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Fragile food supply chains: Reacting to risks
International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications
Abstract
Despite extensive food safety legislation, there have been significant food safety incidents in the recent past. The effects of food contamination and other food safety-related incidents permeate rapidly across the different entities of the supply chain as a result of particularly complex and multi-tiered supply chains in the food sector. There is a requirement for other reactive measures to contain the spread further across the supply chain once the issue has been identified. The research approach for the paper is based around the use of secondary data on major food safety-related incidents and the after effects. The research seeks to identify and understand the varied approaches, the contributing factors and the relevant legislation towards risk control as a reactionary measure in the food sector. It then proposes a conceptual model for risk mitigation from a reactionary standpoint which is retrospectively validated using selected case studies.
... Reputation implies both the prominence of a company -the label as being known for something -and the image in the sense of holding a generalized favorability towards other companies (Lange et al., 2011). Through CSR related actions like food donations, firm reputation might increase in or after crisis situations (Cozzolino, 2012;Dani and Deep, 2010;Tomasini and Van Wassenhove, 2009). Next to positive reputation, Binder and Witte (2007) name improvement of government relations, staff motivation and the "desire to do good" as motivation for the private sector to engage. ...
... The case of Heidelberg shows how commercial retail supply chains can be affected by crisis situations without being directly hit. Moreover, companies' stock values might decline when announcing supply chain disruptions (Dani and Deep, 2010). ...
... Not only in this case, supply speed compared to governmental response is seen as a core strength of private actors in crisis response (Nurmala et al., 2018). This goes along with findings from Dani and Deep (2010), who found that supply chain collaboration can help move goods faster and more efficiently during crisis. ...
Collaboration in emergency logistics can be beneficial for governmental actors when supply chains need to be set up immediately. In comparison to research on humanitarian-business partnerships, the body of literature on so-called Public–Private Emergency Collaborations (PPEC) remains scarce. Private companies are only rarely considered within research on emergency collaborations, although they serve as an important chain in the efficient supply of goods given their resources and existing communication networks. Based on this research gap, we contribute to the research field by quantitatively evaluating public–private collaboration in emergency logistics. A framework for public–private emergency collaborations is developed based on logistical and game-theoretical concepts. In addition, we characterize both public and private actors’ possible roles in emergency logistics based on literature research and real cases. Furthermore, we provide a structured overview on existing PPECs and the challenges they are confronted with. The game-theoretic PPEC model created in this paper provides more detailed information into the motivation and incentives of the partners involved in emergency collaborations. Inspired by game-theoretic accounts of conventional public–private partnerships, this model sheds light on the partners’ participation constraints (which define the scope of collaboration), the effects on the outcome if the partners’ contributions are strategic substitutes, and on reputational effects. Finally, we illustrate how a mechanism design approach can be used by the state to transform the firm’s incentives into lower levels of undersupply or deprivation.
... Temas da atualidade como a busca das empresas por economias de escala, marcas globais, mobilidade transnacional de pessoas, informações, produtos e capitais, crescimento do livre comércio, tecnologias da informação, automação, negócios eletrônicos e vantagem competitiva, implicaram no aumento do processo de globalização, aliado à aplicação das filosofias lean (enxuta) e just-in-time (no tempo certo) que reduzem os processos redundantes, estoques e fornecedores visando à eficiência, além das rupturas causadas por eventos naturais, mostrou a vulnerabilidade do tema, colocando-o em destaque (Lee, 2002;Harland et al., 2003;Behzadi et al., 2017;Dani;Deep, 2010;Mackenzie et al., 2014, Fan;Stevenson, 2018). ...
... Temas da atualidade como a busca das empresas por economias de escala, marcas globais, mobilidade transnacional de pessoas, informações, produtos e capitais, crescimento do livre comércio, tecnologias da informação, automação, negócios eletrônicos e vantagem competitiva, implicaram no aumento do processo de globalização, aliado à aplicação das filosofias lean (enxuta) e just-in-time (no tempo certo) que reduzem os processos redundantes, estoques e fornecedores visando à eficiência, além das rupturas causadas por eventos naturais, mostrou a vulnerabilidade do tema, colocando-o em destaque (Lee, 2002;Harland et al., 2003;Behzadi et al., 2017;Dani;Deep, 2010;Mackenzie et al., 2014, Fan;Stevenson, 2018). ...
Agribusiness is a thriving sector of the world and Brazilian economy. But despite its constant growth, the Brazilian fruit-growing supply chain, and in particular the one in Pará through the açaí fruit, faces interruption challenges due to the high perishability of the fruit. This article develops a framework with the main risks of interruption in the fruit-growing supply chain, based on a survey of managers in the state of Pará, the world's largest producer of açaí, who work in the cultivation, harvesting, production and marketing of the fruit. This is a qualitative study of multiple cases, consisting of semi-structured interviews, the results of which showed that the açaí supply chain is highly susceptible to interruption, since of the 13 risks mapped, only 2 are not applicable to the açaí chain. Despite the vulnerability of the açaí supply chain, managers do not use any risk management methods or processes.
... Agri-food Supply chains today are vulnerable to disruptions caused by many natural and man-made causes such as weather volatility, energy price fluctuations and logistics restrictions (Dani & Deep, 2010;Diabat et al. 2012). It is especially important for food supply chains to be able to react to such disruptions ensuring that demand is met as it is the matter of sustenance for life (Barroso et al. 2011). ...
... Different kinds of disruptions require different strategies to recover. Dani and Deep (2010) have identified the factors required for effective response to the food supply chain risks and have applied the conceptual model to different cases of supply chain risks. Manning and Soon (2016) introduced the concept of building strategic resilience in food supply chains and have proposed a resilience indicator to assess and improve supply chain risk. ...
