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Galerella nigeriensis (Agaricales), a new species from tropical Africa

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A new species, Galerella nigeriensis, from southwestern Nigeria is described. It is characterized by a strongly plicate, dry, yellowish to orange brown pileus, whitish veil on pileus and stipe base, white and pubescent stipe, thick-walled, mostly flattened spores, tibiiform to lageniform cheilocystidia, and presence of hymenophysalides (recorded for the first time in the genus Galerella). Black and white photographs of basidiomata and microscopic elements accompany the description. G. nigeriensis is compared to related species and a worldwide diagnostic key to the genus Galerella is provided.
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  
MYCOTAXON

Volume 114, pp. 263–270 October–December 2010
Galerella nigeriensis (Agaricales),
a new species from tropical Africa



ztkalcec@irb.hr & amesic@irb.hr
1
Ruđer Bošković Institute
Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
2
Croatian Mycological Society
Sveti Duh 63/1, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
Abstract    Galerella nigeriensis,    


         
Galerella

G. nigeriensis
Galerella
Key words Basidiomycota,Bolbitiaceae, 
Introduction
          
           
GalerellaGalerella
Bolbitiaceae
G. fibrillosaG. floriformisG. microphues
G. plicatellaG. plicatelloides
Galerella
conocephala

Galerella

G. plicatella
G. plicatella

Galerella

     Coprinus      
   
Galerella

GalerellaConocybe
Pholiotina
Galerella

Materials and methods
         
          

         

         

         

 
 

         
    



          
      



         



        

Agaricales
G. nigeriensis
Galerella
Galerella nigeriensis ... 
Galerella nigeriensis
          
      

          

Taxonomy
Galerella nigeriensis
sp. nov. 

Pileus 14–17 mm latus, valde plicatus, siccus, pallide flavido-brunneus vel aurantio-
brunneus. Velum praesens, filamentosum, albicans. Lamellae anguste adnatae,
ferrugineae. Stipes 26–32 × 1–1.5 mm, pubescens, albus. Sporae (6.9–)7.3–8.8–10.4(–10.7)
× (5.1–)5.3–6.1–6.8(–6.9) × (4.5–)4.6–5.3–6.0(–6.2) µm, plerumque lentiformes, crasse
tunicatae, in KOH ferrugineae. Hymenophysalides praesentes, cheilocystidia (25–)30–65
× 8–14(–17) µm, tibiiformia vel lageniformia, pileocystidia et caulocystidia praesentia,
fibulae abundantes.



         




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




        


8.86.1
5.3
1.44
  1.69        
        


     
   
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         
      
        
       
Galerella nigeriensis ... 
Galerella nigeriensis
            


        


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
       





       
          






       


eobroma cacao, Musa 
Elaeis guineensis

Galerella nigeriensis
           

       
       
Bolbitius
Conocybe,CoprinusLeucocoprinus
         Bolbitius  
ConocybeGalerella

Bolbitius
Conocybe

     
         Galerella 
G. fibrillosa, G. floriformis, G. plicatella
Galerella nigeriensis        
         
GalerellaPholiotina sulcata
Galerella nigeriensis ... 
        G. plicatella  

 
Pholiotina sulcata

Galerella
Key to the world species of Galerella





G. plicatelloides

G. floriformis


G. nigeriensis




 G. microphues





G. plicatella

G. fibrillosa
Acknowledgements
G. plicatella

        


Literature cited
Pholiotina

Conocybe
Pholiotina



Hymenomycetes


ConocybePholiotina

  Galerella   

ConocybePholiotina
Agaricomycotina, Bolbitiaceae

BolbitiaceaeConocybePholiotina
Agaricales
        


          Bolbitiaceae Agaricales,
Basidiomycota
          

       Polyporales,Boletales, Agaricales, Russulales

 



Agaricales



Bolbitiaceae

   Bolbitiaceae: Agrocybe, Bolbitius  Conocybe.   

