No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Salicylic Acid Increases the Biomass Accumulation of Pinus patula
Abstract
Aqueous solutions of low concentrations of salicylic acid (SA), applied as a spray to the shoots of 3-month-old Pinus patula Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham seedlings, significantly increased the biomass of the plants. The measurements were taken after nine monthly treatments. Stem diameter and height of the plants were increased by 10-10 and 10-8 M SA. Similarly, applications of 10-8 and 10-6 M SA increased fresh stem weight by 33 and 30%, respectively, and the dry stem weight by 65 and 44%. Increases of 2830% in gross root length were detected in applications of 10-8 and 10-6 M SA, which were reinforced by increases of 33% in fresh root weight, and of 45 to 54% in dry root weight. South. J. Appl. For. 27(1):5254.
... soya y pino (Pinus patula) Schiede ex Schltdl & Cham (San Miguel et al., 2003). Por otro lado, se ha reportado (Ramírez et al., 2006) que las aplicaciones de AB 10 -6 M aumentan significativamente el PFR de repollo (Brassica oleracea). ...
... Estos resultados sugieren la importancia de realizar experimentos para despejar interrogantes como la concentración de AB y AS, y el número de aplicaciones necesarias para producir efectos positivos en esta hortaliza. Entre otros reportes se han documentado los efectos positivos al aplicar AS en otras especies vegetales; por ejemplo, en pino y crisantemo estudios realizados sobre el uso de diferentes dosis de AS mostraron incrementos en la producción de raíz (San Miguel et al., 2003;Echeverría-Machado et al., 2007;Villanueva-Couoh et al., 2009). En las plántulas de pimiento, las aplicaciones de AB causaron cambios específicos significativos en algunas de las variables. ...
... Most of the literature indicates that the effect of AS on root growth is positive (Gemes et al., 2008;Umebese et al., 2009;Ahmad et al., 2013). Reports indicate that AS significantly increases soybean root growth and pine (Pinus patula) Schiede ex Schltdl & Cham (San Miguel et al., 2003). On the other hand, it has been reported (Ramírez et al., 2006) that applications of AB 10 -6 M significantly increase PFR on cabbage (Brassica oleracea). ...
El ácido benzoico y sus derivados tales como el ácido salicílico, son componentes metabólicos que realizan funciones críticas en las plantas. El objetivo del estudio fue verificarelefectodelaaplicaciónfoliardelosácidosbenzoico y salicílico sobre el crecimiento y composición mineral de plántulas de tomate, tomatillo y pimiento. Las plántulas fueron cultivadas en invernadero y crecidas en contenedores de poliestireno utilizando como sustrato peat moss y perlita (80:20). Los riegos se realizaron con solución nutritiva Steiner. Los tratamientos consistieron en aplicaciones foliares semanales de AB y AS en concentraciones 10-4, 10-5, 10-6 M y un testigo con agua. Las variables analizadas fueron altura y diámetro de tallo, área foliar, biomasa aérea y de raíz y contenido de minerales. El diseño experimental utilizado fue completamente al azar con 25 repeticiones por tratamiento, siendo la unidad experimental una plántula. La aplicación de AS y AB en plántulas de tomate y pimiento dio lugar a respuestas positivas en algunas variables de crecimiento y de composición mineral. En el tomatillo casi todas las variables respondieron de forma negativa frente al AS y AB. El patrón de respuesta de la biomasa aérea y de raíz de las tres especies no fue sistemático ni predecible, de manera que si una variable aumentaba otra podía disminuir. El contenido de Zn en las plántulas de tomate y de Ca en el pimiento aumentó al aplicar AS y AB, en cambio en el tomatillo todos los minerales disminuyeron su concentración al aplicar estos compuestos.
... soya y pino (Pinus patula) Schiede ex Schltdl & Cham (San Miguel et al., 2003). Por otro lado, se ha reportado (Ramírez et al., 2006) que las aplicaciones de AB 10 -6 M aumentan significativamente el PFR de repollo (Brassica oleracea). ...
... Estos resultados sugieren la importancia de realizar experimentos para despejar interrogantes como la concentración de AB y AS, y el número de aplicaciones necesarias para producir efectos positivos en esta hortaliza. Entre otros reportes se han documentado los efectos positivos al aplicar AS en otras especies vegetales; por ejemplo, en pino y crisantemo estudios realizados sobre el uso de diferentes dosis de AS mostraron incrementos en la producción de raíz (San Miguel et al., 2003;Echeverría-Machado et al., 2007;Villanueva-Couoh et al., 2009). En las plántulas de pimiento, las aplicaciones de AB causaron cambios específicos significativos en algunas de las variables. ...
... Most of the literature indicates that the effect of AS on root growth is positive (Gemes et al., 2008;Umebese et al., 2009;Ahmad et al., 2013). Reports indicate that AS significantly increases soybean root growth (Gutierrez-Coronado et al., 1998) and pine (Pinus patula) Schiede ex Schltdl & Cham (San Miguel et al., 2003). On the other hand, it has been reported (Ramirez et al., 2006) that applications of AB 10 -6 M significantly increase PFR on cabbage (Brassica oleracea). ...
... soya y pino (Pinus patula) Schiede ex Schltdl & Cham (San Miguel et al., 2003). Por otro lado, se ha reportado (Ramírez et al., 2006) que las aplicaciones de AB 10 -6 M aumentan significativamente el PFR de repollo (Brassica oleracea). ...
... Estos resultados sugieren la importancia de realizar experimentos para despejar interrogantes como la concentración de AB y AS, y el número de aplicaciones necesarias para producir efectos positivos en esta hortaliza. Entre otros reportes se han documentado los efectos positivos al aplicar AS en otras especies vegetales; por ejemplo, en pino y crisantemo estudios realizados sobre el uso de diferentes dosis de AS mostraron incrementos en la producción de raíz (San Miguel et al., 2003;Echeverría-Machado et al., 2007;Villanueva-Couoh et al., 2009). En las plántulas de pimiento, las aplicaciones de AB causaron cambios específicos significativos en algunas de las variables. ...
... Most of the literature indicates that the effect of AS on root growth is positive (Gemes et al., 2008;Umebese et al., 2009;Ahmad et al., 2013). Reports indicate that AS significantly increases soybean root growth (Gutierrez-Coronado et al., 1998) and pine (Pinus patula) Schiede ex Schltdl & Cham (San Miguel et al., 2003). On the other hand, it has been reported (Ramirez et al., 2006) that applications of AB 10 -6 M significantly increase PFR on cabbage (Brassica oleracea). ...
Benzoic acid and its derivatives, such as salicylic acid are metabolic components that perform critical functions in plants. The aim of the study was to verify the effect of foliar application of benzoic and salicylic acid on seedling growth and mineral composition of tomato, tomatillo and pepper. Seedlings were grown under greenhouse in polystyrene containers using as substrate peat moss and perlite (80:20). Irrigation was performed with Steiner nutrient solution. Treatments consisted on weekly foliar applications of AB and AS at concentrations 10-4, 10-5, 10-6 M and a control with water. The variables were height and stem diameter, leaf area, aerial and root biomass and mineral content. The experimental design was completely randomized with 25 replications per treatment, being the experimental unit a seedling. The application of AS and AB in tomato and pepper seedlings gave positive responses in some growth variables and mineral composition. In tomatillo most variables responded negatively to AS and AB. The response pattern of aerial and root biomass from the three species was not systematic or predictable, so that if a variable increased another could decrease. Zn and Ca content increased in tomato and pepper seedlings respectively, when applying AS and AB, while in tomatillo all mineral concentrations decreased when these compounds were applied.
... Según Peri et al. (2010), la edad y clase de copa en Nothofagus antarctica afectan la partición y el tiempo de máxima acumulación de biomasa, ya que con la edad presentan un gradiente de aumento y reducción en duramen y raíces finas. Aplicaciones de ácido salicílico en plántulas de Pinus patula aumentaron la acumulación de biomasa como consecuencia del aumento en DN y altura (San-Miguel et al., 2003). La forma de la copa y diámetro del tallo tienden a variar con la altura, lo cual genera variaciones en la biomasa que están estrechamente correlacionadas con el DN (r>0.91) ...
... According to Peri et al. (2010), age and class of crown in Nothofagus antarctica affect partitioning and maximum accumulation time of biomass, since with age, they present a gradient of increment and reduction in heartwood and fine roots. Applications of salicylic acid in Pinus patula seedlings increased biomass accumulation as a consequence of DN and height increment (San-Miguel et al., 2003). Crown shape and stem diameter tend to vary with height that generates variations in biomass, being closely correlated to DN (r>0.91) and age (r>0.81) ...
... La parte inferior de la copa de árboles sin aclareo tuvo más biomasa foliar que los árboles aclareados, ya que la altura de copa fue 7.2 m para el testigo y 7.6 m para árboles bajo aclareo, y la longitud de copa fue 8.2 m y 8.6 m. Los valores son diferentes, pues P. patula es una especie de poda natural difícil (San-Miguel et al., 2003). Sin embargo, en la parte media de la copa (4 y 6 m arriba del inicio de copa) la biomasa foliar de árboles aclareados fue ocho a nueve veces mayor que la de árboles sin aclareo. ...
Thinning may modify distribution and amount of aboveground biomass according to time of response and growth conditions. In this study, the effect of thinning on distribution and accumulated aboveground biomass content of Pinus patula was analyzed in 2009 through destructive samplings of 30 trees, after having been subjected to different thinning intensities since 2004, plus an intact control. Elimination between 40 and 69 % of initial plantation density significantly affected (p≤0.05) quantity and distribution of leaf biomass and the amount of timber with bark on the stem at individual tree level in some tree components (but not by ha). The high thinning intensity (65.3 and 68.7 %) and respective low residual density generated the largest accumulation of foliar biomass (5.4 kg tree1 and 8.0 t ha1), surpassing (p≤0.05) the control without thinning (1.5 kg tree1). In timber biomass with stem bark, trees with thinning also surpassed (p≤0.05) the control (98 fs. 35.3 kg tree1). However, biomass accumulation per unit was similar between both conditions, due to excessive residual density of the control; the same occurred in total branch biomass and in distribution on the stem.
... Moreover, SA could regulate the root colonization rate of AMF (Herrera Medina et al. 2003). In pine trees, SA is an important phytohormone that regulates plant defense responses (Davis et al. 2002;Maksimov et al. 2014), induces embryo differentiation, and increases the biomass and oleoresin yield (Malabadi et al. 2008;Neis et al. 2018;Rodrigues and Fett-Neto 2009;San-Miguel and Gutiérrez 2003). Auxins are involved in plant growth and development (Mishra et al. 2022). ...
... In our study, the increase of SA in pine roots after inoculation with LS88 was lower than that of JA-ILE, and the slight decrease of SAG also supported our conjecture (Figure 7). For pine trees, SA is an important substance in the defense system and increases the dry weight accumulation and oleoresin production (Michavila Puente-Villegas et al. 2021;Rodrigues and Fett-Neto 2009;San-Miguel and Gutiérrez 2003). Our result shows that the WSL group seedlings' height was the highest, probably due to the high auxin content in LS88, as the ICA Figure 7. Effects of inoculation with LS88 on nine phytohormones contents in P. massoniana roots. ...
