocanthus cinnamomi Tak ahashi, Aleurolobus
marlatii (Quaintance), A. niloticus,Aleurolobus rhodo-
dendri Taka hashi, Aleurolobus setigerus Quaintance &
Baker, Aleurolobus wunni (Ryberg), Aleuroplatus pectiniferus
Quaintance & Baker, Aleurotrachelus jelinekii (Frauen-
feld), Aleurotrachelus rubi Takahashi, Aleurotuberculatus
aucubae (Kuwana), Aleurotuberculatus ficicola (Takahashi),
Aleurotuberculatus gordoniae Tak a hashi, Aleurotuberculatus
jasmini Taka hashi, Aleurotuberculatus malloti Tak a hashi,
Aleurotuberculatus melastomae Taka hashi, Aleurotubercu-
latus psidii (Singh), Aleyrodes lonicerae,A. proletella,
Asterobemisia atraphaxius (Danzig), A. carpini,Bemisia
ovata (Goux), Bemisia salicaria Danzig, Bulgarialeur-
odes cotesii,D. citri,D. fici,D. formosanensis Taka -
hashi, Dialeurodes kirkaldyi (Kotinsky), Dialeurodes sp.,
76 E. Hern´andez-Su´arez
et al.
Figs 60–64 Encarsia lutea (Masi) pale form: 60. Wing. 61. Male antenna. 62. Female antenna. 63. Mid leg. 64. Meso- and metasoma.
Pealius mori (Takahashi), Pea lius setosus Danzig, Singhius
hibisci (Kotinsky), Taiwanaleyrodes meliosmae Tak a hashi,
Tetralicia sp., Tri aleurodes abutiloneus,Trialeurodes sp.
Distribution: CANARY ISLANDS: Lanzarote (new record),
Fuerteventura (new record), Gran Canaria (new record),
Ten e rife, La Gomera (new record), El Hierro (new record), La
Palma (newrecord). MADEIRA.
Distribution outside Macaronesia: Cosmopolitan.
Remarks: We hav e observed considerable colour variation in
E. lutea,something that has been noted also by other authors
(Viggiani, 1987a;Viggiani & Ren, 1993; Huang & Polaszek,
1998; Polaszek et al., 1999). Specimens from Macaronesia
show morphological differences that might indicate the ex-
istence of more than one species (compare Figs 55–59 and
Figs 60–64). However, no consistent morphological character
could be found to separate them. The group is currently being
studied in detail (P. Pedata and A. Polaszek). In Macarone-
sia, two species within the lutea-group have been recorded, E.
lutea and E. davidi.Both species can be easily distinguished
by the relative length of the third valvulae with respect to the
total length of ovipositor. There are several published studies
available concerning the impact of E. lutea on the B. tabaci-
complex (Abdel-Fattah et al., 1984; Gerling, 1986; Gerling &
Foltyn, 1987).
Parasitoids of whiteflies 77
Figs 65–69 Encarsia melanostoma Polaszek & Hern´andez sp. n.:65. Wing. 66. Female antenna. 67. Mid leg. 68. Meso- and metasoma. 69.
Male antenna.
Encarsia melanostoma Polaszek & Hern´
andez sp. nov.
(Figs 65–69)
HOLOTYPE L:CANARY ISLANDS: Tenerife, Baranco
de las Moradas, 18.v.97 (E. Hern´
andez) ex Bemisia med-
inae on Hypericum grandifolium (BMNH).
Description
Female
Colour.Variable. Head yellow with clypeus and malar
sulcus black. Mesosoma yellow with pronotum dark brown;
mesoscutum yellow with posterior margin dark. Propodeum
yellow or brown. Metasoma yellow or with a variable number
of tergites (from GTIto GTV)light brown centrally or laterally.
Legs and antennae yellow. Wings hyaline.
Morphology.Stemmaticum with striate sculpture. Man-
dibles with 2 teeth and a truncation; maxillary and labial palps
one-segmented. Antennal formula 1-1-3-3 although clava not
very distinct; F11.5×as long as wide; Antennal segments
subequal in length; F1slightly shorter than F2(Fig. 66). Fla-
gellum with the following numbers of longitudinal sensilla:
F1:1, F2:2, F3:2–3, F4:2–3, F5:2–3, F6:2–3. Pit-like sensilla
present on all flagellar segments.
78 E. Hern´andez-Su´arez
et al.
Mid lobe of mesoscutum with 4 pairs of long setae,
arranged as: 2 + 2, 1 + 1, 1 + 1; Distance between scutellar
sensilla 3–3.7×the width of one sensillum; distance between
anterior pair of scutellar setae 0.8–1.1×that between pos-
terior pair. Fore wing as in Fig. 65, 2.4–2.9×as long as
wide. No asetose area distally from the stigmal vein; 8–10
basal area setae, 7–8 basal cell setae, 2 setae on submarginal
vein, 6–8 long setae in the anterior margin of marginal vein
and 1 parastigmal seta at its base. Tarsal formula 5-5-5. Mid
tibial spur 0.54–0.66×corresponding basitarsus; mid basi-
tarsus 0.29–0.3×as long as corresponding tibia; tibia and
basitarsus of mid leg with at least four short and stout spines
(Fig. 67).
Gastral dorsum with rugose lateral margins on GTI−IV;
GTI−VII with 0 + 0, 1+1, 1+1, 1+1, 3+3, 3+3 and 4 setae,
respectively. Venter with 3, 4 and 6 setae on GTII ,GT
III and
GTIV respectively. Ovipositor very slightly larger than mid
tibia; third valvula 1.6–2.1×as long as mid tibial spur; ovi-
positor with one pair of medial setae and 4–5 pairs of short
apical setae.
Male
Head yellow with clypeus and malar sulcus black. Body brown
except the following yellow: lateral margins of mid lobe of
mesoscutum, side lobes, scutellum and legs. Wings hyaline,
slightly infuscate at base. Morphology similar to that of female
except for genitalia characters and the following: Antennae
8-segmented (Fig. 69) with 5–6 longitudinal sensilla on each
segment; F5and F6partly fused. Aedeagus slightly shorter
than mid tibia.
Species-group placement: E. inaron-group. Manzari et al.
(2002) modified the definition of the inaron-group, showing
that Hayat’s (1998) and previous markers’ definitions are un-
workable. The group cannot as yet be defined morphologically,
but is bestcharacterized by the possession of a unique sequence
of 30 bases in the D2 region of the 28s ribosomal DNA. Clearly,
however, morphological similarities do exist between the spe-
cies (e.g. the wing venation), and a morphological definition
may be forthcoming (S. Manzari & A. Polaszek, in prep.).
Hosts in Macaronesia: A. proletella,Bemisia afer (sensu
lato), Bemisia medinae G´
omez-Menor, B. tabaci-complex,
Bemisia sp., T. vaporariorum.
Distribution: CANARY ISLANDS: Lanzarote, Gran Canaria,
Ten e rife, La Gomera, La Palma, El Hierro.
Remarks: E. melanostoma is very close to E. levadicola,
from Madeira, in colour and structure. It differs in having
longer third valvulae, longer mid basitarsus and a shorter mid
tibial spur. In males the aedeagus is also slightly shorter. In
E. levadicola the third valvulae are less than 1.35×maximum
length of the mid tibial spur, while in E. melanostoma the
third valvulae are more than 1.67×the maximum length of the
mid tibial spur. E. melanostoma is also close to E. silvestrii
Viggiani, but differs in the same characters as E. levadicola.
E. melanostoma can be distinguished from E. silvestrii by
the length of the ovipositor (longer than mid tibia in E.
melanostoma,while shorter than mid tibia in E. silvestrii)
and the ratio of third valvulae to mid tibial spur less than in
E. silvestrii.Moreover, there are differences in the length and
morphology of the aedaeagus in males, which is much shorter
and broader in E. silvestrii.IntheCanary Islands the distri-
bution of E. melanostoma is so far restricted to the laurisilva
forest.
Encarsia noahi Polaszek & Hern´
andez sp. nov.
(Figs 70–74)
HOLOTYPE L:CANARY ISLANDS: Tenerife, Las Galletas,
29.iv.97 (E. Hern´
andez.) ex T. vaporariorum on N. glauca
(BMNH).
Description
Female
Colour.Head with occiput yellow; base of head, clypeus
and area above clypeus dark brown. Mesosoma yellow with
pronotum, central portion of mid lobe and side lobe of
mesoscutum dark brown; axillae yellow with the distal quarter
to three-quarters dark brown; propodeum and metasoma
brown. Legs and antennae yellow. Wings hyaline.
Morphology.Stemmaticum with striate sculpture. An-
tennal formula 1-1-3-3. Scape 2×as long as pedicel; pedicel
subequal in length to F1;F
1slightly shorter than F2and F3,
2.5×as long as wide; flagellum with the following numbers of
longitudinal sensilla: F1:0, F2:0, F3:2, F4:2–3, F5:2–3, F6:2–3
(Fig. 73).
Mid lobe of mesoscutum with 4 pairs of large setae ar-
ranged as 2 + 2, 1 + 1, 1 + 1; Placoid sensilla on scutellum
closely placed, distance between placoid sensilla half the width
of one sensillum; distance between anterior pair of scutellar
setae 0.6–0.9×than that between posterior pair. Fore wing
(Fig. 70) 2.5×as long as maximum width. Longest setae on
anterior marginal fringe 0.15×as long as disc width; longest
setae on posterior marginal fringe 0.33–0.35×the greatest
width of wing. No asetose area distally from the stigmal vein,
wing disc uniformly setose. Wing with 4–16 setae in costal
area, 4–8 basal area setae, 2 setae on submarginal vein, 5–7
long and stout setae on the anterior margin of marginal vein and
one parastigmal seta at its base. Tarsal formula 5-5-5. Tibial
spur of middle leg 0.42–0.44×corresponding basitarsus; ba-
sitarsus of middle leg 0.3×as long as corresponding tibia
(Fig. 72).
Gastral dorsum with rugose lateral margins on GTI−IV;
GTI−VII with 0 + 0, 1+1, 1+1, 1+1, 3+3, 3+3 and 4 setae,
respectively. Ovipositor 1–1.2×mid tibia; third valvulae 0.26–
0.31×second valvifer, third valvulae with one pair of medial
setae and 4–5 pairs of short apical setae.
Male
Body entirely brown except the following pale: face and stem-
maticum, lateral margins of mid lobe of mesoscutum, side
lobes, scutellum and legs. Morphology similar to that of fe-
male except for genitalia characters and the following: Anten-
nae (Fig. 74) with 5–6 longitudinal sensilla on F1,F
2,F
3,F
4
and F5and F6partly fused. Wings hyaline, faintly infuscate at
base. Aedeagus 0.7–1×as long as mid tibia.
Parasitoids of whiteflies 79
Figs 70–74 Encarsia noahi Polaszek & Hern ´andez sp. n.:70. Wing. 71. Meso- and metasoma. 72. Mid leg. 73. Female antenna. 74. Male
antenna.
Species-group placement: E. strenua-group.
Hosts in Macaronesia: Aleyrodes proletella,A. singularis,A.
floccosus,B. tabaci-complex, Bemisia afer sensu lato,Bemisia
sp., Lipaleyrodes “sp.B”, T. vaporariorum.
Distribution: CANARY ISLANDS: Fuerteventura, Gran
Canaria, Tenerife, La Gomera, La Palma, El Hierro.
MADEIRA. AZORES: Pico.
Remarks: Within the material examined we have observed the
presence of a morphologically different population of E. noahi
occurring sympatrically in the Canary Islands (La Palma, La
Gomera and El Hierro). Individuals are paler and differ mainly
in having narrower fore wings and the maximum length of the
anterior marginal fringe (wings 2.4×as long as width and
longest setae in anterior marginal fringe 0.23×as long as
greatest width). E. noahi has here been placed within the E.
strenua species-group, defined by the presence of 1–3 special-
ized setae at the apex of the costal cell, a bare area above the
stigmal vein and closely placed scutellar sensilla. Its correct
placement there has also been confirmed by DNA sequencing
(S. Manzari & A. Polaszek, unpubl. obs.).
Encarsia pergandiella Howard
(Figs 75–77)
Encarsia pergandiella Howard, 1907:78. HOLOTYPE L:
USA, Washington, DC. 25.ix.1900 (T. Pergande) ex
“Aleyrodes”onXanthium strumarium (USNM, not ex-
amined).
Encarsia versicolor Girault, 1908:53. Synonymized by
Gahan (in Peck, 1951):438.
80 E. Hern´andez-Su´arez
et al.
Figs 75–77 Encarsia pergandiella Howard: 75. Wing. 76. Female antenna. 77. Meso- and metasoma.
Encarsia versicolor Girault; Mercet, 1912:167:172.
Aleurodiphilus pergandiella (Howard): De Bach & Rose,
1981:666.
Encarsia bemisiae De Santis, 1981:37. Preoccupied by be-
misiae Ishii, 1938.
Encarsia tabacivora Viggiani, 1985a:82. Replacement
name for E. bemisiae De Santis. Synonymized by
Polaszek et al., 1992:387.
Encarsia pergandiella Howard; Viggiani & Mazzone,
1979:40; Viggiani, 1987a:160–162; Polaszek et al.,
1992:386–387; Schauff et al.,1996:25; Schmidt et al.,
2001:381.
Diagnosis
Female
Colour.Head yellow with occipital strip brown. Meso-
soma yellow with the following brown: Pronotum, anterior
margin of mid lobe of mesoscutum and axillae, propodeum.
Metasoma brown. Antennae and legs pale yellow. Wings hy-
aline, slightly infuscated below marginal vein.
Morphology.Antennal formula 1-1-4-2. Scape 2.3–2.4×
as long as pedicel; pedicel slightly longer than F1.F
11.6–
1.7×as long as wide; F2intermediate between F1and F3,
1.2×as long as F1and 0.7×as long as F3;F
3and F4sub-
equal in length, 1.5×as long as F1;F
5and F6slightly larger
Parasitoids of whiteflies 81
than previous segments, 1.4–1.7×and 1.9–2.2×as long as F1
respectively (Fig. 75). Flagellum with the following numbers
of longitudinal sensilla: F1:0–1, F2:0–1, F3:2, F4:1–2, F5:2–3,
F6:2–3; pit-like sensilla on all flagellar segments.
Mid lobe of mesoscutum with 5 pairs of setae arranged
as: 2 + 2, 1 + 1, 1 + 1, 1 + 1 (Fig. 77). Distance between an-
terior pair of scutellar setae slightly greater than that between
posterior pair. Distance between placoid sensilla 5×the width
of one sensillum. Fore wing (Fig. 75) 3.7×as long as wide.
Wing disc with an asetose area below stigmal vein; marginal
fringe 0.6×as long as disc width. 2 setae on submarginal
vein, basal area with 1–2 setae, costal cell with 5–6 setae; 5–7
setae on anterior margin of marginal, 1 parastigmal seta. Tarsal
formula 5-5-5. Basitarsus of middle leg 0.45×as long as cor-
responding tibia. Mid tibial spur 0.4×as long as corresponding
basitarsus.
Gastral dorsum with rugose lateral margins on GTI–IV,
GTI–VII with 0 + 0, 1+1, 1+1, 1+1, 2+2, 2+2, 4 setae re-
spectively. Ovipositor 1.1×as long as mid tibia, but shorter
than mid tibia and basitarsus combined; third valvula 0.4×as
long as ovipositor, with a pair of medial setae and 3–4 pairs of
apical setae.
Male
Head yellow with base brown. Mesosoma with pronotum, an-
terior margin of mid lobe, axillae and propodeum dark brown.
Metasoma dark brown.
Morphology similar to that of female except genitalia and
the following: Antennae 8-segmented with F5and F6partially
fused, each flagellar segment with 2–3 longitudinal sensilla.
Species-group placement: E. parvella-group.
Hosts in Macaronesia: B. tabaci complex, B. afer sensu lato,
T. vaporariorum,Pea lius azaleae.
Other recorded hosts:Aleuroplatus coronatus,T. variabilis.
Distribution: CANARY ISLANDS: Gran Canaria (new re-
cord), Tenerife, La Gomera (new record), La Palma (new
record). MADEIRA. AZORES: S˜
ao Miguel (new record).
Distribution outside Macaronesia: Palaearctic: France, Italy,
Israel, Spain. Neotropical: Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, El
Salvador, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Puerto
Rico, Venezuela. Nearctic: USA.
