The lichen genus Caloplaca (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes) on Svalbard. Notes and additions

Abstract

23 species of the lichen genus Caloplaca from Svalbard are described and/or discussed. The descriptions are natural language descriptions based on characters for each species coded into LIAS (Global Information System for Lichenized and Non-Lichenized Ascomycetes). A total of 37 Caloplaca species are listed for Svalbard, of which two species: C. elvebakkiana and C. scabrosa are described as new to science. C. alaskensis is recorded for the first time from Svalbard. A key to the Caloplaca species known from Svalbard is provided.

Full text

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Nova Hedwigia 87 1—2 69—96 Stuttgart, August 2008
DOI: 10.1127/0029-5035/2008/0087-0069 0029-5035/08/0087-0069 $ 7.00
© 2008 J. Cramer in der Gebrüder Borntraeger
Verlagsbuchhandlung, D-14129 Berlin · D-70176 Stuttgart
The lichen genus Caloplaca (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes)
on Svalbard. Notes and additions
by
Ulrik Søchting
1
, Line Balschmidt Lorentsen
1
and Ulf Arup
2
1
Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15,
DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
2
Botanical Museum, Östra Vallgatan 18, SE-223 61 Lund, Sweden
With 4 figures and 1 table
Søchting, U., L. Balschmidt Lorentsen
& U. Arup (2008): The lichen genus Caloplaca (Ascomycota,
Lecanoromycetes) on Svalbard. Notes and additions. - Nova Hedwigia 87: 69-96.
Abstract: 23 species of the lichen genus Caloplaca from Svalbard are described and/or discussed.
The descriptions are natural language descriptions based on characters for each species coded into
LIAS (Global Information System for Lichenized and Non-Lichenized Ascomycetes). A total of 37
Caloplaca species are listed for Svalbard, of which two species: C. elvebakkiana and C. scabrosa are
described as new to science. C. alaskensis is recorded for the first time from Svalbard. A key to the
Caloplaca species known from Svalbard is provided.
Key words: LIAS, secondary metabolites, key, Caloplaca alaskensis, Caloplaca elvebakkiana,
Caloplaca scabrosa.
Introduction
The Swedish botanist Th.M.Fries was, with his “Lichenes Spitsbergenses” (Fries
1867), the first to publish annotated lichen records from Spitsbergen, which is the
largest island of Svalbard. His records include C. ferruginea var. ammiospila, C. fer-
ruginea var. cæsiorufa, C. ferruginea var. melanocarpa, C. ferruginea var.
cinnamomea, C. ferruginea var. fraudans, C. cerina, C. jungermanniae var.
subolivacea, C. oligospora, and C. pyracea from the genus Caloplaca. Since then
the lichen flora of Svalbard has been diligently studied and Caloplaca is mentioned
in numerous publications (Magnusson 1944; Nowak 1965; Nordin 1972; Hertel &
Ullrich 1976; Hertel 1977; Olech 1990; Aptroot & Alstrup 1991). The only
taxonomical treatment of Caloplaca in this geographical area was published by
Corresponding author: ulriks@bi.ku.dk

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Søchting (1989) and focused on the lignicolous species. In 1995 Søchting and Olech
published an article about Caloplaca in Polar Regions, including a checklist of 39
species from Svalbard (Søchting & Olech 1995), and in 1996 came Elvebakk and
Hertel’s annotated checklist of 597 lichen species from Svalbard of which 40 belonged
to Caloplaca (Elvebakk & Hertel 1996). Recently, Arup et al. (2007) clarified
Caloplaca fuscorufa, a taxon, which is common on Svalbard, but was previously not
well understood.
The genus Caloplaca is luxuriously represented in Arctic and Subarctic regions and
due to the circumpolar land masses a more or less circumpolar distribution pattern is
predominant among lichens as well as other organisms. Svalbard is highly
representative of the extreme northern lichen flora due to its varied geology and
climate. In spite of its extremely northern position it is also hosting a more mesic
lichen flora due to the proximity of the Gulf Stream.
The present paper is part of a comprehensive study of all Caloplaca on Svalbard
described and coded into the LIAS program in order to make a synoptic key to
Arctic Caloplaca species (www.lias.net). It presents detailed descriptions of a selection
of little recognized species of Caloplaca from Svalbard including two previously
undescribed. For each species notes are discussing their taxonomic relationship with
related species, and their distribution in other Arctic and Subarctic regions. A critical
check list based on the above study includes 37 species (Table 1).
S
UBSTRATES: Rocks, soil and detritus are the main lichen substrates on Svalbard. The
geology is varied ranging from purely calciferous rock to the very common chert,
which is silicium impregnated sediments.
Because of the dry and cool climate, organic material remains intact for decades or
even decenniums and present superb substrates for lichens. These include dead mosses,
twigs, leaves, dung or wood. Dead wood derives from the abundant deposition of
drift wood along the Arctic coasts and is often found far from the sea due to the
significant land upheaval and the endurance of the wood. After arrival of humans to
Svalbard in the eighteenth century wood has been dispersed around the landscape
e.g. as fire wood or fox traps that are often abundantly colonized by lichens (Søchting
1989).
Reindeer are indigenous on the Islands and bones and antlers are highly persistent in
the arctic climate thus presenting very stable substrates for a calciphilous lichen
community including numerous Caloplaca species.
Substrate specificity is low in the Arctic climate. It is ordinary that species elsewhere
characterized as saxicolous colonize also lignum and mosses. Sometimes the same
thallus may colonize all three substrates when adjacent to each other. There may be
three possible explanations to this phenomenon (Søchting 1989): 1. decomposition
of wood in the arctic is exceedingly slow, thus giving the slow growing lichens
plenty of time to colonize, 2. the lignum, most often lying on the soil, becomes
impregnated with soil dust thus approaching the chemistry of the adjacent rocky
substrates and 3. wood has a high water holding capacity mimicking that of dead
mosses and detritus. Slow decomposition is well illustrated by old reindeer dung
that is frequently overgrown with Caloplaca cerina and C. tiroliensis.

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Table 1. Caloplaca species found on Svalbard and their substrates
Taxa Substrate
Caloplaca. alaskensis Wetm. wood, detritus, rock
C. alcarum Poelt wood, rock
C. ammiospila (Wahlenb.) H.Olivier wood, moss, detritus, bone, dung, rock
C. approximata (Lynge) H.Magn. bone, rock
C. caesiorufella (Nyl.) Zahlbr. wood, moss, detritus, dung, rock(?)
C. castellana (Räsänen) Poelt lichens
C. celata Th.Fr. wood
C. cerina (Ehrh. Ex. Hedwig) Th.Fr. wood, moss, detritus, bone, dung, rock
C. coccinea (Müll.Arg.) Poelt lichens
C. decipiens (Arnold) Blomb. & Forssell rock
C. elvebakkiana Søchting, Lorentsen & Arup rock
C. epithallina Lynge lichens
C. exsecuta (Nyl.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth. wood, rock
C. fraudans (Th.Fr.) H.Olivier wood, rock
C. fuscorufa H.Magn. rock
C. holocarpa (Hoffm.) Wade rock
C. invadens Lynge lichens
C. jungermanniae (Vahl) Th.Fr. moss, detritus
C. magni-filii Poelt lichens
C. nivalis (Körb.) Th.Fr. moss
C. phaeocarpella (Nyl.) Zahlbr. wood, detritus
C. pyracea (Ach.) Th.Fr. wood
C. saxicola (Hoffm.) Nordin wood, bone, rock
C. saxifragarum Poelt detritus
C. scabrosa Søchting, Lorentsen & Arup rock
C. scopularis (Nyl.) Lettau rock
C. sibirica H.Magn. wood, moss, detritus, bone, dung, rock
C. sinapisperma (Lamb & DC.) Maheu & Gillet moss
C. soropelta (Hansen et al.) Søchting rock
C. spitsbergensis H.Magn. wood
C. tetraspora (Nyl.) H.Olivier wood, moss, detritus, rock
C. tiroliensis Zahlbr. wood, moss, detritus, bone, dung, rock
C. tominii Savicz soil, detritus
C. tornoënsis H.Magn. moss
C. variabilis (Pers.) Müll.Arg. rock
C. verruculifera (Vain.) Zahlbr. rock
C. xanthostigmoidea (Räs.) Zahlbr. wood, rock
Caloplaca species erroneously reported from Svalbard
C. anchon-phoeniceon misidentification of C. coccinea by Søchting and
Olech (1995).
C. insularis misidentification by Søchting and Olech (1995).
C. leptocheila reported by Søchting and Olech (1995); may be
conspecific with C. caesiorufella.
C. epiphyta is C. xanthostigmoidea (Søchting & Tønsberg
1997).
C. noeisi is C. xanthostigmoidea (Søchting & Tønsberg
1997).
C. diphyodes misidentification of C. variabilis by Søchting
and Olech (1995).