The global concern to ensure the availability of food for the growing world’s population draws urgent attention towards the inefficiencies in agri-food supply chains. Agri-food supply chains are inherently complex to manage than other supply chains mainly because of their multi-echelon structure, deteriorating product quality with time and changes in storage conditions which leads to significant amount of food loss and wastage. Additionally, any natural or man-made disaster further disrupts the chain and leads to high food loss, high supply chain costs, reduced food availability and poor food quality. Hence, there is a need to design resilient and efficient agri-food supply chain network for optimal multi-echelon storage and distribution to reduce food loss and quality degradation. For this purpose, a Fuzzy Multi Objective Linear Program (FMOLP) is proposed in this paper for integrated food procurement, storage and distribution under cost, resilience and quality considerations. The proposed model integrates the short-term operational objective of cost optimization with the long-term sustainable objectives of food loss minimization and resilience maximization. The proposed FMOLP is illustrated using a realistic case of Public Distribution System using the data benchmarked with the numbers reported by the Food corporation of India. The detailed computational analysis carried out in the paper in investigates three categories of problem sizes to compare and contrast the decisions using different strategies and to provide organizational, operational and policy insights on the trade-off between cost, food loss and resilience.
... OSR is directly embodied through quality (raw material supplied), price (cost of raw material, logistics, etc.), and delivery (standards delivery compliance) (Assefa et al., 2017;Y.-S. Chen & Chang, 2012;Dani & Deep, 2010). This study focuses on OSR, as these are more likely to expand gradually over time (Ghadge et al., 2012;Guertler & Spinler, 2015), which is the focus of this study. ...
... A halal risk mitigation strategy is response management, which involves isolating the problem and minimizing its impact on the integrity of the halal supply chain (Tieman, 2017). There are two types of risk mitigation strategies: proactive and reactive (Ali et al., 2019;Dani & Deep, 2010;Kilubi, 2016;Kırılmaz & Erol, 2017). Proactive approaches are taken to reduce risks before they occur (Gouda & Saranga, 2018). ...
This study aims empirically to analyze mitigation strategies for operational supply risk among halal food manufacturers in Malaysia. A survey of 369 halal food manufacturers is used to test a research model that proposes a relationship between operational supply risk and risk consequences as well as the mediating role of risk mitigation strategies. Structural equation modeling reveals that in the absence of a risk mitigation strategy (behavior-based management, buffer-based management, and traceability-based management), operational risk consequences are significantly influenced by operational supply risk. The analysis also showed the mitigation strategies reduce risk events by its interaction between operational supply risk and risk consequences. This study shows significant data about the management of halal food manufacturing. Due to the limitations of this survey, further study is necessary to analyze how other halal's sectors manage their supply chain risk management.
... Various risk impacts on food processing performance are also highlighted in [75]. Dani & Deep (2010), conducted a research review on various risk response development approaches [76]. Wang et al., (2012) established a new risk assessment methodology for studying aggregative food safety risks in the food supply chain using fuzzy set theory and AHP [77]. ...
... Various risk impacts on food processing performance are also highlighted in [75]. Dani & Deep (2010), conducted a research review on various risk response development approaches [76]. Wang et al., (2012) established a new risk assessment methodology for studying aggregative food safety risks in the food supply chain using fuzzy set theory and AHP [77]. ...
Due to the increasing occurrence of disruptive events caused by both human and also natural disasters, supply chain risk management has become an emerging research field in recent years, aiming to protect supply chains from various disruptions and deliver sustainable and long-term benefits to stake-holders across the value chain. Implementing optimum designed risk-oriented supply chain management can provide a privileged position for var-ious businesses to extend their global reach. In addition, using a proactive supply chain risk management system, enterprises can predict their potential risk factors in their supply chains, and achieve the best early warning time, which leads to higher firms’ performance. However, relatively little is known about sustainable risks in food supply chains. In order to manage the ever-growing challenges of food supply chains effectively, a deeper insight re-garding the complex food systems is required. Supply chain risk manage-ment embraces broad strategies to address, identify, evaluate, monitor, and control unpredictable risks or events with direct and indirect effect, mostly negative, on food supply chain processes. To fill this gap, in this paper we have critically discussed the related supply chain risk management literature. Finally, we propose a number of significant directions for future research.
... These two phases include the two headings of 'prevention' and 'response' (Thun and Hoenig, 2011). In the same grouping in Dani and Deep's (2010) paper, preventive and 'reactive' perspectives are introduced. In the pre-disaster planning phase, these factors are considered: identifying supply chain risks, assessing the likelihood of occurrence and severity of risks, developing preventive programs, and developing criteria for measuring the likelihood and severity of the effect of the disruptions (Dani and Deep, 2010). ...
... In the same grouping in Dani and Deep's (2010) paper, preventive and 'reactive' perspectives are introduced. In the pre-disaster planning phase, these factors are considered: identifying supply chain risks, assessing the likelihood of occurrence and severity of risks, developing preventive programs, and developing criteria for measuring the likelihood and severity of the effect of the disruptions (Dani and Deep, 2010). The risks of supply chain are very diverse in nature, and removing them completely is impossible. ...
Nowadays, dependence of supply chain members while has provided many benefits for organisations, increases uncertainty and risk in the planning and organising activities. The risk of disrupting or failing to communicate with the supplier due to various disasters has occurred in recent years. In this regard, this study introduces a model of mixed integer programming (MIP), to provide resiliency under the terms of a portfolio’s risk by minimising the disturbance conditional value at risk is optimised. A model with two meta-heuristic algorithm and using real data is solved and compared. The results showed that the two algorithms do not differ significantly in the value of the objective function. Also the resolution time for the harmony search algorithm was 8.87 seconds and the imperialist competition algorithm was 8.28 seconds. Based on the results in general, the performance of the imperialist competition algorithm, although slightly less, is better than a harmony search algorithm.