Remarks: E. pergandiella is a Nearctic species introduced
into Europe in 1980 for the biological control of T. vaporari-
orum (Viggiani & Mazzone, 1980a;Viggiani, 1987a). In the
Canary Islands it was first recorded by Beitia et al.(1996)
developing on the B. tabaci-complex. Males have been ob-
served developing as hyperparasitoids of E. formosa in tomato
and cucumber greenhouses where the latter species is inun-
datively released. Studies on E. pergandiella biology and its
role in the biological control of B. tabaci-complex have been
carried out by Hunter (1989a,b), Heinz & Parella (1994) and
Vid ellet et al.(1997). Although E. tabacivora Viggiani was
synonymized with E. pergandiella,asyet unpublished studies
by J.B. Woolley and R. Johnson strongly suggest that E. taba-
civora is a valid species. In general, the parvella-group is one
of the least-studied of the whitefly-associated species-groups
of Encarsia.
Encarsia sophia (Girault and Dodd)
(Figs 78–82)
Coccophagus sophia Girault & Dodd, 1915:49, 56. SYN-
TYPE L:AUSTRALIA, Cairns (QM, examined).
Prospaltella transvena Timberlake, 1926:312–315. Syn-
onymy by Heraty & Polaszek, 2000:163.
Prospaltella sophia (Girault & Dodd); Compere, 1931:11;
Viggiani, 1985b:249.
Prospaltella sublutea Silvestri, 1931:20–22. Synonymized
by Gerling and Rivnay in Viggiani, 1985a:90.
Prospaltella bemisiae Ishii, 1938:30. Synonymized by
Polaszek et al., 1992:389.
Prospaltella flava Shafee, 1973:254–255. Preoccupied by
E. flava (Compere, 1936:300). Synonymized by Hayat,
1989:71.
Encarsia shafeei Hayat, 1986:163. Replacement name for
E. flava (Shafee). Synonymized by Hayat, 1989:72.
Encarsia transvena (Timberlake); Gerling and Rivnay in
Viggiani, 1985a:90–92; Hayat, 1989:71–73, 1998:205–
207; Polaszek et al., 1992:388–389; Booth & Po-
laszek, 1996:73; Krishnan & David, 1996:16; Schauff
et al., 1996:312; Huang & Polaszek, 1998:1954; Schmidt
et al., 2001:383.
Diagnosis
Female
Colour.Body yellow. Third valvulae pale. Antenna yel-
low except clava faintly brown-yellow. Fore wings hyaline.
Legs pale yellow.
Morphology.Head including stemmaticum largely with
transverse sculpture. Antennal formula 1-1-3–3. Scape 2.5×
as long as pedicel; pedicel equal to F1;F
12.25–2.4×as long as
wide, equal to or slightly shorter than F2and F3respectively;
F3,F
4and F5equal in length, F6slightly longer (Fig. 80).
Flagellum with the following numbers of longitudinal sensilla:
F1:0, F2:1–2, F3:1, F4:2, F5:2–3, F6:2–3.
Mid lobe of mesoscutum with 4–5 pairs of setae arranged
as: 2 + 2, 0–1 + 0–1, 1 + 1, 1 + 1. Distance between the anterior
pair of scutellar setae 0.5×that between posterior pair; placoid
sensilla on scutellum closely placed, separated by less than
their own maximum diameter. Fore wing (Fig. 78) 2.6–2.7×as
long as wide. Wing disc uniformly setose, with a conspicuous
area of long setae near the hind margin; without an asetose area
below stigmal vein. Marginal fringe 0.35×as long as width of
wing. 2 setae on submarginal vein, 7–9 setae on anterior margin
of marginal vein, 4–7 setae in basal area, 8–9 setae in costal
cell, 2 parastigmal setae. Tarsal formula 5-5-5. Basitarsus of
middle leg 0.3×as long as corresponding tibia; Mid tibial spur
0.55–0.6×as long as corresponding basitarsus (Fig. 82).
Gastral dorsum with imbricate lateral margins on GTI−IV,
GTI−VII with 0 + 0, 1+1, 1+1, 2+2, 2+2 and 4 setae, re-
spectively. Ovipositor shorter than middle tibia and basitarsus
combined, third valvula 0.30 ×as long as second valvifer and
0.24×as long as ovipositor.
Male
Head yellow with occiput brown. Mesosoma largely dark yel-
low with pronotum, anterior margin of mid lobe, axillae and
82 E. Hern´andez-Su´arez
et al.
Figs 78–82 Encarsia sophia (Girault & Dodd): 78. Wing. 79. Male antenna. 80. Female antenna. 81. Meso- and metasoma. 82. Mid leg.
propodeum brown. Metasoma dark brown. Morphology sim-
ilar to that of female except the following: Antenna (Fig. 79)
with F5and F6separated, each flagellar segment with 4–5
longitudinal sensilla.
Species-group placement: Encarsia strenua-group.
Hosts in Macaronesia: Aleurothrixus floccosus,A. proletella,
B. tabaci-complex, T. vaporariorum.
Other recorded hosts: Aleurocybotus indicus David &
Subramaniam, Aleurodicus dispersus,Bemisia afer (Priesner
&Hosny),Dialeurodes citri,Par abemisia myricae (Kuwana),
Pealius longispinus Tak a hashi, Tr ialeurodes ricini,T. vapor-
ariorum.
Distribution: CANARY ISLANDS: Lanzarote (new record),
Fuerteventura (new record), Gran Canaria (new record),
Ten e rife, La Gomera (new record).
Distribution outside Macaronesia:Virtually cosmopolitan,
introduced into USA.
Remarks:Encarsia sophia (as E. transvena)hasbeen only
recently recorded from Europe (Viggiani, 1994; Booth &
Polaszek, 1996). Although apparently cosmopolitan, recent
Parasitoids of whiteflies 83
Figs 83–87 Encarsia tricolor Foerster: 83. Wing. 84. Female antenna. 85. Male antenna. 86. Meso- and metasoma. 87. Mid leg.
morphometric and cytological studies (M. Giorgini, pers.
comm.) suggest that E. sophia clearly consists of a complex
of cryptic species.
Encarsia tricolor F¨
orster
(Figs 83–87)
Encarsia tricolor F¨
orster, 1878:66. HOLOTYPE L:[lost]
Prospalta coniugata Masi, 1908:146. Synonymy by
Mercet, 1930a:193.
Prospaltella conjugata (Masi); Mercet, 1912:187–189
(misspelling).
Prospaltella (Doloresia) conjugata Mercet, 1921:307 (mis-
spelling).
Encarsia tricolor F¨
orster; Viggiani, 1987a:165–166.
Diagnosis
Female
Colour.Head brown with stemmaticum yellow. Meso-
soma largely brown with lateral margins of mid lobe and side
lobes of mesoscutum dark yellow-orange and scutellum pale
yellow. Metasoma dark brown. Antennae and legs pale yellow.
Wings hyaline with infuscation below marginal vein.
84 E. Hern´andez-Su´arez
et al.
Morphology. Stemmaticum with striate sculpture. An-
tennal formula 1-1-3-3. Scape 2.4×as long as pedicel; the
latter subequal in length to F1;F
12.2×as long as wide;
F2intermediate between F1and F3,2.3×as long as F1and
0.9×as long as F3;F
4slightly shorter than F3.Clava1.1×as
long as funicle (Fig. 84). Flagellum with the following num-
bers of longitudinal sensilla: F1:1 F2:2–3, F3:3, F4:3, F5:3–
4, F6:3–4; having 2–3 pit-like sensilla on the first flagellum
segments.
Mid lobe of mesoscutum with 4 pairs of setae arranged
as: 2 + 2, 1 + 1, 1 + 1. Scutellum with 2 pairs of setae; distance
between the anterior and posterior pair of scutellar setae sim-
ilar. Sculpture of mid lobe, axillae and scutellum reticulate
(Fig. 84). Fore wing (Fig. 83) 2.60–2.65×as long as wide.
Wing disc uniformly setose. Marginal fringe short, 0.17×disc
width. 2 setae on submarginal vein, basal area with 6–12 setae,
costal cell with 9–11 setae, 6–7 setae on anterior margin of
marginal vein, 2 parastigmal setae. Tarsal formula 5-5-5. Mid
tibia (Fig. 87) 3.8×as long as corresponding basitarsus; mid
tibial spur 0.7×as long as corresponding basitarsus. Mid tibia
with short spines distally.
Gastral dorsum with imbricate lateral margins on GTI−IV,
GTI−VII with 0 + 0, 1+1, 1+1, 1+1, 3+3, 2+2, 4 setae
respectively. Third valvulae 0.26–0.27×as long as ovipos-
itor, with one pair of medial setae and 3–4 pairs of apical
setae.
Male
Colour similar to that of female but darker. Fore wings with
dark infuscation below marginal vein. Morphology similar
to that of female except genitalia and the following charac-
ters: Antenna (Fig. 85) 7-segmented with F5and F6fused;
each flagellum segment with 5–6 longitudinal sensilla, except
F5–F6which have 8 longitudinal sensilla.
Species-group placement: E. tricolor has been placed in the
Encarsia tricolor species-group sensu Viggiani & Mazzone
(1979).
Hosts in Macaronesia: Aleyrodes proletella,A. singularis,
Bemisia tabaci-complex, Trialeurodes vaporariorum.
Other recorded hosts: Aleurotuba jelineki (Frauenfeld),
Aleyrodes elevatus,A. lonicerae,A. philadelphi,Bemisia
sp., Dialeurodes citri,Pea lius azaleae,Te t r a l e u rodes hederae
Goux.
Distribution: CANARY ISLANDS: Fuerteventura (new re-
cord), Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Palma (new record).
MADEIRA. AZORES (new record): S˜
ao Miguel.
Distribution outside Macaronesia: Palaearctic: widespread.
Remarks: E. tricolor is a biparental species with a very wide
range of hosts. Studies on its biology have been carried out by
Arzone (1976; 1977); Avilla & Copland (1987, 1988); Avilla
et al.(1991).
Genus Eretmocerus Haldeman
Eretmocerus Haldeman, 1850:111. Type species Eretmo-
cerus corni Haldeman, 1850:111.
Ricinusa Risbec, 1951:403. Synonymized by Ferri`
ere,
1965:170.
Diagnosis
Colour.Body largely pale in males and females, although
males often with different patterns of darker infuscation. Wings
hyaline, rarely with infuscation. Legs pale.
Morphology.Females with antenna 5-segmented; anten-
nal formula 1-1-2-1; radicle long; funicle segments short and
anneliform; clava long, elongate, spatulate or fusiform. Males
with antennae 3-segmented, antennal formula 1-1-0-1; clava
very long with numerous longitudinal sensilla. Mandibles with
two teeth and a truncation or with three teeth; maxillary and
labial palps one-segmented. Head longer than wide in frontal
view; antennae inserted close to the mouth margin. Pronotum
medially membranous. Mid lobe of mesoscutum with 2–
8setae; side lobes with 2–3 setae; axillae short, widely separ-
ated and with 1 seta; scutellum with 4 setae. Propodeum with
posterior margin triangular, with one seta on each side. Fore
wing variable in dimensions and shape, usually sparsely setose
with marginal fringe variable in length. Marginal vein at least
2×as long as stigmal vein, with 3–4 setae; stigmal vein long
with 4 sensilla; parastigma well developed; submarginal vein
with 2–3 setae; wing disc with linea calva posteriorly closed
by several setae; basal area asetose or rarely with 1–3 setae.
Hind wings narrow. Legs long and slender; tarsal formula 4-4-
4; mid tibial spur usually not longer than 0.5×corresponding
basitarsus. Metasoma of variable length.
Remarks
All known species of Eretmocerus are primary whitefly
parasitoids, and many species are considered to offer great po-
tential as effective biological control agents. There are approxi-
mately 50 species of Eretmocerus,described from all contin-
ents where whiteflies occur. Most Eretmocerus species are
arrhenotokous, but thelytokous species have also been repor-
ted (De Barro et al., 2000). They are ecto-endoparasitoids;
eggs are deposited underneath the whitefly larvae, and the first
instar larva penetrates into the host.
Species level identification is extremely difficult. Recent
works have emphasized the importance of pigment pat-
terns of males, chaetotaxy of the habitus, and morpholo-
gical differences in antennae and fore wings as significant
species characters (Rose & Zolnerowich, 1997; Zolnerowich
&Rose, 1998). Major recent contributions to Eretmo-
cerus taxonomy have been made by Gerling (1972),
Hayat (1972, 1998), Khan & Shafee (1980), Viggiani &
Battaglia (1983), Rose & Zolnerowich (1997), Zolnerowich
&Rose (1998) and De Barro et al.(2000). For a de-
tailed explanation of terminology and diagnosis see Rose &
Zolnerowich (1997).
Eretmocerus eremicus Rose & Zolnerowich
(Figs 88–90)
Eretmocerus eremicus Rose & Zolnerowich, 1997:10–14.
HOLOTYPE L:USA. Arizona, Phoenix, iii.91 (G. Butler),
ex Bemisia tabaci on Gossypium hirsutum (USNM,
not examined; paratypes examined).
Parasitoids of whiteflies 85
Figs 88–90 Eretmocerus eremicus Rose & Zolnerowich: 88. Wing. 89. Male antenna. 90. Female antenna.
Diagnosis
Female
Colour.Body pale yellow. Head yellow with ocelli red.
Mesosoma and metasoma largely yellow. Legs paler than body
with tarsal claws darker. Antennae yellow with pedicel and
flagellum slightly darker. Fore wings hyaline.
Morphology.This species can be distinguished by a com-
bination of the following characters: 6 setae on the mesoscu-
tum; antenna (Fig. 90) with first funicular segment triangular,
slightly shorter ventrally than the second funicular segment;
female clava 6.5–7.3×as long as wide, with dorsal and ventral
surfaces parallel and the apex truncate. Gastral tergites usually
with one pair of lateral setae. See Rose & Zolnerowich (1997)
for a detailed description.
Male
Colour darker than in female. Antennal radicle and scape of the
same colour as face, pedicel darker. Body largely yellow with
pronotum, anterior margin of mesoscutum and propodeum
fuscous. Metasoma dark yellow to orange brown dorsally. Legs
yellow, with hind tibia fuscous.
Hosts in Macaronesia: B. tabaci-complex, T. vaporariorum.
86 E. Hern´andez-Su´arez
et al.
Other recorded hosts: Bemisia tabaci-complex, T. va -
porariorum, possibly T. ab utiloneus (Haldeman) (Rose &
Zolnerowich, 1997).
Distribution: CANARY ISLANDS: released in Tenerife and
Gran Canaria, but extent of establishment not yet known (see
‘Remarks’, below).
Distribution outside Macaronesia: Nearctic: USA. Also
widely distributed and released by biocontrol companies,
hence its precise present distribution is unknown.
Remarks: Eretmocerus eremicus,oftenmisidentified in the
past as E. californicus or Eretmocerus sp. nr californicus,has
been included in this study as it is being imported and released
inundatively in the Canary Islands for biological control of
mixed populations of B. tabaci-complex and the greenhouse
whitefly T. vaporariorum.Nevertheless, it has not yet been
found outside agricultural situations. E. eremicus is commer-
cially available from suppliers of beneficial organisms, and
is used to control populations of B. tabaci-complex or T. va -
porariorum in commercial tomato greenhouses. It has been
evaluated in commercial poinsettia greenhouses for biological
control of the B. tabaci-complex (Hoddle et al., 1999; van
Driesche et al., 1999).
Eretmocerus eremicus can be readily distinguished from
native Eretmocerus species by the chaetotaxy, as all native
species recorded for Macaronesia have only 4 setae on the
mesoscutum, in contrast with E. eremicus which has 6.
Eretmocerus mundus Mercet
(Figs 91–93)
Eretmocerus mundus Mercet, 1931:395. LECTOTYPE L:
SPAIN, Jaen, Beas de Segura, La Mesa (MCNM, ex-
amined).
Eretmocerus corni Haldeman, Masi, 1909:21. Misidenti-
fication.
Eretmocerus masii Silvestri, 1934:404. Nomen nudum
Identified as E. mundus by Viggiani, 1965.
Eretmocerus aligarhensis Khan & Shafee, 1980:365. Syn-
onymized by Hayat, 1998.
Eretmocerus longipilus Khan & Shafee, 1980:366. Syn-
onymized by Hayat, 1998.
Eretmocerus mundus Mercet; Gerling, 1972:156; Hayat,
1972:104; Viggiani & Battaglia, 1983:99; Rivnay &
Gerling, 1987:472; Zolnerowich & Rose, 1998:318
lectotype designation.
Diagnosis
Female
Colour.Body largely yellow. Head yellow, with ocelli
red. Mesosoma yellow with pronotal collar brown. Metasoma
yellow. Antennae and legs pale; distal tarsal segments darker;
scape and pedicel slightly darker. Fore wings hyaline, with
marginal vein darker.
Morphology.Antennal formula 1-1-2-1. Radicle long.
