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Strelitziana mali, a new species causing sooty blotch on apple fruit

Authors:
Rong Zhang at Beihang University (BUAA)
Rong Zhang
Hanli Yang
Hanli Yang
Guangyu Sun at Northwest A & F University
Guangyu Sun
Huanyu Li at Gansu Agricultural University
Huanyu Li
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Abstract and Figures

Strelitziana mali, a new species isolated from the cuticle of apple fruit (Malus xdomestica), is described and illustrated. Samples were collected from two orchards in Shaanxi and Henan Provinces, China. The fungus, pathogenic to apple fruits, is distinguished from the other known species in the genus both by morphological characters visible using optical and scanning electron microscopes and by phylogenetic analysis based on ITS sequences.
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All content in this area was uploaded by Guangyu Sun on Jun 25, 2017
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MYCOTAXON
 

Strelitziana mali, a new species causing
sooty blotch on apple fruit



 



Abstract            
 ×         
          



Key words       

Introduction
           
            
       

        






           

           
        

Materials and methods
          

°
  




        
  
 

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
         
              
             
     
°°
°° 

         
        
          


        
         
         
        
 

Results
      
 
     
           


  
 
  
  
  
  
  
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  



      



     



 



Taxonomic description
Strelitziana mali sp. nov. 
 

 


       

        
     

×
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°

   
 
         
        


        
      
           



Discussion
        



 
 
 


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             
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Acknowledgments

            
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          


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            
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           
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           
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