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Material and methods
The majority of the specimens treated in this paper was collected by U.Søchting during August 1986
and 1989 and by Line Balschmidt Lorentsen in August 2000. They are supplemented by some
collections made by André Aptroot at Prins Karls Forland and Edgeøya. The material is deposited in
the Herbarium of the Natural History Museum of Denmark (C), unless otherwise is indicated.
Morphological features were studied with a dissection microscope and anatomical features were
studied with a light microscope. Sections 7 µm thick were made on a Reichert-Jung Cryostat 2800
Frigocut-E. Sections and squash preparations mounted in water were used for anatomical studies of
structures. All measurements were made in water. Spore measures are given as averages of c. 10-50
spores with the range including c. 90% of the measurements; extreme values are given in brackets.
Secondary metabolites were studied by HPLC according to Søchting (1997) and the chemosyndrome
nomenclature follows Søchting (1997, 2001).
Descriptions are based on the studied material from Svalbard supplemented with literature. In the
cases of C. alaskensis and C. coccinea, it has been necessary to study material from other places than
Svalbard, which is noted in the matching descriptions.
Determination key
1 Soredia, isidia or isidioid protuberances present......................................................................... 2
1* Soredia and isidia absent............................................................................................................ 8
2 Isidia or isidioid protuberances present...................................................................................... 3
2* Soredia present........................................................................................................................... 4
3 Thallus distinctly lobed; lobes to 2-3 mm long, with true, coarse isidia................ C. verruculifera
3* Thallus not lobed, consisting of ± effigurate areoles; with aggregated isidioid blastidia...................
................................................................................................................... C. xanthostigmoidea
4 Thallus ± distinctly lobed.................................................................................................... 5
4* Thallus not lobed........................................................................................................................ 7
5 Thallus distinctly lobed, lobes to 2 mm long; soralia laminal or on small lateral lobes, centrally
crowded; apothecia not seen..................................................................................... C. decipiens
5* Thallus margin with very short lobes or ± effigurate margin; soralia mostly marginal; apothecia
sometimes present...................................................................................................................... 6
6 Saxicolous or lignicolous; thallus episubstratic; soredia fine-granular, 25-30 µm; apothecia
sometimes present.............................................................................................. C. elvebakkiana
6* Terricolous; thallus ±immersed; soredia coarse, 35-60 µm; apothecia not seen............ C. tominii
7 Thallus of more or less dispersed, convex areoles with laminal soralia.................... C. alaskensis
7* Thallus of peltate, concave areoles; soralia develop from underside of thallus margin... C. soropelta
8 Apothecial margin yellow to red to ferrugineous brown, K+, sometimes greyish on outer
portion................................................................................................................................ 9
8* Apothecial margin white, grey, dark olive or black, K-............................................................... 34
9 Apothecial disc yellow, orange or red........................................................................................ 10
9* Apothecial disc ferruginous red to ferruginous brown, sometimes blackening.......................... 24
10 Thallus distinct, ± lobed, yellow to orange; apothecia centrally crowded.................................... 11
10* Thallus ± distinct, not lobed, yellow to orange or whitish to grey; apothecia ±scattered............. 13
11 Thallus occasionally ± subglobose, smooth; apothecia forming raised conglomerates... C. alcarum
11* Thallus distinctly lobed, ± smooth; apothecia not forming raised conglomerates....................... 12
12 Thallus lobes often very pruinose, rough; inland habitats............................................ C. saxicola
12* Thallus lobes not pruinose, smooth; coastal habitats................................................ C. scopularis

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13 Saxicolous........................................................................................................................ 14
13* Growing on organic substrates (detritus, wood, lichens etc.).................................................... 16
14 Thallus present around the apothecia, irregularly effuse; spore septum 1-2 µm..... C. approximata
14* Thallus indistinct or consisting of scattered areoles; spore septum larger................................... 15
15 Spores 10-14 × 5-7 µm............................................................................................ C. holocarpa
15* Spores 16-18 × 7-9(-10) µm........................................................................................ C. sibirica
16 Lichenicolous.................................................................................................................... 17
16* Growing on detritus, moss, wood, old bones or antlers............................................................. 20
17 Spore septum 1-2 µm.......................................................................................... C. approximata
17* Spore septum larger.................................................................................................................. 18
18 Thallus poorly developed; apothecia reddish orange to carmine orange...................... C. coccinea
18* Thallus more distinct; apothecia bright orange or yellow with ferruginous tinge....................... 19
19 Areoles orange, usually with a bluish green staining; apothecia bright orange.......... C. castellana
19* Areoles yellow, sometimes with olive-black margin; apothecia reddish brown........... C. invadens
20 Apothecia -2 mm; spore septum 1-3 µm; apothecia orange or sometimes ferruginous....................
....................................................................................................................... C. jungermanniae
20* Apothecia -1.3 mm; spore septum 3-6 µm; apothecia yellow to orange, sometimes olivaceous... 21
21 Spores 8-14 × 5.5-7 µm............................................................................................................ 22
21* Spores mainly larger, 11-17 × 6-10 µm.................................................................................... 23
22 Spores 10-12 × 6-7 µm; septum 5.5 µm; on detritus........................................... C. saxifragarum
22* Spores 8-14 × 5.5-7 µm; septum 2.5-4 µm; on wood.................................................. C. pyracea
23 Apothecia lecanorine, often with olivaceous tinge; margin thin; spores 11-17 µm long....................
................................................................................................................................. C. tiroliensis
23* Apothecia zeorine, never with olivaceous tinge; margin rather thick; spores 16-18 µm long............
.................................................................................................................................... C. sibirica
24 Lichenicolous.................................................................................................................... 25
24* On wood, rock, mosses, detritus or dung.................................................................................. 26
25 On Miriquidica nigroleprosa; apothecial medulla and excipulum I+ violet........ C. magni-filii
25* On various hosts; apothecial medulla and excipulum I-............................................ C. epithallina
26 Apothecia soon strongly convex; spores 19-28 µm long.......................................................... 27
26* Apothecia concave to convex; spores 10-19 µm long................................................................ 28
27 Asci with 2-4 spores; spores 22-28.5 × 14-20 µm................................................... C. tetraspora
27* Asci with 2-8 spores; spores 19-20(-22) × 8-10(-12) µm.................................. C. sinapisperma
28 On rocks.................................................................................................................................. 29
28* On other substrates................................................................................................................... 32
29 Thallus rimose-areolate; surface scabrous, dirty white to grey.................................... C. scabrosa
29* Thallus inconspicuous, scattered or rimose-areolate, sometimes verruculose but not scabrous... 30
30 Spores 14-18 µm long; septum 4-7 µm; apothecia flat to strongly convex................. C. fuscorufa
30* Spores 11-16 µm long; septum 2-4.5 µm; apothecia concave, flat or occasionally convex.......... 31
31 Apothecium margin ± concolourous with disc, sometimes brighter orange; apotheciade
with narrow base, raised from substrate; spores 5-9 µm wide.................................... C. ammiospila
31* Apothecium margin bright yellowish orange, ± shiny; apothecia immersed to sessile; spores
4-5(-6) µm wide....................................................................................................... C. fraudans
32 Apothecial margin rather thick, 50-100 µm, usually persistent and conspicuous......................... 31
32* Apothecial margin rather thin, to 50 µm thick, often excluded or inconspicuous......................... 33

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33 Apothecia to1 mm, gregarious or in loose groups; on wood, particularly drift wood; septum
3.5-4 µm........................................................................................................... C. spitsbergensis
33* Apothecia to 0.5 mm, scattered or in loose groups, on wood, detritus or rarely rock; septum
4-5 µm................................................................................................................ C. caesiorufella
34 Bryophilous on Andreaea sp. or Grimmia sp.......................................................................... 35
34* Not bryophilous on Andreaea sp. or Grimmia sp., on various substrates................................. 36
35 Spores 16-19 × 6-8 µm; septum 1-2 µm, but distinct............................................... C. tornoënsis
35* Spores 27-32 × 4-5.5(-6) µm, aseptate or with an indication of a septum................... C. nivalis
36 Saxicolous........................................................................................................................ 37
36* On detritus, moss, bark or wood..............................................................................................39
37 Apothecial margin mainly whitish; disc ± black.......................................................... C. variabilis
37* Apothecial margin mainly dark; disc yellow to orange to olive or sometimes blackening............ 38
38 Apothecial disc usually dark orange to ferruginous brown; spores 14-18 × 6-9 µm; septum
4-7 µm..................................................................................................................... C. fuscorufa
38* Apothecial disc blackish with olive to orange tinge; spores 12-15.5 × 6-7.5 µm; septum
3-4.5 µm.................................................................................................................... C. exsecuta
39 Apothecial margin grey to blackish, sometimes abundantly whitish pruinose; disc yellow to
orange........................................................................................................................... C. cerina
39* Apothecial margin blackish; disc dark, sometimes with olive to orange tinge............................. 40
40 Apothecia black, white pruinose; epihymenium K+ violet......................................... C. celata
40* Apothecia olive to dark ferruginous to blackish, not pruinose; epihymenium K- or K+ red....... 41
41 Excipulum in sections dark green hyaline................................................................... C. exsecuta
41* Excipulum in sections brownish hyaline........................................................... C. phaeocarpella
The species
Caloplaca alaskensis Wetm.
Thallus episubstratic, up to 2 cm in diam., composed of scattered or contiguous
areoles (Fig. 1); areoles circular to irregular, weakly to strongly convex, 0.1-0.5
(-0.8) mm in diam., 0.1-0.2 mm thick; surface yellow, yellowish orange to orange,
often with whitish or blackish areas around the areoles, smooth to rough, matt.
Soralia ± punctuate, usually present on most areoles, sometimes diffuse but often
crateriform, yellow to orange, remaining discrete; soredia 20-35 µm in diam.,
granular. Cortex not observed. Algal layer continuous or as clusters. Apothecia absent
or present, usually sparse and scattered, 0.3-0.6(-1) mm in diam., orbicular, sessile,
slightly to strongly constricted, ± zeorine; disc somewhat concave to strongly convex,
yellowish orange to orange, surface structure smooth, epruinose; thalline margin
usually inconspicuous, excluded or up to 40(-75) µm, poorly distinguished from
proper margin, sometimes flexuous, concolourous with thallus, proper margin
25-65 µm, raised above or level with disc, slightly paler than disc, smooth.
Hypothecium and subhymenium hyaline, hypothecium 50-70 µm, with oil-droplets,
hymenium 55-80 µm thick, hyaline; paraphyses not gelatinized, simple to branched;
terminal cells swollen, to 5 µm wide, often with oil-droplets; subterminal cells to
3 µm wide; epihymenium distinct, yellow to yellowish orange. Asci 40-48 × 15-
17 µm. Ascospores 8 per ascus, sometimes fewer, variable, broadly ellipsoid, (7-)8-
12(-18) × (4-)5.5-8(-9) µm; septum 2-3.5 µm.

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Fig. 1. Caloplaca alaskensis. Søchting 5818. Scale 0.5 mm.
SECONDARY METABOLITES: emodin, fallacinal, parietin, parietinic acid, and teloschistin;
chemosyndrome A. All yellow parts K+ red, C-.
S
UBSTRATE AND ECOLOGY: on wood, bark, calciferous rocks, boulders, pebbles or
detritus. Habitat exposed to sun or partially shaded, normally growing south-exposed.
N
OTES: C. alaskensis differs from most other sorediate species of the genus by the ±
yellow to orange, punctuate soralia which are often crateriform. On Svalbard it can
be confused with C. elvebakkiana, C. soropelta and C. tominii. The two first species
differ from C. alaskensis in that the soralia develop from the underside of the margin
and not from the top or side of the areoles. C. tominii differs in the more lobate and
larger thallus parts and in the coarser and more granular soredia. When the soralia in
C. alaskenis are more diffuse it may resemble C. citrina, but this species is not yet
known from Svalbard. The species that is most similar to C. alaskensis is the recently
described C. sorediella Arup (Arup 2006) that occurs in the British Isles. This species
is not yet found fertile, seems to be strictly maritime or oceanic and has paler yellow
thallus and soralia than C. alaskensis.
C. alaskensis was recently described from Alaska by Wetmore (2004) from two localities,
but he assumed that the species might occur also in the high Arctic of Canada. Our
studies show that it does occur in Canada, and also in Greenland, Svalbard, Norway,
Sweden and Finland. Molecular studies of the ITS gene on material from Canada,
very similar to the type of C. alaskensis, show that material from Svalbard and Sweden
do belong to this species. However, the material from Sweden is slightly aberrant
morphologically by being less sorediate and having areoles with a tendency to develop
tiny lobes. The molecular studies also show that the species belongs to the C. saxicola
group, even if the thallus in C. alaskensis never has well-developed marginal lobes.

