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Morphological characteristics of larvae and imago of Myrmecaelurus trigrammus (Pallas, 1771)(Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae) reared in laboratory condition

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Alinaghi Mirmoayedi at Razi University
Alinaghi Mirmoayedi
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Abstract

1 st instar larvae of Myrmecaeurus trigrammus (Pallas, 1771) collected in Behesht Mustapha Marivan reared in laboratory condition , larvae fed with ants.The molting time, onset of diapause, carefully recorded .Characteristics of 3 rd instar larva, and the morphological details of larva, and imago ,described and figures drawn. INTRODUCTION Antlions (Family Myrmeleontidae) belong to the super order Neuropterida ,order Neuroptera, sub order Myrmeleontiformia , family Myrmeleontidae and subfamily Myrmeleontinae.There are 2000 already described species in the Family of Myrmeleontidae in the world , between them ,1800 species in the subfamily Myrmeleontinae (Aspoeck et al 2001). The adult Antlions have chewing mouthparts and generally feed on pollens of flowers; the larvae live in pitfalls, dug into soil. They have sucking mouthparts , suck blood of ants or other small arthropods.The pupation of larvae occurs in a spherical cocoon ,made of small soil particles .Adults are not good fliers, and could be encountered in vegetations during early morning and or in dusk (Aspoeck et al 1980). There are more than 80 reported species for the fauna of Iranian Myrmeleontidae .There are few studies on the larval morphology and life cycle of the Antlions of Iran. The life cycle and morphology of the larvae of Cueta lineosa and C.luteola was already studied by Mirmoayedi in Iran (Mirmoayedi 2003a, b). Krivokhatsky has contributed to the study of larval morphology of Isoleon amseli in Russia(Krivokhatsky, 1996), and Mansell studied the behaviour of larvae of Callistoleon illustris in South Africa(Mansell, 1988).Hoelzel contributed much to the study of adult Myrmeleontids of Iran, but in his articles there is not any description of larval morphology (Hoelzel, 1972) MATERIAL AND METHODS 1 st instar larvae of Myrmecaelurus trigrammus, collected in 7th August 2005 from Behesht Mostapha in suburb of Mraivan (35° 45'N, 46°20'E), a city of 1280m altitude located on foothills of North West Zagros Mountains in western part of Iran, and bordering Iraqi frontier. Zaribar lake with an area of 1550 hectares often frozen in winter ,is located in west part of the city and contributes to the humidity in summer time and coldness of environment in winter .The larvae collected from pitfalls under canopy of annual weeds, and reared in incubators, regulated with following
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Iranian Journal of Animal Biosystematics(IJAB)
Vol.4, No.1,1-6, 2008
ISSN: 1735-434X
*CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: alimirmoayedi@gmail.com ©2008 FERDOWSI UNIVERSITY OF MASHHAD, IRAN
Morphological characteristics of larvae and
imago of Myrmecaelurus trigrammus
(Pallas, 1771)(Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae)
reared in laboratory condition
ALINAGHI MIRMOAYEDI
Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran P.O.Box 67145-1433
1st instar larvae of Myrmecaeurus trigrammus (Pallas, 1771) collected in Behesht Mustapha
Marivan reared in laboratory condition , larvae fed with ants.The molting time, onset
of diapause, carefully recorded .Characteristics of 3rd instar larva, and the morphological
details of larva, and imago ,described and figures drawn.