... Various SCM studies have been carried out in a variety of industries, including the automotive (Blos et al., 2009;Zhu et al., 2007), pharmaceutical (Papalexi et al., 2016), toy (Wong et al., 2005), apparel/textile (Abylaev et al., 2014), chemical (Foerstl et al., 2010), telecommunication (Reyes et al., 2002), agriculture/food (Dani & Deep, 2010), aerospace (Sinha et al., 2004), electronics (Blos et al., 2009), construction (Saad et al., 2002), facilities management services (Noor & Pitt, 2009), healthcare (I. Ali & Kannan, 2022), food industry (Mastos & Gotzamani, 2022), etc. Lately, digitalized supply chains, including Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing, and information system integration, have recently been developed in response to industry 4.0 (I4.0) requirements to improve endto-end supply chain operations (Bigliardi et al., 2022;Chauhan et al., 2023;Hofmann et al., 2019;Khourshed et al., 2023;Pournader et al., 2021;Yalcin et al., 2020). ...
Supply chain management is recognized as a crucial element in boosting organizational performance and competitiveness. However, the COVID-19 crisis has demonstrated that many corporations were unprepared and lacked a recovery strategy, which led to significant supply chain disruptions. Hence, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the Supply Chain Performance Measurement System (SCPMS) lifetime under unforeseen situations, particularly in developing nations like Egypt, and its relevance during the pandemic and post-pandemic periods. A systematic questionnaire was used to gather data from 100 manufacturing firms (supply chain and retailers) with large business volume who provided a total of 562 questionnaires. The findings indicated that there were four main measurement systems: SCPMS Design, SCPMS Implementation, SCPMS Use, and SCPMS Review. The results of the AHP method found that the SCPMS implementation was the most important system, while the least important was SCPMS design.
... In essence, supply chain management integrates supply and demand management within and across companies. " Dani and Deep (2010) "Agri-food supply chains (AFSCs) include all steps involved in production, manufacturing and distribution of food until its final consumption, not only share these general risks but also face their own unique vulnerabilities due to the limited shelf life of food, and variability in quality and availability of raw materials as organic products. " Folkerts and Koehorst (1997) "Food supply chains are a set of interdependent companies that work closely together to manage the flow of goods and services along the value-added chain of agricultural and food products, to realise superior customer value at the lowest possible costs. ...
... Modern IT systems and technology that aid in traceability and detection help with this (Di Vaio et al., 2020). However, technology is not always a panacea, and connections within the supply chain must also be considered while managing FSCs (Dani and Deep, 2010). Trends found in the literature point to more prevalent themes, such as growing reliance on information systems, particularly electronic data interchange and point-ofsale scanning technologies, which have become standard in the food business (van der Vorst et al., 1998;Di Vaio et al., 2020;Hamilton et al., 2020). ...
The food supply chain is a complex system that involves the production, distribution , and consumption of food. It is a vital component of society, as it ensures that people have access to the food they need to survive. This chapter gives an overview of the importance of the food supply chain and its fragility as revealed during the Covid-19 pandemic. The chapter seeks to examine the effects of the pandemic on food production, distribution, and consumption, and explore the challenges that the food supply chain has faced and possible means of mitigating these challenges in the future. The pandemic disrupted the supply chain in many areas such as the large-scale and small-farm production of food, shortages of labor and inputs, and food distribution and observed changes in consumer behavior such as increased demand for online grocery delivery and changes in meal preparation. Different ways by which resilience can be integrated and built into the food supply chain such as the incorporation of technological tools that can increase flexibility and capacity are also discussed.
... Also, FSCs take strict measures to maintain the integrity and minimise food scares through contamination or deliberate food crimes, adding to the complexity of food systems (Whitworth et al., 2017). The unique characteristics of FSC make it sensitive to natural and political disruptions that could cause costly product recalls, market withdrawal, and hunger for people in particular regions (Dani and Deep, 2010). A broad literature exists that highlights disruptions impact on food systems and supply chains (Hendry et al., 2019a). ...
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) or drone technology is developing quickly with various applications in military,
public safety, surveillance, delivery, communications and cinematography. With the growing interest from academia,
industry and government, the use of UAVs in daily life is only going to increase. Another emerging technology is 5G,
which offers significant performance improvements over 4G. As 5G develops, the technology is being experimented
for several use-cases including UAV networks. 5G offers high speed and ultra-low latency, which makes it suitable
for autonomous UAV systems. This research focuses on analysing the security challenges, attacks, risks and
threats associated with deploying an autonomous drone highway along the Manchester Ship Canal (MSC).
This research focuses on analysing the security challenges, attacks, risks and threats associated with deploying an
autonomous drone highway along MSC. Several attacks capable of disrupting communications, stealing data and
hijacking drones were identified. Existing security techniques were also discussed. This information was factored into a
threat model and risk assessment for the drone highway. Furthermore, a drone highway simulated model was developed
using the NS-3 simulation tool while discussing available simulation tools, and their capabilities and limitations.
The research identified several techniques that can be used by attackers to disrupt operations or hijack
drones. Security controls were recommended to mitigate these risks. In this paper, we have also identified
the need to achieve a trade-offs between fulfilling security requirements and maintaining efficient drones
network since any implemented security functionality adds an overhead to the drones communications. A
minimal simulation of the drones highway was developed using the NS-3 simulation tool and the simulation
results showing the network throughput, delay and signal quality were presented and discussed.
This research offers a better understanding of the simulation environment of UAVs and how it applies to the proposed Manchester Ship Canal drone highway. Furthermore, it can be used as a
framework in designing other autonomous drone-based transport systems around the UK.
... The FSC is in the spotlight due to concerns in this area. The FSC is changing the global economy due to its geographical spread (Dani and Deep, 2010). ...
This study aims to review the impact of the Ukraine-Russia war on
the food supply chain (FSC). This study examined the literature on Ukrainian warfare, Ukrainian agriculture, Russian agriculture, the impact of the Ukrainian war on food security, and the market share of Ukrainian and Russian agricultural products. Even many countries dependent on grain imports from Ukraine are at risk of famine, which could lead to a global food crisis. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine poses dangers to the food security of grain-importing
countries, and managers and policymakers in this area can reduce the risks of this war with appropriate policies. Grains play an essential role in the consumer’s basket of goods, a large number of grains should be produced every year so that food security in the world is not threatened. Considering that the war in Ukraine has disrupted the FSC and threatened food security, the study in this area is significant.