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SPECIMENS STUDIED: Svalbard. DICKSON LAND. Kapp Wijk. Frisvoll (BG); HÅKON VII LAND.
Krossfjorden, Fjortende Julibukta, Elvebakk 03:083 (LD); Blomstrandhalvöya, London, Søchting
6153; N
ORDENSKIÖLD LAND. Diabasodden, 20 km NE of Longyearbyen. 78°21'40"N, 16°7'6"E,
Søchting 5456; S
ABINE LAND. Sassendalen. Gjelhallet. 78°19'13"N, 17°0'0"E, Søchting 5576. Alaska:
Along the Kaolok River, S of Wainright. 69°56'N, 159°57'W. Shusan & Mahler 10466 (MIN);
Valley of Mancha Creek and Firth River, 68°40'N, 141°W. Sharp 6531 (MIN, holotype); c. 290 km
E Anchorage, c. 5 km N Chitina, N end of Threemile Lake, 61°33'N, 145°29'W, alt.: G.Thor 8809
(S). Canada: N
ORTHWEST TERRITORIES. Cape Bathurst, E side, inland along small river N of outlet of
river from McKinley Lake, and about 1 km from the coast. 70°29,6'N, 127°49,0'W, Westberg 1311a,
1364 (LD); Nunavut. Ellef Ringnes Island, Reindeer Peninsula. Westberg 1332a (LD). Finland: K
N.
K
AJAANI, Kajaanin linnan rauniot, Lauri Lehtonen (H). Greenland: SOUTH GREENLAND: Narsarsuaq,
NW-facing minor slope at the harbour, 61°08,454'N, 45°26,001'W, Arup L05188, L05189 (LD).
Sweden: T
ORNE LAPPMARK: Jukkasjärvi par., Abisko, at the river Abiskojåkka, just S of the bridge on
the E shore, Arup L04224, L04225, L04226 (LD).
Caloplaca alcarum Poelt
N
OTES: Caloplaca alcarum was described by Poelt (1954) from Novaya Zemlja, but
has subsequently been reported from several Arctic localities, e.g. Greenland, Iceland,
Northern Scandinavia and Alaska. From Svalbard we know it from three localities.
Molecular studies (unpublished) has shown it to be very close to C. scopularis, and
on some material from Greenland it has, indeed, been very difficult to separate the
two species. Their ecology is fairly similar, viz.: strongly bird-influenced maritime
boulders or rocks. Typical C. alcarum has, almost subglobose thalli and an Arctic-
Subarctic distribution, whereas C. scopularis has a more extended thallus with longer
marginal lobes, and a much wider southern distribution. It is possible that C. alcarum
represents an extreme form of C. scopularis, but this should be further studied.
SPECIMENS STUDIED: NORDENSKIÖLD LAND. Grønsteinfjellet, 3 km SE of Diabasodden, 20 km NE of
Longyearbyen, 78°20'34"N, 16°12'20"E. Søchting 5480; Kap Linné, 78°03'26.8"N, 13°36'34.8"E,
Lorentsen 15; A
NDRÉE LAND. Gråhuken, 79°48'1.5"N 14°31'28"E, Lorentsen 107; SABINE LAND.
Sassendalen, Flatkollen, UTM WG 5092, Søchting 5812.
Caloplaca approximata (Lynge) H.Magn.
Thallus episubstratic, irregular in outline, indistinct or composed of scattered or
occasionally very aggregated areoles, up to 0.8 mm in diam; margin of the areoles
simple or occasionally weakly effigurate; surface yellow or yellowish orange, smooth
to uneven, matt, epruinose; hypothallus often present, poorly developed, visible
between areoles, greyish black to black. Cortex 10-20 µm high, paraplech-
tenchymatous; algal layer continuous; medulla hyaline and compact. Apothecia
abundant, scattered or in loose groups, 0.5-1(-1.5) mm in diam., small to large,
immersed when young, sessile when mature, initially not constricted, when mature
slightly to strongly constricted, lecanorine; disc plane to convex, yellowish orange
to orange, surface structure smooth to finely granulose, epruinose; thalline margin
distinct to indistinct or occasionally prominent when on strongly eutrophicated
substrates, thin to thick (10-15 µm), persistent or becoming excluded, not flexuose
to occasionally flexuose, concolourous with or darker than remaining thallus surface,
yellowish orange to orange, concolourous with disc or occasionally slightly brighter,
smooth to crenulate. Excipulum to 80 µm wide, with many algal cells; cortex distinctly
delimited (10-15 µm); inner part prosoplectenchymatous, strongly glutinized, not

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easily discerned, strongly swollen, hyaline; hypothecium of unoriented hyphae with
narrow lumina, hyaline, oil droplets absent; subhymenium hyaline; hymenium 50 µm
high, hyaline; paraphyses not gelatinized, ramifications scarce, terminal cells are
swollen, to 4-6 µm wide, hyaline, subterminal cells to 2 µm wide; epihymenium
distinct, yellow to yellowish orange. Asci 45 × 12 µm. Ascospores c. 8 per ascus,
ellipsoid, (7-)8-10-11(-13) × (3-)3.5-4-4.5(-6) µm; septum 1-1.5 µm.
S
ECONDARY METABOLITES: emodin, fallacinal, parietin, and parietinic acid; chemo-
syndrome A. All yellow parts K+ red, C-.
S
UBSTRATE AND ECOLOGY: on eutrophicated calciferous or unspecific rock, occasionally
initially parasitic on other lichens; often growing in-between cyanobacterial lichens.
Habitat exposed to sun or partially shaded, dry.
NOTES: This saxicolous species can be confused with species of the C. holocarpa-
group, which also have a yellow, indistinct thallus or thallus consisting of scattered
areoles, but C. approximata differs in having a narrow spore-septum. Juvenile thalli
of C. approximata can be parasitic and then be confused with the lichenicolous
species C. castellana, but that species is characterized by the thicker spore septum
and darker, smoother and more reddish orange areoles with a blackish olive tinge.
C. approximata is an arctic-alpine species found in North America, Greenland,
Svalbard and Northern Europe (Hansen et al. 1987, Purvis et al. 1992, Santesson et
al. 2004, Søchting & Olech 1995).
SPECIMENS STUDIED: NORDENSKJÖLD LAND. Reindalen N of Sørhytta, UTM: WG 2058, Søchting 5530b;
S
ABINE LAND. Sassendalen at Fredheim. 78°21'23"N, 16°57'42"E, Søchting 5855; OSKAR II LAND.
Brøggerhalvøya, Stuphallet W of Ny-Ålesund, 78°57'16"N, 11°46'9"E, Søchting 6200.
Caloplaca caesiorufella (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Thallus endosubstratic, staining the substrate whitish grey, irregular in outline, to 1 cm
in diam. Apothecia moderately abundant to abundant, scattered or in loose groups,
orbicular, 0.3-0.5 mm in diam., small, sessile, not to slightly constricted, lecanorine or
biatorine; the disc is plane or eventually weakly convex, ferrugineous-red or -brown to
dark brown, surface structure fine granulose, epruinose. Apothecial margin is initially
prominent, eventually at disc level, thin (25 µm), becoming excluded, not or occasionally
flexuose, ferrugineous-red to -brown, concolourous with disc, smooth and epruinose.
Excipulum to 25-50 µm wide, with few or no algal cells; the inner, part is narrow and
poorly developed, prosoplectenchymatous, strongly glutinized, towards the outer side
brownish hyaline. Hypothecium hyaline, oil droplets present; the subhymenium is
hyaline. Hymenium to 60 µm high, hyaline or with a diffuse colouration of reddish to
brownish hyaline in the uppermost 10 µm; paraphyses ungelatinized or eventually
gelatinized, ramifications present; terminal cells simple or swollen, 2-5.5 µm wide,
hyaline or eventually conglutinated and coloured reddish brown; subterminal cells are
2-3 µm wide; epihymenium to 10 µm high, distinct, red to orange. Asci 50-55 × 15 µm.
Ascospores c. 8 per ascus, ellipsoid, (10-)12-14.5 × 5-6(-8.5) µm; septum 4-5 µm.
S
ECONDARY METABOLITES: 7-chloroemodin, emodin, 7-Cl-citreorosein, 7-Cl-emodinal
and 7-Cl-emodic acid; chemosyndrome C1. All orange or brown parts are K+ red
and C+ red.