Key words: Myrmecaelurus trigrammus, rearing, characteristics of larva and imago
INTRODUCTION
Antlions (Family Myrmeleontidae) belong to the super order Neuropterida ,order Neuroptera, sub
order Myrmeleontiformia , family Myrmeleontidae and subfamily Myrmeleontinae.There are 2000
already described species in the Family of Myrmeleontidae in the world , between them ,1800
species in the subfamily Myrmeleontinae (Aspoeck et al 2001). The adult Antlions have chewing
mouthparts and generally feed on pollens of flowers; the larvae live in pitfalls, dug into soil. They
have sucking mouthparts , suck blood of ants or other small arthropods.The pupation of larvae
occurs in a spherical cocoon ,made of small soil particles .Adults are not good fliers, and could
be encountered in vegetations during early morning and or in dusk (Aspoeck et al 1980). There are
more than 80 reported species for the fauna of Iranian Myrmeleontidae .There are few studies on
the larval morphology and life cycle of the Antlions of Iran. The life cycle and morphology of the
larvae of Cueta lineosa and C.luteola was already studied by Mirmoayedi in Iran (Mirmoayedi 2003a,
b). Krivokhatsky has contributed to the study of larval morphology of Isoleon amseli in
Russia(Krivokhatsky, 1996), and Mansell studied the behaviour of larvae of Callistoleon illustris in
South Africa(Mansell, 1988).Hoelzel contributed much to the study of adult Myrmeleontids of
Iran, but in his articles there is not any description of larval morphology (Hoelzel, 1972)
MATERIAL AND METHODS
1st instar larvae of Myrmecaelurus trigrammus, collected in 7th August 2005 from Behesht Mostapha in
suburb of Mraivan (35° 45'N, 46°20'E), a city of 1280m altitude located on foothills of North
West Zagros Mountains in western part of Iran, and bordering Iraqi frontier. Zaribar lake with an
area of 1550 hectares often frozen in winter ,is located in west part of the city and contributes to
the humidity in summer time and coldness of environment in winter .The larvae collected from
pitfalls under canopy of annual weeds, and reared in incubators, regulated with following
2 IRANIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL BIOSYSTEMATICS Vol.4, No. 1
conditions ; temperature 25±1°C, photoperiod, 16L8D , and relative humidity, 60%. Time of
larval molting, beginning of pupation, and appearance of imago from cocoon, were all followed,
and thoroughly recorded.
RESULTS
The characters of 3rd instar larva described here are based on the morphological characteristics of
the exuvia of the 3rd instar larva, found in the cocoon, after emergence of imago. 3rd instar larva:
Body, pale brown, covered by tiny pieces of soil, length of body without mandible 8.5 mm (fig.1.)
FIG.1. - 3rd instar larva of Myrmecaeurus trigrammus.
t; mandibular teeth, ib; mandibular internal bristles, eb; mandibular external bristles, ant; antenna,
St; stemmata, tle; thoracic lateral long bristles.
Head: length 2.6mm, eyes yellow, bulging on each side of head, consists of eight stemmata.
Small black spines located between stemmata. Antenna: Scape and pedicel, dark brown. Flagellum
consists of 13 light brown segments .Length of each antenna 0.8 mm.
Mandible: dark brown, 2.6mm, tip sickle like and with tapering end. In it's internal border, with
three conical teeth. Eight spines are located between, the base of the right mandible and the first
tooth, 7 of such spines are located between the base of the left mandible and the first tooth. Two
spines between the first and the second teeth of the right mandible and three between the same
teeth of the right mandible. No spines between the second and the third teeth.22 long and 20
short spines are located on the external border of the right mandible, and 24 long and 20 short
spines are located on the external border of the left mandible, all spines black.
Thorax : Symmetrical brown spots on the three thoracic segments .On each side of three thoracic
segments ,one long thread like extension,0.35 mm long .The terga of the thoracic and abdominal
segments are covered by small black spines.
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LARVAE AND IMAGO 3
FIG.2.- Legs of the 3rd instar larva.Cx; Coxa, tr; trochanter, fm; femur, tb; tibia, ts; tarsus.
Legs: Each tarsal segment ends to two brown claws .Hind legs more strong and robust and have
claws bigger than the two other pairs of legs. On the dorsal and ventral surfaces of legs are long
and short spines and bristles (Fig.2.).
Abdomen: Small spines and bristles are scattered on the terga and sterna of abdominal segments.
On each side of the last abdominal segment, lateral to anus, there are six long black spines, and
on mid dorsal part of anus, 27 small spines situated in four rows.
Male imago: Length of body without antenna 31mm, head and thorax yellow. Compound eyes
dark brown, antennae clavate brown.On epicranium of head is located a cross like dark brown
spot; two other quadrate spots are equally situated lateral to it.
Pronutum: A median longitudinal dark brown band is located in median part of pronutum,
dividing it to two equal sections (Fig.3.).
4 IRANIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL BIOSYSTEMATICS Vol.4, No. 1
FIG.3.-head and pronutum
Wings: Fore wings: 29.6mm, hind wings 28.3 mm, both yellowish transparent without any
spots.Pterostigma, distinct, whitish. Hind wing, inner radial field (irf) with four cross veins, fore
wing with six cross veins (fig 4).