... 21,22 As a result of the particular complexity in the food sector, once a food safety incident occurs, the risktransfer range would quickly break out of the administrative jurisdiction, and FSR would overflow into neighboring and even further places. 23,24 Given the spread of food-borne infections, assessing food risks is a relevant issue for the food industry and policymakers. 25 In order to enhance cross-regional food safety management capacity, there needs to be an accurate assessment of what types of risky foods are, where the risk occurs, and how risk transfers could help determine what policy intervention could be chosen to effectively address and mitigate the negative impact of FSRs. ...
BACKGROUND
Food safety risks (FSRs) are increasingly characterized by geographical complexity along with rapid urbanization, changing dietary pattern, and the modernization of the food industry. These factors pose challenges for food risk control in developing economies, more so during the global COVID‐19 pandemic. The accurate assessment of risk source and transfer path is a crucial step toward enhancing cross‐regional food safety management. This study aims to examine the spatial distribution, transfer path and driving factors of FSRs in China, provided with a national food safety database collected from 8.63 million batches of food sampling inspections for 33 different types of foods across 30 provinces.
RESULTS
The findings reveal significant regional disparities in FSRs, which is the highest in the west with small‐scale sampling inspection and the lowest in the east with intensive sampling inspection. Catering and processed foods with higher daily consumption suffer more profound FSR than agricultural products. As evidenced by the shrinking low‐low agglomeration areas, the local FSRs have been effectively controlled. The high‐high agglomeration areas playing positive impacts on risk control are expanding while distributed discretely.
CONCLUSION
The spatial transfer of FSRs is significantly driven by multiple drivers: regulatory capacity and intensity, information disclosure, food industry, regional economy, and food consumption. Assessing FSRs based on a geospatial analysis contributes to identifying risk sources, optimizing risk management, and constructing a sustainable food safety system. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
... Handling disruptions in supply chains can take different forms and include various activities or practices (Behdani et al. 2012). From a wider perspective, these practices can be categorized as "proactive" or "reactive" in managing supply chain risks (Dani and Deep 2010;Ali et al. 2017). Proactive risk management identifies potential disruptions and invests in the resources needed to manage them in advance. ...
As small companies do not have abundant resources and their mitigation and preparation capabilities for large impacts are minimal, this study presents an alternative that can be adopted to face crises resulting from pandemics and develop resilience to respond and recover from major disruptions. The study contributes to the supply chain resilience literature in investigating the gap related to supply chain capabilities for small and medium enterprises' resilience in developing countries. The focus was on micro, small and medium-sized Brazilian breweries. The growth in the number of breweries in Brazil has been a trend in recent years in all country regions. This trend represents an opportunity to develop the local market by generating jobs and strengthening small and medium cities economies. The research objective was twofold: analyze the adoption of resilience strategies from a minimal but possible perspective for small and medium companies (visibility, collaboration, and flexibility), and measure their capacity to anticipate, respond, recover, and learn/ grow from the pandemic's impact. Findings demonstrate the need for visibility and investments in digital transformation and flexibility for workforce reconfiguration and to adjust production to demand. Supply chain collaboration was demonstrated in re-negotiating credit with existing suppliers, finding new suppliers, and getting specific credit lines from the State and Federal Government. These pieces of evidence empirically support previous research findings, although most prior studies were concentrated on large organizations in developed countries. Future research should investigate emergent technologies for small and medium companies to handle supply chain outbreaks in developing countries.
... Also, FSCs take strict measures to maintain the integrity and minimise food scares through contamination or deliberate food crimes, adding to the complexity of food systems (Whitworth et al., 2017). The unique characteristics of FSC make it sensitive to natural and political disruptions that could cause costly product recalls, market withdrawal, and hunger for people in particular regions (Dani and Deep, 2010). A broad literature exists that highlights disruptions impact on food systems and supply chains (Hendry et al., 2019a). ...
Purpose: Brexit introduced a range of new tariffs and non-tariff barriers that will significantly disrupt Irish beef exports, particularly to the UK market. Firms should be able to accurately anticipate the adverse effects of Brexit trade barriers on the flow of their products and change their practices accordingly. This research introduces a scenario planning solution based on a process simulation technology to investigate the implication of Brexit risks on Irish beef export performance. Scenarios implications on the transportation time and shelf-life of Irish meat exports to the UK market are investigated.
Research Approach: An agent-based and discrete event simulation model based on a geographic information system (GIS) map were applied. The simulation model focuses on Roll-on/Roll-off (Ro/Ro) maritime transport connectivity between Ireland, the UK, and other EU member states. The agent-based modelling is used for communication between the main four model entities (products, trucks, vessels, and ports). On the other hand, discrete event modelling is applied for sequencing the procedures inside the different agents.
Findings and Originality: The research outcomes suggest that beef supply chains and product flow between Ireland and the UK should not be interrupted post-Brexit. It is recommended that the Irish Government explore mitigation strategies for border check disruptions in this regard with EU26 and UK authorities. A lack of communication between the revenue authorities in Ireland and the UK will be a real challenge for the beef export business. It was also recommended that a robust direct shipping service to mainland Europe is essential to avoid the UK Land-bridge uncertainty.
Research Impact: Using simulation to model transportation systems and investigate business decisions added a new perspective on how business analytics can inform the pre-disruption phase of building supply chain resilience. Using modelling and simulation in the context of geopolitical disruption and supply chain resilience has rarely been presented in the literature.
Practical Impact: The research provided the Irish meat exporters and supply chain practitioners with a scenario mapping solution to anticipate Brexit implications and inform potential mitigation and responding strategies. The article has also highlighted the severe implications of geopolitical disruptions on supply chains.