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SUBSTRATE AND ECOLOGY: on wood, detritus and reindeer droppings. Habitat exposed
to sun or partially shaded, dry.
N
OTES: The species is similar to C. spitsbergensis, which grows on somewhat nutrient
enriched lignum from drift wood. This particular environment may generate the
mutually compressed, stronger developed apothecia of that species. Their
chemosyndromes are identical, and the slight anatomical differences may be due to
environmental modifications. In case further studies show them to be conspecific,
the name C. caesiorufella will take priority.
C. caesiorufella is an arctic, subarctic and boreal species, found in North America,
Greenland, Svalbard, Europe and Siberia (Søchting 1989, Søchting et al. 1992,
Santesson et al. 2004, Søchting & Olech 1995, Elvebakk & Hertel 1996).
SPECIMENS STUDIED: ALBERT I LAND. Mitrahalvøya, W- and N-side of Mt. Mitra, 79°9'27"N, 12°14'44"E,
Søchting 6050; S
ABINE LAND. Fjordnibba below bird cliffs, 78°21'23"N, 16°57'42"E, Søchting
5757.
Caloplaca celata Th. Fr.
Thallus episubstratic or, when on wood, endosubstratic, irregular in outline, thin;
margin indistinct; surface whitish grey. Apothecia sparse to moderately abundant,
scattered or in loose groups, to 0.9 mm in diam., small, sessile from beginning,
strongly constricted, lecanorine; disc plane, black, disc surface structure smooth,
often slightly white pruinose; margin distinct and persistent, not flexuose, black to
somewhat violet when abundantly pruinose, concolourous with disc, smooth, pruina
absent to distinct. Excipulum to 35 µm wide with many algal cells; inner part
paraplectenchymatous, consisting of round to angular cells, 4-6 µm in diameter,
hyaline. Hypothecium and subhymenium hyaline. Hymenium 70 µm high, hyaline;
paraphyses distinctly thickened with a pigmented wall, crystals located in uppermost
zone of the hymenium, insoluble in KOH, apical ramifications very frequent;
epihymenium not distinctly delimited, blackish violet hyaline. Asci 50 × 15 µm.
Ascospores 8 per ascus, occasionally fewer, broadly ellipsoid, 14-17 × 6-8 µm; septum
5-7 µm.
S
ECONDARY METABOLITES: no soluble anthraquinones present; disc K+ violet;
epihymenium K+ violet.
S
UBSTRATE AND ECOLOGY: on wood, detritus of Saxifraga oppositifolia and Silene
acaulis, old bones and antlers. Habitat exposed to sun or partially shaded.
N
OTES: The apothecial discs of C. celata are black with a more or less black margin.
Hansen et al. (1987) describe the margin as black or when very pruinose almost
violet, whereas Poelt (1969) describes the margin as whitish. The Svalbard material
has a dark grey to black margin and a pruinose disc. The spores are longer (14-
17 µm) compared with the size found in other studies (11-13.5 µm). C. celata prefers
moss, detritus and bone as substrates (Magnusson 1950) and is on Svalbard found
also on lignum.
It is known from North America, Greenland and Europe (Magnusson 1950, Poelt
1969, Hansen et al. 1987, Søchting & Olech 1995).

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SPECIMENS STUDIED: ALBERT I LAND. Mitrahalvøya, Diesetsletta at Laxebu, UTM: VH 2093, Søchting
6064; O
SKAR II LAND. Brøggerhalvøya, Zeppelinfjel above Ny Ålesund, Søchting 6189; SABINE
LAND. Tempelfjorden, below Fjordnibba, 78°22'27"N, 17°0'33"E, Søchting 5628a.; Fjordnibba below
bird cliffs, 78°21'23"N, 16°57'42"E, Søchting 5752.
Caloplaca coccinea (Müll.Arg.) Poelt
Thallus endo- or episubstratic on host lichen, very small, indistinct or composed of
scattered areoles, margin simple or very weakly effigurate, well delimited; surface
carmine red, smooth, matt, epruinose. Apothecia sparse, in loose groups, on host
thallus or on areoles, orbicular, to 0.8 mm in diam., small, sessile, seem to grow
somewhat skew, slightly constricted at the base, lecanorine, biatorine or zeorine;
disc plane to weakly convex, carmine red with an orange tinge, surface structure
smooth; apothecial margin first prominent to distinct, initially thick becoming thinner,
persistent, not flexuose or occasionally flexuose, concolourous with remaining thallus
surface, carmine red, slightly darker than disc, smooth. Excipulum to 60-100 µm
wide, with few or no algal cells; proper exciple broad and prosoplectenchymatous,
strongly glutinized, hyaline. Hypothecium hyaline, oil droplets present; subhymenium
hyaline. Hymenium 50-60 µm high, hyaline; paraphyses ramifications scarce; terminal
cells are swollen, to 7 µm wide, hyaline; subterminal cells to 3 µm wide; epihymenium
15 µm high, distinct, orange. Asci 52 × 13 µm. Ascospores c. 8 per ascus, ellipsoid,
9-11 × 5-6 µm; spore septum 2-3 µm.
S
ECONDARY METABOLITES: emodin, fallacinal, parietin, parietinic acid, and teloschistin;
chemosyndrome A. All yellow parts K+ red, C-.
S
UBSTRATE AND ECOLOGY: parasitic on lichens (see also notes). Habitat exposed to sun
or partially shaded, dry.
NOTES: The strong carmine-orange pigmentation is only known from few Northern
Caloplaca species, viz.: C. luteominia var. bolanderi (Tuck.) Arup, C. anchon-
phoeniceon Poelt & Clauzade and C. coccinea (Müll.Arg.) Poelt. C. luteominia var.
bolanderi is not a possibility mainly because it has grey to beige thallus (Arup
1993). The specimen from Svalbard was earlier identified to C. anchon-phoeniceon
by Søchting and Olech (1995). However, the broadly sessile apothecia and the larger
spores of C. anchon-phoeniceon is not characteristic of our specimen, so C. coccinea
is the most likely identity, even though Hansen et al. (1987) note that C. coccinea is
autotrophic on calciferous rock.
The Svalbard material (Søchting 5853 and Søchting 6177) was compared with
Caloplaca coccinea from the Austrian Alps (Søchting 9340). The Austrian material
differs from the Svalbard collection mainly in thallus morphology. The specimens
from Svalbard are distinctly lichenicolous and have no visible thallus except some
small scattered areoles. Though the Austrian specimen lives mostly directly on the
rock and has an indistinct endosubstratic thallus that stains the rock pale rose, some
apothecia resembles the Svalbard specimens and are lichenicolous. There are no
obvious anatomical and morphological differences between the apothecia in the three
collections.
SPECIMENS STUDIED: Svalbard. OSKAR II LAND. Brøggerhalvøya, Zeppelinfjel above Ny-Ålesund,
78°55'12"N, 11°55'9"E, Søchting 6177. SABINE LAND. Sassendalen at Fredheim. 78°21'23"N,

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16°57'42"E, Søchting 5853b. Austria. STEIERMARK. Nördlische Kalkalpen, Hochschwab-Gruppe. E
of Eisenerz, 47°32'N, 14°47'E, Søchting 9340.
Caloplaca elvebakkiana Søchting, Lorentsen & Arup sp. nov. Fig. 2
Caloplacae soropeltae similis, sed thallo effigurato.
TYPE: Svalbard. SABINE LAND. Fjordnibba below bird cliffs. NW-exposed. UTM: WG 4499, alt.
170 m. Bedrock: chert and limestone. 13.viii.1986. Søchting 5747 (C holotype, LD, BG and TROM
isotypes).
Mycobank no. MB 511832
Thallus epilithic, crustose, to 24 mm in diam., irregular in outline, composed of
scattered areoles, 0.4-0.5 mm thick; margin effigurate occasionally almost lobed,
convex, well delimited; surface pale dusty yellow, often with a white epinecral layer,
smooth with fine superficial fissures, matt; hypothallus absent; soralia are found
peripherally on thallus normally developing from the underside of the margin,
occasionally spreading inwards to laminal soralia, helmet-shaped, yellow, not or
occasionally confluent; soredia 25-30 µm in diam., finely granular. Thallus cortex is
10-20 µm high, paraplectenchymatous, poorly differentiated. Algal layer scattered;
medulla hyaline and loose. Apothecia in the type material were unripe, sparse to
moderately abundant, scattered, laminal on thallus, orbicular, to 0.6 mm in diam.,
small, sessile to substipitate, not or slightly constricted, lecanorine; disc plane, yellow
to pale orange, surface structure smooth, zeorine; apothecial margin initially prominent
and distinct, eventually at disc level, thick, regular, concolourous with thallus surface,
yellow, slightly brighter than disc, rough, sorediate; thalline exciple disolved in
soredia, with many algal cells; proper exciple hyaline. Hypothecium and subhymenium
hyaline. Hymenium 60 µm high, hyaline; paraphyses present, not gelatinized,
ramifications scarce; terminal cells are swollen, 5-7 µm wide, hyaline; subterminal
cells to 3 µm wide; epihymenium to 10 µm high, distinct, yellow to yellowish orange.
Ascospores probably c. 8 per ascus, difficult to distinguish in the unripe material.
Conidiomata pycnidial, moderately present to abundant, laminal on thallus, semi-
immersed; conidia ellipsoid, 3.5-4 × 1.5-2 µm.
S
ECONDARY METABOLITES: emodin, fallacinal, parietin, parietinic acid, and teloschistin;
chemosyndrome A. All yellow parts K+ red, C-.
S
UBSTRATE AND ECOLOGY: on strongly eutrophicated chert and limestone, but
occasionally also on detritus. Habitat exposed to sun or partially shaded, dry.
N
OTES: C. elvebakkiana is recognized on a combination of morphological thallus
characters. The scattered thallus areoles have a characteristic growth form starting as
areoles with a surface composed of one or more domes. With time, the domes grow
to become ± distinct tiny lobes or apothecia. The surface is evenly dusty yellow or
with white necrotic areas, matt and often with fine superficial cracks. The reproductive
strategy in C. elvebakkiana includes soralia, pycnidia and apothecia. The apothecia
are rather frequent, but the examined apothecia were unripe. In a single section
some very poorly developed spores were observed and the three best developed were
measured to be 11 × 8 µm, 13 × 6 µm and 17 × 6 µm with only a weak indication of
the bipolar structure.

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Pycnidia are frequent, often more than one pr. areole, and easily recognized as ±
immersed, orange spots on the surface of a dome or a lobe. Like in C. soropelta the
soralia develop from the underside of the margin, but eventually the soralia in
C. elvebakkiana spreads also to the more central parts of the thallus. Like in
C. soropelta, but unlike C. tominii, the soredia are small, 25-30 µm.
Even though C. elvebakkiana is not a distinctly lobate species, it differs from
C. soropelta’s smooth concave peltate, gregarious thallus by the softly folded-lobate
areoles and the overall impression is a verruculose, convex and scattered thallus. It
also resembles poorly developed specimens of C. decipiens but they are two well
separated taxa based on the frequent and early developed apothecia in C. elvebakkiana
and the development of soralia from the lobe margin and not centrally and laminal
as in C. decipiens. The type of C. elvebakkiana grows on a highly eutrophicated
chert-limestone conglomerate, together with C. saxicola and C. decipiens.
The new Caloplaca species is named Caloplaca elvebakkiana after the lichenologist
Arve Elvebakk, Botanical Institute, University of Tromsø in Norway, whom we
would like to honour for his inspiring work with the ecology and lichens of Svalbard,
and for his instrumental assistance connected with the two first author’s research
trips to Svalbard.
ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS STUDIED: NORDENSKJÖLD LAND. Longyearbyen, UTM: WG 1482, Søchting
5566; O
SCAR II LAND. Brøggerhalvøya, alt.: 50 m, Kiærstranda below Kiærfjel, Søchting 6108;
Brøggerhalvøya, Haarimsfjel, Søchting 6165; S
ABINE LAND. Nøisdalen, UTM: WG 4799, Søchting
5861; Sassendalen, Gjelhallet, UTM: WG 4595, Søchting 5577.
Caloplaca epithallina Lynge
Thallus the endosubstratic thallus shines indistinctly whitish grey through the dead
host thallus. Apothecia sparse to moderately abundant, often scattered or in loose
groups, growing on host thallus, 0.3-0.5-1 mm in diam., small to large, sessile,
Fig. 2. Caloplaca elvebakkiana. Holotype. Scale 0.5 mm. .