FIG.4. - Fore and hind wing. irf; inner radal field.
Abdominal segments: yellow, composed of 9 segments. A mid dorsal longitudinal brown line
extends from the first to the last abdominal segment .On each side of the 6th and 7th abdominal
segments is attached a pleuritosquamae (Fig .5.), with long hairs especially dense on its distal part.
Genitalia of male imago, consists of gonarcus and paramer (figs.6 and 7. successively, lateral and
ventral view).
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LARVAE AND IMAGO 5
FIG.5.- Terminal abdominal segments of the imago of Myrmecaeurus trigrammus ,showing
pleuritosquamae attached on 6th and 7th segments.pls; pleuritosquamae, t6,t7,t8,t9; tergum 6
through 9, ect; ectoproct, s6,s7,s8,s9 ; sternum 6 through 9.
FIG.6- Male imago's genitalia, lateral view. gs; gonarcus, pa; paramer.
FIG.7- Male imago's genitalia, ventral view.
6 IRANIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL BIOSYSTEMATICS Vol.4, No. 1
DISCUSSION
Of the three specimens of larvae collected in Behesht Mustapha of Marivan ,two were brought
up to female imagoes and one to a male .The larvae collected in marivan in 7th August 2005, all
fed with ants and no water furnished to them in all their entire life cycle. The molting of 1st to
second instar larva was seen, on 31 January 2006.The second ecdysis ,that is molting of the
second instar to the third was delayed untill 9.October 2006.
The pupation was seen nine months later, that is 22. June 2007. The pupa is enclosed in a cocoon
made of tiny particles of soil. In 15th July, of the same year, the male imago emerged from cocoon.
The two-year duration of life cycle from the 1st instar larva to the imago must be considered as a
long period, because normally it might durate a few months and maximum one year and not two
years. It should be due to the continual rearing of larvae in a constant temperature of 25±1°C in
laboratory. While in their original microclimate the larvae live in a very cold temperature in fall
and winter. In winter, generally the temperature falls below minus ten or minus fifteen degree
centigrade in Marivan. This coldness should induce larval diapause, which continues through the
cold climates of fall and winter and is broken by the higher temperatures in the beginning of the
May. In mid May, temperature of Marivan rises to average 15°C. In other experiments (not
published) personal observations proved that larvae of antlions reared in constant temperature,
when transfered to the cold climate of outdoor, in the fall and winter, has triggered diapause,
which continued until the first month of spring and was broken in the middle of May with
faster emergence of imago.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author thanks the vice presidency for research of Razi university for financial support, Professor Hoelzel of
Brückl , Austria for confirmation of the original determination, of the male imago, and also thanks his wife , for
help in collection of material, and rearing of larvae .
LITERATURE CITED
ASPOECK H, ASPOEK U. AND HOELZEL H. 1980. Die Neuropteren Europas.Vol.1,2. Goecke &
Evers.Krefed.
ASPOECK H, HOELZEL H. AND ASPOEK U. 2001. Denisia 02, Kommentierter katalog der
Neuropterida (Insecta; Rhaphidoptera, Megaloptera, Neuroptera) der westpaläarktis.publisher :
Öberösterreich Landes Museum.606 p.
HOELZEL H. 1972. Die Neuropteren Vorderasiens. IV.Myrmeleonidae. Beitrag Naturkunde
Forschung .Sudwest Deutschland .Beiheft , 1.1-103..
KRIVOKHATSKY V.A. 1996. Isoleon amseli (Hoelzel. 1967), Comb.n. With description of larva
(Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae). Zoosystematica Rossica. 4: 1.155-158.
MANSELL M.W. 1988 .The pitfall trap of the Australian Ant-lion Callistoleon illustris (Gerstaecker)
(Neuroptera, Myrmeleontiae): An Evolutionary Advance. Australian Journal of Zoology, 36, 351-6.
MIRMOAYEDI, A. 2003A. Description of the third stage larva of Cueta lineosa Rambur, 1842.
(Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae) rearing for the first time in Iran.Kharkov Entomological Society Gazett.
10(1-2):122-123.