Keywords: Supply Chain Resilience, Modelling & Simulation, Post-Brexit Implications, Beef Supply Chain
... Leadership is an essential capability for building AFSC resilience. For example, Dani and Deep's (2010) analysis of three food safety incidents (salmonella poisoning in peanut butter, Wal-Mart's response during Hurricane Katrina and the Chinese milk scandal), concludes that, amongst the factors identified (e.g., communication, multi-partner collaboration, resource allocation, escalation, and speed of response), leadership was the most important. Top management support is critical in rearranging resources to respond to disruptions, particularly involving multiple departments within a company (Zsidisin et al. 2016). ...
Agri-food supply chain (AFSC) resilience is receiving increasing attention as AFSC stakeholders perceive its benefits in recovering from unexpected disruptions. However, which resilience capabilities are more effective in mitigating AFSC risks remains unclear. To address this gap, this article presents a novel AFSC risk and resilience analysis based on a systematic literature review (SLR). In total, 95 journal articles on AFSC risk and resilience management published between 2004 and 2020 are analyzed to identify key risks and resilience capabilities in AFSCs, the relationships, correlations and causalities between them, and research gaps and future research directions in the field. Our SLR reveals eight types of AFSC risk and seven types of AFSC resilience capability, and enables us to develop a one-to-one resilience-risk correspondence model. Suggestions for future research include: cross-country comparative analysis to gain a deeper understanding of risk and resilience management; identification of risk and resilience strengthening strategies through a multi-sectoral approach; longitudinal studies to determine the long-term effects of resilience capabilities; research to understand resilience from the perspectives of supply-chain collaboration, traceability, redundancy, knowledge management, innovation, leadership, and flexibility; investigations of the positive effects of AFSC risks in triggering resilience capabilities; and cross-disciplinary research to understand the relationships between resilience and other disciplines.
... Another aspect is the challenge faced in order to ensure food safety for final consumers. There is the need, for example, to avoid food borne infections to preserve health (Dani and Deep 2010) and to guarantee the authenticity of products so as not to damage consumer trust and confidence in food purchases: traceability in this regard is essential (Tan, Gligor, and Ngah 2020). The attention to food fraud and food safety is increasing systematically. ...
The achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals is pushing towards improving the sustainability of food supply chains. Food waste and food safety are among the most critical sustainability issues in the food supply chain. Previous studies have analysed the use of supply chain 4.0 technologies for reducing food waste and enhancing food safety but have neglected consumers as direct users of technology, not studying their preferences and buying behaviour. Through a survey study, this research aims at providing insights about ways in which those supply chain 4.0 technologies that can be used by consumers could be exploited for better sustainability. We investigate consumer openness to technology and consumer buying behaviour for food products in relation to sustainability. Results indicate that consumers can be ready to embrace technology. Their awareness of sustainability represents an opportunity for companies to offer tailored products and accessible services that can influence consumers towards more sustainable choices.
... Temas da atualidade como a busca das empresas por economias de escala, marcas globais, mobilidade transnacional de pessoas, informações, produtos e capitais, crescimento do livre comércio, tecnologias da informação, automação, negócios eletrônicos e vantagem competitiva, implicaram no aumento do processo de globalização, aliado à aplicação das filosofias lean (enxuta) e just-in-time (no tempo certo) que reduzem os processos redundantes, estoques e fornecedores visando à eficiência, além das rupturas causadas por eventos naturais, mostrou a vulnerabilidade do tema, colocando-o em destaque (Lee, 2002;Harland et al., 2003;Behzadi et al., 2017;Dani & Deep, 2010;Mackenzie et al., 2014, Fan & Stevenson, 2018. ...
A demanda crescente por alimentos torna o agronegócio um setor pujante na economia brasileira e mundial, mas a despeito desse vigoroso crescimento ao longo dos anos, a cadeia de suprimento do agronegócio enfrenta riscos de ruptura constantes, devido os desafios inerentes da cultura dos alimentos e da fruticultura. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar e descrever os principais riscos de ruptura na cadeia de suprimentos do açaí, na perspectiva de gestores de empresas do Estado do Pará que atuam na extração, beneficiamento, comercialização e suporte aos gestores de empresas que trabalham com o açaí. A abordagem metodológica utilizada foi pesquisa qualitativa por meio de estudo de casos múltiplos através de entrevista semiestruturada. Como resultado, esta pesquisa desenvolveu um framework composto de 22 riscos de ruptura na cadeia de suprimentos dos alimentos, consolidados em 13 grupos. A análise das evidências demonstrou alta vulnerabilidade na cadeia de suprimentos do açaí, uma vez que todos os riscos mapeados são aplicáveis à cadeia do açaí, com exceção do risco relativo ao uso de antibiótico/agrotóxico, e de demanda. Foi possível também identificar que os gestores têm conhecimento da vulnerabilidade da cadeia de suprimentos do açaí, mas não fazem uso de nenhum método ou processo de gestão de risco.
... These themes are food safety at the consumer end of the food supply chain, food safety management in the food supply chain, risk management of food safety in the food supply chain, and food safety at the production end of the food supply chain. The research content mainly focused on meat, the risk safety of genetically modified food in the supply chain (67), and strengthening risk management. Simultaneously, the research focused on analyzing the influencing factors that affect food consumption and explained the importance of safe consumption through quantitative analysis (68) or clinical research. ...
Background
The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the fragility of the global food supply chain, strengthened consumers' awareness of the traceability system throughout the supply chain, and gradually changed consumers' consumption concepts and consumption patterns. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyse the relevant literature on food safety in the food supply chain, examine its current status, hot spots, and development trends, and provide some suggestions for academics and relevant government departments in food supply chain safety research.