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              


... The most abundant genus (Aureobasidium) in M. kwangtungensis leaf has been known as a group of black yeasts with high ability of stress-tolerance, which can help host plant to withstand high ultraviolet (UV) radiation and moderately osmotic condition in the island environment (Li et al., 2015;Turk and Gostinčar, 2018). It is noteworthy that S. mali, which has been documented as a plant pathogen (Zhang et al., 2009), was significantly enriched in the leaf endosphere. Several studies have addressed the issue that some fungal endophytes may be latent pathogens (Carroll, 1988;Photita et al., 2004 (Sapkota et al., 2015). ...
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... This is the only other species reported to produce chalamydospores (Cheewangkoon et al. 2009). Strelitziana mali was reported as a pathogen of apple fruits from two orchards in Shaanxi and Henan Provinces of China (Zhang et al. 2009). Zhang et al. (2010) reported S. africana from China isolated from stems of Dioscorea cirrhosa and Sabia parviflora. ...
Strelitziana sarbhoyi sp. nov. (Strelitzianaceae, Chaetothyriales), from North-Western Himalayas, India, described based on morphology and molecular phylogeny
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2019
Strelitziana sarbhoyi is established as a new species to accommodate a phylloplane fungus isolated from Mallotus philippensis collected from Kangra region of North-Western Himalayas, Himachal Pradesh. The identity of the fungus is confirmed based on the asexual-morphs, cultural characteristics and phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA and partial nuclear ribosomal 28S large subunit (LSU) sequence data. The placement of S. sarbhoyi in the phylogenetic tree was determined based on DNA sequences from authenticated isolates of Strelitziana. Strelitziana sarbhoyi shows nearly 94% similarity with other known species of Strelitziana. Area description is provided for the proposed taxon along with microscopic images, and a phylogenetic tree. This is probably the first report of Strelitziana from India. Holotype specimen (dried voucher culture) is deposited in the Ajrekar Mycological Herbarium (AMH), and an ex-type culture is deposited in National Fungal Culture Collection of India (NFCCI).
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... The most abundant genus (Aureobasidium) in M. kwangtungensis leaf has been known as a group of black yeasts with high ability of stress-tolerance, which can help host plant to withstand high ultraviolet (UV) radiation and moderately osmotic condition in the island environment (Li et al., 2015;Turk and Gostinčar, 2018). It is noteworthy that S. mali, which has been documented as a plant pathogen (Zhang et al., 2009), was significantly enriched in the leaf endosphere. Several studies have addressed the issue that some fungal endophytes may be latent pathogens (Carroll, 1988;Photita et al., 2004 (Sapkota et al., 2015). ...
Leaf and Root Endospheres Harbor Lower Fungal Diversity and Less Complex Fungal Co-occurrence Patterns Than Rhizosphere
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2019
Plant-associated microbiomes are key determinants of host-plant fitness, productivity, and function. However, compared to bacterial community, we still lack fundamental knowledge concerning the variation in the fungal microbiome at the plant niche level. In this study, we quantified the fungal communities in the rhizosphere soil, as well as leaf and root endosphere compartments of a subtropical island shrub, Mussaenda kwangtungensis, using high-throughput DNA sequencing. We found that fungal microbiomes varied significantly across different plant compartments. Rhizosphere soil exhibited the highest level of fungal diversity, whereas the lowest level was found in the leaf endosphere. Further, the fungal communities inhabiting the root endosphere shared a greater proportion of fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with rhizosphere communities than with leaf fungal endophyte communities, despite significant separation in community structure between the two belowground compartments. The fungal co-occurrence networks in the three compartments of M. kwangtungensis showed scale-free features and non-random co-occurrence patterns and matched the topological properties of small-world and evidently modular structure. Additionally, the rhizosphere network was more complex and showed higher centrality and connectedness than the leaf and root endosphere networks. Overall, our findings provide comprehensive insights into the structural variability, niche differentiation, and co-occurrence patterns in the plant associated fungal microbiome.
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... Notes -The genus Strelitziana (Chaetothyriales) was established for hyphomycetes that have pale brown scolecosporous conidia, forming on superficial mycelium and conidiophores via a separating cell, leaving a marginal frill that is clearly visible on the conidial hilum (Crous et al. 2013a). The genus presently includes six species, i.e. S. africana, S. australiensis, S. cliviae, S. eucalypti and S. mali (Arzanlou & Crous 2006, Cheewangkoon et al. 2009, Zhang et al. 2009, Crous et al. 2010a, b, 2012a. Strelitziana malaysiana can be distinguished from these taxa based on its distinct conidial morphology. ...