... & Broome) Pegler from Sri Lanka, G. nigeriensis Tkalčec et al. from Nigeria, and G. plicatelloides Sarwal & Locq. from India (Sarwal & Locquin 1983, Pegler 1986, Hausknecht & Contu 2003, Tkalčec et al. 2010. ...
... mm), a conspicuously crenate and fibrillose pale yellow-brown pileus with yellowish ochre or pale brown disc, rapidly deliquescent pale brown to yellowish brown lamellae, vesiculose cheilocystidia (28-)32-55(-62) × 10-20 µm with more or less distinctive papilla to lageniform with elongate cylindrical neck, and clamped hyphae (Horak & Hausknecht 2002). The remaining three known Galerella species also differ: G. plicatelloides and G. floriformis can be recognized by their fertile lamellae edges (i.e., cheilocystidia absent) and G. nigeriensis by its strongly plicate-sulcate pale yellowish brown to light orange brown pileus, pubescent stipe, tibiiform to lageniform cheilocystidia, and presence of hymenophysalides (Sarwal & Locquin 1983, Hausknecht & Contu 2003, Tkalčec et al. 2010. ...
... The question is whether G. xalapensis represents a fungal group that fluctuates in occurrence and abundance, not fruiting for several consecutive months or years but remaining in place as a physiologically active mycelium, or whether it suffers from disturbance, so that finding a specimen at the site was a matter of chance and good fortune. A similar example is represented by G. nigeriensis, which was collected at the edge of a heavily disturbed secondary tropical forest (Tkalčec et al. 2010). Given that we continue to monitor the study site thoroughly and recognizing that the specimen combines a striking set of taxonomic characters, we decided to propose the new species here. ...
Article
While monitoring species diversity of urban green areas in Xalapa city (Veracruz, Mexico), a new species of Galerella was found in an abandoned urban green area. After macro- and microscopic analysis it is proposed as a new species, Galerella xalapensis, characterized by a faintly plicate-sulcate dry pale grayish brown pileus, white to yellowish glabrous stipe, thick-walled rusty-brown ellipsoid basidiospores, utriform cheilocystidia, and clampless hyphae. The new taxon is described and illustrated, and a comparison with similar species is provided. This is the first Galerella recorded from Mexico.
... Out of the two species of Galerella included in this study, one was inferred as the basalmost clade in the Bolbitiaceae, while the other as a sister group of Pholiotina 2, implying polyphyly of its genus. The most important taxonomic character of Galerella is the brittle, ephemeral fruiting bodies with strikingly plicate-sulcate cap surface [4,20,63]. This suite of traits match that of coprinoid fruiting bodies completely, which has been shown to emerge convergently in several clades of the Agaricales [26,28,29]. ...
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Reconciling traditional classifications, morphology, and the phylogenetic relationships of brown-spored agaric mushrooms has proven difficult in many groups, due to extensive convergence in morphological features. Here, we address the monophyly of the Bolbitiaceae, a family with over 700 described species and examine the higher-level relationships within the family using a newly constructed multilocus dataset (ITS, nrLSU rDNA and EF1-alpha). We tested whether the fast-evolving Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) sequences can be accurately aligned across the family, by comparing the outcome of two iterative alignment refining approaches (an automated and a manual) and various indel-treatment strategies. We used PRANK to align sequences in both cases. Our results suggest that - although PRANK successfully evades overmatching of gapped sites, referred previously to as alignment overmatching - it infers an unrealistically high number of indel events with natively generated guide-trees. This 'alignment undermatching' could be avoided by using more rigorous (e.g. ML) guide trees. The trees inferred in this study support the monophyly of the core Bolbitiaceae, with the exclusion of Panaeolus, Agrocybe, and some of the genera formerly placed in the family. Bolbitius and Conocybe were found monophyletic, however, Pholiotina and Galerella require redefinition. The phylogeny revealed that stipe coverage type is a poor predictor of phylogenetic relationships, indicating the need for a revision of the intrageneric relationships within Conocybe.
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44 taxa of Conocybe and Pholiotina are reported from Siberia, Georgia and some of the countries in Middle Asia mostly based on the authors own collections. Three of them are described as new species, viz. C. semidesertorum Hauskn. & Kalamees, C. obliquopora Hauskn. & Kalamees and C. uralensis Hauskn., Knudsen & Mukhin. A further two and a variety are probably also new but not validly described due to insufficient material. A number of species are new records for Asia, or for Siberia, or for one of the four countries, Georgia, Tadjikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. A number of the species are rarely reported presumably due to their main distribution being in dry, grassy steppezones with soils of high pH values. This mycogeographical element includes e.g. C. enderlei, C. graminis, C. herbarum, C. leporina and C. subxerophytica, so far mostly or only known from the steppezone in eastern and central Europe through to Middle Asia. Pholiotina altaica and P. procera from Altaj are redescribed from the types. Several taxa are provided with macro- and/or microscopic data, taxonomic descriptions and drawings of microscopic features. The taxonomic reliability of the taxa presented in the literature up to the present time has been reviewed critically.
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13 species of Bolbitiaceae, representing the five genera, Bolbitius, Conocybe, Descolea, Galerella and Pholiotina, are described, illustrated and discussed. Six species, namely Conocybe brun-neoaurantiaca, C. pseudopubescens, C. radicans, C. solitaria, C. volvata and Pholiotina indica, are new to science. Bolbitius coprophilus, Descolea maculata, Galerella plicatella and Pholiotina utri-cystidiata arerecorded for the first time from India. One species is tentatively recorded as Conocybe aff. velutipes, Conocybe sienophylla and C. zeylanica are rerecorded. Conocybe africana and C. bi-color are considered as synonyms of C. zeylanica.
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56 taxa described in the genera Agaricus, Conocybe, Galera, Galerella, Galerula, Gastrocybe or Pholiolina, which were considered to have affinities to Bolbitiaceae, are investigated and their taxonomic status is discussed. The new combinations Agrocybe ludoviciana, Conocybe humicola, Conocybe pulchra, Pholiolina flava and Pholiolina plumbeitincta are proposed Microscopical drawings of all investigated type specimens are given.
Article
Four interesting species of Conocybe and one species of Pholiotina, recently recorded from western Europe, are described and illustrated. Conocybe merdaria, related to C. pubescens, is described as a new coprophytic species with the type locality in Westfalen, Germany. Another coprophytic species, C. magnispora, was found in the Netherlands and had not been reported from Europe before. The collections of C. farinacea in the Netherlands represent the first records of this species in continental Europe. It is demonstrated that the European records under the name C. fragilis, originally described from North America, in fact belong to a different species, viz. Galera incarnata. The new combination Conocybe incarnata is made. The species, known in Europe under the name of Conocybe plicatella or Galerella plicatella, appears to be different from the original description of Agaricus plicatellus from North America and to belong to the genus Pholiotina. The new name Pholiotina sulcata is introduced.