Methods
We collected the literature on the food safety research of the food supply chain from the Scopus database, used BibExcel to count the subject categories, published journals, geographical distributions, research institutions, authors, and keywords in the literature, and used Pajek software to analyse the keywords in the literature, perform co-occurrence analysis, draw related knowledge maps, and perform cluster analysis on primary keywords. Finally, to study the development trend, we used CorTexT software to illustrate the theme evolution path map in this research field.
Results
The keyword visualization network revealed the following key research topics: (1) food safety at the consumer end of the food supply chain, (2) food safety management in the food supply chain, (3) risk management of food safety in the food safety chain, and (4) food safety at the production end of the food supply chain.
Conclusions
After comprehensive discussion and analysis, we concluded that food supply chain management may be a hot topic in the future, especially in traceability management combined with the blockchain. It is necessary to explore in-depth how the blockchain can affect the food supply chain to provide a theoretical basis for managing the latter.
... . Risk Aware (N 1 ): All of those facilitating the resilience of FSCs actually rely on risk management (Leat and Revoredo-Giha 2013). Effective risk management in FSCs, awareness of emerging risks and making quick decisions about these risks will help increase resilience in FSCs (Dani and Deep 2010). To create risk awareness, risk management should be considered within the company (Stone and Rahimifard 2018). . ...
The COVID-19 outbreak has revealed weaknesses in the supply chains (SCs) and how easily it can be influenced by these disruptions. Food supply chains (FSCs) is one of the most affected SCs, and it needs to be more resilient against SC disruptions because their vulnerable structure such as having perishable products. Therefore, this article aims to uncover the need for resilience in FSCs during the COVID-19 outbreak. For this purpose, the enablers of resilience on FSCs are determined after a detailed examination of the current literature. Then, the graph theory matrix approach has been used to reveal the relationships between these enablers and investigate importance of enablers of resilience in FSCs during COVID-19 outbreak. It is significant to determine preference of enablers and rank of importance to take actions effectively. Depending on the results, the rank orders of the enablers are classified as readiness, collaboration with stakeholders, IT alignment, risk aware, responsiveness, flexibility, appearance and sustainability, respectively. Suggested implications can be provided benefits for policymakers and managers in FSCs.
... Parametric linear programming and stochastic model-ing have become the subject of interest in the field of supply chain analysis [21,22]. The combination of algorithms, simulations, and supporting AHP tools has made it possible to identify more rational solutions in the field of risk modeling of distribution networks [23,24]. Strategic planning has found its application in strategic decision-making processes [25]. ...
The Slovak automotive industry consists of various companies and suppliers, with different positions in the supply chain for automotive manufacturers. The accuracy of component deliveries and their quality affect the ultimate competitiveness of the entire automotive industry. The creation of strategic partnerships and stable supplier-customer relationships is currently a necessity. The aim of the article is to design the model for optimizing the ratio of the company suppliers in the Slovak automotive industry. The basis for designing the model was the results of our own research focused on the quality and timeliness of component deliveries from various suppliers. Supply chain members work with multiple subcontractors, using multiple subcontractors to supply the same components. We analyzed the overall quality of delivered components at a certain stage of the supply chain. The quality of the supplied components was the sum of all items from all suppliers. The aim of the proposed model is to determine the optimal percentage of individual suppliers of a particular part so as to minimize the overall risk associated with the supply and inventory of a particular part for the customer. Research methodology was focused on identification of the key performance indicators and key risk indicators of components deliveries by different suppliers. Those indicators provide a basis for the effective results of further research. We designed and used an algorithm for preparing and evaluating the model for optimizing the ratio of the company suppliers in the Slovak automotive industry. This research used modeling methods, simulations, and optimization models. The proposed model was verified in the specific conditions of the automotive supply chain. Deliveries from two subcontractors were simulated. Based on the results of the simulations, the optimal supply ratio of the two subcontractors was determined for a specific component of a member of the supply chain at a higher level. The results of the research can be useful for different suppliers in the Slovak automotive industry. By partially modifying the model and adapting it for different conditions in other industries, the model of optimizing the distribution of supply from individual suppliers can be used for other supply chains.
... Traditional agri-food supply chains (SCs) encompass all activities involved in production, manufacturing, and distribution of food until final consumption [3]. Over time, modern agri-food SCs transitioned from autonomous, independent and local actors, to globally inter-linked system of multi-actors connected by complex relationships, affecting ways in which food is produced, procured, processed, transported, and delivered to end consumer [4]. ...
Modern agri-food supply chains have transitioned from autonomous and independent local actors to globally interlinked system of multiactors connected by complex relationships, affecting ways in which food is produced, processed, transported, and delivered to end consumers. Frequent incidences of fraudulent practices expose lack of transparency in agri-food supply chains, causing concerns related to economic losses, eroding consumer trust and enterprise brand value. Traditionally associated with cryptocurrencies, banking and finance, blockchains are now being applied in the agri-food sector to address supply chain-related challenges. This article examines the question: How blockchain technology facilitates transparency in agri-food supply chains? Primary attributes of blockchain, namely traceability, immutability, auditability, and provenance, promote transparency in supply chains. Using thematic analysis, the following three areas were identified for implementing blockchain in agri-food supply chains: first, agri-food distribution; second, agri-food origin and sourcing; third, agri-food safety and quality. By cross-mapping thematic areas with primary attributes, our analysis resulted in classification of 25 uses cases. Preliminary findings of this study highlight blockchain-enabled transparency via contemporary uses cases in conceptual, proof-of-concept and commercial stages. It is imperative to sift through the hype and scrutinize limitations of the technology which could interfere with its adoption, deployment, and scalability in agri-food supply chains.
... Several studies have examined food supply chains in general [58][59][60], both in developed and underdeveloped countries. However, very few of these studies have examined the resilience of these supply chains [61,62]. Even fewer have investigated them in the context of natural disasters, and those that have typically focused on developed countries [46,63]. ...