Fungal Planet description sheets: 320–370
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2015
  • Persoonia
Novel species of fungi described in the present study include the following from Malaysia: Castanediella eucalypti from Eucalyptus pellita, Codinaea acacia from Acacia mangium, Emarcea eucalyptigena from Eucalyptus brassiana, Myrtapenidiella eucalyptorum from Eucalyptus pellita, Pilidiella eucalyptigena from Eucalyptus brassiana and Strelitziana malaysiana from Acacia mangium. Furthermore, Stachybotrys sansevieriicola is described from Sansevieria ehrenbergii (Tanzania), Phacidium grevilleae from Grevillea robusta (Uganda), Graphium jumulu from Adansonia gregorii and Ophiostoma eucalyptigena from Eucalyptus marginata (Australia), Pleurophoma ossicola from bone and Plectosphaerella populi from Populus nigra (Germany), Colletotrichum neosansevieriae from Sansevieria trifasciata, Elsinoë othonnae from Othonna quinquedentata and Zeloasperisporium cliviae (Zeloasperisporiaceae fam. nov.) from Clivia sp. (South Africa), Neodevriesia pakbiae, Phaeophleospora hymenocallidis and Phaeophleospora hymenocallidicola on leaves of a fern (Thailand), Melanconium elaeidicola from Elaeis guineensis (Indonesia), Hormonema viticola from Vitis vinifera (Canary Islands), Chlorophyllum pseudoglobossum from a grassland (India), Triadelphia disseminata from an immunocompromised patient (SaudiArabia), Colletotrichum abscissum from Citrus (Brazil), Polyschema sclerotigenum and Phialemonium limoniforme from human patients (USA), Cadophora vitícola from Vitis vinifera (Spain), Entoloma flavovelutinum and Bolbitius aurantiorugosus from soil (Vietnam), Rhizopogon granuloflavus from soil (Cape Verde Islands), Tulasnella eremophila from Euphorbia officinarum subsp. echinus (Morocco), Verrucostoma martinicensis from Danaea elliptica (French West Indies), Metschnikowia colchici from Colchicum autumnale (Bulgaria), Thelebolus microcarpus from soil (Argentina) and Ceratocystis adelpha from Theobroma cacao (Ecuador). Myrmecridium iridis (Myrmecridiales ord. nov., Myrmecridiaceae fam. nov.) is also described from Iris sp. (The Netherlands). Novel genera include (Ascomycetes): Budhanggurabania from Cynodon dactylon (Australia), Soloacrosporiella, Xenocamarosporium, Neostrelitziana and Castanediella from Acacia mangium and Sabahriopsis from Eucalyptus brassiana (Malaysia), Readerielliopsis from basidiomata of Fuscoporia wahlbergii (French Guyana), Neoplatysporoides from Aloe ferox (Tanzania), Wojnowiciella, Chrysofolia and Neoeriomycopsis from Eucalyptus (Colombia), Neophaeomoniella from Eucalyptus globulus (USA), Pseudophaeomoniella from Olea europaea (Italy), Paraphaeomoniella from Encephalartos altensteinii, Aequabiliella, Celerioriella and Minutiella fromPrunus (South Africa). Tephrocybella (Basidiomycetes) represents a novel genus from wood (Italy). Morphological and culture characteristics along with ITS DNA barcodes are provided for all taxa.
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A core epiphytic bacterial consortia synergistically protect citrus from postharvest disease
Article
  • Nov 2022
  • FOOD CHEM
Biological antagonists are a series of microbes that can control pathogens to reduce the incidence of disease or reduce symptoms. Herein, four varieties of citrus fruit were selected to perform an amplicon sequencing on their epiphytic microbiota to get a systematic understanding of them. Co-occurrence network, Venn, and LefSe analysis were performed to filter to 24 genera which represent the universality, specificity, and correlation among samples. Functional analysis hinted that the genes related to chitinase, which most of these 24 bacteria carry, might lead to a disease suppressive phenotype. 115 strains of epiphytic bacteria were isolated, and the bacterial synthetic community was constructed by 8 strains. The in vivo test results indicated they were able to reduce pathogen development for a longer time than separate inoculation. Collectively, this study showed the disease control potential provided by native epiphytic bacteria of fruit and give a new strategy to sustainable agriculture.
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Mycosystema ISSN1672-6472 CN11-5180/Q 基金项目：国家自然科学基金(31972220) ；国家苹果产业技术体系(CARS-27) Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31972220) and China Agriculture Research
Article
  • Apr 2021
Apple is the main cultivated fruit in China. Apple industry plays important roles in agricultural production in our country. Pathogenic fungi were main agents of apple diseases which bring great losses on apple yields and qualities. Pathogenic fungi are main type of apple agents in world wide which account for 93.3% of apple pathogens. Plant pathologists and mycologists have studied on the etiology of apple diseases for a long time, they described and recorded many apple pathogenic fungi and oomycetes in China. Due to extensive studies of fungal identification, changes of taxonomy systems and nomenclature of fungi, many Latin names of pathogens have been revised. In this paper, fungal agents including 149 pathogenic tree fungi and 6 oomycetes of apple diseases in China from previous reports were collected. Fungus pathogens account for 90.6% of apple pathogens in China. According to the latest taxonomic systems, nomenclature rules of fungi and Chinese naming rules, we revised Latin names and names of apple pathogens in Chinese. This checklist will be helpful for apple researchers, managers and other users to search pathogen names, promoting academic exchanges and popularization of science.