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slightly to strongly constricted, lecanorine; disc plane or occasionally distinctly convex,
colour varies from dark orange when shaded to ferruginous red when exposed and
not seldom blackening, surface structure fine granulose; margin indistinct to distinct,
thick, persistent or more seldom ± excluded, not flexuose, angular when depressed
by neighbouring apothecia, greyish to blackish red or ferruginous brown to
ferruginous red, concolourous with or often darker than disc, smooth to rough.
Exciple to 20-120 µm wide with many algal cells; inner part prosoplectenchymatous,
strongly glutinized, hyaline. Hypothecium and subhymenium hyaline. Hymenium
50-60 µm high, hyaline; paraphyses with ramifications present, terminal cells are
swollen, 3-4 µm wide, hyaline, subterminal cells to 3 µm wide; epihymenium distinct,
yellowish orange to ferruginous red. Asci 47 × 15 µm. Ascospores c. 8 per ascus,
occasionally less, usually well developed, broadly ellipsoid, 11-12.5 × 7-8 µm; septum
2-3.5 µm.
S
ECONDARY METABOLITES: teloschistin (2%), fallacinal (1%), parietinic acid, (2%),
emodin (1%), parietin (48%), 7-cloroemodin (31%) and fragilin (14%); chemo
syndrome belonging to group C. All orange or reddish parts are K+ red, C-.
S
UBSTRATE AND ECOLOGY: on lichens; the two Svalbard specimens grew on Dimelaena
oreina. The host grows on non-calciferous rock, normally on basalt and other acidic
rocks, ± eutrophicated; habitat exposed to sun or partially shaded.
N
OTES: This species is close to C. magni-filii, but the latter differs in having a distinct
I+ violet reaction in the excipulum and medulla (Poelt 1985). C. epithallina has, for
lichenicolous species, an unusual large range of hosts e.g. Dimelaena oreina,
Rhizoplaca melanophtalma and Protoparmeliopsis muralis, but is limited to hosts on
more or less acidic substrates that are ± eutrophicated (Poelt 1985). C. epithallina
has been recorded from North America, Greenland, Svalbard and Europe (Poelt
1985, Hansen et al. 1987, Søchting & Olech 1995).
SPECIMENS STUDIED: NORDENSKIÖLD LAND. Grønsteinfjellet, 3 km SE of Diabasodden, 20 km NE of
Longyearbyen, 78°20'34"N, 16°12'20"E, Søchting 5474, 5482.
Caloplaca exsecuta (Nyl.) Dalle Torre & Sarnth.
Thallus endosubstratic on wood and episubstratic on rocks, irregular in outline, thin,
to 0.2 mm thick, ±indistinct to crustose, continuous to areolate; margin indistinct;
surface grey, occasionally very dark or dirty white, granulose and matt. Apothecia
sparse to moderately abundant, scattered to gregarious, 0.2-0.5-0.7 mm in diam.,
sessile or rarely slightly immersed in an areole, not constricted, mostly biatorine or
lecideine; disc plane to convex or occasionally strongly convex, black with some
brownish yellow to greenish brown to reddish brown pigments (colour very variable,
the orange pigments often lies on the disc surface like a pruina), surface structure
rough; apothecial margin in extreme specimens, prominent, thin to thick, persistent
(in strongly convex apothecia the margin is excluded, but it is always present), regular,
or angular when pressed by neighbouring apothecia, black to olive, darker than disc,
smooth. Excipulum to 50 µm wide only rarely with very few algae in the lowest
part; cortex poorly delimited; proper exciple broad, prosoplectenchymatous, strongly
glutinized, outer part hyaline to blackish green. Hypothecium to 125 µm high,

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yellowish to brownish to greyish green; subhymenium yellowish brown. Hymenium
65-90(-135) µm high, hyaline (in very dark apothecia the uppermost part of the
hymenium is ±darkened); paraphyses gelatinized at the bottom, ramifications scarce,
terminal cells are swollen, 1.5-4 µm wide; epihymenium 0-15 µm high, indistinct to
distinct, yellowish orange. Asci 60 × 16 µm. Ascospores 8 per ascus, ellipsoid, 12-
14-15.5(-16.5) × (5.5-)6-6.5-7.5 µm; septum 3-3.5-4.5(-5) µm.
S
ECONDARY METABOLITES: 7-chloroemodin, emodin, fallacinal, fragilin, parietin,
parietinic acid, teloschistin and an unknown substance; chemosyndrome A2. Thallus
K-; apothecial margin K- or K+ red; disc K+ red.
SUBSTRATE AND ECOLOGY: on rock or rarely on wood. Habitat exposed to sun, moist.
N
OTES: C. exsecuta belongs to the Caloplaca group with more or less black apothecia,
the taxonomy of which is not fully clarified. The apothecium has a somewhat shiny
black margin and a very dark disc with traces of orange or ferrugineous red. The
thallus tends to be better developed in Scandinavia than on Svalbard. C. exsecuta is
a pioneer on rock in more or less moist habitats (Hansen et al. 1987) but is in
Svalbard also observed on wood (Søchting 1989). It is known from North America,
Greenland, Svalbard and Europe (Wunder 1974, Hansen et al. 1987, Søchting 1989,
Søchting & Olech 1995, Wetmore 1996). Records from Antarctica are erroneous
and refer to C. hertelii Søchting, Øvstedal & Sancho and C. sauronii Søchting &
Øvstedal (Søchting et al. 2004).
SPECIMENS STUDIED: NORDENSKIÖLD LAND. Longyeardalen, 78°12'05"N, 15°34'40"E, Søchting 6217;
Reindalen N of Sørhytta, 77°59'40"N, 15°52'10"E, Søchting 5533; O
SKAR II LAND. Brøggerhalvøya,
Thusbukta at Ny-Ålesund, 78°53'16"N, 12°18'1"E, Søchting 6174.
Caloplaca fraudans (Th.Fr.) Oliv.
Thallus epi- or endosubstratic on wood or rock, irregular in outline, thin to thick
depending on degree of eutrophication, continuous to areolate, margin indistinct;
surface dirty white to dark grey, matt. Apothecia moderately abundant to abundant,
mostly scattered or subgregarious, 0.3-1.2(-2) mm in diam., immersed when young
or sessile from beginning, normally sessile at maturity, lecanorine; disc plane to
convex, ferruginous brown or orange, surface structure fine granulose to rough;
apothecial margin initially prominent, becoming distinct, thick, normally persistent
but occasionally becoming excluded, initially regular, but eventually sometimes
strongly flexuose, yellowish orange or orange, brighter than disc, smooth and ±
shiny. Excipulum to 80 µm wide, with many algal cells; inner part prosoplec-
tenchymatous, strongly glutinized, hyaline. Hypothecium 140 µm high, hyaline;
subhymenium hyaline. Hymenium 60-70 µm high, hyaline; paraphyses not gelatinized,
ramifications present; terminal cells 2-3 µm wide; subterminal cells 2 µm wide;
epihymenium distinct, yellow to orange. Ascospores 8 per ascus, ellipsoid or broadly
ellipsoid, (8-)11-14(-16) × 4-5(-6) µm; septum 2-4 µm.
S
ECONDARY METABOLITES: emodin, fallacinal, parietin, parietinic acid, and teloschistin;
chemosyndrome A3. All orange or yellow parts are K+ red.
S
UBSTRATE AND ECOLOGY: on eutrophicated wood or non-calciferous rock. Habitat
exposed to sun or partially shaded, dry.

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NOTES: C. fraudans looks similar to C. arenaria, and poorly developed apothecia can
be confused. C. arenaria is distinguished by having smaller apothecia, 0.2-0.5 mm
in diam., a more reddish margin, and narrow spores with a thin spore septum (Hansen
et al. 1987).
C. fraudans prefers siliceous, eutrophicated rock, but is on Svalbard also frequent
on highly eutrophicated lignum. C. fraudans is an arctic species reported from North
America, Greenland, Svalbard, Scandinavia and Siberia (Magnusson 1944, Hansen
et al. 1987, Søchting et al. 1992, Santesson et al. 2004, Søchting & Olech 1995).
SPECIMENS STUDIED: ALBERT I LAND. Mitrahalvøya, Diesetslette at Laxebu, 79°10'56"N, 11°11'16"E,
Søchting 6070; PRINS KARLS FORLAND. Fuglehuken, 78°53'42"N, 10°27'49"E, Lorentsen 73a.
Caloplaca fuscorufa A.H.Magnusson
Thallus epilithic, pale to medium grey or whitish grey, 0.03-0.5(-0.7) mm thick,
rimose to irregularly cracked areolate with ± verruculose surface; areoles varying
much in size, 0.1-1.8 mm. Apothecia usually abundant, 0.3-1.2 mm in diam., adnate
to sessile, round to irregular, biatorine, but usually with some algae at the base; disc
slightly concave to strongly convex, dark orange to brownish or dark reddish orange
in young apothecia, later more ferruginous brown to dark brown to brown-black,
with or without orange pruina; exciple in flat to moderately convex apothecia 20-
100 µm, but in strongly convex apothecia reflexed and ± excluded, raised above or
level with disc, rather even, concolorous with disc or darker, sometimes black; proper
exciple with radiating hyphae in the proximal part, but with ± isodiametric cells
with rather thick cell-walls below the hypothecium, hyaline in interior parts but
often bluish black near surface, with varying amounts of orange external crystals;
sometimes with oil-droplets; thalline exciple absent, but algae are sometimes present
at the base, occasionally filling most of it. Hypothecium (30-)50-100(-150) µm
thick, usually with oil-droplets, hyaline; subhymenium hyaline. Hymenium
(65-)80-100(-120) µm high, hyaline; paraphyses simple or with some ramifications,
1-2.5 µm, terminal cells moderately widened to 3-4(-5) µm; epihymenium with
varying amounts of Lecidea-green, in young stages usually with granular epipsamma
of brownish orange crystals, but these often decrease with age. Asci clavate, c. 60 ×
20 µm, 8-spored. Ascospores 8 per ascus, broadly ellipsoid to ovoid, (12.0-)14.0-
18.0(-19.0) × (6.0-)7.0-9.0(-11.5) µm; septum (3.0-)4.0-7.0(-8.0) µm.
S
ECONDARY METABOLITES: parietin, emodin and 7-cloroemodin and their oxidation
products as well as minor proportions of fragilin, emodinal and citreorosein,
chemosyndrome C3 and C4. The excipulum and epithecium also contain varying
amounts of Lecidea-green (K-, N+ brownish purple). The thallus is K-, C-, P- and
UV-.
S
UBSTRATE AND ECOLOGY: on various kinds of rock, often on slightly calciferous types,
but also pure acidic rocks and limestone. It usually grows on solid rocks, from
vertical to horizontal, but it has also been found on pebbles, usually in rather dry
situations. Almost all habitats are more or less sun-exposed.
N
OTES: C. fuscorufa is similar to C. crenularia, but differs in the larger spores with
larger septa and in apothecium colour. The proper margin also differs in often being