Scape 2.5×as long as pedicel which is 0.3×as long
as the clava. F11.3×as long as wide; dorsal surface 0.76×as
long as ventral surface; F2also subtrapezoidal, 1.3×as
long as wide. F1and F2equal in length ventrally. Clava
length 6.3×maximum width and 5.5×as long as funicle
(Fig. 92).
Mid lobe of mesoscutum with four setae. Scutellum with
two pairs of setae equal in length; distance between anterior
pair 1.4×that between posterior pair. Anterior half of mid lobe
with reticulate sculpture and elongate sculpture marginally;
scutellum with longitudinally elongate sculpture. Fore wing
(Fig. 91) length 2.8×maximum width. Wing disc sparsely
setose, with speculum and linea calva present below stig-
mal vein. Basal area with 0–1 seta; costal cell with 3–4 setae
distally; 3–4 setae on anterior margin of marginal vein; 2–3
parastigmal setae. Marginal fringe long, 0.2×disc width on its
anterior margin and 0.4×disc width on its posterior margin.
Stigmal vein less than half the length of marginal vein. Mid
tibial spur 0.33×as long as corresponding basitarsus.
GTI−VII with 1 + 1, 1 + 1, 1 + 1, 1 + 1, 1–2 + 1–2, 1 + 1 and
4setae respectively. Ovipositor slightly longer than mid tibia.
Male
Colour generally darker than female. Head pale. Mesosoma
largely pale, with anterior margins of scutellum and mid lobe
of mesoscutum with brown infuscation. Metanotum pale, only
slightly fuscous laterally. Metasoma pale with faint infusca-
tion on dorsal GTI−IV.Antennae with pedicel and clava dark
fuscous, longitudinal sensilla dark (Fig. 93). Wings hyaline,
slightly infuscate below submarginal vein. Morphology sim-
ilar to that of female except genitalia and the following charac-
ters: Antennal formula 1-1-0-1. Clava long, more than 3.5×as
long as scape and more than 10.8×as long as wide (Fig. 93).
Hosts in Macaronesia: B. tabaci-complex, B. afer sensu lato,
T. vaporariorum.
Other recorded hosts: Asterobemisia carpini,Bemisia ovata,
Neomaskellia bergii,Tria leurodes ricini (Misra), Aleyrodes sp.
Distribution: CANARY ISLANDS: Lanzarote (new record),
Fuerteventura (new record), Tenerife, La Gomera (new record),
La Palma (new record). MADEIRA (new record).
Distribution outside Macaronesia: Palaearctic: widely dis-
tributed in the Mediterranean basin and Africa. Oriental:
India. Nearctic: USA. Released in Arizona, California, Flor-
ida, South Carolina and Texas (Zolnerowich & Rose, 1998).
Athelytokous population of E. mundus has been recently re-
corded from Australia (De Barro et al., 2000).
Remarks: In the original description Mercet (1931a) assigned
to E. mundus 2setae on the mid lobe of mesoscutum. Recent
studies of the lectotype have shown that Mercet made an error
in his description, as the mesoscutum has a total of 4 setae
(Zolnerowich & Rose, 1998). Eretmocerus mundus can be
distinguished from the other Eretmocerus species present in
Macaronesia by a combination of the following characters:
the shape of the first funicular segment, which is subequal in
size to the second funicular segment; a slender clava rounded
at the apex in female antennae; and 2 pairs of setae on the
mesoscutum.
Eretmocerus mundus is a common parasitoid of the B.
tabaci-complex (Abdel-Fattah et al., 1986; Abdel-Gawaad
et al., 1990 – Egypt; Kapadia & Puri, 1990 – India; Foltyn &
Gerling, 1985 – Israel). In the Canary Islands, Cebri´
an et al.
(1994) recorded E. mundus as the most common parasitoid of
Parasitoids of whiteflies 87
Figs 91–93 Eretmocerus mundus Mercet 91. Wing. 92. Female antenna. 93. Male antenna.
the B. tabaci-complex. Although most populations of E.
mundus appear to be specific to the B. tabaci-complex (Ger-
ling, 1972), populations of E. mundus from Madeira have been
reared on T. vaporariorum,B. tabaci and Bemisia afer sensu
lato.
Eretmocerus sp. nr rajasthanicus Hayat
(Figs 94–96)
Diagnosis
Female
Colour.Body pale yellow. Tips of mandibles red-brown.
Antennae and legs pale. Wings hyaline.
Morphology.Antennal formula 1-1-2-1. Scape 1.8×as
long as pedicel. F1triangular-trapezoidal, length of ventral
surface 2.5×the length of dorsal surface; F2longer than F1,
0.8×as long as wide, with dorsal and ventral surfaces subequal
in length. Clava truncated distally, short, 4–5×as long as wide.
Mid lobe of mesoscutum and scutellum each with two
pairs of setae. Mid lobe with reticulate sculpture, scutellum
with elongate sculpture. Distance between the anterior pair of
scutellar setae slightly greater than that between posterior pair.
Fore wings (Fig. 94) 2.3×as long as wide. Marginal vein short;
stigmal vein 0.7–0.8×as long as marginal vein. 2–3 setae
on marginal vein, 1 seta in basal area, 4–5 costal setae. Mid
tibial spur slightly less than half the length of corresponding
basitarsus. Ovipositor slightly longer than mid tibia.
Male
Colour darker than female; mesosoma with brown infuscation
on mid lobe and scutellum. Pronotum, anterior half of mid lobe,
posterior margin of scutellum and lateral sides of metanotum
and propodeum dark brown. Metasoma yellow with dark bands
on dorsal surface of GTI,GT
IV−VI.Wings hyaline. Antennae
with pedicel red-brown and longitudinal sensilla dark brown.
Morphology similar to that of female except genitalia and the
following characters: Antennal formula 1-1-0-1 (Fig. 95).
Hosts in Macaronesia: Acaudaleyrodes rachipora,Bemisia
sp. (afer-group).
88 E. Hern´andez-Su´arez
et al.
Figs 94–96 Eretmocerus nr rajasthanicus Hayat: 94. Wing. 95. Male antenna. 96. Female antenna.
Distribution: CANARY ISLANDS (new records): Tenerife,
La Gomera, La Palma.
Remarks: Specimens collected in the Canary Islands have
been assigned to E.nrrajasthanicus on the basis of the body
colour in males and females, and wing and antennal charac-
ters as follows: fore wing 2.3×as long as wide; female clava
5×as long as wide. However, the Canarian material has a
slightly shorter stigmal vein and marginal fringe, and a shorter
clava in females, than E. rajasthanicus from India (Eretmo-
cerus rajasthanicus Hayat, 1976:160. HOLOTYPE L:INDIA,
Rajasthan, Sardar Samand, i.1974 (Hayat) ex A. rachipora on
Prosopis juliflora (ZSIC, not examined).
Eretmocerus nr rajasthanicus is rather close to Eretmo-
cerus roseni Gerling, which is also present in the Canaries (see
below). The two species can be distinguished by antennal and
wing characters as follows: E.nrrajasthanicus females have F2
wider than long, and fore wings comparatively broader, 2.3×
as long as wide; while E. roseni has F2quadrate or slightly
longer than wide, and narrower fore wings. E. roseni males do
not have a dark antennal pedicel.
Eretmocerus roseni Gerling
(Figs 97–98)
Eretmocerus roseni Gerling, 1972:158–160. SYNTYPES(?):
See below.
Eretmocerus roseni Gerling; Viggiani & Battaglia, 1983:99;
Rivnay & Gerling, 1987:472.
Diagnosis
Female
Colour.Largelypale yellow, scutellum faintly infuscated.
Antennae and legs pale. Wings hyaline.
Morphology.Antennal formula 1-1-2-1. F1subtriangular,
F2slightly wider than long (Fig. 98).
Mid lobe of mesoscutum with two pairs of setae and with
reticulate sculpture centrally; scutellum with two pairs of setae
and elongate sculpture. Fore wing (Fig. 97) 2.2–2.5×as long
as wide. Marginal fringe 0.28×disc width. Wing disc with
speculum and linea calva closed distally by a row of setae.
Basal area with 2–3 setae; costal area with 5 setae; marginal
Parasitoids of whiteflies 89
Figs 97–98 Eretmocerus roseni Gerling: 97. Wing. 98. Female
antenna.
vein with 2–3 setae. Stigmal vein 0.8×as long as marginal
vein. Ovipositor slightly longer than mid tibia.
Male
Colour generally darker than in female. Antennae pale with
scape and pedicel fuscous; longitudinal sensilla brown; radicle
shorter than half the length of scape. Mid lobe of mesoscu-
tum, and scutellum, with dark infuscation; GTIII−Vwith dark
infuscation. Wings hyaline with marginal vein fuscous. Mor-
phology similar to that of female except genitalia and antennal
characters.
Hosts in Macaronesia: Acaudaleyrodes rachipora,Bemisia
sp. (afer-group).
Other recorded hosts: Bemisia afer.
Distribution: CANARY ISLANDS (new records): Gran
Canaria, Tenerife, La Gomera, La Palma.
Distribution outside Macaronesia: Palaearctic: Israel, Italy.
Remarks: E. roseni has been collected developing on A. ra-
chipora and associated with E. davidi.Gerling (1972) recor-
ded this species as a common and widespread parasitoid of
A. rachipora,controlling naturally its populations in Israel. In
Italy, material recorded as E. roseni was reared from Bemisia
afer (as Bemisia hancocki Corbett, which is considered a ju-
nior synonym by Bink-Moenen, 1983) (Viggiani & Battaglia,
1983). It has been also recorded as the dominant parasitoid of
A. rachipora in citrus trees in Egypt (Abd-Rabou, 1999). Un-
fortunately, Gerling (1972) did not mention any type material,
and it is not known whether any such material still exists.
Genus Cales Howard
Cales Howard, 1907:82. Type species Cales noacki Howard,
1907:82, by monotypy.
Diagnosis
Colour.Body largely yellow, orange or pale red.
Morphology:Legswith tarsi 4-segmented. Antennae
6-segmented in females (Fig. 100), 4-segmented in males
(Fig. 101), radicle very long; male antennae with long setae.
Fore wings narrow, sparsely setose, with long marginal fringe.
Submarginal vein with 1 seta (Fig. 99).
Remarks
Cales species are primary parasitoids of Aleyrodidae, but C.
noacki appears to be extremely polyphagous (see below) hav-
ing been reared from aleyrodids, diaspidids, ortheziids and
even eggs of Lepidoptera (Polaszek, 1991).
Cales wasincluded in Aphelinidae by Howard (1914),
it was transferred to Mymaridae by Br`
ethes (1914) and sub-
sequently to Trichogrammatidae by Dozier (1933). Its status
wasreviewed by De Santis (1948b)whoincluded Cales again
in Aphelinidae within the subfamily Calesinae. Hayat (1989)
excluded Cales from Aphelinidae. In fact, the placement of
several taxa currently included in the Aphelinidae is ques-
tionable, in particular Cales,andEriaporinae (LaSalle et al.,
1997) but also Eretmocerus,amorphologically very distinct-
ivegenus. Molecular taxonomy, in particular sequencing the
28S ribosomal DNA, is proving useful at species- and species-
group level in Aphelinidae (Babcock et al., 2001; Manzari
et al., 2002). It is highly probable that current studies com-
bining morphological and DNA sequence data (Woolley &
Hayat, Polaszek et al., in prep.) will soon resolve the phylo-
genetic relationships between several currently problematic
genera currently included in Aphelinidae, including several of
the genera attacking whiteflies, and treated here.
Cales is known from three species: C. noacki Howard,
Cales spenceri Girault and Cales orchamoplati Viggiani &
Carver.
Cales noacki Howard
(Figs 99–101)
Cales noacki Howard, 1907:82. HOLOTYPE L: BRAZIL,
Campinas (Fritz Noack) ex Orthezia sp. (USNM, not
examined).
Diagnosis
Female
Colour.Body yellow. Antennae and legs pale. Wings hy-
aline with dark venation.
Morphology.Antennal formula 1-1-3-1. Radicle long,
0.7×as long as scape; scape 1.4×as long as pedicel. Flagellum
with 3 funicle segments, the first 2 reduced (Fig. 100). F32×
as long as wide. Clava elongate, 4.5×as long as wide; distally
truncate and wider in its medial portion; longer than funicle
and pedicel together (Fig. 100).
Mid lobe of mesoscutum and scutellum each with 2
pairs of setae. Sculpture in mesoscutum reticulate. Fore wing
narrow, as in Fig. 99, 3.8×as long as wide. Wing disc sparsely
90 E. Hern´andez-Su´arez
et al.
Figs 99–101 Cales noacki Howard: 99. Wing. 100. Female antenna. 101. Male antenna.
setose, with few parallel rows of setae. Submarginal vein with
1seta; marginal vein with 3 long setae on anterior margin; 1
parastigmal seta. Marginal fringe long, 0.8×as long as wing
width.
Male
Body largely yellow. Antennae and legs pale. Wings hyaline
with dark venation. Morphology similar to that of female ex-
cept genitalia and the following characters: Antenna (Fig. 104)
4-segmented, flagellar segments with very long setae.
Hosts in Macaronesia: Aleurothrixus floccosus,
Aleurotrachelus atratus Hempel, Aleurotulus nephrelepidis
Quaintance, Bemisia afer (sensu lato), Crenidorsum
aroidephagus Martin & Aguiar.
Other recorded hosts: Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby, Aleur-
othrixus porteri,Aleurotrachelus jelineki,Aleurotrachelus sp.
nr. espunae G´
omez-Menor, Aleyrodes lonicerae,Tet r a l e u r -
odes sp. Diaspididae: Lepidosaphes sp., Pseudaulacaspis
pentagona Targioni-Tozetti. Ortheziidae: Orthezia sp. Lepid-
optera: Notodontidae: Phalera bucephala L.
Distribution: CANARY ISLANDS: Lanzarote (new record),
Fuerteventura (new record), Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La
Gomera (new record), La Palma (new record), El Hierro (new
record). MADEIRA. AZORES: S˜
ao Miguel.
Distribution outside Macaronesia: Cosmopolitan.
Remarks: C. noacki is a Neotropical species with a very wide
host range, which has been successfully introduced into many
areas for the biological control of the woolly whitefly Aleur-
othrixus floccosus.Thisparasitoid was introduced into the
Canaries in the mid 1960s for the biological control of A. floc-
cosus (Rodr´
ıguez-Rodr´
ıguez, 1977a,b)andiscurrently wide-
spread in the archipelago. In Madeira and the Azores it is
known to play an important role in the natural control of the
woolly whitefly. However, its ability to complete its develop-
ment on early instars, its extremely broad host range which
includes eggs of Lepidoptera, and its apparent capability of
rapidly extending its range into climatically very diverse re-
gions, suggest that it could actually be a problem to indigenous
natural enemies in several ways. By outcompeting indigenous
natural enemies and by attacking indigenous or even endemic
hosts, C. noacki has the potential to cause, and may already
have caused, the extinction of indigenous species.
Laudonia & Viggiani (1986) studied the morphology of the
different larval stages in detail.
Parasitoids of whiteflies 91
Eulophidae
Genus Euderomphale Girault
Euderomphale Girault, 1916:410. Type species E. fuscipennis
Girault, 1916:155.
Aleurodiphagus Nowicki, 1929:154–155.
Diagnosis
Diagnostic characters are also provided and illustrated by
LaSalle & Schauff (1994) and LaSalle (1999).
Colour.Head and mesosoma dark brown-black, without
metallic colours.
Morphology.Head usually smooth to slightly sculptured.
Frontal suture and scrobal suture absent, malar sulcus present
but incomplete and extending away from the mouth margin.
Antenna clavate; funicle shorter than pedicel, 2-segmented,
with the first segment smaller than the second and often
anelliform. Pronotum reduced and not visible in dorsal view.
Mesosoma depressed, with the dorsal surface sculpture not
pronounced. Mid lobe of mesoscutum usually with 2 pairs
of setae. Scutellum much broader than long, with 2 pairs of
setae, although the posterior pair is distinctly smaller than
the anterior pair. Axillae large, as wide as long, subcircular,
completely separated from mesoscutum by a sulcus. All tarsi
4-segmented. Dorsal surface of submarginal vein with two
setae.
Remarks
Euderomphale is a cosmopolitan genus of whitefly parasitoids.
There are fifteen described species, and major recent contribu-
tions to Euderomphale taxonomy have been made by LaSalle
&Schauff (1994) and LaSalle (1999). Keys to regional spe-
cies have been published by Erd¨
os (1966) and Huld´
en (1986),
and other contributions have been made by Viggiani (1977),
Graham (1986) and Shafee et al.(1988).
Euderomphale wasplaced in the tribe Euderomphalini (in
the subfamily Entedoninae), containing only species known
to attack whiteflies, by LaSalle & Schauff (1994). Several
additional genera of euderomphalines have also been described
recently (Hanson & LaSalle, 2003). These were from trapped
material, though can be assumed to be mostly, or all, parasitoids
of Aleyrodididae. Euderomphalini was recently divided into
two species groups, the flavimedia group and the sinuata group
(LaSalle, 1999).
