Content uploaded by Sergio Zárate
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Sergio Zárate on Mar 18, 2014
Content may be subject to copyright.
A preview of the PDF is not available
Ethnobotany and domestication process of Leucaena in Mexico
... En este sentido, para que un producto funcione como símbolo debe poseer comunalidad de significado entre los consumidores (Lo Monaco et al., 2016). Este tipo de simbolismo podría presentarse en el guaje rojo, cuyo consumo en platillos es frecuente o se encuentra asociado a una temporada específica, se elaboran acorde a la herencia gastronómica, conocido debido a sus propiedades sensoriales y asociado a cierta área local, región o país (Guerrero et al., 2009 dominancia se incrementa con la aridez del medio (Peralta-Juárez et al., 2017;Sánchez-Hurtado, 2014;Zárate, 1999). Zárate (1997) menciona que en el Código Florentino se describe al uaxin y vagamente se menciona su uso como alimento y venta en mercados, de este nombre Náhuatl se deriva el término español de guaje; por otro lado, reporta que el cultígeno de Leucaena se consume en México desde épocas prehispánicas. ...
... Lo más usado del guaje es el fruto y sus semillas, los usos reportados para el guaje son como alimento, árbol de frutos cultivado, árbol medicinal, como leña y como topónimo (Zárate, 1997). Zárate (1999) reporta algunas preparaciones del guaje, en la tradición culinaria, tales como el guaxmole, salsas de guaje, tortas de guaje (semilla inmadura batida con huevo y queso, frita en sartén) y el guajesquite (semilla seca tostada hasta reventar y servida en tacos con salsa, o bien limón y chile en polvo). ...
Red guaje (Leucaena esculenta (DC.) Benth.) is an edible plant widely distributed in Mexico, particularly in the Ngiwa region of Puebla. Users obtain functional, emotional, and abstract conceptualizations of various products in their cultural environment through perception. The objectives of the study were: a) to apply from social psychology a marketing method to identify the routes of influence of human values on the consumption of red guaje, and b) to determine the meanings that native consumers assign to the plant. A survey was conducted with 200 consumers, asking about the importance of specific tangible attributes of guaje and a set of 40 human values. An image of guaje was shown, and participants were asked to mention three words related to it. Factor analysis was used to generate factors for constructing multiple linear regression models. Three models were adjusted to estimate the multiple correlation coefficients: RModel1, RModel2, and RModel3. These models were composed of: consumption based on factors of tangible attributes, consumption based on factors of human values plus residuals of tangible attributes, and consumption based on factors of human values. A k-proportions test and the Marascuilo procedure were applied to word frequencies grouped by affinity. The direct route was calculated as the difference RModel2 - RModel1 (ΔR), and the indirect route as RModel3 - (ΔR). The direct influence was not found to be significant, indicating that human values flowed through the importance of tangible attributes. Red guaje exhibited a higher communality of utilitarian meanings (70.7%), with gastronomy (29.45%) and economy (22.75%) being the most prevalent, while seed preservation (1.15%) showed the lowest communality. Among the symbolic psychological meanings, hedonism (11.47%) and identity (9.18%) had the highest communalities.
... Se ha extendido en una amplia gama de sitios, un tanto libres de heladas, también está presente en muchas zonas semiáridas, siempre que exista algo de humedad en el suelo (Heuzé y Tran, 2015). Posee una alta calidad nutricional de alimento para los bovinos, los ovinos y los caprinos, su biomasa aérea es rica en nutrientes, es tolerante a la sequía, además de fijar nitrógeno (N) atmosférico al suelo y controlar la erosión; su sombra atenúa la intensidad lumínica y reduce el efecto de las altas temperaturas tropicales, además favorece la vida silvestre, incrementándose así la biodiversidad (Bacab et al., 2013); se usa como alimento y medicina, su madera sirve para la construcción y para elaborar utensilios; las hojas, flores y semillas se comen frescas, crudas o cocinadas (Zárate, 1999;Heuzé y Tran, 2015). ...
... La aptitud ambiental durante el periodo 1960-1990 (Figura 2), se apreció favorable para la especie bajo estudio como resultado de sus amplios intervalos ambientales (Heuzé y Tran, 2015). La superficie con aptitud ambiental fue notoria en gran parte del centro y sur de México, lo que demuestra que las condiciones tropicales y subtropicales corresponden mejor a las necesidades climáticas de la especie (Zárate, 1999;Heuzé y Tran, 2015). En la Figura 3 se observan pequeñas nuevas áreas con aptitud ambiental para L. ...