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more flexuose in C. crenularia and slightly thinner. In addition, C. crenularia usually
has conspicuous, ferruginose pycnidia while no pycnidia have been observed in
C. fuscorufa. Forms of C. fuscorufa with blackish proper margin and orange disc are
similar to C. exsecuta. However, this species has a different chemistry. Usually, the
apothecia are smaller in C. exsecuta and the disc more yellowish or greenish orange.
The hypothecium is also brownish instead of hyaline. Finally, the spores are clearly
smaller with smaller septa in C. exsecuta.
SPECIMENS STUDIED: OSKAR II LAND, Bröggerhalvöya, Søchting 6171 (C); SABINE LAND, Coloradofjeldet,
Søchting 5773c, 5777, 5780, 5782, 5786 (C), Rejmyrefjellet, Søchting 5838 (C); S
ASSENDALEN,
Fredheim, Søchting 5817, 5858 (C).
Caloplaca holocarpa (Hoffm.) A.E.Wade
The species complex around the C. holocarpa group is currently under study by the
third author. It is, however, clear that C. holocarpa is separate from C. pyracea and
that they both occur on Svalbard.
Caloplaca invadens Lynge
Thallus parasitic on Aspicilia, irregular in outline, 0.05-0.4-0.8 cm in diam., to
0.2 mm thick, composed of scattered areoles; the areole margin is simple or more
often effigurate (Fig. 3); surface dusty yellow to pale yellowish orange, occasionally
with a blackish-olive tinge at the margin, smooth, matt; hypothallus absent.
Apothecia moderately abundant, scattered or in loose groups, developed from
own thallus or directly from host thallus, 1(-1.3) mm in diam., sessile, not to
slightly constricted, lecanorine to often zeorine; disc plane to weakly convex, dark
yellowish-ferruginous red to ferruginous brown; surface structure smooth to fine
granulose; apothecial margin initially prominent, thick, not or occasionally
flexuose; proper exciple persistent, more bright yellow than disc, while the thalline
exciple, which is yellowish orange, is brighter than the proper exciple, but
concolorous with the thallus, smooth, occasionally waxy, shining; eventually it
becomes excluded; excipulum to 115 µm wide, hyaline; thalline exciple with many
algal cells; proper exciple narrow, prosoplectenchymatous, strongly glutinized,
hyaline. Hypothecium 150 µm high, of unoriented to anticlinal hyphae with mostly
broad lumina, hyaline, oil droplets absent; subhymenium hyaline. Hymenium 65-
70 µm high, hyaline; paraphyses not gelatinized, ramified; terminal cells simple or
swollen, 3-5 µm wide; subterminal cells to 3 µm wide; epihymenium distinct,
yellow to yellowish orange. Asci 65 × 26 µm. Ascospores 8 per ascus, ellipsoid to
broadly ellipsoid, 13-16(-17) × 8-10 µm; septum 4-5 µm.
S
ECONDARY METABOLITES: emodin, fallacinal, parietin, parietinic acid, and teloschistin;
chemosyndrome A. All yellow or orange parts K+ red, C-.
S
UBSTRATE AND ECOLOGY: lichenicolous on Aspicilia. The host grows on rock; habitat
exposed to sun or partially shaded, up to 200 m a.s.l.
N
OTES: It has been discussed whether C. invadens is a distinct species or it should be
included in the very closely related species C. castellana (Hansen et al. 1987).

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Morphological and anatomical studies of the two species combined with molecular
data have convinced us that they should be kept as separate species. Morphologically
C. invadens differs mainly in the thallus. The thallus areoles are large, up to 1 mm,
often more or less immersed in the host thallus, often distinctly effigurate; the
surface is rough, matt and yellow, not bright orange. The apothecial disc is flat to
weakly convex or weakly concave, reddish brown and rough. The margin is zeorine
with a distinct, orange proper margin and ± suppressed, yellow thalline margin.
Generally, C. invadens has many apothecia and few thallus areoles. Occasionally
shaded thallus areoles of C. castellana can be yellow and thereby resemble the
areoles of C. invadens, but the opposite is never the case, C. invadens never gets
the dark reddish orange colour of C. castellana. ITS sequences of a limited material
of C. invadens and C. castellana support that they are sister species, and do not
contradict their separation.
Lynge described C. invadens from Novaya Zemlja and it is also found in North
America, Greenland, Svalbard and Scandinavia (Lynge 1937, Santesson et al. 2004,
Alstrup 1991, Søchting & Olech 1995).
SPECIMENS STUDIED: NORDENSKIÖLD LAND. Diabasodden, 20 km NE of Longyearbyen, 78°21'40"N,
16°7'6"E, Søchting 5464; Grønsteinfjellet, 3 km SE of Diabasodden, 20 km NE of Longyearbyen,
78°20'34"N, 16°12'20"E, Søchting 5455, 5471, 5490.
Fig. 3. Caloplaca invadens. Søchting 5490. Scale 1 mm. .

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Caloplaca nivalis (Körb.) Th. Fr.
Thallus endo- or episubstratic, irregular in outline, very small, thin to indistinct,
persistent, continuous; surface dirty white to grey, matt, epruinose. Anatomy: cortex
30 µm high. Algal layer clustered; medulla 65 µm high, hyaline and compact.
Apothecia moderately abundant to abundant, scattered or in loose groups, 0.2-0.5
(-0.6) mm in diam., small, sessile from beginning, slightly constricted, lecanorine,
biatorine or lecideine; disc plane to convex, yellowish orange to yellowish brownish,
exposed areas becoming olivaceous or blackish, surface structure fine granulose to
rough, pruina abundant, yellow to reddish; margin, indistinct to distinct, thin,
persistent, not or occasionally flexuose, occasionally yellowish orange or brownish
orange, more often olivaceous or even black, margin concolourous with disc when
shaded or els darker than disc, smooth (when black somewhat shining), pruina absent
or slight. Anatomy: excipulum to 60 µm wide; the outermost part of the cortex has a
greyish tinge, indistinctly delimited; amphithecium present, few or no algal cells;
parathecium broad, prosoplectenchymatous, strongly glutinized, hyaline.
Hypothecium 110 µm high, hyaline; subhymenium hyaline or ± brownish hyaline.
Hymenium 80-90 µm high, hyaline (upper part greyish purple in dark apothecia);
paraphyses terminal cells simple, 2-4 µm wide, hyaline; subterminal cells 2-3 µm
wide; epihymenium distinct, yellow to yellowish orange. Asci 70 × 20 µm. Ascospores
c. 8 per ascus, narrowly ellipsoid, 27-32 µm × 4-5.5(-6) µm; spore septum absent
but often with an equatorial thickening of the spore wall.
S
ECONDARY METABOLITES: emodin, fallacinal, parietin, parietinic acid, and teloschistin;
chemosyndrome A. All yellow parts K+ red, C-.
S
UBSTRATE AND ECOLOGY: on bryophytes. Host substratum: non-calciferous rock; habitat
exposed to sun or partially shaded, habitat moist. Host species: Andreaea and Grimmia.
N
OTES: It is not possible with certainty to distinguish C. nivalis from the very similar
C. tornoënsis without making a cross-section with spores. The spores of C. tornoënsis
are clearly bipolar with a spore septum of 1-2 µm, whereas the spores of C. nivalis
are one-celled only with a slight equatorial thickening. Both C. nivalis and
C. tornoënsis are parasitic on the bryophytes Andreaea and Grimmia that grow on
moist acidic rocks.
C. nivalis is an arctic-alpine species known from North America, Greenland, Svalbard,
Siberia, Northern Scotland, Central Europe and Scandinavia (Magnusson 1944,
Hansen et al. 1987, Søchting et al. 1992, Purvis et al. 1992, Santesson et al. 2004,
Søchting & Olech 1995).
SPECIMENS STUDIED: ALBERT I LAND. Mitrahalvøya, Erling vatnet, 79°15'25"N, 11°27'1"E, Søchting
6043; Mitrahalvøya, W- and N-side of Mt. Mitra, 79°9'27"N, 12°14'44"E, Søchting 6052.
Caloplaca phaeocarpella (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Thallus endosubstratic (staining the wood greyish), 0.5 cm in diam., indistinct.
Apothecia moderately abundant, scattered or in loose groups, but rarely more than
15 close together, to 0.5 mm in diam., small, sessile, not to slightly constricted,
lecanorine; disc initially weakly concave, becoming weakly convex, black, occasionally
with a yellow tinge, or reddish orange, epruinose; margin initially prominent,