All whitefly species which are known to be hosts of
Euderomphale belong to the subfamily Aleyrodinae. Although
there are 15 described species, the only detailed biological
data available are for E. flavimedia (Howard, 1881) and E.
chelidonii Erd¨
os (Gerling, 1990). Some notes on the biology
of E. secreta Huld´
en were given by Huld´
en (1986).
Euderomphale cortinae Graham
(Figs 102–107)
Euderomphale cortinae Graham, 1986:37. HOLOTYPE L:
MADEIRA, Caldeirao Verde, 13.viii.85 (E.M. Graham)
(BMNH, examined).
Diagnosis
Female
Colour.Head and mesosoma dark brown-black. Meta-
soma largely dark brown. Antenna brown with scape and
pedicel fuscous. Legs largely brown, patterned as in Figs 105–
107. Fore wing infuscated from base to apex of venation, the
area beyond venation hyaline; venation slightly fuscous.
Morphology.Antennal formula 1-1-2-3; scape narrow,
4.5×as long as wide; clava 2.2×as long as wide (Fig. 103).
Fore wing (Fig. 102) 2.3×as long as broad, postmarginal vein
distinct, nearly as long as stigmal vein; marginal vein with 12
setae; without linea calva, speculum closed by a group of basal
setae.
Male
Colour generally similar to that of female but somewhat darker,
with a different colour pattern in the legs as follows: all coxae
dark brown; fore femur basally dark brown, mid and hind
femora largely dark brown; fore tibia dark laterally, mid and
hind tibiae largely dark brown. In mid and hind legs all tarsal
segments dark, fore leg with only the first and fourth tarsal
segments dark brown. Fore wings with dark infuscation below
submarginal vein; marginal vein fuscous. Morphology sim-
ilar to that of female except genitalia and antennal characters.
Scape of antenna 2.6×as long as broad and clearly sculptured;
clava with 2–3 linear sensilla on each segment (Fig. 104).
Hosts in Macaronesia: Bemisia afer (sensu lato).
Other recorded hosts: no other recorded hosts.
Distribution: MADEIRA.
Remarks: Euderomphale cortinae,whose host was previously
unknown, has been reared from Bemisia afer (sensu lato)col-
lected in the laurisilva vegetation. Known only from Madeira,
E. cortinae is readily separated from E. gomer by the presence
of a postmarginal vein in the fore wing. E. cortinae differs from
E. insularis,inwhichthepostmarginal vein is also present,
in several characters including the infuscated fore wing and
colour pattern of the legs in both sexes, and much narrower
antennal scape, which is about 2.6×as long as wide.
Euderomphale gomer LaSalle & Hern ´
andez sp. nov.
(Figs 108–114)
HOLOTYPE L:CANARY ISLANDS: La Gomera, El Cedro,
15.vi.97 (E. Hern´
andez) ex Bemisia afersensulato on
Gesnouinia arborea (BMNH).
Description
Female
Colour.Head and mesosoma dark brown-black. Antenna
brown with darker scape. Metasoma dark brown; in mater-
ial mounted in Canada Balsam, metasoma dark yellow with
dorsal dark brown-black transverse markings as shown in
Fig. 111. Colour pattern of legs as in Fig. 113. Fore wing
lightly infuscated from base to apex of venation, the disc be-
yond venation hyaline. Marginal vein fuscous.
Morphology.Antennal formula 1-1-2-3. Scape only mod-
erately swollen, 4×longer than wide and 1.8×as long as
pedicel; F1anelliform, 4×wider than long; F2about 1.4×
92 E. Hern´andez-Su´arez
et al.
Figs 102–107 Euderomphale cortinae Graham: 102. Wing. 103. Female antenna. 104. Male antenna. 105–107. Female fore, mid and hind legs.
wider than long; length of clava 2.2×its maximum width,
with 1–3 longitudinal sensilla on each segment (Fig. 110).
Fore wing as in Fig. 108. 2.2×as long as wide; postmarginal
vein not developed; marginal fringe of fore wing compara-
tively long, 0.2×the maximum width of wing disc; 2 setae
on submarginal vein, marginal vein with 10 long setae.
Male
Colour generally similar to that of female but darker, with a
different colour pattern on the legs (Fig. 114). Femora and
tibiae dark brown, pale at the ends; four tarsal segments of
fore leg dark, middle and hind legs with only fourth tarsal
segment dark brown; in material mounted in Canada Balsam
metasoma as shown in Fig. 112. Wings with faint infuscation
below submarginal vein; marginal vein fuscous. Morphology
similar to that of female except genitalia and antennal char-
acters. Antenna with scape moderately swollen, 3.3–3.4×as
long as wide, 1.7×the length of pedicel; F1anelliform, 2.2–
2.3×as wide as long; F2trapezoiodal, 1.3×as wide as long;
clava 2×as long as wide, with 3–4 linear sensilla on each
segment.
Hosts in Macaronesia: Aleyrodes singularis,A. proletella,
Bemisia afer sens. lat.,B. medinae,Bemisia sp.
Distribution: CANARY ISLANDS: Tenerife, La Gomera,
La Palma. AZORES: S˜
ao Miguel.
Parasitoids of whiteflies 93
Figs 108–114 Euderomphale gomer LaSalle & Hern ´andez sp. n.:108. Wing. 109. Male antenna. 110. Female antenna. 111. Female metasoma.
112. Male metasoma. 113. Male fore, mid and hind legs (l–r). 114. Female fore, mid and hind legs (l–r).
Remarks: Euderomphale gomer is readily distinguished from
the other two species of the genus treated here by the absence of
a postmarginal vein and presence of a relatively narrow male
antennal scape. It resembles E. bemisiae Viggiani, another
European species in which the postmarginal vein is also ab-
sent, and which also parasitizes the Bemisia afer species-group
(Viggiani, 1977). The two species can, however, be separated
by the shape of the male antenna in which the scape is much
broader in E. bemisiae than in E. gomer.
Euderomphale gomer,both sexes of which develop as
primary parasitoids, has a wide host range and has been
generally found to be associated with laurisilva vegetation.
Aleyrodid puparia from which E. gomer have emerged can be
easily separated from those parasitized by species of Encarsia,
Amitus or Eretmocerus by their lemon-yellow colour and the
large, irregularly shaped emergence hole. A red meconium is
deposited below the vasiform orifice by E. gomer.Thiscan
be used to distinguish puparia parasitized by this species and
E. insularis,whichdoes not leave a meconium.
Euderomphale insularis LaSalle & Hern´
andez sp. nov.
(Figs 115–121)
HOLOTYPE L:CANARY ISLANDS: La Gomera, San
Sebastian, 15.vi.97 (E. Hern´
andez) ex Aleyrodes proletella
on Lactuca serriola (BMNH).
94 E. Hern´andez-Su´arez
et al.
Figs 115–121 Euderomphale insularis LaSalle & Hern´andez sp. n.: 115. Wing. 116. Female antenna. 117. Male antenna. 118. Female metasoma.
119. Male metasoma. 120. Male fore, mid and hind legs (l–r). 121. Female fore, mid and hind legs (l–r).
Description
Female
Colour.Head and mesosoma dark brown-black. An-
tenna brown with scape darker and flagellum paler. Metasoma
brown; in material mounted in Canada Balsam, metasoma dark
yellow with dorsal dark brown-black transverse markings as
shown in Fig. 118. Colour pattern of legs as shown in Fig. 121;
fore femur basally dark brown, mid femur darkened laterally;
fore, mid and hind tibiae pale. Fore wing hyaline.
Morphology.Antennal formula 1-1-2-3. Scape 4×longer
than wide and 1.8×as long as pedicel; F1transverse; F2quad-
rate; length of clava about 3×its maximum width, with 1–3
longitudinal sensilla on each segment (Fig. 116). Mesoscutum
with faint sculpture. Fore wing as in Fig. 115, 2.2×as long
as wide; postmarginal vein present; marginal fringe 0.2×the
maximum width of wing disc; 2 setae on submarginal vein.
Male
Colour generally similar to female but darker, with a different
colour pattern on the legs (Fig. 120). Fore femur basally dark
brown, mid femur largely dark brown, hind femur pale with
dark infuscation; mid tibia apically dark brown; four tarsal
Parasitoids of whiteflies 95
segments of fore and mid legs dark brown. Metasoma, in ma-
terial mounted in Canada Balsam, as shown in Fig. 119. Wings
hyaline, marginal vein fuscous. Morphology similar to that of
female except genitalia and antennal characters. Scape of an-
tenna strongly swollen, length 1.4×its width and 2×the length
of the pedicel; F11.2×as wide as long; F2distinctly longer
than wide; clava more than 3×as long as wide, with 3–4 linear
sensilla on each segment (Fig. 117).
Hosts in Macaronesia: Aleyrodes proletella.
Distribution: CANARY ISLANDS: Lanzarote, La Gomera,
La Palma.
Remarks: E. insularis is very close to Euderomphale secreta,
described by Huld´
en (1986) parasitizing Aleurochiton aceris
in Finland, but differs in the colour pattern of legs in both sexes
and lacking clear sculpture on the male scape.
Platygastridae
Genus Amitus Haldeman
Amitus Haldeman, 1850. Type species Amitus aleurodinis
Haldeman, 1850, by monotypy.
Diagnosis
Colour.Body largely dark brown-black. Legs and anten-
nae dark brown.
Morphology.Small, robust insects. Mesoscutum dorso-
ventrally flattened, with notauli well developed. Propodeum
with foam-like structures. Metasoma moderately sclerotized.
Gastral tergite III of mesosoma distinctly longer than other
metasomal tergites, several times longer than tergite IV. Fore
wing with reduced venation, without marginal, stigmal and
postmarginal veins. Pterostigma absent. Male antenna 10-
segmented, with a specialized sensory/secretory area on fourth
antennal segment; female antenna 8-segmented, with the clava
unsegmented.
Remarks
Amitus is a taxonomically poorly known genus. Species of
Amitus,together with the Oriental genus Aleyroctonus,arethe
only known primary endoparasitoids of Aleyrodidae among
the Platygastridae. Amitus has a cosmopolitan distribution, and
several species, e.g. Amitus hesperidum Silvestri and Amitus
spiniferus (Br`
ethes), have been used in classical biological
control programmes (Viggiani 1991; Polaszek 1997b). About
15 species have been described, with major recent con-
tributions by MacGown & Nebeker (1978), Viggiani &
Mazzone (1982), Viggiani (1997) and Viggiani & Evans
(1992). MacGown & Nebeker (1978) proposed the presence
of a plate-like process on the outer side of the fourth anten-
nal segment of males as a reliable character for species group
identification. Species of Amitus are proovigenic, with a very
short adult lifespan.
Amitus fuscipennis MacGown & Nebeker
(Figs 122–123)
Amitus fuscipennis MacGown & Nebeker, 1978:281.
HOLOTYPE L:COSTA RICA, Cerro Las Vueltas, 8.x.1972
(USNM, not examined).
Figs 122–123 Amitus fuscipennis MacGown & Nebeker: 122. Wing.
123. Female antenna.
Amitus fuscipennis MacGown & Nebeker; Viggiani,
1991:177; 1997:97.
Diagnosis
Female
Colour.Body dark brown to black. Antennae and legs
dark brown. Wings hyaline with dark infuscation in basal area.
Morphology.Head as long as wide in dorsal view; vertex
in front view forming a low arc. Ocelli placed in an obtuse-
angled triangle, the lateral ocelli closer to median ocellus than
to eyes. Area between antennal toruli smooth. Mandibles with
two teeth. Maxillary palps 1-segmented; labial palps reduced.
Antennal formula 1-1-5-1. Antenna (Fig. 122) with radicle
long; scape fusiform, 4.5×as long as wide; pedicel equal in
length to F1,2.3–2.5×as long as wide. Flagellar segments
long and loosely connected. F13.6×as long as wide; F2to F5
gradually shorter and wider. F51.6×as long as wide. Clava
ovoid, 2.5×as long as wide with 4 basiconic, robust sensilla
on the interior margin. Antennal pubescence almost spine-like,
especially near the ends of the segments.
Mid lobe of mesoscutum with imbricate sculpture at an-
terior margin, smoother in the posterior half; notauli present.
Mesopleura smooth. Fore wing (Fig. 122) long, 2.9–3.0×as
long as wide; without submarginal, marginal and postmar-
ginal veins; marginal fringe short, 0.2×as long as width
of wing disc. Tarsal formula 5-5-5. Mid tibia 2.7×as long
as corresponding basitarsus. First gastral tergite short, with
5–6 longitudinal carinae placed centrally; second gastral ter-
gite wider; following gastral tergites becoming smaller.
96 E. Hern´andez-Su´arez
et al.
Male
Recorded in Macaronesia so far only from Madeira.
Colour and morphology similar to that of female except
genitalia and the following characters: wing disc with darker
infuscation below marginal vein. Antennae 10-segmented;
scape narrow, 5.5×as long as wide; length of pedicel equal
to that of F1;F
2slightly longer and wider than F3;F
4and
remaining funicular segments becoming gradually shorter and
broader; clava 2-segmented with both segments totally fused,
shorter than F5and F6combined. Genitalia similar in shape to
those of other Amitus species, digiti as long as wide.
Hosts in Macaronesia: T. vaporariorum.
Other recorded hosts: None.
Distribution: CANARY ISLANDS (new record): Tenerife.
MADEIRA.
Distribution outside Macaronesia: Palaearctic: Europe. Neo-
tropical: widespread in South and Central America.
Remarks: Amitus fuscipennis was originally described from
the female sex by MacGown & Nebeker (1978) and re-
described by Viggiani (1991) after its introduction to Italy
for the biological control of T. vaporariorum.Themalewas
first described by Viggiani (1997). Amitus fuscipennis can be
distinguished from its congeners by the long, loosely connec-
ted antennal segments, rounded vertex, absence of sculpture in
the area between the antennae, and fore wings that are deeply
infuscated basally.
As far as is known, A. fuscipennis normally reproduces
by thelytoky and males are rare. It is an effective parasit-
oid of T. vaporariorum in Central and South America and
has been shown to be more efficient than Encarsia formosa
in controlling this whitefly at lower temperatures (Manzano
et al., 2000). The biology of A. fuscipennis has been studied
by Medina et al.(1994) and Manzano et al.(2000).
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Jon Martin (BMNH), who kindly
identified whitefly samples and Mike Rose (University of
Montana) for assisting with the identification of Eretmocerus
species. Collecting in the Azores was funded by two Royal
Society grants to A. Polaszek, including a Windsor Treaty
award. Alfredo Hern ´
andez (ICIA, Tenerife) and Jon Martin
assisted greatly with collection of whiteflies and parasitoids,
and identification of host plants. Paulo Borges (University of
the Azores, Terceira) greatly facilitated access to several col-
lecting sites in June 2000. We are also grateful to the follow-
ing for their help: John Noyes, John Heraty, Shahab Manzari,
Donald Quicke, Stefan Schmidt, Alfredo Reyes, Ian Bedford
and the European Whitefly Studies Network, the Royal Soci-
ety and P. Orom´
ı. Finally, the authors acknowledge the support
of the Keeper and staff of the Entomology Department, and
the Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London, UK.
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Appendix 1. List of material
examined
Superfamily Chalcidoidea
Family Aphelinidae
Genus Encarsia F¨
orster
Encarsia acaudaleyrodis Hayat
Material examined (all BMNH): CANARY ISLANDS:
LANZAROTE: 1L2KPlaya Blanca, 4.i.97 (E. Hdez.) ex
Acaudalerodes rachipora on Euphorbia balsamifera;2
L3K;
same data but 3.v.97; 1L1Ksame data but 30.xii.97 ex A. ra-
chipora on Euphorbia regis-jubae;FUERTEVENTURA: 1K
Nuevos Horizontes, 5.v.97 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex on
Lantana camara L. GRAN CANARIA: 1LMogan, 12.viii.97
(E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex on Poinsettia pulcherrima.
LA PALMA: 1KLos Llanos, 15.x.96 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci
complex on Ipomoea batatas.
Encarsia atlantica Polaszek and Hern´
andez sp. nov.
Material examined: HOLOTYPE: CANARY ISLANDS:
TENERIFE: 1LBco. de Badajoz, 1.v.98 (E. Hdez.) ex
Aleyrodes sp. on Bencomia caudata.(BMNH). PARATYPES:
6L;same data as Holotype (BMNH, ICIA). Additional ma-
terial: 2LBco. de Badajoz, 11.i.98 (E. Hdez. and A. Polaszek)
ex Aleyrodes sp. on B. caudata (ICIA, BMNH).