Suillus luteus is an edible ectomycorrhizal fungus (EMF). The S. luteus strain LS88 secretes many phytohormones, including salicylic acid (SA) and indole-3-carboxylic acid (ICA). LS88 was inoculated to the tree Pinus massoniana and treated with the amino acid fertilizer GGR6. Plant growth parameters, plant enzyme activities, chlorophyll contents, and element contents were analyzed. Our results show that GGR6 may help the development of S. luteus-P. massoniana ectomycorrhiza. Moreover, LS88 and GGR6 synergistically affect P. massoniana growth and element uptake. Phytohormone detection on the roots of LS88-inoculated P. massoniana seedlings showed that LS88 could significantly increase the ICA content within a week. The SA content in the roots in the inoculated group seedlings increased slightly, but the salicylic acid 2-O-β-glucoside (SAG) content decreased. Therefore, we speculate GGR6 may enhance the growth-promoting effect of EMF on plants, and LS88 affects P. massoniana growth through secreting phytohormones.
... 2.6). Based on the findings of Shakirova et al. (2003) and Echevarría-Machado et al. (2007) it is suggested that the mechanism of action, of the SA to stimulate root development, occurs by promoting the cell division of the apical meristem of the root cap, the increase in the size of the root cap and the appearance of lateral roots; that exert positive changes in the morphology, length, area, volume, perimeter and fresh and dry weight of the root, as reported in plants of Glycine max L. , Pinus patula (San-Miguel et al., 2003), Crysanthemum The means with the same letter within the same column are not significantly different (Tukey,≤0.05) morifolium (Villanueva-Cohuo et al., 2009), Catharanthus roseus (Echevarria-Machado et al., 2007) and Lycopersicon esculentus (Larqué-Saavedra et al., 2010), when the SA is supplied in a range of 10 fM to 1μm, which demonstrate the sensitivity of the root to this compound. ...
... These results agree with results observed in other species, for example, in Capsicum annuum L. (Elwan & El-Hamahmy, 2009;Sánchez-Chávez et al., 2011), Catharanthus roseus (Echevarría-Machado et al., 2007), chamomile ), chrysanthemum (Villanueva-Couoh et al., 2009), corn (El Tayeb & Ahmed, 2010Tucuch-Haas et al., 2016), Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. (Larqué-Saavedra et al., 2010), Pinus patula (San-Miguel et al., 2003), Solanum tuberosum (López-Delgado et al., 2004), soybean , and wheat . Dowling and Simmons (2009), suggested that freezing and unfreezing enhance the production of ROS. ...
Elicitation is the term used to describe the utilization of molecules that activate plant defense responses, generating increased resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Elicitors are defined as natural or synthetic substances that, when applied to plants in small concentrations, initiate or increase the synthesis of secondary compounds related to plant defense. Additionally, elicitors may play an important role in stimulating the biosynthetic pathways for the production of commercially important secondary compounds. In this sense, elicitation has been considered as a technological tool widely tested in order to maximize the production of bioactive compounds, both in medicinal plant species and species categorized as functional foods, bringing significant economic benefits to the pharmaceutical and therapeutic industry (including nutraceuticals). The elicitation can be applied in the culture of cells and tissues and in intact plants. Salicylic acid (SA) is classified as an abiotic elicitor that alters the expression of genes encoding key enzymes of secondary plant metabolism, significantly increasing the production of bioactive compounds such as essential oils, phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, tannins, among others. In this chapter we will address the theme “Elicitation of Plants with Salicylic Acid” and adopt the following sequence of topics: (a) definitions of elicitation and elicitors, (b) elicitation as a tool to increase the production of bioactive compounds in plants, (c) SA mechanisms of action as an eliciting molecule and (d) examples of studies about SA elicitation in medicinal plants.
... 2.6). Based on the findings of Shakirova et al. (2003) and Echevarría-Machado et al. (2007) it is suggested that the mechanism of action, of the SA to stimulate root development, occurs by promoting the cell division of the apical meristem of the root cap, the increase in the size of the root cap and the appearance of lateral roots; that exert positive changes in the morphology, length, area, volume, perimeter and fresh and dry weight of the root, as reported in plants of Glycine max L. , Pinus patula (San-Miguel et al., 2003), Crysanthemum The means with the same letter within the same column are not significantly different (Tukey,≤0.05) morifolium (Villanueva-Cohuo et al., 2009), Catharanthus roseus (Echevarria-Machado et al., 2007) and Lycopersicon esculentus (Larqué-Saavedra et al., 2010), when the SA is supplied in a range of 10 fM to 1μm, which demonstrate the sensitivity of the root to this compound. ...
... These results agree with results observed in other species, for example, in Capsicum annuum L. (Elwan & El-Hamahmy, 2009;Sánchez-Chávez et al., 2011), Catharanthus roseus (Echevarría-Machado et al., 2007), chamomile ), chrysanthemum (Villanueva-Couoh et al., 2009), corn (El Tayeb & Ahmed, 2010Tucuch-Haas et al., 2016), Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. (Larqué-Saavedra et al., 2010), Pinus patula (San-Miguel et al., 2003), Solanum tuberosum (López-Delgado et al., 2004), soybean , and wheat . Dowling and Simmons (2009), suggested that freezing and unfreezing enhance the production of ROS. ...
Salicylic acid (SA) is an essential phytohormone that regulates plant growth, development, and defense during stress conditions. SA, in low amounts, participates in the coordination of physiological processes such as closure of stomata, uptake of nutrients, synthesis of chlorophyll pigments, protein synthesis, homeostasis of phytohormones, transpiration and photosynthesis in plants. It also plays an important signaling molecule in local and systemic disease resistance response of plants after pathogen attack. Similarly, SA-dependent signaling pathways regulate plant responses to abiotic stress factors altering antioxidant enzyme activities. Besides the vegetative development, SA induces flowering by increasing cell metabolic rate, increasing flower life, and retarding senescence. Although there are several studies on the effects of SA during vegetative development, few studies on the relation in reproductive organ development is available. Some of them concerns pollen viability and pollen tube growth. In a case study, different concentrations of SA (0.005, 0.025, 0.05 and 0.25 mM) improved the pollen germination in kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa). In recent years SA has been the focus of intensive research due to its physiological functions during growth-development and stress defense. The discovery of its targets and the understanding of its molecular mechanisms in developmental and physiological processes could help to clear the complex SA signaling network, confirming its critical role in plant growth, development, and defense. In the present chapter, we aimed to focus the role of SA during plant reproductive development under regular and/or stress conditions.
... Exogenous treatment with 250 mM SA inhibits Arabidopsis primary root growth and lateral root development (Armengot et al., 2014). However, in a number of plant species, lower SA concentrations induced an increase in root biomass: in corn (Zea mays) after 1.5 mM SA treatment (Agtuca et al., 2013); in soybean (Glycine max) seedlings sprayed with 10 nM, 100 mM, or 10 mM SA (Gutiérrez-Coronado et al., 1998); in Pinus patula sprayed with 10 nM and 1 mM SA (San-Miguel et al., 2003). Even femtomolar SA concentrations were found inductive for lateral root growth in Catharanthus roseus (Echevarría-Machado et al., 2007). ...
... Although this hypothesis remains to be tested, we know that SA activates adventitious root growth in pea (Pisum sativum) as well (Yang et al., 2013) and that an SA-deficient mutant in rice has reduced root meristem activity ). An SA-induced increase in root biomass was shown for Pinus patula (San-Miguel et al., 2003), soybean (Gutiérrez-Coronado et al., 1998), and corn (Agtuca et al., 2013). An interesting study on induction of root growth by femtomolar concentrations of exogenous SA in roots of C. roseus transformed by Agrobacterium rhizogenes (Echevarría-Machado et al., 2007) showed that root biomass increased due to enhanced lateral root growth and reduced distance between the root tip and the nearest lateral root primordia. ...
The phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) is well known for its induction of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins and systemic acquired resistance (SAR); SA also has specific effects on plant growth and development. Here we analyzed the effect of SA on Arabidopsis thaliana root development. We show that exogenous SA treatment at low (below 50 μM) and high (greater than 50 μM) concentrations affect root meristem development in two different PR1-independent ways. Low-concentration SA promoted adventitious roots and altered architecture of the root apical meristem, whereas high concentration SA inhibited all growth processes in the root. All exposures to exogenous SA led to changes in auxin synthesis and transport. A wide range of SA treatment concentrations activated auxin synthesis, but the effect of SA on auxin transport was dose-dependent. Mathematical modelling of auxin synthesis and transport predicted auxin accumulation or depletion in the root tip following low or high-concentration SA treatments, respectively. SA-induced auxin accumulation led to the formation of more layers of columella initials, an additional cortical cell layer (middle cortex) and extra files of epidermis, cortex and endodermis cells. Suppression of SHORT ROOT and activation of CYCLIND6;1 mediated the changes in radial architecture of the root. We propose that low-concentration SA plays an important role in shaping root meristem structure and root system architecture.
... Further work demonstrated that salicylic acid (SA) should be considered as a growth regulator (Raskin, 1992). Among other plant responses, SA has been reported to affect various physiological processes such as photosynthesis, plant growth, nitrate metabolism, ethylene production, mineral nutrients, heat production (Hayat et al. 2007); increase the biomass of soya (Glycine max) and pine (Pinus patula) (Gutiérrez et al. 1998;San Miguel et al. 2003); increase, the somatic embryogenesis in tissue cultures (Luo et al. 2001 resumen Se reporta el efecto de aplicaciones de bajas concentraciones de ácido salicílico (AS) en el número de flores y la fecha del inicio de floración en petunia (Petunia hibrida). Se asperjaron concentraciones de 1 mM a 1pM de AS en tres ocasiones, a plántulas cultivadas en condiciones de invernadero. ...
... Investigaciones posteriores demostraron que el ácido salicílico (AS) debe ser considerado un regulador del crecimiento (Raskin, 1992). Entre otras respuestas en las plantas, se ha reportado que el AS afecta diversos procesos fisiológicos como la fotosíntesis, el crecimiento vegetal, el metabolismo del nitrato, la producción de etileno, la nutrición mineral, y la producción de calor (Hayat et al., 2007); aumenta la biomasa de la soya (Glycine max) y el pino (Pinus patula) (Gutiérrez et al., 1998;San Miguel et al., 2003); aumenta la embriogénesis somática en cultivos de tejidos (Luo et al., 2001;Quiroz-Figueroa et al., 2001); induce la tolerancia al estrés abiótico en plantas de papa (Solanum tuberosum), frijol y jitomate (Licopersicum esculentum) et al. 2001); induction of abiotic stress tolerance in potato (Solanum tuberosum), bean and tomato (Licopersicum esculentum) plants (López-Delgado et al. 2004;Senaratna et al. 2000); and UV protection (Mahdavian et al. 2008). Besides, it is important in the activation of stress defense genes and in oxidative and calcium signaling (Holuigue et al. 2007;Kawano and Furuichi, 2007). ...