El objetivo del estudio fue estimar las áreas con aptitud ambiental (AA) y establecer los descriptores ecológicos para Leucaena leucocephala, con el software MaxEnt con base en 19 variables bioclimáticas y una edáfica; se modeló el nicho de distribución para los períodos 1960-1990, 2041-2060 y 2061-2080. Los datos climáticos se obtuvieron del portal de Global Climate Data de WorldClim y se procesaron mediante imágenes ráster y ascii con una resolución de 30 segundos de arco. Para las climatologías futuras se consideró el modelo de circulación general (MCG): GFDL-CM3 con dos trayectorias representativas de concentración de gases efecto invernadero (rcp 4.5 y rcp 8.5). Los resultados mostraron que para el periodo 1960-1990, la superficie con AA para la especie fue de 251 134 km², y se ubica en las zonas costeras del Golfo de México, Sierra Madre Oriental, Occidental y del Sur, Sierra Norte de Puebla, Istmo de Tehuantepec y parte de la Península de Yucatán; las variables ambientales que más contribuyeron a explicar la distribución de L. leucocephala fueron el fotoperiodo, la precipitación del mes más húmedo, temperatura media del mes más frío, precipitación acumulada de mayo a octubre y la temperatura media de noviembre a abril. Respecto a los escenarios futuros, las proyecciones auguran un incremento en la superficie con AA, de 51 a 72 % para los rcp 8.5 y 4.5, respectivamente. En lo referente a los descriptores ecológicos, los intervalos ambientales de distribución son amplios, tanto para las variables de temperatura como de precipitación.
... En estudios etnobotánicos hechos en México, se reportan efectos analgésicos, anticancerígenos, antiinflamatorios, antidiabéticos, afrodisíacos, eupépticos, antiparasitarios y antimicrobianos de extractos de hojas y semillas de L. leucocephala y L. esculenta (Zárate, 1987;Zárate, 1999;Lim, 2012;Román, 2015;Peralta et al., 2017;Sepúlveda et al., 2018;Mora et al., 2021). Específicamente, en estudios antimicrobianos mediante la técnica de difusión en agar, se reporta actividad de los extractos de hojas y semillas de L. leucocephala, principalmente sobre cepas de Vibrio cholerae, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Escherichia coli y Pseudomonas aeruginosa con halos de inhibición promedio de 15 mm para E. coli y S. aureus (Nwe et al., 2001;Mathur et al., 2013;Savita y Preeti, 2015;Dago et al., 2020). ...
Phytochemical bio-guided studies are used to find compounds with biological activity. Flavonoids from seeds of Leucaenaspecies have antimicrobial activity in strains of medical interest, therefore, fresh seeds were collected from the town of Tlayacapan, Morelos, Mexico. The methanolic extracts were obtained by the maceration technique, targeted fractionation was performed using adsorption and molecular exclusion chromatographic techniques; to observe the antimicrobial activity, agardiffusion techniques were used; spectrometric and spectroscopic techniques were used for the characterization of D-pinitol, resulting from the fractionation of L. leucocephala. Antimicrobial activity was found on strains of Escherichia coliCUSI and Staphylococcus aureusATCC 29213 of the most polar fractions, identifying the responsible compounds by HPLC: caffeic acid, gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, quercetin, catechin and apigenin, these compounds can inhibit the activation enzymatic, synthesis of nucleicacids and proteins, chelating with different ions, etc.
... This will enable the tree to perform its immediate economic functions more efficiently while also contributing to the ecological functions of agroforestry and forests in general. Taking into account the results of ethnobotanical studies in the plant domestication process is not new (Zarate 1999, Cunningham 2001, Volpato et al. 2004, Neto et al. 2014. The problem of the morphological variability of many plants in tropical Africa has already been addressed by many researchers in West Africa (Kouyaté et al. 2002, Assogbadjo et al. 2005, Djé et al. 2005, Kouyaté et al. 2005. ...
... Leucaena leucocephala (leucaena) is a nitrogen-fixing tree-legume suitable for sustainable agroforestry systems. Leucaena grows successfully in a wide range of tropical and subtropical areas of the world where minimum daily temperatures are above 15°C, including Central and South America, Africa, southern states (Zárate 1999). Subspecies glabrata includes two different types, Peru and Salvador, which originated in Peru and El Salvador regions of South and Central America, respectively. ...