Encarsia azimi Hayat
Material examined (all BMNH): CANARY ISLANDS:
LANZAROTE: 2LHar´
ıa, 4.i.96 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci com-
plex on P. pulcherrima;1
LSan Bartolom´
e, 27.xii.94 (E. Hdez.)
ex B. tabaci complex on I. batatas.FUERTEVENTURA: 2L
La Lajita, 2.viii.95 (E. Hdez.) ex T. vaporariorum on unknown
plant.
Encarsia davidi Viggiani & Mazzone
Material examined: CANARY ISLANDS:LANZAROTE:
6L2KPlaya Blanca, 3.v.97 (E. Hdez.) ex A. rachipora on
E. balsamifera (BMNH); 2L1Ksame data but 10.iii.97 (ICIA);
1Lsame data but 29.xi.96 (ICIA). TENERIFE: 1L23.v.97
(J.H. Martin & A. Polaszek) ex A. rachipora (BMNH). LA
GOMERA: 1L1KBco. de Santiago, 24.i.98 (E. Hdez.) ex
A. rachipora on E. regis-jubae (BMNH). LA PALMA: 2L
Bco. de Las Angustias, 22.vi.97 (E. Hdez.) ex A. rachipora
on E. regis-jubae;2
LLos Cancajos, 21.vi.97 (E. Hdez.) ex
Parasitoids of whiteflies 101
A. rachipora on E. regis-jubae;2L3KPto. Nao, 22.vi.97
(E. Hdez.) ex A. rachipora on E. balsamifera;2
Lsame data
but ex Bemisia sp. (after-group) (BMNH, ICIA).
Encarsia dichroa (Mercet)
Material examined (all BMNH): CANARY ISLANDS:
FUERTEVENTURA: 1L1KP´
ajara, 22.viii.95 (E. Hdez.) ex
Siphoninus phillyreae on Punica granatum;samedata: 9L9K
3.i.96 (E. Hdez.); 1KVega del Rio Palma, 28.xii.94 (E. Hdez.)
ex S. phillyreae on P. granatum.LANZAROTE: 1LHar´
ıa,
25.viii.95 (E. Hdez.) ex S. phillyreae on P. granatum;2
K2L
same data but 4.i.96. TENERIFE: 2LLas Mercedes, 13.vii.95
(E. Hdez.) ex S. phillyreae on Picconia excelsa;1
Lsame data
but 18.v.97. LA PALMA: 1KEl Paso, 22.vi.97 (E. Hdez.) ex
Aleyrodes singularis on Lactuca serriola L.
Encarsia estrellae Manzari & Polaszek
Material examined: AZORES:Holotype LAzores, S˜
ao
Miguel, Lagoa Canarios, 715 m, 27.ix.98, (E. Hdez &
A. Polaszek), ex Aleyrodes singularis on Lysismachia
nemorum (BMNH). Paratypes 2L;samedata as holotype
(BMNH). 2L1L,S
˜
ao Miguel, Serra da Tronquiera, 26.ix.98,
(E. Hdez&A.Polaszek) ex Bemisia afer-group on Ilex
perado azorica (BMNH). 1L1K,Azores,S
˜
ao Miguel, Sete
Cidades, 27.ix.98, (E. Hernandez & A. Polaszek), ex Bemisia
sp. on Hedera helix canariensis (BMNH). 1L1K,Azores,
S˜
ao Miguel, Serra da Tronquiera, 26.ix.98, (A. Polaszek &
E. Hernandez), ex Aleyrodes singularis on Lysismachia
nemorum (BMNH). 1L,Azores,S
˜
ao Miguel, Serra da
Tronquiera, 26.ix.98, (A. Polaszek & E. Hernandez), ex Be-
misia sp. on Vib u rnum tinus subcordatum (BMNH). 2L6K,
Azores, Pico, Lagoa do Caiado 27.vi.00 (A. Polaszek)
ex Aleyrodes ?singularis on Euphorbia stygiana (BMNH;
USNM).
Encarsia formosa Gahan
Material examined (all Canarian material in ICIA):
CANARY ISLANDS:FUERTEVENTURA: 6LNuevo
Horizonte, 5.v.97 (E. Hdez.) ex Trialeurodes vaporariorum
on Sonchus sp.; 14Lsame data but ex Aleyrodidae on L.
camara.LAGOMERA: 1LLangrero, 4.iii.95 (E. Hdez.) ex
Aleyrodidae on Cucurbita sp.; 7LSan Sebastian, 15.vi.97
(E. Hdez.) ex A.singularis on L. serriola.GRANCANARIA:
15LVecindario, 18.iii.98 (A. Carnero) ex T. vaporariorum
on Nicotiana glauca;13
Lsame data but: ex Aleyrodidae
on Pelargonium sp.; 10LArucas, vii.98 (M. Rguez.) ex B.
tabaci complex on Cucurbita sp. LANZAROTE: 12LCosta
Teguise, 4.v.97 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex on Sonchus
oleraceus L.; 1LHar´
ıa, 25.vii.95 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci com-
plex on P. pulcherrima.TENERIFE: 2LG¨
u´
ımar, 1.vii.97 (E.
Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex on Capsicum annuum L.; 1LLa
Laguna, 21.i.97 (E. Hdez.) ex T. vaporariorum on P. pulcher-
rima;4LPta. del Hidalgo, 27.iii.98 (E. Hdez.) ex T.
vaporariorum on N. glauca;12
LValle de Guerra, 9.iv.96
(E. Hdez.) ex Aleyrodes proletella on Brassica oleracea;6
L
same data but ex T. vaporariorum on Ageratum sp.; 1L15.ix.95
(E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex on P. pulcherrima,1
L
15.ix.95 (E. Hdez.) ex T. vaporariorum on P. pulcherrima,
1L15.ix.95 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex on N. glauca,2L
15.iv.93 (R. Torres) ex T. vaporariorum on Lycopersicon es-
culentum Mill., 3L23.i.95 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex on
Nicotiana tabacum L., 1L7.vii.95 (E. Hdez.) ex T. vaporari-
orum on P. pulcherrima;1
LAgua Dulce, 19.x.94 (E. Hdez.)
ex B. tabaci complex on P. pulcherrima. MADEIRA:4
LSo.
da Igreja, Campan´
ario CB1016, 6.x.94 (F. Aguiar) P212a ex
T. vaporariorum on Bidens pilosa L. (ICLAM, BMNH); 2K
So.daMadalena, Funchal CB1914, 8.xi.94 (F. Aguiar) P220b
ex T. vaporariorum on Conyza sp. (ICLAM, BMNH); 42L
same data but 8.xi.94 (F. Aguiar) P221 ex T. vaporariorum on
Conyza sp (ICLAM, BMNH), 3L4.x.94 (F. Aguiar) P209b ex
T. vaporariorum on Ruta officinalis (ICLAM), 2L(BMNH);
2LFonte do Til, Arco da Calheta BB9820, 31.x.94 (A. Fe-
lix) P234 ex T. vaporariorum on C.annuum;12
L31.x.94
(A. Felix) P236 ex T. vaporariorum on Cucumis sativus L.
(ICLAM); 1LSo.dos Moinhos, Canic¸o CB2815, 17.x.94
(A. Felix) P235 ex T. vaporariorum on Solanum tuberosum
L. (BMNH); 2LSo. dos Barreiros, Canic¸o CB2814,
7.i.95 (A. Felix) P274 ex T. vaporariorum on C. sat-
ivus (ICLAM); 1KPreces, Ca.deLobos CB1414, 16.i.95
(A. Felix) P275b ex T. vaporariorum on P. pulcherrima;
same data: 1L1K16.i.95 (A. Felix) P282, 209(L)4.vi.95
(A. Felix) P279 (ICLAM), 1L15.v.97 (A. Polaszek) ex
T. vaporariorum on Erigeron sp. (BNHM); 15LSo.da
Igreja, Qta. Grande CB1115, 16.ii.95 (A. Felix) P276 ex
T. vaporariorum on Phaseolus vulgaris (ICLAM); 10L
Quebradas, S˜
ao Martinho CB1613, 17.iii.95 (A. Felix) P278
ex T. vaporariorum.AZORES:S˜
AO MIGUEL: 1LFurnas,
B.G. Terra Nostra, 26.ix.98 (A. Polaszek and E. Hdez.) ex T.
vaporariorum on Cucurbita sp. (BMNH).
Encarsia guadeloupae Viggiani
Material examined: CANARY ISLANDS:3LRearing cham-
ber Cabildo Tenerife (origin Taiwan) ex A. dispersus.
Encarsia hispida De Santis
Material examined: CANARY ISLANDS:FUER-
TEVENTURA: 1LCa˜
nada del Rio, 22.viii.95 (E. Hdez.)
ex T. vaporariorum on N. glauca;34
Lsame data but 3.i.96; 8L
2.v.96 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex on N. glauca,5L2.v.96
(E. Hdez.) ex T. vaporariorum on N. glauca,11
L1K11.iii.97
(E. Hdez.) ex Aleyrodidae on N. glauca,1
K
11.iii.97 ex T. vaporariorum (BNHM), 17L5.v.97
(E. Hdez.) ex T. vaporariorum on N. glauca,1
L5.v.97
(E. Hdez.) ex T. vaporariorum on N. glauca (BNHM); 14L
Corralejo, 3.i.96 (E. Hdez.) ex A. dispersus on Strelitzia
nicolai;samedata: 1L21.iv.96 (E. Hdez.) ex A. dispersus
on Strelitzia alba,1
L11.iii.97 (E. Hdez.) ex A. dispersus on
Ficus rubiginosa.LAGOMERA: 5LBco. Santiago, 14.vi.97
(E. Hdez.) ex A. proletella on B. oleracea;samedata: 4L
ex Aleyrodidae on Lactuca sativa L., 3Lex A. proletella
on L. serriola;3
LHermigua, 15.vi.97 ex A. proletella on
B. oleracea.GRANCANARIA: 2LSan Agust´
ın, 11.ii.96
(E. Hdez.) ex A. dispersus on Solandra maxima;1
Lsame
data but ex A. dispersus on Coccoloba uvifera (L.), 1Lex
A. dispersus on Schinus terebinthifolius.LANZAROTE: 1L
102 E. Hern´andez-Su´arez
et al.
Costa Teguise, 9.iii.97 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex on
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.; 8LFariones, 4.i.96 (E. Hdez.) ex
A. dispersus on S. terebinthifolius;samedata: 1L5.i.96
ex B. tabaci complex on P. pulcherrima,12
L21.iv.96
(E. Hdez.) ex A. dispersus on S. terebinthifolius;1
LPto. del
Carmen, 25.viii.95 (E. Hdez.) ex A. dispersus on S. terebinthi-
folius;samedata: 2L8.iii.97 (E. Hdez.) ex A. dispersus on
S. terebinthifolius,1
L3.v.97 (E. Hdez.) ex T. vaporariorum on
H. rosa-sinensis.TENERIFE: 1L2KAgua Dulce, (E. Hdez.)
ex T. vaporariorum on N. glauca;1
LBuenavista, 12.vii.95
(E. Hdez.) ex A. proletella on B. oleracea;1
LG¨
u´
ımar, 9.ii.97
(E. Hdez.) ex T. vaporariorum on P. pulcherrima;1
LLas
Mercedes, 7.vi.97 (E. Hdez.) ex A. singularis on Canarina
canariensis (L.) Vatke; 10LPto. de la Cruz, 1.xii.97 (E. Hdez.)
ex A. dispersus on Myrica faya;1
Lsame data but 18.iii.98
(E. Hdez.) ex A. dispersus on C. uvifera;12
LSanta Cruz
Tenerife, 27.xi.97 (E. Hdez.) ex A. dispersus on Spathodea
campanulata;3
Lsame data but ex A. dispersus on S. maxima,
1Lex A. dispersus on Ficus macrophylla;30Lex A. dispersus
on Ficus sp.; 2Lviii.98 (E. Hdez.) ex Trialeurodes ricini on
Ricinus communis;12
LValle de Guerra, 25.iv.96 (E. Hdez.)
ex A. proletella on B.oleracea;9
Lex B. tabaci complex on
B. oleracea,12
L1K1.iv.98 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex
on B. oleracea,1
K9.iv.96 (E. Hdez.) ex T. vaporariorum
on Ageratum sp. MADEIRA:1
LCorujeira, Tab´
ua CB0618,
16.vii.97 (A. Felix) P468 ex B. tabaci complex on C.
sativus (ICLAM); 1LS˜
ao Pedro, Funchal CB2013, 30.v.93
(F. Aguiar) P121b ex T. vaporariorum on Eugenia uniflora
(BMNH); 1LFunchal CB2213, 8.vii.93 (F. Aguiar) P130
ex Aleurotrachelus rhamnicola on Passiflora edulis Sims
(BMNH); 1LSta. Luzia, Funchal CB2114, 27.I.94 (F. Aguiar)
P160 ex T. vaporariorum on Hibiscus sp. (BMNH); 7LLombo
da Boa Vista, Funchal CB2214, 9.iv.95 (F. Aguiar) P263 ex
Lipaleyrodes sp.A on Chlorophytum comosum (BMNH).
Encarsia inaron (Walker)
Material examined: CANARY ISLANDS:LANZAROTE:
6L2KArrecife, 10.vi.95 (E. Hdez.) ex A. proletella on Sonchus
sp. TENERIFE: 1LLas Mercedes (E. Hdez.) ex S.phillyreae on
P. e xcelsa.LAGOMERA: 9L5KBco. de Santiago (E. Hdez.)
ex A. proletella on L. serriola.PALMA:1
L1KLos Llanos,
22.vi.97 (E. Hdez.) ex Aleyrodidae on L. serriola.MADEIRA:
2KCaldeir˜
ao do Inferno, Santana (985 m) CB1827, 27.vi.93
(F. Aguiar) P126 ex Pealius madeirensis on P. e xcelsa
(ICLAM); same data: 1LP132, 2K2L(BMNH); 2L1KRibeiro
Frio, Santana (880 m) CB2323, 11.vii.93 (F. Aguiar) P131
ex P. madeirensis on P. e xcelsa (ICLAM); same data: 2K1L
(BMNH); 1K2LMonte CB2216, 15.v.97 (F. Aguiar) P356 ex
Pealius azaleae on Azalea sp (ICLAM); same data: 5K5L(A.
Polaszek) (BNHM).
Encarsia levadicola Polaszek and Hern´
andez sp. nov.
Material examined: HOLOTYPE: MADEIRA:1LLevada
da Serra, Bica da Cana, 16.v.97 (A. Polaszek) ex Bemisia afer
sens. lat.onClethra sp. (BMNH). PARATYPES: 11L4Ksame
data as Holotype (3L2Kon slides) (BMNH). Other mater-
ial examined: MADEIRA:7
L2KLevada da Serra, Bica da
Cana, 16.v.97 (F. Aguiar) P357a ex Bemisia afersens.lat.
on Clethra arborea (BMNH); 1LCanic¸al(250 m) CB3523,
28.v.92 (F. Aguiar) P99 ex Bemisia afersens.lat. on Phyl-
lis nobla (BMNH); 1KFaj˜
adaNogueira (600 m) CB2223,
15.xii.93 (F. Aguiar) P119 ex Bemisia afersens.lat.on
M. faya (BMNH); 1LEncumeada (1007 m) CB1125, 3.ii.94
(M.A. Carvalho) P158 ex Bemisialauracea on Per s e a indica
(L.) K. Spreng (BMNH); 1LRibeiro Frio, Santana (980 m)
CB2323, 16.xi.94 (F. Aguiar) P228 ex Bemisia afer sens.
lat.onSonchus fruticosus (BMNH) same data: 5L13.v.97
(A. Polaszek) on Echium candicum;4
LFanal (1100 m)
CB0031, 14.v.97 (A. Polaszek) ex B. lauracea on Ocotea
foetens (BMNH); 2LLombadinha, Ponta Delgada (100 m)
CB1533, 14.v.97 (A. Polaszek) ex Bemisia afersens.lat.
on Marcetella maderensis (BMNH). CANARY ISLANDS:
GRAN CANARIA, 1LMoya 22.i.97 (E. Hdez. & A. Polaszek)
ex Bemisia sp. (afer-group) on E. regis-jubae (ICIA).
Encarsia lutea (Masi)
Material examined: CANARY ISLANDS:LANZAROTE:
1LFamara, 15.viii.95 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex on
I. batatas;1
LFariones, 5.i.96 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex
on P. pulcherrima;7
L7KCosta Teguise, 4.v.97 (E. Hdez.)
ex B. tabaci complex on S. oleraceus;samedata: 4Kex T.
vaporariorum,2
K9.iii.97 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex
on H. rosa-sinensis,1
K9.iii.97 (E. Hdez.) ex Bemisia sp.