The effect of applications of low concentrations of salicylic acid (SA) on the number of flowers and the date of flower initiation in Petunia (Petunia hibrida) in reported in this paper. Concentrations of 1 μM to 1pM of SA were spread on three occasions to the shoot of plantlets cultivated in greenhouse conditions. Analysis of the results showed that all the concentrations of SA tested increased the number of open flowers per plant. Concentrations as low as 1pM or 0.1nM induced positive responses by 33 % and 37 %, as compared with that of the control. The highest concentration of 1 μM increased not only the number of flowers by 72 % but also induced early flowering by six days.
... Further work demonstrated that salicylic acid (SA) should be considered as a growth regulator (Raskin, 1992). Among other plant responses, SA has been reported to affect various physiological processes such as photosynthesis, plant growth, nitrate metabolism, ethylene production, mineral nutrients, heat production (Hayat et al. 2007); increase the biomass of soya (Glycine max) and pine (Pinus patula) (Gutiérrez et al. 1998;San Miguel et al. 2003); increase, the somatic embryogenesis in tissue cultures (Luo et al. 2001 resumen Se reporta el efecto de aplicaciones de bajas concentraciones de ácido salicílico (AS) en el número de flores y la fecha del inicio de floración en petunia (Petunia hibrida). Se asperjaron concentraciones de 1 mM a 1pM de AS en tres ocasiones, a plántulas cultivadas en condiciones de invernadero. ...
... Investigaciones posteriores demostraron que el ácido salicílico (AS) debe ser considerado un regulador del crecimiento (Raskin, 1992). Entre otras respuestas en las plantas, se ha reportado que el AS afecta diversos procesos fisiológicos como la fotosíntesis, el crecimiento vegetal, el metabolismo del nitrato, la producción de etileno, la nutrición mineral, y la producción de calor (Hayat et al., 2007); aumenta la biomasa de la soya (Glycine max) y el pino (Pinus patula) (Gutiérrez et al., 1998;San Miguel et al., 2003); aumenta la embriogénesis somática en cultivos de tejidos (Luo et al., 2001;Quiroz-Figueroa et al., 2001); induce la tolerancia al estrés abiótico en plantas de papa (Solanum tuberosum), frijol y jitomate (Licopersicum esculentum) et al. 2001); induction of abiotic stress tolerance in potato (Solanum tuberosum), bean and tomato (Licopersicum esculentum) plants (López-Delgado et al. 2004;Senaratna et al. 2000); and UV protection (Mahdavian et al. 2008). Besides, it is important in the activation of stress defense genes and in oxidative and calcium signaling (Holuigue et al. 2007;Kawano and Furuichi, 2007). ...
The effect of applications of low concentrations of salicylic acid (SA) on the number of flowers and the date of flower initiation in Petunia (Petunia híbrida) in reported in this paper. Concentrations of 1 μM to lpM of SA were spread on three occasions to the shoot of plantlets cultivated in greenhouse conditions. Analysis of the results showed that all the concentrations of SA tested increased the number of open flowers per plant. Concentrations as low as lpM or 0.lnM induced positive riesponses by 33 % and 37 %, as compared with that of the control. The highest concentration of 1 μM increased not only the number of flowers by 72 % but also induced early flowering by six days.
... El AS aplicado en diferentes formas se ha reportado que provoca el cierre de estomas y reduce la transpiración, aumenta la biomasa en soya y pinos (San Miguel et al., 2003) e incrementa la embriogénesis somática en cultivos de tejidos (Quiroz et al., 2001). La participación del ácido salicílico en la floración fue reportada desde 1974 por Cleland, quien señaló su efecto de sustituir el estímulo del fotoperiodo en Lemna gibba. ...
... Sin embargo, es posible que parte del incremento se deba al efecto del DMSO, ya que este compuesto favorece la absorción y retención de agua y nutrientes y se sabe que en condiciones in vitro estimula la división celular (Song y Park, 1999). San Miguel et al. (2003) encontraron que a concentraciones de 10-8 M y 10-6 M de AS, se incrementó la biomasa de la raíz en 33 y 30 %, respectivamente. De igual manera, la aplicación de AS a concentraciones de 10-8 M y 10-6 M incrementa considerablemente en 65 y 45 %, respectivamente el peso seco en raíz. ...
With the purpose to evaluate the effectin the flowering and growth of the plant of chrysanthemum var. Polaris White several concentrations of salicylic acid (SA) 106, 108 y 1010 M and dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) 104 M were sprinkled on chrysanthemum foliage. The salicylic acid applications to the foliage were made 16 days after the transplant. Four applications were made by dripping with an interval of seven days between each application. A completely randomized design with five treatments and five repetitions was used. The DMSO sprinkled plants grew more (83.6 cm) than the plants sprinkled with 106 M (81.0 cm) of AS and surpassed the control plant. The stem diameter of the AS and DMSO sprinkled plants was greater in comparison with the control plant, and the 108 M treatment obtained the greatest values (8.9 mm). The salicylic acid (106, 108 y 1010 M), and the dimethyl sulfoxide 104 M incremented in a significant manner the weight of the foliage and root matter (fresh and dry), the root volume, and the foliar area. The effect of the salicylic acid was notorious in the induction of the blooming treatments: 108 y 1010 M were obtained the blooming at 113 PTD and it also obtained the greatest flower diameter (13.6 and 12.6 cm) respectively. The N, P and K concentrations were different and the treatments with AS and DMSO surpassed the control. The N and K concentrations in the chrysanthemum leaves and stems fluctuated from low to deficient, but the P concentrations fluctuated between sufficient and adequate.
... El efecto del AS en la altura de plántulas ha sido observado en tomate en el cual se incrementó el 14,8% con aplicaciones de 10 -6 M de AS (Larqué-Saavedra et al. 2010). Los efectos del AS se han reflejado también en un aumento en la producción de biomasa en soya y pino (San Miguel et al. 2003) y en la altura en soya (Zhao et al. 1995). De acuerdo a Salisbury y Ross (1994) las modificaciones tenidas en el crecimiento se deben a que el ácido salicílico fomenta la producción de ácido indolacético y de ácido naftalenacético que son reportados como los principales reguladores de crecimiento vegetal. ...
... Este efecto inhibitorio del AS ha sido también reportado por Saxena y Rashid (1980), causado posiblemente por toxicidad. Sin embargo, otros estudios realizados sobre el uso de diferentes dosis de ácido salicílico en cultivos como en pino, crisantemo (Catharanthus roseus) y tomate mostraron incrementos en la producción de MSR (San Miguel et al. 2003, Villanueva-Couoh et al. 2009, Echeverría-Machado et al. 2007, Larqué-Saavedra et al. 2010). Esto sugiere la importancia de realizar nuevos experimentos donde se evalúe el efecto de diferentes dosis de ácido salicílico en chile habanero. ...
Effect of the salicylic acid and nutrition on quality of habanero pepper seedlings. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of salicylic acid and N P K fertilization on the growth and mineral status of habanero pepper seedlings (Capsicum chinense Jacq.). The study was developed in Yucatan, Mexico in November 2008 and December 2009. Seedlings were exposed to four treatments: T1) without salicylic acid and fertilization; T2) application of 10 -8 M salicylic acid; T3) application of 190 mg/l de NPK and T4) application of 10 -8 M of salicylic acid + 190 mg/l of NPK. The quality of seedlings was evaluated by measuring growth characteristic of shoot and root. The content of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn was analyzed in whole seedlings. The slenderness and the index of quality of Dickson were also considered. The results showed significant differences (P≤0.05) on shoot growth. Applications of fertilizer caused increase on shoot dry weight. Plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, and foliar area were not significantly different between T3 and T4. Significant differences were observed on root dry weight, specific root length, root weight density and root length density. All variables except specific root length were significantly higher with the fertilizer treatment. The latest had the highest value in the treatment T4. Significant differences (P≤0.05) were observed in tissue mineral content. Seedlings treated with T3 showed the highest content of N, P, Ca, Mg and Mn. The content of K, Zn and Fe was not significantly different between T3 and T4. In conclusion, the application of salicylic acid favored seedling growth but it did not improve significantly the quality of habanero pepper seedlings.
... The genotype specificity of SA effective concentrations may explain the wide ranges reported to increase root length in tomato (0.1-100 µM) and rice (700 µM-1 mM) and to decrease root length in Arabidopsis (3-250 µM) [9,25,26,56,73,80,81,[124][125][126][127][128][129][130]. In most species, there are only a few papers reporting only decreases or only increases in root length after an SA treatment (Table S2) and similar SA doses may enhance (1 µM-5 mM) or suppress (0.7 µM-10 mM) root growth depending on the species [42,79,83,97,[131][132][133][134][135][136][137][138][139][140][141][142]. SA controls root growth by regulating root apical meristem (RAM) activity [12,25,143]. ...
In plants, salicylic acid (SA) is a hormone that mediates a plant’s defense against pathogens. SA also takes an active role in a plant’s response to various abiotic stresses, including chilling, drought, salinity, and heavy metals. In addition, in recent years, numerous studies have confirmed the important role of SA in plant morphogenesis. In this review, we summarize data on changes in root morphology following SA treatments under both normal and stress conditions. Finally, we provide evidence for the role of SA in maintaining the balance between stress responses and morphogenesis in plant development, and also for the presence of SA crosstalk with other plant hormones during this process.
... The sensitivity of root system of maize plants, in conjunction with wheat showed a 34% increase in the length and 30% the weight of root was reported, sprayed with 1 µM of SA to the canopy of seedlings , demonstrate the ability of SA to induce favorable radicular development in grasses; (San Miguel et al., 2003), as well in Chrysanthemum morifolium (Villanueva-Couoh et al., 2009) and Lycopersicum esculentum (Larque-Saavedra et al., 2010) which pointed a sensibility range of 0.01 to 1.0 µM. In this regard Echeverría-Machado et al., (2007) and Shakirova et al., (2003), suggest that this response is possible due to the induction of SA, in the increase level of cell division of apical meristem, the size of cofia and lateral roots. ...
... The sensitivity of root system of maize plants, in conjunction with wheat showed a 34% increase in the length and 30% the weight of root was reported, sprayed with 1 µM of SA to the canopy of seedlings , demonstrate the ability of SA to induce favorable radicular development in grasses; (San Miguel et al., 2003), as well in Chrysanthemum morifolium (Villanueva-Couoh et al., 2009) and Lycopersicum esculentum (Larque-Saavedra et al., 2010) which pointed a sensibility range of 0.01 to 1.0 µM. In this regard Echeverría-Machado et al., (2007) and Shakirova et al., (2003), suggest that this response is possible due to the induction of SA, in the increase level of cell division of apical meristem, the size of cofia and lateral roots. ...