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becoming indistinct, medium thick, up to 40 µm, persistent, not flexuose, black,
darker than disc, smooth ± shining. Excipulum to 30 µm wide, with few algal cells;
proper exciple prosoplectenchymatous, strongly glutinized, brownish hyaline.
Hypothecium 95 µm high, of unoriented to anticlinal hyphae with mostly broad
lumina, up to 6 µm, hyaline, oil droplets absent or present; subhymenium hyaline.
Hymenium 60 µm high, hyaline; paraphyses gelatinized, ramifications present;
terminal cells simple or swollen, 1.5-2-4 µm wide, hyaline, enclosed in a brownish
pigmented gelatinous cap; subterminal cells to 2 µm wide; epihymenium indistinct,
brownish yellow. Asci 50 × 25 µm. Ascospores normally 8 per ascus, ellipsoid, often
poorly developed, 15.5-17 × 7-8.5 µm; spore septum 3-8 µm, mostly 4 µm.
S
ECONDARY METABOLITES: emodin, fallacinal, parietin, parietinic acid, and teloschistin;
chemo syndrome A. All yellow and orange parts K+ red, C-.
S
UBSTRATE AND ECOLOGY: on wood, bark or dead leaves. Habitat exposed to sun or
partially shaded.
N
OTES: The small, very dark brownish apothecia of this species can be confused with
apothecia of C. caesiorufella but is distinguished by the almost black margin, the
larger spores and the different secondary metabolites (Magnusson 1944, Søchting
1989).
C. phaeocarpella has a bipolar distribution and is recorded from Greenland, Svalbard,
Siberia, Europe and Antarctica (Magnusson 1944, Santesson et al. 2004, Søchting
1989, Søchting et al. 1992, Søchting & Olech 1995, Søchting et al. 2004).
SPECIMENS STUDIED: OSKAR II LAND. Brøggerhalvøya, Ny-Ålesund, 78°55'46"N, 11°57'48"E, Søchting
6196.
Caloplaca pyracea (Ach.) Th. Fr.
See comment under C. holocarpa.
Caloplaca saxifragarum Poelt
Thallus endo- or episubstratic, irregular in outline, thin; surface white. Apothecia
moderately abundant, subgregarious, 0.2-0.7 mm in diam., small, sessile, slightly
constricted, closely adpressed, lecanorine; disc plane, yellowish orange, later
occasionally with a brownish tinge, surface smooth to fine granulose; margin indistinct,
not flexuose, darker than remaining thallus surface, yellowish orange, concolourous
with disc or slightly paler, smooth. Excipulum to 20-50 µm wide; cortex poorly
delimited, with few algal cells; proper exciple broad, prosoplectenchymatous, strongly
glutinized, hyaline. Hypothecium 100 µm high, of unoriented to anticlinal hyphae
with mostly broad lumina, hyaline; subhymenium hyaline. Hymenium 70-80 µm
high, hyaline; paraphyses terminal cells simple, swollen to 6 µm wide, hyaline;
subterminal cells to 3 µm wide; epihymenium distinct, yellow to yellowish orange.
Asci 50 × 17 µm. Ascospores c. 8 per ascus, broadly ellipsoid, 10-12 × 6-7 µm;
septum 5.5 µm.
S
ECONDARY METABOLITES: emodin, fallacinal, parietin, parietinic acid, and teloschistin;
chemosyndrome A. All yellow parts K+ red, C-.

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SUBSTRATE AND ECOLOGY: on bryophytes, detritus, particularly on species of Saxifraga.
In Arctis often on Saxifraga oppositifolia and Dryas integrifolia. In the Arctic it
seems only to occur in calciferous or alkaline habitats. Habitat exposed to sun or
partially shaded, dry.
N
OTES: C. saxifragarum has small, scattered apothecia with a yellowish orange to
brownish orange disc and only slightly paler margin. Spores are small with broad
septum. It can be confused with C. pyracea that has slightly smaller spore septum
and grows on wood. C. saxifragarum grows on detritus mainly of Saxifraga sp. in
calciferous or at least alkaline habitats and is recorded from Greenland, Svalbard
and the European Alps (Poelt 1969; Hansen et al., 1987; Søchting and Olech 1995).
SPECIMENS STUDIED: NORDENSKJÖLD LAND. Diabasodden, 20 km NE of Longyearbyen, UTM: WG
2599, Søchting 5460; OSKAR II LAND. Brøggerhalvøya, Zeppelinfjel above Ny-Ålesund, 78°55'12"
N, 11°55'9"E, Søchting 6185.
Caloplaca scabrosa Søchting, Lorentsen & Arup sp. nov. Fig. 4
Caloplacae furfuraceae similis, sed thallo epilithico, scabrido et atranorino continens.
T
YPE: Nordenskiöld Land, Reindalen N of Sørhytta. 77°59'40"N, 15°52'10"E, alt.: 100 m. On and
under overhanging sandstone. 4. viii.1986. Søchting 5513 (C holotype, BG and LD isotypes).
Mycobank no. MB 511833
Thallus episubstratic, irregular in outline, to 2 cm in diam., small to medium-sized,
persistent, rimose-areolate; margin simple, indistinct; surface dirty white to whitish
grey, exposed parts gets a blackish tinge, rough and scabrous, matt; hypothallus
poorly developed, visible at thallus margin only, black or white. Apothecia sparse,
to 1.2 mm in diam., semi-immersed to sessile, slightly constricted; disc initially
slightly concave, becoming plane to convex, ferruginous brown or ferruginous red,
when shaded dark orange, occasionally with a dark brown almost blackish tinge,
biatorine, but with algae at the very base; margin distinct to prominent, persistent or
occasionally becoming excluded, occasionally flexuose, darker than remaining thallus
surface, ferruginous brown or ferruginous red, orange when shaded, concolourous
with or darker than disc, smooth, excipulum brownish. Subhymenium hyaline.
Hymenium 60-90 µm high, hyaline; paraphyses with ramifications, terminal cells
simple, to 3 µm wide, hyaline; epihymenium distinct. Asci clavate, to 70 × 20 µm.
Ascospores 6-8 per ascus, ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, (12-)14-16 × 6-8 µm; spore
septum 4-5 µm.
S
ECONDARY METABOLITES: apothecia: 7-chloroemodin (24%), 7-Cl-citreorosein (1%),
7-cl-emodinal (4%), fallacinal (3%), parietinic acid (3%), emodin (7%), and parietin
(50%); chemo syndrome C4; thallus: atranorin. All reddish or brownish parts K+red,
C+red. Thallus K+ yellow.
S
UBSTRATE AND ECOLOGY: on sandstone. Habitat exposed to sun or partially shaded.
N
OTES: The new species, C. scabrosa resembles the saxicolous C. crenularia in having
a greyish, crustose thallus with ferrugineous apothecia. It is characterized by the
distinct rimose-areolate and relatively thick, up to 0.9 mm, thallus, which is more
whitish and has a very rough, scabrous to granulose surface. The apothecia differ in

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the darker and more reddish, flat to strongly convex disc that has a pronounced
tendency to blacken at exposure, and by not having very flexuose apothecial margin.
It has the same chemosyndrome as C. furfuracea and C. herbidella, except that
atranorin has not been found in the thallus of those species; furthermore, C. furfuracea
has more well developed, less scabrous thallus surface. Atranorin is a rare compound
in Teloschistaceae, but occurs in the thallus of e.g. C. sinapisperma. C. scabrosa is
known only from the type collection.
Caloplaca sibirica H.Magn.
Thallus endo- or episubstratic, occasionally with thallus surrounding conglomerated
apothecia, irregular in outline, to 1 cm in diam., thin, thallus very variable; margin
indistinct; when thallus is endosubstratic it is only seen as a greyish tinge on the
wood, when it is episubstratic the thallus is yellowish orange with a matt surface.
Anatomy: cortex 20 µm high. Apothecia abundant, scattered or gregarious, 0.5-
0.9 mm in diam., small, sessile, occasionally forming raised conglomerates, not to
slightly constricted, zeorine; disc plane to weakly convex, yellowish orange to
orange, never with an olive tinge, surface structure smooth to fine granulose;
margin prominent, thick, persistent, not flexuose or occasionally angular due to
suppression, thalline margin yellow, proper margin yellowish orange, slightly
brighter than disc, smooth. Excipulum to 100 µm wide; thalline exciple with many
algal cells; proper exciple broad, prosoplectenchymatous, strongly glutinized,
hyaline. Hypothecium 90 µm high, of unoriented hyphae, with lumina broader
Fig. 4. Caloplaca scabrosa. Holotype. Scale 0.5 mm.

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and more rounded in lower part, hyaline, with oil droplets; subhymenium very
dense and thin, hyaline. Hymenium 70-80 µm high, hyaline; paraphyses not
gelatinized, ramifications present; terminal cells are swollen, to 5 µm wide, hyaline;
subterminal cells to 4 µm wide; epihymenium distinct, yellow to yellowish orange.
Asci 60 × 25 µm. Ascospores c. 8 per ascus, broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid, 16-18 ×
7-9(-10) µm; spore septum 3-6 µm.
S
ECONDARY METABOLITES: emodin, fallacinal, parietin, parietinic acid, and teloschistin;
chemosyndrome A. All yellow parts K+ red, C-.
S
UBSTRATE AND ECOLOGY: on bryophytes, wood and detritus in horizontal, eutrophicated
habitats. Habitat exposed to sun, dry to moist.
N
OTES: C. sibirica belongs to the large group of Caloplaca with small, yellowish
orange apothecia that are very difficult to differentiate on morphology. It is
characterised by never getting an olive tinge and by the large spores, 16-18 × 7-10 µm,
with a broad septum, 3-6 µm. It is earlier recorded on wood and moss from Svalbard
(Søchting 1989), but is also found on rock and old bone. It has been found in North
America, Svalbard, Siberia and Europe (Søchting 1989, Santesson et al. 2004,
Søchting & Olech 1995).
SPECIMENS STUDIED: Nordenskjöld Land. Sassendalen, Fredheim, UTM: WG 4398. Søchting 5820;
S
ABINE LAND. Fjordnibba, S of Tempelfjorden, 78°22'59"N, 17°0'33"E, Søchting 5619.
Caloplaca sinapisperma (Lam. & DC.) Maheu & Gillet
Thallus episubstratic, irregular in outline, 2 cm in diam., small to medium-sized,
thin, continuous with numerous small “scales”; margin indistinct; surface white to
whitish grey, matt. Anatomy: cortex paraplectenchymatous; algal layer scattered;
medulla hyaline, dense. Apothecia moderately abundant to abundant, scattered or in
loose groups, 0.2-0.4-0.6(-0.9) mm in diam., small, sessile, slightly to strongly
constricted, closely adpressed, lecanorine, but eventually with suppressed margins;
disc initially plane, becoming strongly convex (hemispherical), disc brownish red to
reddish brown (cinnamon) occasionally almost black; surface fine granulose to rough,
epruinose; margin soon indistinct, becoming excluded, not flexuose, brownish red
to reddish brown, concolourous with disc. Excipulum to 80-100 µm wide; inner part
broad, paraplectenchymatous, hyaline. Hypothecium 200 µm high, pale brownish
hyaline. Hymenium 100-120 µm high, hyaline; paraphyses not gelatinized, apical
cells held closely together by the epihymenium, ramifications present; terminal cells
sometimes swollen, 2-6 µm wide, hyaline; subterminal cells 2-4 µm wide; epihy-
menium distinct, yellow to yellowish orange. Asci 85 × 25 µm. Ascospores c. 8 per
ascus, occasionally fewer and poorly developed, broadly ellipsoid, 19-20(-22) × 8-
10(-12) µm; spore septum 2.5-3(4) µm.
S
ECONDARY METABOLITES: apothecia: citreorosein (c. 26%), emodinal (c. 11%),
emodinic acid (c. 9%), emodin (c. 14%) and atranorin (c. 35%). All reddish or
brownish parts K+ red, C+ red.
SUBSTRATE AND ECOLOGY: on bryophytes and detritus, normally in calciferous habitats.
Habitat exposed to sun.