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Annual Review of Phytopathology Stealth Pathogens: The Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck Fungal Complex
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2019
Sooty blotch and flyspeck (SBFS) fungi produce superficial, dark-colored colonies on fruits, stems, and leaves of many plant genera. These blemishes are economically damaging on fruit, primarily apple and pear, because they reduce the sale price of fresh fruit. Fungicide spray programs can control SBFS but are costly and impair human and environmental health; thus, less chemically intensive management strategies are needed. Although the scientific study of SBFS fungi began nearly 200 years ago, recent DNA-driven studies revealed an unexpectedly diverse complex: more than 100 species in 30 genera of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Analysis of evolutionary phy-logenetics and phylogenomics indicates that the evolution of SBFS fungi from plant-penetrating ancestors to noninvasive ectophytic parasites was accompanied by a massive contraction of pathogenicity-related genes, including plant cell wall-degrading enzymes and effectors, and an expansion of cuticle-degradation genes. This article reviews progress in understanding SBFS taxonomy and ecology and improving disease management. We also highlight recent breakthroughs in reconstructing the evolutionary origins of these unusual plant pathogens and delineating adaptations to their ectophytic niche.
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Stealth Pathogens: The Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck Fungal Complex
Article
  • Aug 2019
Sooty blotch and flyspeck (SBFS) fungi produce superficial, dark-colored colonies on fruits, stems, and leaves of many plant genera. These blemishes are economically damaging on fruit, primarily apple and pear, because they reduce the sale price of fresh fruit. Fungicide spray programs can control SBFS but are costly and impair human and environmental health; thus, less chemically intensive management strategies are needed. Although the scientific study of SBFS fungi began nearly 200 years ago, recent DNA-driven studies revealed an unexpectedly diverse complex: more than 100 species in 30 genera of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Analysis of evolutionary phylogenetics and phylogenomics indicates that the evolution of SBFS fungi from plant-penetrating ancestors to noninvasive ectophytic parasites was accompanied by a massive contraction of pathogenicity-related genes, including plant cell wall–degrading enzymes and effectors, and an expansion of cuticle-degradation genes. This article reviews progress in understanding SBFS taxonomy and ecology and improving disease management. We also highlight recent breakthroughs in reconstructing the evolutionary origins of these unusual plant pathogens and delineating adaptations to their ectophytic niche. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Phytopathology Volume 57 is August 26, 2019. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Next-generation sequencing to investigate existing and new insect associations with phytopathogenic fungal propagules
Preprint
Full-text available
  • Oct 2018
Understanding ecological interactions is a key in managing phytopathology. Although entomologists rely mostly on both traditional molecular methods and morphological characteristics to identify pests, next-generation sequencing is becoming the go-to avenue for scientists studying fungal and oomycete phytopathogens. These organisms sometimes infect plants together with insects. There are many relationships yet to be discovered and much to learn about how these organisms interact with one another. Considering the growing number of exotic insect introductions in Canada, a high-throughput strategy for screening those insects is already implemented by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA). However, no plan is deployed to investigate the phytopathogenic fungal and oomycete species interacting with insects. Metagenomics analysis was performed on the preservation fluids from CFIA’s insect traps across Canada. Using the Ion Torrent PGM technology and fusion primers for multiplexing and indexing, community profiling was conducted on the different semiochemicals used in the insect traps and the various areas where these traps were placed. Internal transcribed spacer 1 (fungi and oomycetes) and adenosine triphosphate synthase subunit 9-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit 9 spacer amplicons were generated. Although direct links between organisms could not be established, moderately phytopathogenic fungi (e.g., Leptographium spp. and Meria laricis) and oomycetes (mainly Peronospora spp. and Pythium spp.) unique to every type of semiochemical were discovered. The entomopathogenic yeast Candida michaelii was also detected. This project demonstrated our ability to screen for unwanted species faster and at a higher scale and throughput than traditional pathogen diagnostic techniques. Additionally, minimal modifications to this approach would allow it to be used in other phytopathology fields.