Mesoamerican cultures are generally regarded as advanced societies that, among other contributions to humanity, are known to have domesticated cultivated plants such as Zea mays. Maize is one of the staple foods of the Mexican population and the practice of the nixtarialization of maize seeds before the Spanish conquest in 1521, is fundamental in the preparation of dough for tortillas.
We have shown that applications of low concentrations of salicylic acid (SA) in plant seedling shoots or in evergreen trees significantly increase their growth, development, and productivity. In order to evaluate the effect of spraying, low concentrations (SA) in maize seedling in development conduct experiments in growth rooms that have shown that 1 µm of SA significantly increased root length by 30.6% and 0.1 M of SA 24.7% compared to control. This concentration also significantly increased the total fresh biomass of seedlings.
In other experiments the results have shown that (SA) significantly increase the length, weight and dry weight of the roots, stems, leaves and yield of this species, as well as the levels of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in the different organs of plants at harvest time. Copper, zinc, manganese, iron, boron, calcium, and magnesium were also increased in most tissues by the effect of SA. It is proposed that the positive effect of SA of increasing root size promotes the absorption and accumulation of macro and micronutrients and contributes to seed production.
... However, a trend of lower values is observed in the treatment with biotic stress, which may be due to the fact that the plant activates the defense mechanisms against stress (Conrath, 2006) and synthesizes secondary metabolites, which translates into an expense energy (Brown, 2003, Cipollini, 2003, Lattanzio et al., 2013. Villanueva-Couoh (2009) observed in chrysanthemum plants sprinkled with phenolic compounds higher height, larger stem diameter and higher biomass production (San Miguel et al., 2003), results that are different from those observed in this work. 18.2 a 9.87 a 16.23 a 294.7 a 62 a 82.9 a 13.9 a 27.4 a 1542.7 ...
... However, a trend of lower values is observed in the treatment with biotic stress, which may be due to the fact that the plant activates the defense mechanisms against stress (Conrath, 2006) and synthesizes secondary metabolites, which translates into an expense energy (Brown, 2003, Cipollini, 2003, Lattanzio et al., 2013. Villanueva-Couoh (2009) observed in chrysanthemum plants sprinkled with phenolic compounds higher height, larger stem diameter and higher biomass production (San Miguel et al., 2003), results that are different from those observed in this work. 18.2 a 9.87 a 16.23 a 294.7 a 62 a 82.9 a 13.9 a 27.4 a 1542.7 ...
In order to evaluate the effect of exogenous applications of phenolic acids in the tomato crop, four treatments were established: 1) an absolute control; 2) plants inoculated with Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. Michiganensis (Cmm); 3) plants inoculated with Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis and with application of phenolic acids; and 4) plants only with application of phenolic acids. The applications were made with intervals of one week to accumulate a total of 10 applications during the crop cycle. The results indicate that the application of phenolic acids did not promote effects in the agronomic variables of the crop, however, if a significant decrease in severity of Cmm was observed. In addition, it was demonstrated that the application of phenolic acids modifies the density and stomatal index and in combination with biotic stress induces a smaller size of stomata. In the histological variables, it was found that with the application of phenolic acids the palisane palisade decreased its length, also induced a smaller number and area of xylem vessels in leaf and root respectively and a greater length of cortex in the root. The results showed that the application of phenolic acids can be a viable alternative for the control of Cmm.
... Salicylic acid is one of the phytohormones, which can be found in various plant species at a wide range of endogenous levels (Ding et al. 2007). It plays an important role in plant growth and development by impacting plant water metabolism and photosynthesis and is involved in the regulation of plant physiological processes such as seed germination and flowering (Fariduddin et al. 2003;Rivas-San Vicente and Plasencia 2011;San-Miguel et al. 2003;Feng et al. 2019). A previous study has also shown that the application of 0.5-mM SA could alleviate the adverse effects under salt stress on mung bean by increasing nutrient content and antioxidant metabolism (Khan et al. 2010). ...
Increasing ozone concentration is one of the oxidative stresses that affects rice yield loss in many countries. Catechin and salicylic acid were proposed as tools for alleviating oxidative stress in plants, but their roles in protecting rice productivity under ozone stress still remained unknown. We investigated the mechanism of catechin and salicylic acid on rice under ozone stress at the vegetative stage and at the reproductive stage. Rice was sprayed with catechin and salicylic acid before exposure to ozone in the range of 100–150 ppb (8 h day−1). Ozone and salicylic acid led to a decrease in chlorophyll contents, magnesium contents, and stomatal conductance. This evidence led to a decrease in rice productivity and quality. In contrast, under rice + catechin, both ambient air and elevated ozone conditions had to higher rice productivity and quality than under rice alone and rice + salicylic acid conditions. Catechin could mitigate ozone stress in rice plants through maintaining chlorophyll contents, magnesium contents, and stomatal conductance. Moreover, catechin could induce an unregulation of ascorbate peroxidase, and catalase genes led to increasing their antioxidant enzyme activity. Increasing of antioxidant enzyme activity under rice + ozone + catechin conditions attributed to lower lipid peroxidation than under rice + ozone especially at vegetative stage. This study confirmed that catechin, which is naturally found in tea leaves, could be used as an ozone protectant. The protective role of catechin on chlorophyll contents and antioxidant systems at the vegetative stage attributed to maintaining rice yield under ozone stress.
Graphical abstract
... For BRs, this effect is conserved between several plant species (Roddick et al., 1993;Clouse et al., 1996;Müssig et al., 2003;Kartal et al., 2009). However, the effect of SA concentration is reversed in maize, rice (Kusumi et al., 2006), soybean (Gutiérrez-Coronado et al., 1998), Pinus patula (San-Miguel et al., 2003), and Catharanthus roseus (Echevarría-Machado et al., 2007); low SA concentrations induce PR growth. ...
The root system architecture describes the shape and spatial arrangement of roots within the soil. Its spatial distribution depends on growth and branching rates as well as directional organ growth. The embryonic primary root gives rise to lateral (secondary) roots, and the ratio of both root types changes over the life span of a plant. Most studies have focused on the growth of primary roots and lateral root primordia development. Comparably less is known about the growth regulation of secondary root organs. Here, we review similarities and differences between primary and lateral root organ growth and particularly emphasize on how external stimuli and internal signals differentially integrate root system growth.
... It has also been reported that increases lignin in the cell wall structure, which can be considered as a cause of the increase in the stem diameter and thus weight gain (Al-Hakimi 2008). In a study on three-month-old pine seedlings, it was shown that the SA increased trunk diameter (San-Miguel, Gutierrez, and Larque-Saavedra 2003). It has also been revealed that SA application significantly increases the absorption of mineral nutrients, including Ca (Yildirim, Turan, and Guvenc 2008). ...
The effect of salicylic acid (SA) and nitric oxide (NO) was explored on some growth characteristics and leaf and root nutrients content in Rosa hybrida “Beverly Watson” under alkaline stress conditions in a factorial experiment with three replications. Two factors were foliar applied including salicylic acid (SA) at five rates (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 mM) and sodium nitroprusside at four rates (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mM). In order to create alkalinity, sodium bicarbonate solution was applied to pot soil in several stages to reach pH = 8. The recorded parameters were included the fresh and dry weight of leaf, stem and root, and leaf and root minerals content. The results showed that SA and NO application alleviated the adverse effects of alkalinity on the plant and increased growth parameters. Also, they significantly increased some essential elements such as K, Ca, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu in leaf and root as compared to control and decreased Na content in leaf and root. In general, it was revealed that SA and NO treatments were effective in mitigating the negative effects of alkalinity in roses and can have positive and favorable effects on the growth and development of this plant.
... ) and plant height (Figure 1B)[24]. Similarly,[25] reported that different treatments of acetyl SA on potato plants encouraged plant growth and number of leaves per plant. Number of inflorescence plant -1 SA foliar application showed significant difference for number of inflorescence per plant (Figure 2B) in marigold (Tagetes sp). ...
Salicylic acid (SA) is an emerging plant growth regulator that acts as signaling molecule in plants under biotic and abiotic stresses. SA also exerts a stimulatory effect on different physiological processes of plant growth but its association with leaf pigments and flowering is
less known. Current experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of exogenous application of different doses of SA on marigold (Tagetes sp.) in greenhouse condition. Marigold (Tagetes
sp. L) plants were randomly divided in 4 groups and treated exogenously with four different concentrations of SA (T0: 0 (only water), T1: 40, T2: 80 and T3: 120 mg/L). The solutions were
sprayed on aerial parts of plant after 60 days of sowing. Results analysis showed that T3 (120 mg/L SA solution) showed maximum number of leaves plant-1(30.38), highest plant height (50.63 cm), more number of inflorescence, greater stem diameter (7.84 mm), maximum fresh weight of flowers (11.90 g), and maximum dry weight of flower (1.25 g). Whereas, minimum number of leaves (22.74), lowest plant height (40.8 cm), less number of inflorescence, smaller stem diameter (4.75 mm), minimum fresh flower weight (7.13 g), and minimum dry flower weight (0.7 g) were observed in T0. Furthermore, various leaf pigments were found higher in T3. Present study concluded that T3 treatment of SA improved leaf pigments and morphometric parameters in Marigold. From the aforementioned results, it is suggested that 120 mg/L concentration of SA should be sprayed exogenously before flowering stage, on marigold plants for better growth and flower production.
... ) and plant height (Figure 1B)[24]. Similarly,[25] reported that different treatments of acetyl SA on potato plants encouraged plant growth and number of leaves per plant. Number of inflorescence plant -1 SA foliar application showed significant difference for number of inflorescence per plant (Figure 2B) in marigold (Tagetes sp). ...
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is an emerging plant growth regulator that acts as signaling molecule in
plants under biotic and abiotic stresses. SA also exerts a stimulatory effect on different
physiological processes of plant growth but its association with leaf pigments and flowering is
less known. Current experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of exogenous application
of different doses of SA on marigold (Tagetes sp.) in greenhouse condition. Marigold (Tagetes
sp. L) plants were randomly divided in 4 groups and treated exogenously with four different
concentrations of SA (T0: 0 (only water), T1: 40, T2: 80 and T3: 120 mg/L). The solutions were
sprayed on aerial parts of plant after 60 days of sowing. Results analysis showed that T3 (120
mg/L SA solution) showed maximum number of leaves plant-1
(30.38), highest plant height
(50.63 cm), more number of inflorescence, greater stem diameter (7.84 mm), maximum fresh
weight of flowers (11.90 g), and maximum dry weight of flower (1.25 g). Whereas, minimum
number of leaves (22.74), lowest plant height (40.8 cm), less number of inflorescence, smaller
stem diameter (4.75 mm), minimum fresh flower weight (7.13 g), and minimum dry flower
weight (0.7 g) were observed in T0. Furthermore, various leaf pigments were found higher in
T3. Present study concluded that T3 treatment of SA improved leaf pigments and morphometric
parameters in Marigold. From the aforementioned results, it is suggested that 120 mg/L
concentration of SA should be sprayed exogenously before flowering stage, on marigold plants
for better growth and flower production.