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NOTES: C. sinapisperma is readily confused with C. tetraspora and is best distinguished
on the asci with up to eight smaller spores, the better developed, grey thallus containing
atranorin and the finer epipsamma giving the apothecia a smoother surface.
C. sinapisperma is mainly a continental species with few known localities in Greenland
and Svalbard (Hansen et al. 1987).
SPECIMENS STUDIED: HAAKON VII LAND. Generalfjellet, Camp Zoe, 79°11'26"N, 11°57'1"E. Søchting 6098.
Caloplaca spitsbergensis H.Magn.
Thallus endosubstratic, occasionally when the habitat is eutrophicated small thallus
areoles develops, irregular in outline, small, evanescent to thin; margin simple,
indistinct; surface grey, granulose, matt, epruinose cortex is indistinct. Anatomy:
algal layer of clustered to scattered cells; medulla hyaline, dense. Apothecia moderately
abundant to abundant, in loose groups or gregarious, occasionally forming raised
conglomerates, 0.5-0.7(-1) mm in diam., small to large, sessile, strongly constricted,
lecanorine to biatorine; disc initially plane, becoming convex to distinctly convex in
old apothecia, ferrugineous red to dark brown, surface structure rough, epruinose;
margin initially distinct, with time indistinct, thin, persistent or becoming excluded,
not to occasionally flexuose, thalline margin grey, proper margin brownish red to
reddish brown, often brighter than or concolourous with disc, smooth, epruinose.
Exciple to 50 µm wide, present or suppressed with very few algal cells; proper
exciple narrow, prosoplectenchymatous, strongly glutinized, +/- distinct, hyaline.
Hypothecium of unoriented hyphae, with lumina broader and more rounded in lower
part, often strongly swollen, hyaline; subhymenium hyaline. Hymenium 70 µm high,
hyaline; paraphyses terminal cells simple or swollen, 3-5 µm wide, hyaline; subterminal
cells to 3 µm wide; epihymenium 15 µm high, distinct, orange to red. Asci 55 ×
13 µm. Ascospores c. 8 per ascus, often poorly developed, narrowly ellipsoid, 13-
15(-17) × (3.5-)5.5-6 µm; septum 3.5-4 µm.
S
ECONDARY METABOLITES: 7-chloroemodin, emodin, parietin, 1-O-methyl-7-
chloroemodin, 7-chloro-1,6,8-trihydroxy-3-methyl-10-anthrone, 7-chloro-
citreorosein, 7-chloroemodinal (Elix et al. 2000); chemosyndrome C1. Thallus surface
K-, C-; thallus cortex K-, C-; medulla K-; ascomatal disc K+ red, C+ red;
epihymenium K+ red, C+ red.
S
UBSTRATE AND ECOLOGY: on dry driftwood. Habitat exposed to sun or partially shaded,
dry.
N
OTES: C. spitsbergensis and C. ammiospila can be difficult to separate. Generally,
the apothecia of C. spitsbergensis have a flat to more often convex, brownish
ferruginous disc, a distinct to excluded margin and rather small spores. Generally,
the apothecia of C. spitsbergensis are more delicate than those of the coarser
C. ammiospila. A separation can be based on small, but conclusive differences in the
metabolite syndromes, viz.: the almost total absence of parietin in C. spitsbergensis.
Only faint differences in apothecium- and spore-size and the absence of a faint
iodide reaction distinguish C. spitsbergensis from C. caesiorufella. These may be
modifications induced by eutrophication from the maritime drift wood environment,
but pending study of a broader material we prefer to keep the species apart.

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C. spitsbergensis is only recorded from wood, and has been found in North America,
Greenland, Svalbard, Siberia and Scandinavia (Hansen et al. 1987, Søchting & Olech
1995; Elvebakk & Bjerke 2006 )
SPECIMENS STUDIED: ANDRÉE LAND. Gråhuken, 79°47'50,5"N, 14°32'29.0"E, Lorentsen 90a;
N
ORDENSKJÖLD LAND. 8 km W of Longyearbyen, Bjørndalen, 78°13'43.6"N 15°18'37.6"E, Lorentsen
127a; Kapp Linné, 78°03'44.0"N, 13°37'16.1"E, LB13; OSKAR II LAND. Brøggerhalvøya, Ny-Ålesund,
78°55'46"N, 11°57'48"E, Søchting 6156.
Caloplaca tominii Savicz
Thallus episubstratic to ± immersed, irregular in outline, 0.05-0.1-0.2(-0.4) cm in
diam., thick, persistent, areolate; margin simple or effigurate, well delimited; surface
yellowish orange, granulose to rough, matt. Soralia present; peripheric on thallus,
developing from the lower surface, yellow, eventually covering the whole thallus;
soredia 35-60 µm in diam., coarsely granular. Anatomy: cortex 15 µm high,
paraplectenchymatous. Algal layer of scattered cells; medulla hyaline, loose to very
loose, the algal layer becoming hollow. Apothecia absent or rarely present, moderately
abundant, 0.5-1-1.5 mm in diam., slightly to strongly constricted, closely adpressed;
disc plane, brownish orange, surface smooth, ; margin distinct, persistent, darker
than remaining thallus surface, yellowish orange, brighter than disc, sorediate in old
apothecia. Hymenium 80-100 µm high; paraphyses terminal cells are swollen, to
6 µm wide. Ascospores c. 8 per ascus, ellipsoid, 13-16.5 µm long, 6.5-9 µm wide,
septum 1-1.5-(2) µm.
S
ECONDARY METABOLITES: emodin, fallacinal, parietin, parietinic acid, and teloschistin;
chemosyndrome A. All yellow parts K+ red, C-.
S
UBSTRATE AND ECOLOGY: on sandy soil. Habitat exposed to sun or partially shaded,
dry climate.
N
OTES: This sorediate Caloplaca is recognized by the small, relatively thick, yellow
to orange thallus with a more or less lobate margin. The soralia are laminal or
marginal on the thallus. They are normally paler and more greenish yellow than the
rest of the thallus and the soredia are ± coarse and granular in contrast to the soredia
of C. soropelta and C. elvebakkiana. It grows on calciferous or non-calciferous soil
(Wetmore 2001), but was on Svalbard also observed on a mixture of soil and detritus.
Nordin (1972) describes this species as favouring a continental climate. Even though
Svalbard does not have inland climate, it has very low annual precipitation, viz.:
210 mm in Longyearbyen.
C. tominii is known from North America, Greenland, Svalbard and Europe (Nordin
1972; Hansen et al. 1987; Santesson et al. 2004; Søchting and Olech 1995; Wetmore
2001).
SPECIMENS STUDIED: NORDENSKJÖLD LAND. Longyeardalen, UTM: WG1381, Søchting 6221. SABINE
LAND. Sassendalen, Gjelhallet, 78°19'13"N, 17°0'0"E, Søchting 5572.
Caloplaca tornoënsis H.Magn.
Thallus episubstratic on bryophytes, irregular in outline, thin; margin simple,
indistinct; surface dirty white, matt. Anatomy: algal layer clustered; medulla hyaline.

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Apothecia moderately abundant, scattered or in loose groups, 0.2-0.5(-0.6) mm in
diam., sessile, slightly constricted, biatorine to lecideine, occasionally lecanorine;
disc plane, becoming weakly convex, brownish orange, olivaceous darkening on
exposure; surface structure rough; pruina absent or present, yellow to brownish red;
margin distinct to prominent, thin to thick, persistent, not flexuose, greyish green to
almost black, darker than disc, smooth, when black somewhat shining, pruina absent.
Exciple to 50 µm wide; cortex greyish violet or even blackish in dark apothecia,
with only few algal cells; parathecium broad, prosoplectenchymatous, strongly
glutinized. Hypothecium 90 µm high, hyaline; subhymenium hyaline. Hymenium
70-80 µm high, hyaline; paraphyses with ramifications, terminal cells simple, to
4 µm wide, hyaline or greish violet in dark apothecia; subterminal cells to 3 µm
wide; epihymenium distinct or disappearing, yellow to yellowish orange or orange.
Asci 50 × 22 µm. Ascospores c. 8 per ascus, ellipsoid to narrowly ellipsoid, 16-19 ×
6-8 µm; septum 1-2 µm.
S
ECONDARY METABOLITES: emodin, fallacinal, parietin, parietinic acid, and teloschistin;
chemosyndrome A. All yellow or orange parts K+ red, C-.
S
UBSTRATE AND ECOLOGY: on the bryophytes Andreaea and Grimmia on non-calciferous
rock; habitat exposed to sun or partially shaded, habitat moist.
N
OTES: This species is similar to C. nivalis but often has a thicker margin, and is
distinguished by the shorter spores with distinct septa. Like C. nivalis it is parasitic
on the bryophytes Andreaea and Grimmia, and is therefore only found in acidic
habitats. C. tornoënsis is known from North America, Greenland, Svalbard, Siberia
and Scandinavia (Magnusson 1944, Hansen et al. 1987, Søchting et al. 1992, Santesson
et al. 2004, Søchting & Olech 1995).
SPECIMENS STUDIED: SABINE LAND. Sassendalen, Gjelhallet, 78°19'13"N, 17°0'0"E, Søchting 5559.
Acknowledgements
We are strongly indebted to Arve Elvebakk for organising field work on Svalbard so well, and for
memorable company in the field. We also appreciate valuable and pleasant field company by Geir
Mathiassen, Jan Thomas Schwenke, Sigmund Spjelkavik, Tor Tønsberg, Dag Olav Øvstedal and
Kjetil Lerfall. The coding of characters in LIAS was done with the assistance of Gerhard Rambold,
whose support is much appreciated. Lene Christiansen made the PHLC analyses and Jørgen Kristiansen
corrected the latin diagnoses. The project was much facilitated through the logistic support from the
Sysselman and Norsk Polarinstitutt. The first author appreciates a grant from the Carlsberg Foundation
(ANS-1206/10) and the third author from the Swedish Species Initiative.
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Received 21 December 2007, accepted in revised form 10 March 2008.