MIRMOAYEDI.A. 2003B. Rearing of the third stage larva of Cueta luteola Hoelzel 1972 (Neuroptera,
Myrmeleontidae) for the first time in Iran. Zoology in the Middle East 29: 101-104.
... The oldest description of a M. trigrammus larva dates back to the second half of the 19th century when Redtenbacher (1883Redtenbacher ( , 1884a presented its morphology. In three further descriptions only a few details concerning larval morphology were presented (Doflein 1921;Steffan 1975;Mirmoayedi 2008). Solid depictions of third instar larvae of M. trigrammus were provided later (Willmann 1977;Gepp 2010;Krivokhatsky 2011;Badano 2012), thereof two excellent descriptions based on antlions from the Dodecanese Islands (Willmann 1977) and from Italy, Romania and Turkey (Badano 2012). ...
... Each eye tubercle in M. trigrammus larvae bears seven stemmata. Thus, Mirmoayedi's statement that larval eye in this species is composed of eight stemmata (Mirmoayedi 2008) is not correct. In the eyes of all larval antlion species studied so far (see Jockusch 1967;Eisenbeis & Wichard 1987;Nicoli Aldini 2007;Satar et al. 2007;Cesaroni et al. 2010;Pantaleoni et al. 2010;Devetak et al. 2010a,b) an eye tubercle bears seven stemmata. ...
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The pitfall trap of the Australian Ant-lion Callistoleon illustris (Gerstaecker) (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontiae): An Evolutionary Advance
  • Jan 1988
  • 351-357
MANSELL M.W. 1988.The pitfall trap of the Australian Ant-lion Callistoleon illustris (Gerstaecker) (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontiae): An Evolutionary Advance. Australian Journal of Zoology, 36, 351-6.
Die Neuropteren Vorderasiens
  • Jan 1972
  • 1-103
HOELZEL H. 1972. Die Neuropteren Vorderasiens. IV.Myrmeleonidae. Beitrag Naturkunde Forschung.Sudwest Deutschland.Beiheft, 1.1-103..
Rearing of the third stage larva of Cueta luteola Hoelzel 1972 (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae) for the first time in Iran
  • Jan 2003
  • 101-104
MIRMOAYEDI.A. 2003B. Rearing of the third stage larva of Cueta luteola Hoelzel 1972 (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae) for the first time in Iran. Zoology in the Middle East 29: 101-104.
Isoleon amseli (Hoelzel. 1967), Comb.n. With description of larva (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae)
  • Jan 1996
  • 1-155
KRIVOKHATSKY V.A. 1996. Isoleon amseli (Hoelzel. 1967), Comb.n. With description of larva (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae). Zoosystematica Rossica. 4: 1.155-158.
  • Jan 1980
  • Iranian Journal
  • Animal
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  • And Hoelzel H
IRANIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL BIOSYSTEMATICS Vol.4, No. 1 LITERATURE CITED ASPOECK H, ASPOEK U. AND HOELZEL H. 1980. Die Neuropteren Europas.Vol.1,2. Goecke & Evers.Krefed.
Kommentierter katalog der Neuropterida (Insecta; Rhaphidoptera, Megaloptera, Neuroptera) der westpaläarktis.publisher : Öberösterreich Landes Museum
  • Jan 2001
  • Hoelzel H And Aspoek U
ASPOECK H, HOELZEL H. AND ASPOEK U. 2001. Denisia 02, Kommentierter katalog der Neuropterida (Insecta; Rhaphidoptera, Megaloptera, Neuroptera) der westpaläarktis.publisher : Öberösterreich Landes Museum.606 p.
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  • Literature Cited Aspoeck H
  • Aspoek U And Hoelzel H
LITERATURE CITED ASPOECK H, ASPOEK U. AND HOELZEL H. 1980. Die Neuropteren Europas.Vol.1,2. Goecke & Evers.Krefed.
Description of the third stage larva of Cueta lineosa Rambur, 1842. (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae) rearing for the first time in Iran
  • Jan 2003
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MIRMOAYEDI, A. 2003A. Description of the third stage larva of Cueta lineosa Rambur, 1842. (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae) rearing for the first time in Iran.Kharkov Entomological Society Gazett. 10(1-2):122-123.