(afer-group) on E. balsamifera;1
L2KPlaya Blanca, 30.xii.97
(E. Hdez.) ex Bemisia sp. (afer-group) on E. regis-jubae;
same data: 10.iii.97 (E. Hdez.) ex A. rachipora on E. bal-
samifera;1
LPto. del Carmen, 5.i.96 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci
complex on P. pulcherrima;samedata: 1K3.v.97 (E. Hdez.),
1L3.v.97 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex on H. rosa-sinensis;
2LHar´
ıa, 25.viii.95 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex on N.
glauca;samedata: 1L8.iii.97 (E. Hdez.) on H. rosa-sinensis.
FUERTEVENTURA: 1LP´
ajara, 3.i.96 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci
complex on P. pulcherrima;samedata: 1L10.iii.97 on H.
rosa-sinensis;1
KNuevo Horizonte, 5.v.97 (E. Hdez.) ex T.
vaporariorum on H. rosa-sinensis;samedata: 4L9Kex B.
tabaci complex on S. oleraceus,1
Kex T. vaporariorum on
S. oleraceus,5
L1Kon L. camara,9L1Kex T. vaporari-
orum on L. camara,1
L1Kex B. tabaci complex on L.ca-
mara;1
LCa˜
nada del Rio, 11.iii.97 (E. Hdez.) ex T. vaporari-
orum on N. glauca;samedata: 1L2K3.i.96, 3L3K22.viii.95
(E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex, 2K22.viii.95 (E. Hdez.)
ex T. vaporariorum;1
LCorralejo, 28.xii.94 (E. Hdez.) ex
B.tabaci on H. rosa-sinensis.GRANCANARIA: 1L2KLa
Aldea, 12.viii.97 (E. Hdez.) ex T. vaporariorum on P. pulcher-
rima;1KMoya, 22.i.97 (E. Hdez.) ex Bemisia sp. (afer-group)
on E. regis-jubae;2
L6KVecindario, 18.iii.98 (A. Carnero) ex
T. vaporariorum on N. glauca;samedata: 14Kex Aleyrodidae
on Pelargonium sp., 1L3Kex Aleyrodidae on Ruta sp. TEN-
ERIFE: 5L8KPajalillos, 4.xii.96 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci com-
plex on B. oleracea;1
L1KLa Laguna, 17.vii.95 (E. Hdez.) ex
T. vaporariorum on Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw.; 3LBuenavista,
12.vii.95 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex on C. sativus;same
data: 1Lex T. vaporariorum;1L1KCuevas Negras, 29.vi.97
(E. Hdez.) ex A. rachipora on Euphorbia obtusifolia;1
L3KLas
Galletas, 31.iii.98 (E. Hdez) ex T. vaporariorum on N. glauca;
1L6KG¨
u´
ımar, 1.vii.97 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex on C.
Parasitoids of whiteflies 103
annuum;samedata: 1L3.ii.97, 6L1K24.vi.96, 2L20.v.96,
2K9.ii.97 on P. pulcherrima;3KPto. de la Cruz, 28.iv.97 (E.
Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex on Pelargonium sp.; 2KAgua
Dulce, 29.iv.97 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex on S. oler-
aceus;1
LBco. de Badajoz, 11.i.98 (E. Hdez.) ex Bemisia sp.
(afer-group) on Euphorbia sp.; 1KPta. del Hidalgo, 13.vii.95
(E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex; 2LValle de Guerra, 7.vii.95
(E. Hdez.) ex T. vaporariorum on P. pulcherrima;samedata:
2L15.ix.95 ex B. tabaci,1K15.ix.95 ex T. vaporariorum on N.
glauca.LAGOMERA: 1LSan Sebastian, 15.vi.97 (E. Hdez.)
ex Aleyrodidae on L. serriola;samedata: 1L1K14.vi.97 (E.
Hdez.) ex Bemisia sp. (afer-group) on Euphorbia berthelotii
Bolle; 1LBco. de Santiago, 14.vi.97 (E. Hdez.) ex A. proletella
on L.serriola;samedata: 1L1.v.96 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci
complex on Helianthus annuus,1
K1.v.96 (E. Hdez.) ex T.
vaporariorum on H. annuus.ELHIERRO: 1LPozo de la Sa-
lud, 2.viii.95 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex on Amaranthus
cruentus.LAPALMA:2LLos Cancajos, 21.vi.97 (E. Hdez.)
ex B. tabaci complex on P. pulcherrima;1
L2KLos Llanos,
15.x.96 (E. Hdez) ex B. tabaci complex on I. batatas;8
L
2KPto. Nao, 22.vi.97 (E. Hdez.) ex Bemisia sp. (afer-group)
on E. balsamifera;samedata: 1Kex B. tabaci complex on
P.pulcherrima.MADEIRA:1
LAssomada, Canic¸o CB2914,
29.xii.97 (A. Felix) P439 ex B. tabaci complex on P. pulcher-
rima (ICLAM); same data: 4L3.xii.97 (A. Felix) P450b ex B.
tabaci complex on P. pulcherrima (ICLAM); 2L1KCorujeira,
Tab ´
ua CB0618, 16.vii.97 (A. Felix) P467 ex B. tabaci complex
on C. sativus (ICLAM).
Encarsia melanostoma Polaszek and Hern´
andez
sp. nov.
Material examined: HOLOTYPE: CANARY ISLANDS:
TENERIFE: 1LBco. de las Moradas, 18.v.97 (E. Hdez.)
ex Bemisiamedinae on Hypericum grandifolium (BMNH).
PARATYPES: CANARY ISLANDS:29LBco. de las
Moradas, 18.v.97 (E. Hdez.) ex B. medinae on H. grandifo-
lium;samedata: 6L5Kex Bemisia afersens.lat. on Echium
virescens,2
Lex Bemisia afersens.lat.onCistus sp., 1L2K
6.iv.97 (E. Hdez.) ex Bemisia afersens.lat.onE. virescens;
same data: 1Kex B. medinae on H. grandifolium (BMNH,
ICIA). Other material examined: CANARY ISLANDS:LAN-
ZAROTE: 1LFamara, 15.viii.95 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci com-
plex on I. batatas.TENERIFE: 2KBco. de Badajoz, 11.i.98
(E. Hdez.) ex Bemisia afersens.lat.onE. virescens;samedata:
1K25.viii.98 (E. Hdez.) ex Bemisia afersens.lat.onArtemisia
thuscula Cav., 1L25.viii.98 (E. Hdez.) ex Bemisia afer sens.
lat.onA. thuscula,1
K6.iv.97 (E. Hdez.) ex B. medinae on
H. grandifolium;1
KBuenavista, 12.vii.95 (E. Hdez.) ex A.
proletella on B. oleracea;2
L1KErjos, 18.v.97 (E. Hdez.) ex
B. medinae on H. grandifolium;samedata: 3L2Kex Bemisia
afer sens. lat.onE. virescens;2
KLas Mercedes, 7.vi.97 ex B.
medinae on H. grandifolium;1
K1LValle Guerra, 20.v.97 (J.
Martin) ex Bemisia sp. (afer-group) on Euphorbia sp; same
data: 1L1K12.vi.97 on Pterocephalus sp. LA GOMERA:
1L10KEl Cedro, 15.vi.97 (E. Hdez.) ex B. medinae on H.
grandifolium;1
KBco. Santiago, 14.vi.97 (E. Hdez.) ex A.
proletella on L. serriola;samedata: 1L4.iii.95 (E. Hdez.) ex
T. vaporariorum on Cucurbita ficifolia Bouc´
e. EL HIERRO:
1L2KSabinosa, 1.xii.96 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex on
P. pulcherrima.PALMA:8
L4KPista de Barlovento, 21.vi.97
(E. Hdez.) ex Bemisia afersens.lat.onRubus sp. 1LBco. Las
Angustias, 22.vi.97 (E. Hdez.) ex Bemisia sp. (afer-group) on
E. obtusifolia.
Encarsia noahi Polaszek & Hern´
andez sp. nov.
Material examined:HOLOTYPE: CANARY ISLANDS:
TENERIFE: 1LLas Galletas, 29.iv.97 (E. Hdez.) ex T. va-
porariorum on N. glauca (BNHM). PARATYPES: CANARY
ISLANDS:39
L1KLas Galletas, 29.iv.97 (E. Hdez.) ex T.
vaporariorum on N. glauca (BMNH, ICIA). Other mater-
ial examined: CANARY ISLANDS: FUERTEVENTURA: 1L
Ca˜
nada del Rio, 5.v.97 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex on
N. glauca;1
LNuevo Horizonte, 5.v.97 ex A. proletella on
Sonchus sp. LA GOMERA: 1L5KBco. Santiago, 14.vi.97 (E.
Hdez.) ex A. proletella on B. oleracea;samedata: 1Kex A. pro-
letella on L. sativa,3
Kex A. proletella on L. serriola,2L13Kex
Aleyrodidae on L. serriola,2
Lex A. proletella on Tol p is lacini-
ata.15
L14Kex T. vaporariorum on L. sativa,2Kex Aleuro-
thrixus floccosus on Citrus limon (L.). 24LHermigua, 15.vi.97
(E. Hdez.) ex T. vaporariorum on C. ficifolia;1
KJard´
ın Tes-
ina, 14.vi.97 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex on P. pulcher-
rima;1L3KSan Sebastian, 15.vi.97 (E. Hdez.) ex A. proletella
on L. serriola.GRANCANARIA: 1LLa Aldea, 12.viii.97
(E. Hdez.) ex T. vaporariorum on P. pulcherrima;2
LMoya,
22.vii.97 (E. Hdez.) ex Bemisia sp. (afer-group) on E. regis-
jubae.ELHIERRO: 1LPozo de la Salud, 2.viii.95 (E. Hdez.)
ex B. tabaci complex on A. cruentus;3
LSabinosa, 1.xii.96 (E.
Hdez.) on H. annuus;samedata: 6L1Kex B. tabaci complex on
P. pulcherrima,1
L2.viii.95 ex T. vaporariorum;1LTigaday,
1.xii.96 (BNHM). PALMA: 1LBco. Las Angustias, 22.vi.97
(E. Hdez.) ex Bemisia sp. (afer-group) on E. obtusifolia;2
L2K
Ctra. El Paso, 22.vi.97 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex on
L. serriola;samedata: 1LK ex A. proletella on L. serriola;
13LCtra. Los Llanos, 22.vi.97 (E. Hdez.) ex T. vaporariorum
on N. glauca;1
LEl Paso, 22.vi.97 (E. Hdez.) ex T. vapor-
ariorum on L. serriola;samedata: 6L8Kex A. proletella on
L. serriola;5
L3KLos Cancajos, 21.vi.97 (E. Hdez.) ex B.
tabaci complex on P. pulcherrima;samedata: 2L5.v.96 ex
T. vaporariorum;7
L3KLos Llanos, 15.x.96 (E. Hdez.) ex
B. tabaci complex on I. batatas;1
LLos Sauces, 5.v.96 (E.
Hdez.) ex T. vaporariorum on C. ficifolia (dry); 4LLos Tilos,
21.vi.97 ex A. singularis on Crambe santosi;samedata: 1L
ex T. vaporariorum on S. oleraceus,4L2Kex A. singularis on
C. canariensis,1
Lex A. proletella on L. serriola;8LPico de
Las Nieves, 21.vi.97 (E. Hdez.) ex A. singularis on Lactuca
viminea.1
LPto. Nao, 22.vi.97 (E. Hdez.) ex Bemisia sp. (afer-
group) on E. balsamifera;1
LTazacorte, 22.vi.97 (E. Hdez.)
ex B. tabaci complex on P. pulcherrima.TENERIFE: 1L1K
1.x.82 (A. Carnero) ex Aleyrodidae on N. glauca (BMNH),
9L5KAgua Dulce, 7.iv.97 (E. Hdez.) ex T. vaporariorum on N.
glauca;samedata: 3L2K5.vii.94 (J.C. Onillon) (BNHM), 3L
17.i.96, 3L1K12.vii.95, 1L3.xi.94, 3L29.iv.97 (E. Hdez.) ex T.
vaporariorum on S. oleraceus,1
L21.v.97 (A. Polaszek) ex T.
vaporariorum on L. serriola (BNHM), 1L12.vii.95 (E. Hdez.)
ex B. tabaci complex on N. glauca,1
L22.xi.95, 1L1K5.xii.94;
1KArafo, 31.iii.95 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex on I.
104 E. Hern´andez-Su´arez
et al.
batatas;1KBco. de Blas, 20.vii.97 (A. Polaszek) ex Lipa-
leyrodes sp.B on Hypericum reflexum;samedata: 2L(BMNH);
1LBco. de Badajoz, 11.i.98 (A. Polaszek and E. Hdez.) ex Be-
misia afer sens. lat.onB. caudata (BMNH); same data: 1L
20.vii.97 (E. Hdez.) ex Lipaleyrodes sp.B on H. reflexum;2L
Buenavista, 12.vii.95 (E. Hdez.) ex A. proletella on B. oler-
acea;13
LCuevas Negras, 29.vi.97 ex A. singularis on Cruci-
ferae;samedata: 3Lex A. proletella on L. serriola;3LG¨
u´
ımar,
24.vi.97 (E. Hdez.) ex T. vaporariorum on H. annuus;same
data: 1L2K9.ii.97 ex B. tabaci complex on P. pulcherrima,
1L9.ii.97 ex T. vaporariorum on P. pulcherrima,3L21.vii.96
ex A. singularis on Crambe strigosa L’H´
er (BNHM); 1LIcod
29.vi.97 ex T. vaporariorum on L. serriola;1
KLa Guancha,
25.v.95 (E. Hdez.) ex A. proletella on Cruciferae;2
L2KLa
Laguna, 20.v.97 (J. Martin) ex Bemisia sp. (afer-group) on Eu-
phorbia sp (BNHM); 20LLas Galletas 29.iv.97 (E. Hdez.) ex T.
vaporariorum on N. glauca;samedata: 1L1.ii.95 ex B. tabaci
complex on P. pulcherrima;Los Realejos, 8.ii.95 (E. Hdez.)
ex B. tabaci complex on C. ficifolia;2
L1KPajalillos, 4.xii.96
(E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex on B. oleracea;9
L6KPto.
de la Cruz, 25.iv.97 (E. Hdez.) ex T. vaporariorum on Pel a r-
gonium sp.; same data: 2L20.v.97 (A. Polaszek) (BNHM),
8L2Kex T. vaporariorum on H. annuus (BNHM),1L28.iv.97
(E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex on Pelargonium sp.; 4KVa lle
Guerra, 20.x.82 (A. Carnero) ex A. floccosus on N. glauca
(ZMA), 5LValle Guerra, 23.i.98 (A. Polaszek and E. Hdez.)
ex Bemisia afersens.lat.onB. caudata,3
L22.v.97 (E. Hdez.)
ex Bemisia sp (afer-group) on Euphorbia atropur-
purea;1LLas Ca ˜
nadas, Mirador Pico Viejo, primavera
95 (M. Arechavaleta) 25W/HI2250. MADEIRA:3
L
Lombadinha, Ponta Delgada (100 m) CB1533, 20.iii.92
(F. Aguiar) P95a ex Bemisia afersens.lat. on M. mader-
ensis (BMNH); 3LFaja do Penedo, Sao Vicente 20.iii.92
(F. Aguiar) P95 ex Bemisia afersens.lat.onM. mader-
ensis;samedata: 1L(dry) (BNHM). AZORES:1LPico,
Misterio da Prainha, 1–4.vii.00 (A. Polaszek) malaise trap
(BMNH).
Encarsia pergandiella Howard
Material examined: CANARY ISLANDS:GRANCA-
NARIA: 1LBco. Azuaje, 22.i.98 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci com-
plex on Crambe cf. pritzelli;2
LArucas, viii.98 (J. Rguez.)
ex B. tabaci complex on Cucurbitaceae.TENERIFE: 1L
Las Galletas, 17.xi.95 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex on
P. pulcherrima;2
L1LG¨
u´
ımar, 2.ii.97 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci
complex on C. annuum;1
KAgua Dulce, 15.i.97 (E. Hdez.)
ex B. tabaci complex on Ageratum sp.; 1LBco. de Badajoz,
25.i.98 (E. Hdez.) ex Bemisia afersens.lat.onA. thuscula.LA
GOMERA: 1LLangrero, 4.iii.95 (E. Hdez.) ex Aleyrodidae on
Cucurbita sp.; 6LHermigua, 15.vi.97 (E. Hdez.) ex T. vapor-
ariorum on C. ficifolia.PALMA:5
LLos Cancajos, 21.vi.97
(E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex on P. pulcherrima;samedata:
4Lex T. vaporariorum. MADEIRA:1LFonte do Til, Arco
da Calheta BB9820, 31.x.94 (A. Felix) P238 ex T. vaporari-
orum on C. sativus (ICLAM); same data: 1L(BMNH); 1LSo.
da Corujeira, Tab´
ua CB0618, 19.vii.95 (A. Felix) P281 ex T.
vaporariorum on C. sativus (ICLAM); 5LCorujeira, Tab´
ua
CB0618 (A. Felix), 16.vii.97 P394 ex B. tabaci complex on
C. sativus (ICLAM); 1LSo.daMadalena, Funchal CB1914,
8.xi.94 (F. Aguiar) P220a ex T. vaporariorum on Conyza sp.