Keywords: Flower production; Growth variables; Leaf pigments; Marigold; SA
concentration; Tagetes spp
... Sin embargo, se observa una tendencia de menores valores en el tratamiento con estrés biótico, lo que puede ser debido a que la planta activa los mecanismos de defensa ante el estrés (Conrath, 2006) y sintetiza metabolitos secundarios lo cual se traduce en un gasto energético (Brown, 2003;Cipollini, 2003;Lattanzio et al., 2013). Villanueva-Couoh (2009) observó en plantas de crisantemo asperjadas con compuestos fenólicos mayor altura, mayor diámetro de tallo y mayor producción de biomasa (San Miguel et al., 2003), resultados que se muestran diferentes a los observados en este trabajo. ...
Con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de aplicaciones exógenas de ácidos fenólicos en el cultivo de tomate, se establecieron cuatro tratamientos: 1) un testigo absoluto; 2) plantas inoculadas con Clavibacter michiganensis subesp. Michiganensis (Cmm); 3) plantas inoculadas con Clavibacter michiganensis subesp. michiganensis y con aplicación de ácidos fenólicos; y 4) plantas solo con aplicación de ácidos fenólicos. Las aplicaciones se realizaron con intervalos de una semana hasta acumular un total de 10 aplicaciones durante el ciclo de cultivo. Los resultados indican que la aplicación de ácidos fenólicos no promovió efectos en las variables agronómicas del cultivo, sin embargo, si se observó una disminución significativa en severidad de Cmm. Además, se demostró que la aplicación de ácidos fenólicos modifica la densidad e índice estomático y en combinación con estrés biótico induce un menor tamaño de estomas. En las variables histológicas se encontró que con la aplicación de ácidos fenólicos el parénquima empalizada disminuyó su longitud, también indujo un menor número y área de vasos de xilema en hoja y raíz respectivamente y una mayor longitud de córtex en la raíz. Los resultados demostraron que la aplicación de ácidos fenólicos puede ser una alternativa viable para el control de Cmm.
... Stem diameter and height of the plants are increased by 10 -10 and 10 -8 M salicylic acid. Similarly, applications of 10 -8 and 10 -6 M salicylic acid increased fresh stem weight, dry stem weight and root length [33]. ...
The present work was conducted to evaluate the protective effect of seed presoaking in shikimic acid (0.4 mM), salicylic acid (0.7 mM) or their combination on faba bean plants (Vicia faba L.) variety Giza 429 as alternatives to fungicide Ridomil MZ to increase faba bean resistance against chocolate spot disease. Concerning the growth, the obtained results showed that infection with B. fabae caused noticeable reduction in root and shoot growth vigor (fresh & dry biomasses, length, density, distribution, shoot diameter, R/S ratio, leaf area and number of nodes). On the other hand, exogenous application of shikimic acid, salicylic acid or their interactiom could counteract the adverse effects of B. fabae by improvement growth vigor of root and shoot as well as leaf area. Chocolate spot disease caused marked decreases in all yield components of faba bean plants, total carbohydrates, total nitrogen, total protein and nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) contents of yielded seeds. On the other hand, seed presoaking in phenolic compounds improve the yield components and its biochemical aspects more than the fungicide. It appeared that seed yield was positively correlated with all growth parameters as well as yield attributes and biochemical aspects of yielded seeds of faba bean plants.
... Salicylic acid (SA) or orthohydroxybenzoic acid is an endogenous plant phenol recognized as a plant growth regulator that influences numerous physiological processes (Raskin, 1992). It has been reported that exogenous applications of SA to plants affect several of their physiological processes, such as stomatal closure (Larqué-Saavedra, 1978;1979); control of ion absorption and transport (Harper and Balke, 1981); inhibition of ethylene synthesis (Huang et al., 1993;Leslie and Romani, 1986); induction of adventitious roots (Kling and Meyer, 1983); biomass accumulation in Glycine max and Pinus patula (Gutiérrez et al., 1998;San-Miguel et al., 2003); reduction of stress by salinity in Triticum aestivum (Shakirova et al., 2003); and stimulation of growth and differentiation of transformed Catharanthus roots (Echevarría-Machado et al., 2007). Quiroz-Figueroa et al. (2001) have also reported that picomolar concentrations of SA applied to the culture medium increase cell growth and somatic embryogenesis in tissue cultures of Coffea arabica. ...
Micropropagated gloxinia (Sinningia speciosa Benth.) seedlings transferred to greenhouse conditions, were treated with salicylic acid (SA) to test its effect on flowering. Concentrations of 1.0 to 0.0001 μM of SA were sprayed on the shoots on three occasions. Results showed that all SA concentrations tested increased the total number of flowers per plant by 25 to 37 %. Flower length increased 11 % by SA at 1.0 μM. All SA treated plants flowered 6 d earlier and had higher leaf area compared to control plants.
... Moreover, it has already been published that one micromole or less is sufficient to favor root growth, as in Pinus patula where concentrations of 1.0 and 0.01 lM increased root growth by 33 % and 30 %, respectively (San-Miguel et al. 2003), while in Chrysanthemum a concentration of 0.01 lM SA increased dry root weight significantly (Villanueva-Couoh et al. 2009). Dry root weight was also favored by the application of 1.0 lM or less in tobacco and cotton ). ...
Plant species of Angiosperms and Gymnosperms applied with Salicylic acid respond in a positive manner when root system, flowering, stress or productivity is measured. Moreover, the published work indicates that Salicylic Acid application to plants of economic importance might be a good material to use it more widely to increase food production. The advantages to test this molecule is that (a) is a natural and eco-friendly product, (b) nanoquantities are required to produce positive effects, (c) is easy to be applied, and (d) is a cheap chemical available, almost anywhere.
... Se ha estimado su efecto en la estimulación de la oxidación mitocondrial (Raskin, 1992), en la acumulación de compuestos fenólicos y cumarinas (Kovacik et al., 2008), en la embriogénesis somática en cultivo de tejidos (Luo et al., 2001;Quiroz-Figueroa et al., 2001), en el incremento de biomasa en soya (Gutiérrez-Coronado et al., 1998), en pinos (San Miguel et al., 2003), maíz (Gunes et al., 2007) y trigo (Shakirova et al., 2003). Se ha reportado también que altas concentraciones de AS causa estrés oxidativo, que la planta es incapaz de restaurar, llegando en ocasiones a causarle la muerte (Yalpani et al., 1992). ...
Tomato seedlings were sprayed with low concentration of salicylic acid (SA) as to estimate its effect on root and shoot growth. The seedlings were cultivated under greenhouse conditions in pots with a mixture of cosmopeat and agrolite (2:1) that was fertilized with a solution of 380 mg.liter-1 of N, P and K and kept well watered. SA was spread at any of the following SA concentrations 1.0, 0.01, and 0.0001 μM or water as a control treatment. SA was applied at 9 and 13 days after the emergence of the seedling and 7 days afterwards they were harvested for the measurements. Pots were arranged in a totally random design with 24 replicates per treatment . The results showed that SA increases significantly height, leaf area, fresh and dry weight of the shoot as well as length, perimeter and area of the root. AS at 1 μM increased root length by 43%, 14.8% shoot size and 38.6% leaf area as compared with the water control. Doses-response curves are presented for the measurements taken.
... Se ha estimado su efecto en la estimulación de la oxidación mitocondrial (Raskin, 1992), en la acumulación de compuestos fenólicos y cumarinas (Kovacik et al., 2008), en la embriogénesis somática en cultivo de tejidos (Luo et al., 2001;Quiroz-Figueroa et al., 2001), en el incremento de biomasa en soya (Gutiérrez-Coronado et al., 1998), en pinos (San Miguel et al., 2003), maíz (Gunes et al., 2007) y trigo (Shakirova et al., 2003). Se ha reportado también que altas concentraciones de AS causa estrés oxidativo, que la planta es incapaz de restaurar, llegando en ocasiones a causarle la muerte (Yalpani et al., 1992). ...
Tomato seedlings were sprayed with low concentration of salicylic acid (SA) as to estimate its effect on root and shoot growth. The seedlings were cultivated under greenhouse conditions in pots with a mixture of cosmopeat and agrolite (2:1) that was fertilized with a solution of 380 mg.liter1 of N, P and K and kept well watered. SA was spread at any of the following SA concentrations 1.0, 0.01, and 0.0001 μM or water as a control treatment. SA was applied at 9 and 13 days after the emergence of the seedling and 7 days afterwards they were harvested for the measurements. Pots were arranged in a totally random design with 24 replicates per treatment . The results showed that SA increases significantly height, leaf area, fresh and dry weight of the shoot as well as length, perimeter and area of the root. AS at 1 μM increased root length by 43%, 14.8% shoot size and 38.6% leaf area as compared with the water control. Dosesresponse curves are presented for the measurements taken.
... Stem diameter and height of the plants are increased by 10 -10 and 10 -8 M SA. Similarly, applications of 10 -8 and 10 -6 M SA increased fresh stem weight, dry stem weight and root length (San-Miguel et al., 2003). E-mail: sercag@istanbul.edu.tr; ...
Enviromental stress gives rise to the activation of adaptation and defence responses in plants. It is known that the role of salicylic acid (SA) is quite important in this mechanism. In this study its effect was investigated on excised cotyledons of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seedlings. The sunflower seedlings were grown in dark conditions for 9 days and then their etiolated cotyledons were harvested. Then, they were transferred into Petri dishes containing 0.001 μM, 0.1 μM, 10 μM, 1000 μM SA. Cotyledons were incubated for 14 hours in the dark at room temperature, then they were incubated in light period for 3 hours. Chlorophyll, carotenoid content, protein amount and peroxidase (POD) activity in the cotyledons was examined. SA 1000 μM solution showed the toxic effect in growth considering the results of total chlorophyll, carotenoid content and protein amount. An increasing 2 fold of chlorophyll content in 10 μM SA and 3.5 fold of carotenoid content in 0.1 μM SA treated cotyledons comparing to the control were observed. Protein amount increased in all concentrations except 1000 μM SA. POD activity was also stimulated in all concentration of SA solutions. However, the clear difference in 0.001 μM SA was not seen. As a result, chlorophyll, carotenoid, protein contents and POD activity increased in exogenic SA applications.
... Los resultados obtenidos en este estudio coinciden con lo que reportan Jung et al. (2004), quienes aplicaron ácido benzoico, salicílico, cafeico, clorogénico, ferúlico, phidroxibenzóico y vinílico a concentraciones de 50, 100, 150, 200 y 400 ìM en la solución nutritiva, y encontraron que a las concentraciones más altas, todos los compuestos redujeron significativamente tanto el peso fresco, como el peso seco en plantas de tomate (Licopersicon esculentum Mill.), y no obtuvieron un patrón claro relacionando las dosis con respecto al número de hojas y longitud de plantas. Por el contrario, San Miguel et al. (2003) aplicaron AS en las concentraciones de 10 -4 , 10 -6 , 10 -8 y 10 -10 M en Pinus patula y encontraron aumentos del peso fresco de los tallos en un 33 y 30 % con AS 10 -8 y 10 -6 M, respectivamente. Por otra parte, Barka et al. (2004), al aplicar dosis bajas de quitosán indujeron un aumento en el crecimiento de plántulas de Vitis vinifera L. y encontraron que la mejor concentración fue de 1.75 % (v/v), la cual aumentó el peso seco de brotes y de raíz, la longitud del tallo y el número de nudos. ...