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The genus Mycosphaerella and its anamorphs
Article
Full-text available
  • May 2000
More than 2000 names have been described in Mycosphaerella and Sphaerella (Dothideales). Based on various morphological features depicted by earlier workers, six sections are recognized in the genus. About 27 anamorph genera have been linked to Mycosphaerella, 23 of which are recognized here. Based on phylogenetic analyses of the ITS-1, 5.8S and ITS-2 DNA sequence data of 46 species of Mycosphaerella species (58 strains), one large cluster was distinguished containing primarily taxa with cercosporoid anamorphs, as well as another smaller cluster for species with Dissoconium anamorphs.
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Eucalyptus microfungi known from culture. 3. Eucasphaeria and Sympoventuria genera nova, and new species of Furcaspora, Harknessia, Heteroconium and Phacidiella
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2007
Members of the genus Eucalyptus represent a substrate richly colonized by numerous undescribed fungal species. Several species and genera of ascomycetes were collected from leaves or from leaf litter of this host genus in Australia and South Africa in the present study. New genera include Eucasphaeria capensis and Sympoventuria capensis (ascomycetes), genera et spp. nov. New species include Furcaspora eucalypti, Harknessia ipereniae, H. gibbosa, Heteroconium Meinziensis and Phacidiella eucalypti.
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The CLUSTAL_X Windows Interface: Flexible Strategies for Multiple Sequence Alignment Aided by Quality Analysis Tools
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 1998
CLUSTAL X is a new windows interface for the widely-used progressive multiple sequence alignment program CLUSTAL W. The new system is easy to use, providing an integrated system for performing multiple sequence and profile alignments and analysing the results. CLUSTAL X displays the sequence alignment in a window on the screen. A versatile sequence colouring scheme allows the user to highlight conserved features in the alignment. Pull-down menus provide all the options required for traditional multiple sequence and profile alignment. New features include: the ability to cut-and-paste sequences to change the order of the alignment, selection of a subset of the sequences to be realigned, and selection of a sub-range of the alignment to be realigned and inserted back into the original alignment. Alignment quality analysis can be performed and low-scoring segments or exceptional residues can be highlighted. Quality analysis and realignment of selected residue ranges provide the user with a powerful tool to improve and refine difficult alignments and to trap errors in input sequences. CLUSTAL X has been compiled on SUN Solaris, IRIX5.3 on Silicon Graphics, Digital UNIX on DECstations, Microsoft Windows (32 bit) for PCs, Linux ELF for x86 PCs, and Macintosh PowerMac.
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Species Diversity and Polymorphism in the Exophiala spinifera Clade Containing Opportunistic Black Yeast-Like Fungi
Article
Full-text available
A monophyletic group of black yeast-like fungi containing opportunistic pathogens around Exophiala spinifera is analyzed using sequences of the small-subunit (SSU) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) domains of ribosomal DNA. The group contains yeast-like and annellidic species (anamorph genus Exophiala) in addition to sympodial taxa (anamorph genera Ramichloridium and Rhinocladiella). The new species Exophiala oligosperma, Ramichloridium basitonum, and Rhinocladiella similis are introduced and compared with their morphologically similar counterparts at larger phylogenetic distances outside the E. spinifera clade. Exophiala jeanselmei is redefined. New combinations are proposed in Exophiala: Exophiala exophialae for Phaeococcomyces exophialae and Exophiala heteromorpha for E. jeanselmei var. heteromorpha.
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Molecular Systematics of the Herpotrichiellaceae with an Assessment of the Phylogenetic Positions of Exophiala dermatitidis and Phialophora americana
Article
  • Jan 1999
Despite a significant body of evidence in support of the close phylogenetic relationship of species of Capronia (Herpotrichiellaceae) and black yeasts belonging to or allied with the genus Exophiala questions concerning the taxonomic importance of features furnished by ascospore, stromal and anamorph characters have remained unanswered. In order to address these issues and to elucidate more fully relationships within the family, we have sequenced a portion of the nuclear large ribosomal RNA subunit (28S), the 5.8S gene, and the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) of 15 species of Capronia and 19 black yeasts assigned to the form genera Cladosporium, Cladophialophora, Exophiala, Fonsecaea, Phaeococcomyces, Phialophora, Ramichloridium and Rhinocladiella. Cladistic analysis of these data confirmed the monophyly of the Herpotrichiellaceae but did not support the division of the genus Capronia on the basis of conidial ontogeny, pattern of ascospore septation, or the degree of stromal development. Homothallic species of Capronia with 8-spored asci, muriform ascospores