This study builds on the extant literature of supply chain collaboration, specifically, vertical and horizontal collaboration, and examines how these capabilities influence the resilience of supply chains that experience regular natural disasters in rural communities, as their economic wellbeing relies heavily on the continuation of these supply chains. A multiple case study approach has been adopted to investigate the role of collaboration within food supply chains of two different South Asian regions. This context was selected because these regions are prone to regular natural disruptions, and these food supply chains also play a crucial role in the disaster relief process. The data revealed that effective communication, mutual dependence, information sharing, informal financial support, and trust are some of the components of supply chain collaboration that enhance the overall resilience of supply chains in natural disasters.
... Since Supply Chain Risk Management emerged formally as a concept in the early 2000's significant literature has emerged with studies in different segments such as automotive (ELANGOVAN et al., 2010;COLICCHIA;DALLARI;MELACINI, 2011;THUN;DRÜKE;HOENIG, 2011), Food industry (DANI;DEEP, 2010;ROBINSON et al., 2012;SONG;ZHUANG, 2017) and Electronics industry (KUMAR; HARRISON, 2012;CHATTERJEE;KAR, 2016). Bibliographic research reveals that there are few papers that apply concepts of Supply Chain Risk Management (SCRM) to Healthcare Supply Chains (HCSC). ...
... With the increasing globalization of the food supply chain, the ramifications of contaminated food go beyond the potential public health risks. It may interrupt global or regional agricultural food trade, cause waste of natural resources, and hamper socioeconomic development (Dani & Deep, 2010;Van Boxstael et al., 2013). Food safety has become one of the most concerned worldwide issues, in which the mycotoxins are an important source of pollution (Magan & Aldred, 2007;Wan, Chen, & Rao, 2020). ...
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is an ideal immunoassay technique for large scale screening detection of various chemical contaminants in food due to its high throughput, low cost and ease of automation. However, the widespread use of traditional colorimetric ELISA has been hindered by the relatively low sensitivity. In this paper, the OTA-specific nanobody (Nb28) was fused with the C4-binding protein (C4bp) C-terminal fragment to form a self-assembled heptamer fusion protein (Nb28-C4bpα). In addition, the heptamer with higher affinity was employed to develop an ultrasensitive competitive ELISA for the detection of OTA in coffee samples. The effect of this sensitivity enhancement strategy was demonstrated with the IC50 of 0.13 ng/mL and LOD of 0.009 ng/mL for the heptamer-based ELISA, which is 26.54-fold and 175.56-fold lower than that of the monomer-based ELISA, respectively. The proposed nanobody multimerization can be a particularly appealing strategy to enhance the sensitivity or analytical signals in various immunoassays.
... There are also risk studies in supply chain performed within the framework of cold chain in the literature (Manthou et al. 2005;Likar and Jevšnik 2006;Joshi et al. 2009;Raab et al. 2011;Lahou et al. 2015;Nakandala et al. 2017). Cold chain risk management studies are also performed in areas such as in food industry (Zhang et al. 2003;Apaiah et al. 2005;Blackburn and Scudder 2009;Dani and Deep 2010;Zarei et al. 2011) and health sector (Ghandforoush and Sen 2010;Nagurney et al. 2012;Lu et al. 2013;Najafpour et al. 2017). ...
Cold chain, which affects human health and quality of life, is applied for temperature-sensitive and perishable products. Any problems occurring in the cold chain can cause deterioration in products, causing poisoning, death, or various diseases. There are many stages in the cold chain itself and the risk significance level of each stage is different. Therefore, the risks that occur depending on the weight of the stages in the cold chain should be defined and minimized and action plans are needed to be formed. Every action in the action plan cannot be implemented simultaneously since each action requires a different amount of budget and time resources of the companies are finite. Hence, the risks occurring in the cold chain should be minimized with the maximum use of limited company resources. In this study, an integrated mathematical model with analytical hierarchy method and failure mode and effect analysis is proposed that will maximize the weighted risk reduction amount by considering the budget and time constraints of the companies at the same time. The proposed approach has been applied in the 3PL service provider and the results are discussed. According to the results of the study where maximum benefit is aimed with the actions taken against the dangers, the maximum objective function value was obtained at the second and third levels of the workforce and budget values by evaluating the different situations with scenario analyses. In this solution, it is foreseen that by taking 5 actions, improvement will be made in 14 hazards.
... the words of Prince Charles (Clarence House, 2020), as concern was growing across the UK of the vulnerability of the U.K.'s food and drink sector as illustrated by empty supermarket shelves and purchase limits commonplace in the early weeks of the UK's lockdown (BBC News, 2020;Rayner, 2020). This fragility of long commercially driven supply chains has been widely discussed at a range of scales globally (Clapp & Isakson, 2018;Vlajic et al., 2013;Dani & Deep, 2010), at more regional or national scales (Lang, 2020;Maye, 2018) along with the potential impacts of external shocks being highlighted (Stone et al., 2015).The global coronavirus pandemic undoubtedly placed the UK's food system under the greatest strain ever faced in modern day peacetime, realising previous academic debate and visions. Prior to the outbreak, the Welsh food system was a significant growth sector, supporting over 200,000 jobs across food production, supply, retail and hospitality and contributing £22.1bn in annual revenue to the devolved nation's economy . ...
In a time of global crisis, existing systems are rigorously tested and placed under significant and abnormal strain. This paper uses Welsh case studies to explore how food producers in Wales have collaborated to protect livelihoods while also providing accessible food to the nation. Prior to the coronavirus pandemic, the food and drink supply chain in Wales contributed £22.1bn in annual turnover to the national economy and supported over 200,000 jobs. The coronavirus pandemic however has put the food and drink industry, which is considered a priority sector in Wales, at significant risk. The hospitality sector, which turned over £3 billion in 2019 and is a key end destination for Welsh produce from small businesses, faced months of near total closure, with no certainty of when the sector may be allowed to resume trading as normal. This in turn has significant and long-lasting effects on the country's food producers, facing a decimated sector they once relied upon to bring their produce to market though stable and established supply chains and procurement relationships.