(BMNH). AZORES:S
˜
AO MIGUEL: 2LFurnas, B.G. Terra
Nostra, 26.ix.98 (A. Polaszek and E. Hdez.) ex T. vaporari-
orum on Cucurbita sp. (BMNH).
Encarsia sophia (Girault & Dodd)
Material examined: CANARY ISLANDS:TENERIFE:
41L7KValle Guerra, 1.iv.98 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci com-
plex on B. oleracea;samedata: 3K24.vii.96, 88L2.v.96, 1L
2.v.97 ex T. vaporariorum,2L25.iv.96 (E. Hdez.) ex A. prole-
tella,10
L25.iii.97 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex; 8KS/C
Tenerife, 26.xi.96 (E. Hdez.) ex B.tabaci on P. pulcherrima;
2LPto. de la Cruz, 20.v.97 (E. Hdez.) ex T.vaporariorum
on Pelargonium sp.; same data: 6L28.iv.97, 1L28.iv.97 (E.
Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex, 22Lex B. tabaci complex on H.
annuus;1
LLos Realejos, 26.xi.97 (E. Hdez.) ex Aleyrodidae
on N. glauca;samedata: 4Kex A. floccosus on Citrus sinen-
sis (L.) Osbeck; 2LLos Cristianos, 14.vi.97 (E. Hdez.) ex B.
tabaci complex on P.pulcherrima;1
LLas Galletas 29.iv.97
(E. Hdez.) ex T. vaporariorum on S. oleraceus;samedata: 9L
25.i.96 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex on P. pulcherrima,
2Lx.94 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex on P. pulcherrima;
1LG¨
u´
ımar, 24.vi.97 (E. Hdez.) ex T.vaporariorum on H. an-
nuus;samedata: 1K20.i.97 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex on
C. annuum;13
Lrearing chamber ICIA (origin Agua Dulce),
22.xi.95 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex on H. rosa-sinensis;
10LBah´
ıa del Duque, 4.viii.97 (E. Hdez.) ex T. vaporari-
orum on L. camara;samedata: 1K22.xi.96 (E. Hdez.) ex
T. vaporariorum on L. camara;1
L13KAgua Dulce, 3.iv.98
(E. Hdez.) ex T. vaporariorum on N. glauca;samedata:
4L4.vii.97 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex on L. serriola,
3K4.vii.97 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex on L. serriola,
1L29.iv.97 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex on S. oleraceus,
1L9.iv.97 (E. Hdez.) ex T. vaporariorum on S. oleraceus, 1K
29.iv.97 B. tabaci complex on S. oleraceus,2L7.iv.97 (A. Po-
laszek et al.) ex T. vaporariorum on N. glauca (BNHM), 1K
17.i.96 (E. Hdez.) ex T. vaporariorum on N. glauca,5L22.ix.95
(E. Hdez.) ex T. vaporariorum on N. glauca,3
L1K12.vii.95
(E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex on N. glauca,1
L5.xii.94 (E.
Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex on H. rosa-sinensis,1
L19.x.94 (E.
Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex on H. rosa-sinensis,4
L12.vii.94
(E. Hdez.) ex T. vaporariorum on N. glauca.LANZAROTE:
2KCosta Teguise, 4.v.97 (E. Hdez.) ex T. vaporariorum on
S. oleraceus;samedata: 1K8.iii.97 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci
complex on P. pulcherrima.GRANCANARIA: 2KVecin-
dario, 18.iii.98 (E. Hdez.) ex Aleyrodidae on Ruta sp.; 2KSan
Agustin, 11.ii.96 ex B. tabaci complex on H. rosa-sinensis;
4LArucas, 22.i.97 (E. Hdez.) on P. pulcherrima;samedata:
1Ki.97 (E. Hdez) on P. pulcherrima.LAGOMERA: 2KSan
Sebastian, 15.vi.97 (E. Hdez.) ex T. vaporariorum on L. ser-
riola;2
L1KJard´
ın Tesina, 14.vi.97 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci
complex on P. pulcherrima,3
L1KL. camara;14LBco. San-
tiago, 14.vi.97 (E. Hdez.) ex Aleyrodidae on L. serriola;same
data: 3L3Kon L. sativa,2L1K1.v.96 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci
complex on L. camara,1
L1.v.96 (E. Hdez.) ex T. vaporari-
orum on H. annuus,1
L1.v.96 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex
on H. annuus.FUERTEVENTURA: 1KNuevo Horizonte,
5.v.97 (E. Hdez.) ex T.vaporariorum on L. camara,2
Lon
Parasitoids of whiteflies 105
H. rosa-sinensis;1KCa˜
nada del Rio, 5.v.97 (E. Hdez.) ex T.
vaporariorum on N. glauca,4
Kex B. tabaci complex on N.
glauca.
Encarsia tricolor (F¨
orster)
Material examined: CANARY ISLANDS:FUERTEVEN-
TURA: 1KCa˜
nada del Rio, 3.i.96 (E. Hdez.) ex Aleyrodidae on
N. glauca;samedata: 1K11.iii.97 (E. Hdez.). LA GOMERA:
35L26KBco. Santiago, 14.vi.97 (E. Hdez.) ex A. proletella on
L. serriola;samedata: 14Kex A. singularis on T. l aciniata;
1L2KHermigua, 15.vi.97 (E. Hdez.) ex A. proletella on B. oler-
acea 12LCtra. Bco. Santiago, 14.vi.97 (E. Hdez.) ex A. prole-
tella on L. serriola,2
LSan Sebastian, 15.vi.97 (E. Hdez.) ex A.
proletella on L. serriola.GRANCANARIA: 19KLa Aldea,
12.viii.97 (E. Hdez.) ex T. vaporariorum on P. pulcherrima
(BNHM); 12L5KVecindario, 18.iii.98 (E. Hdez.) ex T. vapor-
ariorum on N. glauca.LAPALMA:1
KLos Llanos, 15.x.96
(E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex on I. batatas;1
KEl Paso,
22.vi.97 (E. Hdez.) ex A. proletella on L. serriola.TENERIFE:
2LBco. de Badajoz, 25.i.98 (E. Hdez.) ex A. singularis on
C. canariensis;samedata: 1L11.i.98; 1KArafo, 31.iii.95 (E.
Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex on I. batatas;16
K2LLa Guancha,
25.v.95 (E. Hdez.) ex A. proletella on B. oleracea var. italica;
same data: 2Kex B. oleracea;5L3KPajalillos, 4.xii.96 (E.
Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex on B. oleracea;samedata: 3L2K
ex A. proletella, 12L7K22.x.96 (E. Hdez.) ex A. proletella on
B. oleracea;8
LCuevas Negras, 29.vi.97 (E. Hdez.) ex A. singu-
laris on cruciferae; same data: 17L1Kex A. singularis on C. ca-
nariensis;21
L18KBuenavista, 12.vii.95 (E. Hdez.) ex A. pro-
letella on B. oleracea;3
LValle Guerra, 20.v.94 (E. Hdez.) ex A.
proletella on B. oleracea;samedata: 2L1.iv.98 (E. Hdez.) ex
B. tabaci complex; 7LLas Mercedes, 7.vi.97 (E. Hdez.) ex A.
singularis on C. canariensis;1
LLa Laguna, 17.v.95 (E. Hdez.)
ex T. vaporariorum on Sechium edule (Jacq.)Sw. MADEIRA:
2LLourencinhas, Ca.daLobos (270 m) CB1615, 24.viii.93
(F. Aguiar) P134 ex A. proletella on B. oleracea (ICLAM);
same data: 1L1K(BMNH); 4LSo.daMadalena, Funchal
CB1914, 4.x.94 (F.Aguiar) P209a ex T. vaporariorum on
Ruta officinalis (ICLAM); same data: 4K(BMNH); 9LSo.
da Igreja, Qta. Grande CB1115, 16.ii.95 (A. Felix) P277 ex
T. vaporariorum on P. v u l garis (ICLAM); 1LSo.daIgreja,
Campan´
ario CB1016, 6.x.94 (F. Aguiar) P212b ex T. vaporari-
orum on B. pilosa (BMNH); same data: 2L(ICLAM); 10K5L
So.doAmparo,S
˜
ao Martinho CB1713, 12.iv.95 (J. Jesus)
P233 ex A. proletella on Euphorbia helioscopica (ICLAM);
2LSantana CB2330, 13.vi.95 (F. Aguiar) P256 ex A. prole-
tella on B. oleracea (ICLAM); 3KKTranqual, Campan´
ario
CB1016, 19.vii.95 (F. Aguiar) P258 ex T. vaporariorum on
L. esculentum (ICLAM); 5KTranqual, Campan´
ario CB1016,
18.viii.95 (A. Felix) P280 ex T. vaporariorum on L. escu-
lentum (ICLAM); 3LPreces, Ca.daLobos CB1414, 16.i.95
(A. Felix) P275a,d ex T. vaporariorum on P. pulcherrima
(ICLAM); 7K1LSo.doAmparo,S
˜
ao Martinho CB1713,
1.iv.97 (J. Jesus) P348 ex A. proletella on E. helioscopica
(ICLAM); same data: 2L12.iv.95 (J. Jesus) P233 (BMNH);
1KS˜
ao Pedro, Funchal CB2013, 30.v.93 (F. Aguiar) P121a ex
T. vaporariorum on E. uniflora (BMNH); 1KSo.doSaraiva,
Ca.deLobos CB1514, 13.x.93 (F. Aguiar) P140a ex T. vapor-
ariorum on S. muricatum (BMNH); 1LFonte do Til, Arco da
Calheta BB9820, 31.x.94 (A. Felix) P241 ex T. vaporariorum
on C. sativus (BMNH); same data: ??LP242 (BMNH), 1L
P237 (BMNH). AZORES:S˜
AO MIGUEL: 2KSerra da Tron-
queira, 26.ix.98 (A. Polaszek and E. Hdez.) ex A. proletella on
Lysismachia nemorum;10LPonta Delgada market, 25.ix.98
(A. Polaszek and E. Hdez.) ex A. proletella on B. oleracea.
CAPE VERDE:4LSerrado, 7–10.vii.1981 (G. Scheibelreiter)
ex Bemisia sp. on B. oleracea (BMNH, CIE A14563.27); 9L
Santa Cruz, 2.vii.1982 (A. van Harten) ex A. proletella on B.
oleracea (BMNH).
Eretmocerus Haldeman
Eretmocerus eremicus Rose & Zolnerowich
Material examined: Paratypes:6L1KUSA:ARIZONA:
5L1KPhoenix, iii.91 (G. Butler) ex Bemisia tabaci on Gos-
sypium hirsutum;1
LCALIFORNIA: Imperial Co., Brawley,
6.i.1994 (K. Hoelmer) ex Bemisia tabaci on okra (BMNH).
Eretmocerus mundus Mercet
Material examined: CANARY ISLANDS:LANZAROTE:
2L1KLanzarote, 20.iv.88 (M. Pe˜
na) CIEA 19715 ex Aleyro-
didae (BNHM); 1KArrecife, 21.iv.96 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci
complex on Solanum muricatum;1
LCerro Terroso, 27.xii.94
(E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex on N. glauca;1
L1KCosta
Teguise, 4.v.97 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex on S. oler-
ceus;1KFamara, 15.viii.95 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex
on I. batatas;3
L1KFariones, 5.i.96 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci
complex on P. pulcherrima;samedata: 2K15.i.96; 1KHar´
ıa,
25.viii.95 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex on P. pulcherrima;
2KPto. del Carmen, 5.i.996 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci com-
plex on P. pulcherrima;1
KSan Bartolom´
e, 25.ii.95 (E. Hdez.)
ex B. tabaci complex on I. batatas.FUERTEVENTURA: 2L
Ca˜
nada del Rio, 3.i.96 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex on
N. glauca;samedata: 1Lon P. pulcherrima,1L22.viii.95 (E.
Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex on P. pulcherrima, 2L11.iii.97
(E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex on N. glauca;1
KGran Ta-
rajal, 10.iii.97 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex on N. glauca;
5LNuevo Horizonte, 5.v.97 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex
on L. camara;samedata: 5L8Kon Sonchus sp.; 1LP´
ajara,
21.xii.94 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex on P. pulcherrima;
same data: 1L28.xii.94 (BMNH), 2L22.viii.95, 1K22.viii.95
(BMNH), 5L5K3.i.96, 2L2K5.v.97, 1L2K10.iii.97 on H.
rosa-sinenis.TENERIFE: 1LAgua Dulce, 5.xii.94 (E. Hdez.)
ex B. tabaci complex on H. rosa-sinensis;samedata: 1K
6.xii.94 (E. Hdez.), 2L2K22.ix.95 (E. Hdez.) on N. glauca;
13L5KArafo, 21.xii.95 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex on P.
vulgaris;samedata: 1K(BMNH); 1L2KGuamasa, 20.iii.96
(E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci complex on P. pulcherrima;2
L7K
G¨
u´
ımar, 24.vi.96 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci on C. annuum;same
data: 2L2.ii.97, 1L1K10.ii.97, 15L7K1.vii.97, 3L2K1.vii.96
(E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci on P. pulcherrima,19
L15K1.xii.96, 1K
1.xii.96 (BMNH), 19L19K9.ii.97, 2L3K1.xii.96 (E. Hdez.) ex
B. tabaci on H. rosa-sinensis;1
L2KLa Barranquera, 3.iii.97
(E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci on Gerbera sp.; 1LLa Laguna, 5.ii.96
(E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci on P. pulcherrima;1
KLas Galletas,
1.ii.95 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci on P. pulcherrima;samedata:
1K15.ii.95 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci on L. esculentum;1L2K
106 E. Hern´andez-Su´arez
et al.
Pajalillos, 4.xii.96 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci on B. oleracea;
27L3KValle Guerra, 9.ix.97 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci on P.
pulcherrima;samedata: 1L24.vii.96 (E. Hdez.) on B. ol-
eracea,1
L2K27.ii.97 on Gerbera sp., 31L17K8.viii.97 (E.
Hdez.) on Rosa sp. LA GOMERA: 1KSan Sebastian, 14.vi.97
(E. Hdez.) ex Bemisia sp. (afer-group) on E. berthelotii.
PALMA : 6 L3KLos Cancajos, 21.vi.97 (E. Hdez.) ex B. tabaci
on P. pulcherrima.7
L4KPto. Nao, 22.vi.97 (E. Hdez.) ex
B. tabaci on P. pulcherrima;26
L18KTazacorte, 22.vi.97 (E.
Hdez.) ex B. tabaci on P. pulcherrima;samedata: 1Kon N.
glauca.MADEIRA:2
LPreces, Ca.daLobos CB1414, 4.ii.97
(A. Felix) P351 ex T. vaporariorum on P. v u l garis (ICLAM);
same data: 1L(BMNH); 2LLevada da Serra, Bica da Cana,
16.v.97 (F. Aguiar) P367 ex Bemisia afersens.lat. on C. ar-
borea (ICLAM); 8K3LAssomada, Canic¸o CB2914, 29.xii.97
(A. Felix) P438 ex B. tabaci on P. pulcherrima;samedata:
1K3.xii.97 (A. Felix) P450a (ICLAM); 1LCorujeira, Tab´
ua
CB0618, 16.vii.97 (A. Felix) P469 ex B. tabaci on C. sativus
(ICLAM).
Eretmocerus near rajasthanicus Hayat
Material examined: CANARY ISLANDS:LA
PALMA : 1 L2KPto. Nao, 22.vi.97 (E. Hdez.) ex A. rachipora
on E. balsamifera;samedata: 1L1Kex Bemisia sp. (afer-
group); Los Cancajos, 21.vi.97 (E. Hdez.) on E. obtusifolia.
TENERIFE: 1Ks.l, 23.v.97 (A. Aguiar) ex A. rachipora.
LA GOMERA: Ctra. San Sebastian, 14.vi.97 (E. Hdez.) ex
Bemisia sp. (afer-group) on E. berthelotii.