Se aplicaron soluciones de ácido salicílico (AS) 10-6 M, ácido benzóico (AB) 10-6 M y quitosán (Q) al 1 %, los cuales actúan como
promotores de oxidación controlada (POC), sobre plantas de acelga, coliflor, brócoli y repollo, cultivadas bajo invernadero en la
primavera del año 2004. El objetivo fue conocer los efectos de estos compuestos sobre variables fenotípicas y el nivel de antioxidantes
en hortalizas. Las variables evaluadas fueron: altura de planta, longitud de raíz, número de hojas, peso fresco, peso seco y nivel de
antioxidantes. La influencia de los POC no mostró una tendencia consistente en la mayoría de las variables: la altura de la planta y la
longitud de raíz no fueron afectadas en ninguna de las hortalizas; el número de hojas aumentó solamente en repollo al aplicar AB. El
peso fresco total y de la parte aérea fue superior solo en repollo cuando se aplicó AB; el peso seco de la raíz aumentó en acelga con
la aplicación de AB; en coliflor los compuestos indujeron una disminución de esta variable. Solamente acelga y repollo mostraron un
incremento en la capacidad antioxidante total en respuesta a las aplicaciones de AS y Q, respectivamente. En coliflor no se registró
ningún efecto de los tratamientos, mientras que en brócoli se encontró una disminución de la capacidad antioxidante total
... Stem diameter and height of the plants are increased by 10 -10 and 10 -8 M SA. Similarly, applications of 10 -8 and 10 -6 M SA increased fresh stem weight, dry stem weight and root length (San-Miguel et al., 2003). The exogenous application of SA to plants results in a range of physiological responses: i.e., inhibition of ethylene biosynthesis and seed germination (Leslie&Romani, 1988); interference with the ion transportation and absorption in the membranes of root cells (Harper&Balke, 1981); reversal of abscisic acid effects in leaf abscission and inhibition of plant growth (Raskin 1995). ...
Enviromental stress gives rise to the activation of adaptation and defence responses in plants.
It is known that the role of salicylic acid (SA) is quite important in this mechanism. In this study its
effect was investigated on excised cotyledons of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seedlings. The
sunflower seedlings were grown in dark conditions for 9 days and then their etiolated cotyledons
were harvested. Then, they were transferred into Petri dishes containing 0.001 μM, 0.1 μM, 10 μM,
1000 μM SA. Cotyledons were incubated for 14 hours in the dark at room temperature, then they
were incubated in light period for 3 hours. Chlorophyll, carotenoid content, protein amount and
peroxidase (POD) activity in the cotyledons was examined. SA 1000 μM solution showed the toxic
effect in growth considering the results of total chlorophyll, carotenoid content and protein amount.
An increasing 2 fold of chlorophyll content in 10 μM SA and 3.5 fold of carotenoid content in 0.1
μM SA treated cotyledons comparing to the control were observed. Protein amount increased in all
concentrations except 1000 μM SA. POD activity was also stimulated in all concentration of SA
solutions. However, the clear difference in 0.001 μM SA was not seen. As a result, chlorophyll,
carotenoid, protein contents and POD activity increased in exogenic SA applications
... Los resultados obtenidos en este estudio coinciden con lo que reportan Jung et al. (2004), quienes aplicaron ácido benzoico, salicílico, cafeico, clorogénico, ferúlico, phidroxibenzóico y vinílico a concentraciones de 50, 100, 150, 200 y 400 ì M en la solución nutritiva, y encontraron que a las concentraciones más altas, todos los compuestos redujeron significativamente tanto el peso fresco, como el peso seco en plantas de tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), y no obtuvieron un patrón claro relacionando las dosis con respecto al número de hojas y longitud de plantas. Por el contrario, San Miguel et al. (2003), aplicaron AS en las concentraciones de 10 -4 , 10 -6 , 10 -8 y 10 -10 M en Pinus patula y encontraron aumentos del peso fresco de los tallos en un 33 y 30 % con AS 10 -8 y 10 -6 M, respectivamente. Por otra parte, Barka et al. (2004), al aplicar dosis bajas de quitosán indujeron un aumento en el crecimiento de plántulas de Vitis vinifera L. y encontraron que la mejor concentración fue de 1.75 % (v/v), la cual aumentó el peso seco de brotes y de raíz, la longitud del tallo y el número de nudos. ...
We applied salicylic acid (AS) 10-6 M, benzoic acid (AB) 10-6 M and chitosan (Q) 1 % solutions, which act as controlled oxidation promoters (POC) on chard (Beta vulgaris L.), cv. Fordhock, cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. Botritis), cv. Snow Ball, broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. Italica), cv. Di Cico and cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. Capitata) cv. Copenhagen Market, grown in the greenhouse during the spring 2004. The objective was to determine the effects of these compounds on phenotypic traits and antioxidant levels in horticultural plants. The traits evaluated were: plant height, root length, number of leaves, fresh and dry weight, and antioxidant levels; the latter was determined using the method reported by Miller et al. The influence of the POC did not show a consistent trend in most of the variables. Plant height and root length were not affected in any of the horticultural plants; leaf number increased only in cabbage when applying AB. Total and aerial portion fresh weight was only higher in cabbage when AB was applied. Root dry weight increased in chard when applying AB; the compounds induced lower root weight in cabbage. Only chard and cabbage showed and increase in total antioxidant ability as a response to applications of AS and Q, respectively. Cabbage did not show any effect of the compounds on antioxidant levels; while broccoli showed a decrease in total antioxidant ability.
... Mientras que en rábano lo duplica (Aristeo, 1997) En cebolla y ajo, aumenta 2.5 veces y 38% el peso fresco de bulbo, respectivamente y la concentración de alicina se triplica en ajo (Reséndiz, 1999) En soya, tabaco y algodón estimula en forma altamente significativa el desarrollo de raíz y vástago. Además, incrementa el amarre de fruto y rendimiento agronómico en soya y algodón; así como el contenido de azucares reductores y alcaloides totales en hojas de tabaco (Gutiérrez, 1997) En pinus patula aumenta 33% la biomasa del tallo y raíz (San-Miguel et al., 2003) En frambuesa, el acido salicílico disminuye la dominancia apical y estimulo significativamente la formación de yemas adventicias radicales (Reséndiz, 1999) Estos efectos son de gran importancia en el ámbito agropecuario, por lo que el acido salicílico es capaz de inducirlos, pero, la forma en como lo hace es poco clara, por esto, son necesarios estudios fisiológicos con el fin de darles mayor certidumbre. ...
The phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) plays a crucial role in plant growth and development. However, the mechanism of high-concentration SA-affected gravitropic response in plant root growth and root hair development is still largely unclear. In this study, wild-type, pin2 mutant and various transgenic fluorescence marker lines of Arabidopsis thaliana were investigated to understand how root growth is affected by high SA treatment under gravitropic stress conditions. We found that exogenous SA application inhibited gravitropic root growth and root hair development in a dose-dependent manner. Further analyses using DIRECT REPEAT5 (DR5)-GFP, auxin sensor DII-VENUS, auxin efflux transporter PIN2-GFP, trans-Golgi network/early endosome (TGN/EE) clathrin-light-chain 2 (CLC2)-mCherry and prevacuolar compartment (PVC) (Rha1)-mCherry transgenic marker lines demonstrated that high SA treatment severely affected auxin accumulation, root-specific PIN2 distribution and PIN2 gene transcription and promoted the vacuolar degradation of PIN2, possibly independent of clathrin-mediated endocytic protein trafficking. Our findings proposed a new underlying mechanism of SA-affected gravitropic root growth and root hair development via the regulation of PIN2 gene transcription and PIN2 protein endocytosis in plants.
La producción de chile habanero en Yucatán, demanda plántulas de calidad al momento del trasplante, lo que ha llevado al uso de reguladores de crecimiento, que si bien es cierto potencializan la germinación y desarrollo de las plantas, también incrementan los costos de producción. Por tal motivo se están buscando alternativas de producción que reduzcan los costos, razón por la cual, se ha puesto la mirada en el gel de la sábila, cuya composición química reporta la presencia de fitohormonas como las giberelinas y el ácido salicílico. Para estudiar la respuesta del gel de sábila en la emergencia y desarrollo de la raíz y vástago en plántulas de chile habanero, se sembraron 500 semillas de chile habanero variedad “Mayapan”, en grupos de 100, previamente embebidas en 100 mL de gel de sábila al 0, 2.5, 5, 10 y 20%, durante 24 h. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que el gel de sábila reduce cuatro días la emergencia y favorece hasta en un 18 % el desarrollo radicular, la altura de la planta y biomasa fresca total; 11% el diámetro del tallo y 13% número de hojas, observándose un mayor efecto con la solución al 5% de gel de sábila.
Potato seed production requires virus-free plants. Potato virus X (PVX) is normally cleaned by thermotherapy, however, potato virus S (PVS) is one of the most difficult viruses to clean by thermotherapy. Cryotherapy is an optional technique to eliminate difficult viruses by traditional techniques. Both therapies induce oxidative damage leading to low survival. In the present investigation, the effect of SA to protect Solanum tuberosum plants infected with PVX or PVS from damage due to thermotherapy or cryotherapy was studied. Previously to therapies, nodal explants from plants PVX or PVS positive were sub-cultured for 30 d on MS medium containing SA 10⁻⁵ or 10⁻⁶ M. Thermotherapy: Plants PVX positive were subcultured for a supplementary 30 d period on MS SA-free, followed by thermotherapy (32–42 °C) for 35 d. Results showed SA induced thermotolerance during thermotherapy. PVX-free plants obtained in SA were significantly higher than in the control. SA increased CAT activity and reduced the H2O2 content. Cryotherapy: Plants PVS positive, following cryotherapy, plant development and virus testing were carried out. Between 66.6% and 100% of the treated plants were virus-free compared to control plants which exhibited 0% survival. Thus, SA treatment in combination with thermotherapy or cryotherapy described, enhanced plant survival and virus cleaning in potato plants.
We have demonstrated that applications of low concentrations of salicylic acid (SA) to the shoots of seedlings of plants or to perennial trees significantly increase their growth, development, and productivity. It is proposed that the positive effect of the SA of increasing the size of the roots favours the absorption and accumulation of macro and micronutrients and contribute to biomass and seed production. To test this hypothesis, we run experiments on Zea mays, Capsicum chinense and Solanum lycopersicum and measure their nutritional absorption after spraying, low concentrations (SA) to the canopy. The results have shown that (SA) significantly increases the length, weight and dry weight of roots, stems, leaves and yield of these species, as well as the levels of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in the different organs of the plants at the time of harvest. Copper, zinc, manganese, iron, boron, calcium, and magnesium were also increased in most tissues by the effect of SA.