and Exophiala anamorphs formed a well-supported lineage that included the medically important species Exophiala dermatitidis. Capronia mansonii and Capronia munkii, morphologically similar taxa isolated from the wood of Populus, were inferred as closely related but separate species. The clade comprising members of the Herpotrichiellaceae that possess Cladosporium-like and Phialophora anamorphs was also strongly supported. Available molecular evidence indicates that Dictyotrichiella semiimmersa and Phialophora americana are teleomorph and anamorph states of a single holomorph. Cladistic analysis also confirmed that the genera Cladophialophora and Ramichloridium are polyphyletic. The anamorphs of Capronia nigerrima and Dictyotmchiella semiimmersa are described and illustrated, and the combination Capronia semiimmersa is proposed.
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Lecanostictopsis gen. nov., and related leaf-spotting fungi on Syzygium species
Article
  • Feb 1997
  • MYCOL RES
The new generic name Lecanostictopsis is introduced with three species, L. kamatii (type species), L. syzygii and L. noumeaensis sp. nov., all of which are associated with leaf lesions on species of Syzygium. The genus is compared and contrasted with Lecanosticta, Stigmina and similar genera. The position of Cercostigmina is discussed in relation to Pseudocercospora and Cercoseptoria. Cercostigmina syzygii sp. nov. associated with leaf lesions on S. cordatum is described, and compared and contrasted with Stenella marasasii on the same host substratum. Pseudocercospora syzygiicola sp. nov. is described from leaf lesions on S. cordatum fom South Africa, while Pseudocercospora syzygiorum sp. nov. from S. cumini and Passalora syzygii from S. cumini and S. jambos are described from India.
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Microsatellite markers and DNA sequence reflect relationships between isolates of the vascular wilt and canker pathogen Ceratocystis fimbriata
Article
  • Nov 2001
summary Ceratocystis fimbriata is a serious wilt and canker stain pathogen with a wide geographical distribution and host range that includes both woody and herbaceous plants. Previous studies using hybridization have shown that isolates of C. fimbriata from different hosts and origins differ in colony morphology, pathogenicity and growth rate, as well as conidial state. It has therefore been suggested that distinct strains, linked to host or geographical origin, are encompassed in C. fimbriata. The aim of this study was to develop PCR-based microsatellite markers for population studies on C. fimbriata. ISSR-PCR was used to target specific microsatellite regions of DNA from C. fimbriata. These amplified products were cloned and sequenced. Primer pairs were designed from these sequences to flank the microsatellite regions. From 24 primer pairs, 11 polymorphic primers were selected and tested on a number of C. fimbriata isolates representing a wide host and geographical range. Cluster analyses of the results indicate that these markers clearly distinguish between different geographical and host specific populations of C. fimbriata. The results are concordant with sequence data from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rDNA operon of the same isolates. These markers will be useful in future studies of C. fimbriata population structure and diversity.
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ITS rDNA phylogeny of selected Mycosphaerella species and their anamorphs occurring on Myrtaceae
Article
  • Apr 2001
  • MYCOL RES
Species of Mycosphaerella and their anamorphs are commonly found on the leaves of Myrtaceae, many of which are defoliated by these pathogens. The taxonomy of these fungi has been based on minute morphological differences, and virtually nothing is known regarding their relatedness to each other. In this study, we present a phylogeny of 30 species of Mycosphaerella or their anamorphs from myrtaceous hosts, based on sequence data from the ITS regions of the ribosomal RNA operon. Fifteen of the species were also analysed for the 5’ end of the large subunit (28S), which produced a phylogeny similar to that obtained for the ITS data set. The Mycosphaerella species included in this analysis are all regarded as representatives of section Plaga, and appear to represent a monophyletic assemblage. Mycosphaerella lateralis was the only species shown to have a wide host range. In general, species clustered together based on their anamorph genera. Species with Colletogloeopsis and Stenella anamorphs always grouped in two respective clusters. However, species with Mycovellosiella, Phaeophleospora, Pseudocercospora and Uwebraunia anamorphs occurred separately, suggesting that they have evolved more than once within Mycosphaerella. Based on the ITS data set, all morphospecies were also shown to be phylogenetic species, although too few isolates were available to address questions relating to intraspecies variation. Nevertheless, ITS sequence data proved sufficient to distinguish morphologically similar taxa that have hitherto only been distinguished based on ascospore germination patterns and anamorph characteristics. Sequence data presented in this study should facilitate the identification of Mycosphaerella species occurring on Myrlaceae in the future.
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