Eretmocerus roseni Gerling
Material examined: CANARY ISLANDS:LAPALMA:1K
Bco. de las Angustias, 22.viii.97 (E. Hdez.) ex A. rachipora
on E. obtusifolia;3
LPto. Nao, 22.vi.97 (E. Hdez.) ex Be-
misia sp. (afer-group) on E. balsamifera.1
L1KLos Cancajos,
21.vi.97 (E. Hdez.) ex A. rachipora on E. obtusifolia.GRAN
CANARIA: 1LLa Aldea, 12.viii.97 (E. Hdez.) ex Aleyrodidae
on P. pulcherrima.TENERIFE: 1LCuevas Negras, 29.vi.97
(E. Hdez.) ex A. rachipora on E. atropurpurea.LAGOMERA:
1LSan Sebastian, 14.vi.97 (E. Hdez.) ex Bemisia sp. (afer-
group) on E. berthelotii.
Incertae sedis
Cales Howard
Cales noacki Howard
Material examined: CANARY ISLANDS:FUERTEVEN-
TURA: 2LAntigua, 14.xii.89 (E. Hdez.) ex A. floccosus.LA
GOMERA: 1KBco. Santiago, 14.vi.97 (E. Hdez.) ex A. floc-
cosus on C. limon;10
L7KSan Sebastian, 15.vi.97 (E. Hdez.)
ex A. floccosus on C. sinensis;5
L5KValle Hermoso, 4.iii.95
(E. Hdez.) ex A. floccosus on C. limon.LAPALMA:S/C
de la Palma, 28.v.96 (E. Hdez.) ex A. floccosus on C. limon.
TENERIFE: 11L7KBah´
ıa del Duque, 3.ii.95 (E. Hdez.) ex
A. floccosus on C. sinensis;samedata: on C. limon;2
KLos
Realejos, 7.ii.95 (E. Hdez.) ex A. floccosus on C. limon;1
L
Tejina, 5.ii.95 (E. Hdez.) ex A. floccosus on C. sinensis,3L
Playa San Juan, 4.vii.97 (E. Hdez.) ex A. floccosus on C.
aurantium;1
KSanta Cruz, 21.i.98 (A. Polaszek et al.) ex
Aleurotrachelus atratus on Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.)
Glassman. MADEIRA:2
L3KPreces, Ca.deLobos CB1414,
13.vi.89 (F. Aguiar) P2 ex A. floccosus on Citrus sp.; same
data: 2L1K15.v.97 (A. Polaszek) ex A. floccosus on Citrus
sp. (BNHM), 1KArieiro, S˜
ao Martinho CB1613, 15.ii.90
(F. Aguiar) P17 ex A. floccosus on C. sinensis (ICLAM);
1KLugar de Baixo, Ponta do Sol CB0417, 24.i.91
(F. Aguiar) P59 ex A. floccosus on Coffea arabica (ICLAM);
same data: 3L8K9.iv.91 (F. Aguiar) P62 ex A. floccosus
on C. arabica (ICLAM); 7L1KCmo.daAjuda, Funchal
CB1812, (F. Aguiar) P60 ex A. floccosus on Citrus retic-
ulata (ICLAM); 2KFunchal CB2013, 11.iii.92 (F. Aguiar)
P93 ex A. floccosus on Csinensis(ICLAM); same data:
1L1K3.ii.91 (F. Aguiar) P112 ex A. floccosus on C. reticu-
lata (ICLAM); 2L4KSo.daCaldeira, Ca.deLobos (380 m)
CB1215, 8.vi.92 (F. Aguiar) P101 ex A. floccosus on C. sinensis
(ICLAM); 1LSanta Luzia, Funchal (100 m) CB2114 30.iv.93
(F. Aguiar) P116 ex A. floccosus on P. a m e r icana (ICLAM);
same data: 8K28L27.i.94 (F. Aguiar) P146 ex A. floccosus on
Citrus sinensis (ICLAM); 9K8LSo.doAmparo,S
˜
ao Mar-
tinho CB1813, 15.vii.93 (F. Aguiar) P125 ex A. floccosus
on C. reticulata(ICLAM); 4K3LFonte do Til, Arco da Cal-
heta BB9820, 24.ii.94 (F. Aguiar) P157 ex A. floccosus on
C. reticulata (ICLAM); 1KSo.daMadalena, Santo Ant´
onio
CB1914, 8.xi.94 (F. Aguiar) P219 ex A. floccosus on E. uniflora
(ICLAM); same data: 1K1L(BMNH); 1LCampo da Barca,
Funchal CB2113, 20.xi.94 (F. Aguiar) P226 ex A. floccosus
on Plumeria rubra (ICLAM). AZORES:S
˜
AO MIGUEL:
6L6KFurnas, B.G. Terra Nostra botanical gardens, 26.ix.98
(A. Polaszek and E. Hdez.) ex A. floccosus on C. aurantium
(BMNH); 2Kroad to Sete Cidades (590 m.s.m.), 27.ix.98
(A. Polaszek and E. Hdez.) ex Bemisia afersens.lat.onIlex
perado azorica (BMNH); same data: 2Lex Aleurotulus neph-
relepidis on Blechnum spicans.
Family Eulophidae
Subfamily Entedoninae
Euderomphale Girault
Euderomphale cortinae Graham
Material examined:MADEIRA:2LFaj ˜
adaNogueira
(600 m) CB2223, 19.iv.93 (F. Aguiar) P117 ex Bemisia afer
sens. lat.onM. faya (ICLAM); same data: 1L1K(BMNH),
2L2K15.xii.93 (F. Aguiar) P119a (ICLAM), 3K1L15.xii.93
(F. Aguiar) P119a (BMNH); 4L3KChao da Ribeira near
Seixal, 14.v.97 (A. Polaszek) on Cedronella sp. with Bemisia
afer sens. lat.; 1L1KVa l e d o P a raiso, 13.v.97 (A. Polaszek) ex
Bemisia afer sens. lat.onClethra sp.
Euderomphale gomer LaSalle & Hern ´
andez sp. nov.
Material examined: HOLOTYPE L:CANARY ISLANDS:
LA GOMERA: El Cedro, 15.vi.97 (E. Hdez.) ex Bemisia
afer sens. lat.onGesnouinia arborea (BMNH). PARA-
TYPE K:same data as holotype (BMNH); TENERIFE:
41L2KCuevas Negras, 29.vi.97 (E. Hdez.) ex Aleyrodes sin-
gularis on Canarina canariensis (BMNH); 1Ksame data
but ex Bemisia afersens.lat.onBystropogon odoratissimus
(BMNH); 1L,1Ksame data but ex B. medinae on
H. grandifolium (BMNH); 1Lsame data but ex A. singularis
Parasitoids of whiteflies 107
on Cruciferae (BMNH). 1LBco. de las Moradas, 18.v.97 (E.
Hdez.) ex Bemisia afersens.lat.onE. virescens (BMNH);
2L2Ksame data but ex A. singularis on C. canariensis
(BMNH); 2L1Ksame data but ex B. medinae on H. gran-
difolium (BMNH) 3L3Ksame data but ex B. medinae on H.
grandifolium (BMNH); 1LValle Guerra, 12.vi.97 (E. Hdez.)
ex Bemisia afersens.lat.onPterocephalus sp. (BNHM); 1K
Las Ca˜
nadas, Bco. de Erque (1925m.s.m.), 15.x.95 (A. Ca-
macho)17W/HI37740; 5L2KLas Mercedes, 7.vi.97 (E. Hdez.)
ex A. singularis on C. canariensis (BMNH); 1Ksame data but
ex B. medinae on H. grandifolium.LAGOMERA: 34L6KEl
Cedro, 15.vi.97 (E. Hdez.) ex B.medinae on H. grandifolium
(BMNH); 1L1KSan Sebastian, 15.vi.97 (E. Hdez.) ex A. pro-
letella on L. serriola (BMNH); 2Lsame data but ex Bemisia sp.
(afer-group) on E. berthelotii (ICIA). LA PALMA: 1L9KLos
Tilos, 21.vi.97 (E. Hdez.) ex A.singularis on C. canariensis
(ICIA), 1L1K(BMNH).
Euderomphale insularis LaSalle & Hern´
andez sp. nov.
Material examined: HOLOTYPE L:CANARY ISLANDS:
LA GOMERA: San Sebastian, 15.vi.97 (E. Hdez.) ex A.prole-
tella on L. serriola.PARATYPES 2L2K;samedata as holotype
(BMNH). Other material (all BMNH): LA GOMERA: 2L1K
Bco. Santiago, 14.vi.97 (E. Hdez.) ex A. proletella on L. serri-
ola;1
L1KSan Sebastian, 15.vi.97 (E. Hdez.) ex A.proletella
on L. serriola;LANZAROTE: 1KFem´
es, 3.v.97 (E. Hdez.) ex
A. proletella on B. oleracea;LAPALMA:1
LEl Paso, 22.vi.97
(E. Hdez.) ex A. proletella on L. serriola;AZORES:S
˜
AO
MIGUEL: 3L1KSerra da Tronqueira (700 m), 26.ix.98 (A.
Polaszek and E. Hdez.) ex Aleyrodes proletella on Lysimachia
nemorum.
Family Platygastridae
Amitus Haldeman
Amitus fuscipennis MacGown & Nebeker
Material examined: CANARY ISLANDS:TENERIFE: 23L
La Laguna, 21.i.97 (E. Hdez. et al.) ex T. vaporariorum (West.)
on P. pulcherrima;samedata: 1L16.xi.94. MADEIRA:2LSo.
da Igreja, Campan´
ario CB1016, 9.ii.94 (F. Aguiar) P150 ex
T. vaporariorum on Urtica dioica (ICLAM); same data: 1L
(BMNH), 2L6.x.94 (F. Aguiar) P213 on B. pilosa (ICLAM);
1LPreces, Ca.deLobos CB1414, 6.vii.94 (F. Aguiar) P193
ex T. vaporariorum on B. pilosa (ICLAM); same data: 323L
16.i.95 (A. Felix) P271 ex T. vaporariorum on P. pulcher-
rima (ICLAM), 2K(BMNH), 15L4.vi.95 (A. Felix) P272
(ICLAM), 13L15.v.97 (A. Polaszek) ex T. vaporariorum on
Erigeron sp.; 12LSo.daMadalena, Funchal CB1815, 8.xi.94
(F. Aguiar) P222 ex T. vaporariorum on Conyza sp. (BMNH);
1LFonte do Til, Arco da Calheta BB9820, 31.x.94 (A. Fe-
lix) P239 ex T. vaporariorum on L. esculentum (ICLAM); 3L
Serrado, Porto da Cruz CB2925, 26.i.95 (A. Felix) P266 ex
T. vaporariorum on L. esculentum (ICLAM); 1LSo.daCor-
ujeira, Tab´
ua CB0618, 19.iv.95 (A. Felix) P267 ex T. vapor-
ariorum on C. sativus (ICLAM); 2LRib. Real, Estreito de Ca.
de Lobos CB1515, 8.iii.95 (A. Felix) P268 ex T. vaporariorum
on P. pulcherrima (ICLAM); 3LSo. dos Barreiros, Canic¸o
CB2814, 7.i.95 (A. Felix) P269 ex T. vaporariorum on C.
sativus (ICLAM); 4LSo.daIgreja, Quinta Grande CB1115,
16.ii.95 (A. Felix) P270 ex T. vaporariorum on P. v u l garis
(ICLAM); 2LTranqual, Campan´
ario CB1016, 22.viii.95 (A.
Felix) P273 ex T. vaporariorum on L. esculentum (ICLAM);
1LSo.doSaraiva, Ca.deLobos CB1514, 13.x.93 (F. Aguiar)
P140b ex T. vaporariorum on S. muricatum (BMNH); 2LTor -
rinha, Funchal CB2114, 23.iv.94 (F. Aguiar) P181 ex T. vapor-
ariorum on Hibiscus sp. (BMNH); 1LSo.doSaraiva, Ca.de
Lobos CB1514, 13.x.93 (F. Aguiar) P140b ex T. vaporariorum
on S. muricatum (BMNH); 2LTorrinha, Funchal CB2114,
23.iv.94 (F. Aguiar) P181 ex T. vaporariorum on Hibiscus sp.
(BMNH).
Appendix 2. Summary of distribution
Parasitoid species Canary Madeira Azores
Islands
Encarsia acaudaleyrodis +– –
E. atlantica +– –
E. azimi +– –
E. davidi +– –
E. dichroa +– –
E. estrellae –– +
E. formosa ++ +
E. guadeloupae +– –
E. hispida ++ –
E. inaron ++ –
E. levadicola ++ –
E. lutea ++ –
E. melanostoma +– –
E. noahi ++ +
E. pergandiella ++ +
E. sophia +– –
E. tricolor ++ +
Eretmocerus eremicus +– –
E. mundus ++ –
E. nr rajasthanicus +– –
E. roseni +– –
Cales noacki ++ +
Euderomphale cortinae –+–
E. gomer +– –
E. insularis +– +
Amitus fuscipennis ++ –
Total number of species: 26
Number of species in the Canary Islands: 24
Number of species in Madeira: 12
Number of species in Azores: 7
Here described: 6
Introduced in biological control programmes: 4
Number of species in all three archipelagos: 5 (Encarsia noahi, E. formosa,
E. pergandiella, E. tricolor, Cales noacki)ofwhichE. noahi could be a
Macaronesian endemic, E. tricolor is widespread in the Old World and the
remainder are cosmopolitan.
Number of species only in Canary Islands and Madeira: 6 (Encarsia hispida,
E. inaron, E. levadicola, E. lutea, Eretmocerus mundus, Amitus fuscipennis)
of which E. inaron,E. lutea and E. mundus could be expected to occur as
yet undiscovered in the Azores, and E. hispida either already occurs there
or can be expected to invade in the near future.
Number of species only in the Canaries and Azores: 1 (Euderomphale
insularis)
Number of species only in Madeira and Azores: 0
108 E. Hern´andez-Su´arez
et al.
Appendix 3. Summary of Encarsia
species groups
inaron:7(E. atlantica, E. levadicola, E. melanostoma,
E. azimi, E. dichroa, E. estrellae, E. inaron).
lutea:2(E.davidi, E. lutea)
luteola:3(E. formosa, E. hispida, E. guade-
loupae)
parvella:2(E. acaudaleyrodes, E. pergandiella)
strenua:2(E. noahi, E. sophia)
tricolor:1(E. tricolor)
Appendix 4. Summary of origin
Nearctic/Neotropical: 7 (Cales noacki, Encarsia formosa,
E. guadeloupae, E. hispida, E. pergandiella, Eretmo-
cerus eremicus, Amitus fuscipennis)=27%
Palaearctic: 10 (Encarsia acaudaleyrodis, E. azimi,
E. davidi, E. dichroa, E. inaron, E. lutea, E. tricolor, Eretmo-
cerus mundus, E. roseni, E. nr rajasthanicus)=38%
Oriental: 1 (E. sophia)=4%
Macaronesia: 8 (Euderomphale gomer, E. insularis,
E. cortinae, Encarsia atlantica, E. estrellae, E. levadicola,
E. melanostoma, E. noahi)=31%
Appendix 5. Summary of whitefly hosts
Whitefly parasitoid species
Acaudaleyrodes rachipora
Aleurothrixus floccosus
Aleurotrachelus atratus
A. rhamnicola
Aleurotulus nephrolepidis
Aleyrodes sp. nov.
A. proletella
A. singularis
Bemisia afer sens. Lat.
B. lauracea
B. medinae
B. tabaci complex
Bemisia sp.(afer-group)
Bemisia sp.
Crenidorsum aroidephagus
Lipaleyrodes sp. A
Lipaleyrodes sp. B
Pealius azaleae
P. maderensis
Siphoninus phillyreae
Trialeurodes ricini
T. vaporariorum
Aleurodicus dispersus
Lecanoideus floccissimus
Total
Encarsia acaudaleyrodis + + 2
E. atlantica +1
E. azimi + + 2
E. davidi + + 2
E. dichroa + + 2
E. estrellae + + 2
E. formosa + + + + 4
E. guadeloupae + + 2
E. hispida + + + + + + + + + + 10
E. inaron + + + + 4
E. levadicola + + + 3
E. lutea + + + + + 5
E. melanostoma + + + + + + 6
E. noahi + + + + + + + + 8
E. pergandiella + + + + 4
E. sophia + + + + 4
E. tricolor + + + + + 5
Eremocerus. eremicus + + 2
E. mundus + + + + 4
E. nr rajasthanicus + + 2
E. roseni + + 2
Euderomphale cortinae +1
E. gomer + + + + + 5
E. insularis +1
Cales noacki + + + + + 5
Amitus. fuscipennis +1
Total 5 3 1 1 1 1 10 7 9 1 2 12 9 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 12 2 2 89