An ever-expanding world population and globally changing diet preferences have put considerable pressure on the worldwide agricultural community to produce more food, feed, and bioenergy crops. As a result, marginal land areas will need to be used to meet the increasing requirement of future generations, especially in developing countries. These marginal areas commonly impose various types of stresses on crops due to factors such as salinity, soil water deficit, temperature extremes, flooding, low nutrients, and aluminum or heavy metal toxicity. As a consequence, the growth and yield of crops from such areas is typically low and their quality is poor, limiting farmer income. Endogenous plant growth regulators play an important role in regulating plant responses to above-mentioned stresses by sensitizing growth and developmental processes. While the physiological and molecular mechanisms linked to the role of abscisic acid and cytokinins in stress tolerance are well explained, there is growing interest to elucidate the associations of auxins, ethylene, gibberellins, brassinosteroids, and polyamines in water deficit tolerance mechanism and also on possible cross-talk mechanism among different growth regulators during tolerance acquisition. Identification and characterization of the gene regulating synthesis of different endogenous growth regulators and recent progresses on hormonal signaling, mutant research, and physiological actions have provided scope for manipulating their biosynthetic pathways for developing transgenic crop plants with enhanced abiotic stress tolerance. Researches have also provided some leads in exploiting the potential of growth regulators in enhancing the resistance to abiotic stresses of crops. Plant growth regulators are chemical compounds that stimulate plant growth and productivity when applied, even in small quantities at appropriate plant growth stages. These are being extensively used in agriculture to enhance the productivity in agricultural crops. Their central role in plant growth and development is through nutrient allocation and source–sink transitions while most of the plant bio-regulators stimulate redox signaling under abiotic stress conditions.
Salicylic acid (SA) plays an important role in the response of plants to abiotic stresses. Starvation stress affects plant cell metabolic activities, which further limits the normal growth and development of plants. It was reported that SA might play a regulatory role in the process of plant against starvation stress, but the mechanism involved in this process is still unclear. Thus, in this study, the transgenic plants overexpressing a SA binding protein 2 (SABP2) gene were exposed to starvation stress and the transgenic lines showed starvation-tolerant phenotype. Compared with wild-type (WT) plants, transgenic plants showed better growth status under poor-nutrition stress. Transgenic plants also showed more vigorous roots than WT plants. Physiological tests indicated that the transgenic plants showed higher relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll content, photosynthetic capacity, endogenous SA content, and lower ROS level compared to WT plants. Transcriptome analysis of tobacco plants identified 3, 748 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between transgenic and WT plants under starvation stress. These DEGs are mainly involved in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway group, MAPK signaling pathway group and plant hormone signal transduction pathway group. As determined by qPCR, up-regulated expression of fifteen genes such as abscisic acid receptor PYR1-like gene (NtPYR1-like), bidirectional sugar transporter N3-like gene (NtSWEETN3-like) and superoxide dismutase [Fe] chloroplastic-like gene (NtFeSOD-like), etc., was observed in transgenic plants under poor-nutrition stress which was in accordance with RNA-sequencing results. The modified pathways involved in plant hormone signaling are thought to be at least one of the main causes of the increased starvation tolerance of transgenic tobacco plants with altered SA homeostasis.
Heavy metal toxicity is one of the main factors that limit crop growth and yield in the world. Salicylic acid (SA) is thought to be a plant hormone that plays an important role in plant growth, development, and resistance to abiotic stresses. To uncover the toxic alleviation effects of SA on potato plants to cadmium (Cd) stress, the morphological, physiological, and biochemical indexes including antioxidant defense system were assayed in potato plants under 200 μM Cd stress in 1/2 Hoagland solution with foliar application of 600 μM SA concentration (10 ml/plant). Interestingly, exogenous SA treatment mitigated Cd toxicity by increasing the relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll, proline, and endogenous SA contents along with decline in malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and superoxide anion radicals (O2⁻). Correspondingly, our study also proved that SA may stimulate the antioxidant enzymatic mechanism pathway including superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11), and glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2) in potato plants subjected to Cd stress. Moreover, the expression level of selected genes relate to SA and reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism (StSABP2, StSOD and StAPX) were enhanced in SA-treated potato plants under Cd stress, indicating that SA treatment regulated the expression of these genes, which in turn enhanced potato tolerance to Cd stress. Taken together, our results indicated that exogenous SA can play a positive regulatory role in alleviating Cd toxicity in potato plants.
Potato virus S (PVS) is one of the most difficult viruses to eliminate by thermotherapy due to its thermal deactivation point. Pre-treatment methods involving salicylic acid (SA) have been successfully carried in conjugation with cryogenic methods to reduce oxidative damage and eliminate viruses. In the present investigation, the effect of SA to protect Solanum tuberosum plants infected with PVS from oxidative damage from subsequent cryotherapy was studied. Vulnerable genotypes to cryogenic protocol were selected, with two SA treatments examined. Potato clones were pretreated with SA (0, 10⁻⁵, and 10⁻⁶ M), plant development was evaluated and then exposed to cryotherapy. This was followed up by a plant development evaluation and virus testing. After the initial treatment with SA, the plants exhibited an increase in the variables evaluated before cryotherapy. After cryotherapy, between 66.6% and 100% of the treated plants were found to be virus-free compared to control plants which exhibited 0% survival. Thus, the SA-cryotherapy treatment combination described appears to enhance plant survival and eliminate PVS from potato plants.
Applications of low concentrations of salicylic acid (SA) to the shoots of seedlings of horticultural plants such as habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense) or to perennial trees such as the Ramon (Brosimum alicastrum) significantly increase their growth, development and productivity. In chili pepper it was found that the positive effect of SA on root growth is correlated with an increased uptake of macro nutrients and micronutrients which are allocated in the plant tissues. Data have shown that plant tissues treated with SA had significantly higher levels of macronutrients. Accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was higher in fruits (116%, 110% and 97%), leaves (45.5%, 39.4% and 29.1%), roots (52.6%, 17% and 29.4%), and stems (5.0%, 39.4% and 28.3%) with respect to the control plants. The levels of other nutrients, such as copper, zinc, manganese, boron, calcium, magnesium and iron, were also higher. The application of 1 μM SA to shoots of trees, affected the root length. The control plants had 42 cm, and those of the treated plants 65.5 cm, equivalent to an increase of 55.7%. Fresh weight of the root was 158.3% higher in the treated plants and the dry weight increased by 160.7%. Increases were also observed in stem length (46%), stem diameter (25.9%), fresh weight (78.3%), and dry weight (89%), in comparison with the control. The number of leaves presented in treated plants averaged 12.6, whereas the control plants showed an average of 9 leaves with a lower leaf area. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017. All rights reserved.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of salicylic acid and N P K fertilization on the growth and mineral status of habanero pepper seedlings (Capsicum chinense Jacq.). The study was developed in Yucatan, Mexico in November 2008 and December 2009. Seedlings were exposed to four treatments: T1) without salicylic acid and fertilization; T2) application of 10-8 M salicylic acid; T3) application of 190 mg/l de NPK and T4) application of 10-8 M of salicylic acid + 190 mg/l of NPK. The quality of seedlings was evaluated by measuring growth characteristic of shoot and root. The content of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn was analyzed in whole seedlings. The slenderness and the index of quality of Dickson were also considered. The results showed significant differences (P≤0.05) on shoot growth. Applications of fertilizer caused increase on shoot dry weight. Plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, and foliar area were not significantly different between T3 and T4. Significant differences were observed on root dry weight, specific root length, root weight density and root length density. All variables except specific root length were significantly higher with the fertilizer treatment. The latest had the highest value in the treatment T4. Significant differences (P≤0.05) were observed in tissue mineral content. Seedlings treated with T3 showed the highest content of N, P, Ca, Mg and Mn. The content of K, Zn and Fe was not significantly different between T3 and T4. In conclusion, the application of salicylic acid favored seedling growth but it did not improve significantly the quality of habanero pepper seedlings.
Forest nurseries in New Zealand produce over 50 million radiata pine plants annually. These comprise seedlings, rooted cuttings and micro-propagated plantlets. Regular chemical control measures are generally required in order to manage several of the fungal diseases affecting these plants. Global trends towards reduced fungicide inputs are putting pressure on growers to find alternative disease management strategies. There is therefore increasing interest in biological control methods to suppress the growth of plant pathogens and to stimulate natural plant disease resistance. In this article we discuss the potential for implementing biocontrol methods to suppress diseases of pine in forest nurseries.
Thinning may modify distribution and amount of aboveground biomass according to time of response and growth conditions. In this study, the effect of thinning on distribution and accumulated aboveground biomass content of Pinus patula was analyzed in 2009 through destructive samplings of 30 trees, after having been subjected to different thinning intensities since 2004, plus an intact control. Elimination between 40 and 69 % of initial plantation density significantly affected (p≤0.05) quantity and distribution of leaf biomass and the amount of timber with bark on the stem at individual tree level in some tree components (but not by ha). The high thinning intensity (65.3 and 68.7 %) and respective low residual density generated the largest accumulation of foliar biomass (5.4 kg tree-1 and 8.0 t ha-1), surpassing (p≤0.05) the control without thinning (1.5 kg tree-1). In timber biomass with stem bark, trees with thinning also surpassed (p≤0.05) the control (98 vs. 35.3 kg tree-1). However, biomass accumulation per unit was similar between both conditions, due to excessive residual density of the control; the same occurred in total branch biomass and in distribution on the stem.
With the purpose to evaluate the effect in the flowering and growth of the plant of chrysanthemum var. Polaris White several concentrations of salicylic acid (SA) 10-6, 10-8 y 10-10 M and dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) 10-4 M were sprinkled on chrysanthemum foliage. The salicylic acid applications to the foliage were made 16 days after the transplant. Four applications were made by dripping with an interval of seven days between each application. A completely randomized design with five treatments and five repetitions was used. The DMSO sprinkled plants grew more (83.6 cm) than the plants sprinkled with 10-6 M (81.0 cm) of AS and surpassed the control plant. The stem diameter of the AS and DMSO sprinkled plants was greater in comparison with the control plant, and the 10-8 M treatment obtained the greatest values (8.9 mm). The salicylic acid (10 -6, 10-8 y 10-10 M), and the dimethyl sulfoxide 10-4 M incremented in a significant manner the weight of the foliage and root matter (fresh and dry), the root volume, and the foliar area. The effect of the salicylic acid was notorious in the induction of the blooming treatments: 10-8 y 10-10 M were obtained the blooming at 113 PTD and it also obtained the greatest flower diameter (13.6 and 12.6 cm) respectively. The N, P and K concentrations were different and the treatments with AS and DMSO surpassed the control. The N and K concentrations in the chrysanthemum leaves and stems fluctuated from low to deficient, but the P concentrations fluctuated between sufficient and adequate.