Leucaena leucocephala (leucaena) is one of the 22 Leucaena species that originated in Central America. There are two major subspecies of leucaena, L. leucocephala subsp. glabrata (giant leucaena) and L. leucocephala subsp. leucocephala (common leucaena). Giant leucaena is a medium size fast-growing tree important for agroforestry while common leucaena is a small bushy shrub that is considered to be an invasive weed. Giant leucaena can be grown as a woody tree of up to ~ 20 m in height or maintained as a bushy fodder legume by repeated harvest of its foliage several times a year. Giant leucaena grown for fodder can produce forage dry mater yield of up to 34 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. High forage yield together with high protein content makes leucaena an ideal fodder legume for the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Although mimosine present in the leucaena foliage has toxicity, it should not be a big concern because ruminants can be successfully inoculated with the mimosine-metabolizing rumen bacterium Synergistis jonesii. Alternatively, mimosine present in the leucaena foliage can be removed easily and inexpensively through simple processing. Giant leucaena cultivars are generally free from diseases and are highly tolerant to drought. Although infestation by psyllids may be a problem, a number of psyllid-resistant cultivars of giant leucaena have been developed through interspecies hybridization. The wood of giant leucaena can be used for timber, paper pulp, or biofuel production. Leucaena foliage and wood may serve as raw materials for development of new industry for production of phytochemicals such as mimosine, tannins and anthocyanins, wood products, and high-protein animal feed for farm animals in the future.
p> Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit (Leucaena) is a woody fodder legume with extensive use as livestock feed in the tropics becasuse of its adaptation and productivity in tropical environments. This review discusses benefits of Leucaena as feed for bovines in realtion to tropical grasses, among these benefits are: lower methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) emission; higher intake of protein, Ω<sub>3</sub> fatty acids and minerals; incorporation of atmospheric nitrogen (N<sub>2</sub>) to the soil-plant-animal chain; and, higher N efficiency by the bovine. Mimosine and concentration of condensed tannins above 5% might cause digestive disorders in bovines, then Leucaena intake has to be controlled and use of Leucaena populations with lower mimosine and condensed tannins concentrations. Silvopastoral systems are an option to have Leucaena available for grazing cattle, row tree planting has shown higher animal production than scattered trees and cluster. Silvopastoral system with Leucaena can increase total available forage by 8.7 t of DM ha<sup>-1</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>, this additional forage can have 22 to 25% and 55 to 61% crude protein and in vitro dry matter digestibility, respectively. Planned incorporation of Leucaena to the grazing areas has shown to yield 9.1 to 9.8 kg of milk cow<sup>-1</sup> day<sup>-1</sup> or 11957 to 14403 kg milk ha<sup>-1</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>; and, 693 to 851 g of live-weight gain animal<sup>-1</sup> day<sup>-1</sup> or 788 to 1337 kg of live-weight ha<sup>-1</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>. Leucaena inclusion on grazing areas improves livestock productivity in tropical areas with lower environmental impact than tropical grasses alone; however, more reaserch is needed to overcome some Leucaena agronomic and nutritional limitations.</p
La cocina de México forma parte de su identidad alimentaria, es reconocida por la gran diversidad biocultural y por la convergencia de raíces indígenas y extranjeras. El objetivo de esta contribución fue catalogar especies condimentarias de origen americano utilizadas en la cocina mexicana y proponer una clasificación de sus formas de uso y consumo. Se realizó una recopilación de datos a partir de bibliografía y consulta a la “Base de Datos Etnobotánicos de Plantas Útiles de México” del Jardín Botánico del Instituto de Biología, UNAM. Se catalogaron 256 especies, 218 son silvestres y de ellas, 50 son endémicas de México, 5 están reguladas en la NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010. La estructura vegetal más mencionada fue la hoja (145) y la forma biológica fueron las hierbas (118). Los condimentos se clasificaron en 3 grupos: a) aditivos (193 especies) divididos en colorantes, sales, edulcorantes y otros diversos, y complejos (plantas que comparten nombre, olor y sabor similar), incluyen 8 formas de preparación de alimentos; b) materiales (66) divididos en envoltura de alimentos, envoltura de tamales, cubrimiento de hornos y leña; y c) condimentos comidos crudos (42) que acompañan y/o complementan alimentos.
The Codex Cruz-Badianus contains 185 phytomorphs separated into 13 chapters based on medical disorders, as explained in Chap. 1. Each image is labeled with its folio number followed by r (recto) or v (verso) and a number from 1 to 11 when there is more than one image per folio. Emmart (1940) reported only 184 illustrations, and we assume that folio 56v1 and 56v2 (two intertwined plants) were incorrectly listed as one illustration even though two Nahuatl names are attached. A letter from Eugene Tisserat to William Gates, dated July 26, 1933, listed charges for illustrations by his niece Marie-Thérèse Vuillemin for “185 flowers” (Gates 2000). A number of other folios (14v, 18v, 32r, 44r, 51v, 54r, 59r) contain superimposed images. The phytomorphs are those found in Emmart (1940), which were based on the Vuillemin illustrations.
Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit (Leucaena) is a woody fodder legume with extensive use as livestock feed in the tropics becasuse of its adaptation and productivity in tropical environments. This review discusses benefits of Leucaena as feed for bovines in realtion to tropical grasses, among these benefits are: lower methane (CH4) emission; higher intake of protein, Ω3 fatty acids and minerals; incorporation of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to the soil-plant-animal chain; and, higher N efficiency by the bovine. Mimosine and concentration of condensed tannins above 5% might cause digestive disorders in bovines, then Leucaena intake has to be controlled and use of Leucaena populations with lower mimosine and condensed tannins concentrations. Silvopastoral systems are an option to have Leucaena available for grazing cattle, row tree planting has shown higher animal production than scattered trees and cluster. Silvopastoral system with Leucaena can increase total available forage by 8.7 t of DM ha-1 yr-1, this additional forage can have 22 to 25% and 55 to 61% crude protein and in vitro dry matter digestibility, respectively. Planned incorporation of Leucaena to the grazing areas has shown to yield 9.1 to 9.8 kg of milk cow-1 day-1 or 11957 to 14403 kg milk ha-1 yr-1; and, 693 to 851 g of live-weight gain animal-1 day-1 or 788 to 1337 kg of live-weight ha-1 yr-1. Leucaena inclusion on grazing areas improves livestock productivity in tropical areas with lower environmental impact than tropical grasses alone; however, more reaserch is needed to overcome some Leucaena agronomic and nutritional limitations.
Se presentan los resultados acerca de los métodos arborícolas y silvícolas usados por los Totonacos de la Planicie Costera para manejar integralmente sus recursos naturales mediante una estrategia de uso múltiple de recursos, con base en agricultura itinerante.
A model of domestication of plants in Mesoamerica based on selective management of plant populations and communities by silvicultural practices is analyzed. Archaeological and ethnobotanical information suggests that intentional manipulation of vegetation by Mesoamerican peoples has occurred in past and present times in order to control availability of useful plants. Forms of management of plant communities or populations have included tolerance, protection and enhancement of individual plants of particular species during clearance of vegetation and other ways of perturbation. Processes of artificial selection (selection in situ) may be carried out through these forms of plant management. These processes may cause significant morphological differences between wild and managed populations as illustrated by the cases discussed here of Anoda cristata, Crotalaria pumila, Leucaena esculenta and Stenocereus stellatus. Processes of artificial selection in situ are mechanisms of incipient domestication of plants which appear to have been carried out in Mesoamerica, perhaps since pre-agricultural times, and that could contribute to explain the processes that led to the origins of agriculture in this region.
Aspects of plant domestication from the archaeological period to modern times in Mexico, which is one of the major centers of diversity of cultivated plants, and origins of agriculture are discussed. -from Author
Phytogeographical, morphological, and molecular evidence for the widespread but sporadic occurrence of sterile hybrids betweenLeucaena leucocephala subsp.glabrata andL. esculenta subsp.esculenta in South-Central Mexico is presented. Most morphological and DNA characters studied in the putative hybrids showed states intermediate between the proposed parental taxa. The occurrence of non-additive nuclear ribosomal DNA phenotypes is discussed and the need to use a suite of nuclear taxon-specific markers to determine hybridity is emphasized. The origin of the hybrid is discussed in relation to the disruption of the distributions of both parental taxa through use by man as minor food plants, providing another example of the important influence of human interference on the evolution ofLeucaena. The successful use of dried leaf material as a source of DNA is highlighted as an efficient way to identify sterile hybrids at the molecular level.
We studied species composition, similarity, and structure of homegardens in two Yucatecan Maya communities, Tixpeual and Tixcacaltuyub, Yucatan, Mexico. The number of gardens sampled per village was 20 and 22; total area sampled was very similar, 45,265 m2 and 40,150 m2; the number of trees and shrubs present was 5651 and 5603; and number of species was 135 and 133, respectively. Diversity was low for both sites (H′= 1.6), as were the correlation coefficients (r) for the species-area and individuals-area correlations. The relatively low values obtained for the structural parameters reflect the random pattern of plant incorporation to the gardens, the variability in the proportion of constantly used and not constantly used garden area, and a certain uniformity in the number of species used and number of individuals present, and the relationship between these parameters and garden size. All these reflect the uniqueness of each homegarden, which depends upon the cultural background of the owner. We noticed a trend towards a change in homegarden structure and function in response to the modernization process. Homegardens in villages in the outskirts of cities tend to have more ornamental species and commercial fruit plants than homegardens in isolated villages.
This woody legume, originally native to Mexico but now naturalized in Arizona, Florida and Texas, has been extensively used
in Indonesia for soil erosion control and should be similarly employed in our Southern States.
Uses of tree legumes in semi-arid and arid regions are reviewed. This review is divided into sections according to the following general use categories: fuels; human food; livestock food; to increase yields of crops grown beneath their canopies;and control of desertification. (MHR)