Catharanthus roseus transformed roots were cultured in the presence of salicylic acid (SA) at concentrations between 0.1 fM and 100 pM and the effect on root growth was evaluated. Significant morphological changes in the lateral roots were recorded on day two in the SA treatment. Presence of SA increased root cap size and caused the appearance of lateral roots closer to the root tip. The bioassay was sensitive enough to allow testing of low concentrations of other growth regulators that may affect root morphology and physiology.
Embryogenic cell suspension cultures of Coffea arabica cv. Caturra Rojo were treated with salicylic acid (SA). Two concentrations, 10-12 and 10-10 M, had a significant effect on the growth rate of the cell cultures when compared to the control, and this effect was concentration-dependent. These two SA concentrations also had a dramatic effect on both the number of somatic embryos and quality, in terms of embryo size and development. In general, the use of SA had a positive effect on cellular growth and somatic embryogenesis, causing a twofold increase in both processes. The increase in the number of somatic embryos could be a reflection of an increase in the number of embryogenic cells induced with SA treatment.
To determine whether natural plant growth regulators (PGRs) can enhance drought tolerance and the competitive ability of transplanted seedlings, 1.5-year-old jack pine (Pinus banksana Lamb.) seedlings were treated with homobrassinolide, salicylic acid, and two polyamines, spermine and spermidine, triacontanol, abscisic acid (ABA), and the synthetic antioxidant, Ambiol. PGRs were fed into the xylem for 7 days and plants were droughted by withholding water for 12 days. ABA, Ambiol, spermidine, and spermine at a concentration of 10 µg L(-1) stimulated elongation growth under drought, whereas ABA, Ambiol, and spermidine maintained higher photosynthetic rates, higher water use efficiency, and lower Ci/Ca ratio under drought compared with control plants. The damaging effects of drought on membrane leakage was reversed by Ambiol, ABA, triacontanol, spermidine, and spermine. Because ABA, Ambiol, and both polyamines enhanced elongation growth and also reduced membrane damage in jack pine under drought, they show promise as treatments to harden seedlings against environmental stress. The protective action of these compounds on membrane integrity was associated with an inhibition of ethylene evolution, with a reduction in transpiration rate and an enhancement of photosynthesis, which together increased water use efficiency under drought. Although most of the tested compounds acted as antitranspirants, the inhibition in membrane leakage in ABA-, Ambiol-, and polyamine-treated plants appeared more closely related to the antiethylene action.
Salicylic acid inhibited ethylene formation from ACC in self-buffered (pH 3.8) pear (Pyrus communis) cell suspension cultures with a K(1) (app) of about 10 micromolar after 1 to 3 hours incubation. Inhibition appeared noncompetitive. Among 22 related phenolic compounds tested, only acetylsalicylic acid showed similar levels of inhibition. Inhibition by salicylic acid was inversely dependent on the pH of the culture medium and did not require a continuous external supply of salicylate. When compared to known inhibitors of the ethylene forming enzyme, cobalt, n-propyl gallate, and dinitrophenol, inhibition by salicylic acid most closely resembled that by dinitrophenol but salicylic acid did not produce the same degree of respiratory stimulation. Results are discussed in terms of other known effects of salicylic acid on plants, pH-dependency, and the possible influence of salicylic acid on electron transport.
The aim of this chapter is to review the recent and spectacular progress in the study of insect digestive biochemistry. It tries to establish uniform parameters for studying insect digestive enzymes, providing an overview of the biochemistry of insect digestion, and discusses factors affecting digestive enzymes in vivo. It reviews digestive enzymes and microvillar proteins, with the emphasis on molecular aspects. Further it describes the details of the digestive biochemical process alongside insect evolution and discusses data on digestive enzyme secretion mechanisms. Digestion is the process by which food molecules are broken down into smaller molecules that are absorbed by cells in the gut tissue. This process is controlled by digestive enzymes and is dependent on their localization in the insect gut. Enzyme kinetic parameters are meaningless unless assays are performed in conditions in which enzymes are stable. If researchers adopt uniform parameters and methods, comparisons among similar and different insect species will be more meaningful.
The metabolism of [7-¹⁴C)Salicylic acid (SA) was quantitatively studied in leaf disks of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). Over the first 8 h the uptake and metabolism of SA was slow with SA 2-O-B-D-glucose as the major metabolite identified in the leaf tissue. By 24 h a more complex range of 2-O-glycosides was observed with the SA ester glucoside present as a minor metabolite. Increased conjugation of SA was associated with the evolution of 14C02 and by 36 h the administered radioactivity was distributed equally between expired ¹⁴CO2, conjugates of SA present in the cell and unchanged SA remaining in the medium. Tobacco leaves and cell cultures contained O-glucosyltransferases capable of synthesising both the esterand 2-O-glucosides of SA. Both activities were partialy characterised and their specific activities in tobacco leaves were shown to be differentially induced by a 24 h treatment with SA (0.1-1 mM).
Previous work showed that acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) reduces transpiration rate of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). A concentration response curve of stomatal closure of epidermal strips of Commelina communis L., to ASA is now presented. It is found that ASA closes stomata at 10-2–10-3 M concentrations and that this closure takes place within 13 minutes after the treatment has started.
Longleaf pine (Pinuspalustris Mill.), although it has many excellent qualities, is not extensively planted because of its extended seedling "grass stage" accompanied by poor field survival. Treatments with cytokininlike substances in spring and early summer stimulated seedling height growth, and this effect was enhanced by gibberellic acid (GA3) and DPX 3778, an experimental triazinone derivative that is synergistic with gibberellins. The synthetic cytokinin benzyladenine and other active purine derivatives, although potent, tended to cause bud proliferation and death. A seaweed extract with cytokinin activity, Cytex, proved effective without the deleterious side effects. A promising technique is thus to apply combination sprays of Cytex, GA3, and DPX 3778 in the nursery to stimulate height growth during the 1st year in the field.
6N-benzyladenine (BA) and gibberellic acid (GA3), alone and especially in combination, stimulated the height growth of naturally regenerated and 1-year-old plantation grassstage longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) seedlings. BA was more effective than GA3, and the addition of potassium nitrate, thiourea, and zinc sulfate enhanced the effect of BA more than that of GA3. Seventy-five to 95 percent of the naturally regenerated BA + GA3 treated seedlings elongated more than 7.5 cm during the growing season in which they were treated. High levels of salts and growth substances killed many meristems, but frequently these plants developed strong lateral buds and shoots. Treatments that induced two or three growth flushes resulted in plants with larger buds in the fall. At the higher concentrations, either GA3 or BA induced a proliferation of primary needles at the base of the seedlings. Forest Sci. 27:400-404.
Three-day-old cotyledonary explants of Pinus canariensis were subjected to 30 induction treatments using half-strength Bornman's medium containing various combinations of N6- benzyladenine, zeatin, kinetin and 2-isopentenyl-adenine. The highest numbers of buds were obtained with 10 M 6-benzyladenine, but both kinetin and zeatin influenced shoot elongation. Shoots were maintained on half-strength Schenk and Hildebrandt medium with 2% sucrose and 0.05% activated charcoal. For rooting, shoots were pulsed for 4 h in a 100 M indole-3-butyric acid aqueous solution (pH 4.2–4.5), and planted in peat:vermiculite:perlite (1:1:1). After 8 weeks, the numbers of rooted shoots were similar for most treatments. Therefore, the bud induction treatments did not significantly influence rooting of adventitious shoots of Canary Island pine.
Aqueous solutions of SA, applied as a spray to the shoots of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Cajeme), significantly increased the growth of shoots and roots as measured after seven days of treatment. Shoot spraying of SA had no significant effect on photosynthetic rate. Growth increases were obtained in plants cultivated either in the greenhouse or in the field; SA-induced increases in root growth of up to 100% were measured in the field.
Infection of plants by necrotizing pathogens can induce broad-spectrum resistance to subsequent pathogen infection. This systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is thought to be triggered by a vascular-mobile signal that moves throughout the plant from the infected leaves. A considerable amount of evidence suggests that salicylic acid (SA) is involved in the induction of SAR. Because SA is found in phloem exudate of infected cucumber and tobacco plants, it has been proposed as a candidate for the translocated signal. To determine if SA is the mobile signal, grafting experiments were performed using transgenic plants that express a bacterial SA-degrading enzyme. We show that transgenic tobacco root-stocks, although unable to accumulate SA, were fully capable of delivering a signal that renders nontransgenic scions resistant to further pathogen infection. This result indicated that the translocating, SAR-inducing signal is not SA. Reciprocal grafts demonstrated that the signal requires the presence of SA in tissues distant from the infection site to induce systemic resistance.
The phenolic compounds salicylic acid (o-hydroxybenzoic acid) and ferulic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid) inhibited K⁺ (⁸⁶Rb⁺) absorption in excised oat (Avena sativa L. cv. Goodfield) root tissue. Salicylic acid was the most inhibitory. The degree of inhibition was both concentration- and pH-dependent. With decreasing pH, the inhibitory effect of the phenolic increased. During the early stages of incubation, the time required to inhibit K⁺ absorption was also pH- and concentration-dependent. At pH 4.0, 5×10⁻⁴ molar salicylic acid inhibited K⁺ absorption about 60% within 1 minute; whereas, at pH 6.5, this concentration affected absorption only after 10 to 15 minutes. However, at 5 × 10⁻³ molar and pH 6.5, salicylic acid was inhibitory within 1 minute. The capacity of the tissue to recover following a 1-hour treatment in 5 × 10⁻⁴ molar salicylic acid ranged from no recovery at pH 4.5 to complete recovery at pH 7.5. The absorption of salicylic acid was pH-dependent, also. As pH decreased, more of the phenolic compound was absorbed by the tissue. The increased absorption of the compound at low pH most likely contributed to apparent tissue damage at pH 4.5 and might have accounted for the lack of recovery of K⁺ absorption as pH decreased.
Under the proper conditions of pH and concentration, phenolic acids such as salicylic acid could significantly affect mineral absorption by plants in the field.
Stimulation of root growth by salicylic acid in carrot, and radish. P. 652 in Abstracts of the XVI Internat
- M Gutiérrez-Rodríguez
- P Aristeo-Cortés
- R Miguel-Chávez
- And A Larqué-Saavedra
GUTIÉRREZ-RODRÍGUEZ, M., P. ARISTEO-CORTÉS, R. SAN MIGUEL-CHÁVEZ, AND
A. LARQUÉ-SAAVEDRA. 1999. Stimulation of root growth by salicylic acid
in carrot, and radish. P. 652 in Abstracts of the XVI Internat. Bot. Congr.
Internat. Bot. Soc., St. Louis, MO.
The antitranspirant effect of acetylsalicylic acid on Phaseolus vulgaris
LARQUÉ-SAAVEDRA, A. 1978. The antitranspirant effect of acetylsalicylic acid
on Phaseolus vulgaris. Physiol. Plant. 43:126-128.
Salicylic acid. P. 188-205 in Plant hormones
- I Raskin
RASKIN, I. 1995. Salicylic acid. P. 188-205 in Plant hormones, J.P Davies
(ed.). Kluwer Academic Publishers, London, United Kingdom.