This paper explores how both producer-led and organisation-led producer collaboration in Wales has provided new and innovative routes to market for Wales' food producers as a result of the lockdown imposed by Welsh and British government to prevent the spread of coronavirus. The challenges faced by these newly established collaborations are discussed alongside the opportunities for longer term collaboration generated by these organisations which emerged to fill a specifically identified void in this unprecedented crisis. Two innovative, in depth, regional level case studies that have responded to this increased demand for accessible food are discussed. Users range from those choosing to buy local produce contact free, through an online click and collect service, to those most vulnerable, wholly reliant on a food box delivery scheme developed through cross sector collaboration at the outbreak of the crisis. This paper concludes that long term producer cooperation in the region is likely to be established following on from the short-term measures implemented as a direct result of the development of social capital during the Coronavirus lockdown, and further concludes that a crisis of this magnitude can stretch the current centralised and remotely controlled food system to breaking point. A number of lessons are highlighted which are pertinent for actions to integrate policy to support societal change and resilience, in order to prevent catastrophic food (in)access in the future.
... Food security is an essential indicator, highly controversial due to global scandals regarding contaminated food and shortages in mentioned sector (Roth et al., 2008;Auler et al., 2017). The presence of various contaminated agents inscribed or not on the label, whether they are chemical, physical or biological causes massive losses both in terms of the value of stocks and economic losses (Dani, Deep, 2010). In addition to economic losses, non-compliance with food security is a very common public health problem among the poor. ...
Population growth and globalization are currently having many negative effects on the agri-food sector's ability to ensure safe and qualitative food. Use of medicines and chemicals in animal husbandry can considerably increases production and animals' resistance to disease and pests. Elevated levels of exposure to food contaminated with chemical residues from the use of antibiotics in animal husbandry and various growth hormones are very dangerous to human health. They contribute to genetic changes at the cellular level and decreased resistance of the body to viruses and bacteria. Frequent use of antibiotics may result in chemical residues in milk, meat, eggs and honey due to large-scale application of drugs in veterinary practice. In addition to its toxicity, antibiotic residues are carcinogenic and ingested in the long term lead to increased tolerance to medication against human diseases caused by deadly bacteria. Continuous monitoring of the production phase of the agri-food chain is absolutely necessary to identify the risks of contamination and reduce the use of illegal antibiotics in animal husbandry. This research aims to determine the main causes of food contamination with chemical residues and to create an overview of the negative effects that antibiotics have on human health.
Agri-food supply chains pose unique challenges. They are inherently complex due to natural processes, random processes, and unpredictability. In modern agriculture and food production, the supply chains necessary for operations are wider because of more components involved and longer because of more complex products and services that themselves depend on supply chains. From a primary producer’s perspective, risk-sensitive components of the supply chain are not always fully identified. While the most important direct risks—such as energy, seeds, and fertilizers—are usually quite well understood, other deeper dependencies in the supply chain are not easily recognized. On the other hand, with data ‘revolution’ it has become easier to monitor processes. Advances in big data and analytics have made extracting information easier. Open data are also increasingly available and organized to the point where large amounts of data are shared and hosted through international collaboration. In this chapter, we seek to detail a producer’s risks and map available sources of relevant data. Through relevant example cases we illustrate the utility of using big data to increase information content that can help alleviate risks. We foresee this strategy as a tool for producers to customize their own supply chains and gain a deeper understanding of their vulnerabilities.
This study aims to investigate the sources of resilience for logistics operations as it relates to food supply chains and their responses during natural disasters and other disruptions. The literature tends to treat inherent and adaptive resilience as somewhat separate constructs. Thus, this study also aims to provide some insights into the relatively underexamined area of how inherent resilience synergistically works with adaptive resilience to maintain flows for food supply chains in a developing economy context. To address the research aim, two supply chain wide case studies were used to investigate the contribution of logistic activities toward the resilience of foods supply chains in two different South Asian regions. This context was selected as these regions are prone to frequent natural disruptions and other disruptions, and these food supply chains also play a crucial role in economy and providing relief supplies to their communities. Logistics operations play a key role in achieving overall supply chain resilience. The sources of inherent resilience are the network structure, buffer capacity, and strong social connections among the actors. Adaptive resilience is derived from transportation flows, storage, information sharing, and demand management processes. Surprisingly, resilience in this context is achieved despite the relatively low level of integration, an unsophisticated technological landscape and compromised logistics infrastructure. Still, resilience can be enhanced further. This study contributes to the sparse literature that examines logistics activities that influence the resilience of food supply chains in the context of natural disasters and other disruptions. Furthermore, uncovering the substructure of logistics resilience activities, and surprisingly, the synergies between inherent and adaptive resilience, adds to the emerging body of literature.
Food Processing Supply Chain and Food Processing Technologies:
With the effect of urbanization and increasing migration from rural to urban areas, changes in lifestyle have also led to significant changes in food demand. The food industry, mostly small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), has access to the necessary resources to drive innovation. While the food sector is mostly considered as a low-tech sector, in recent years, with the effect of the change in consumer demand, an innovative approach to production has been increasing. The recipe for success in the food industry begins with a technology-intensive system that efficiently processes large volumes of data and is adaptable to ever-changing demands and regulations. Food products should be perishable by nature, and options should be plentiful due to transportation disruptions, natural disasters, climate and geopolitical risks. More options can provide more opportunities should something go wrong, so it's critical that food businesses realize this and have contingency plans. They also need to have a flexible supply chain for this.
Ekonomi, mal ve hizmetlerin üretimi, dağıtımı ve ticareti ile tüketiminin bir alanıdır. Genel olarak, kıt kaynakların üretimi, kullanımı ve yönetimi ile ilgili uygulamaları, söylemleri ve maddi ifadeleri vurgulayan sosyal bir alan olarak tanımlanır. Belirli bir ekonomi kültürünü, değerlerini, eğitimini, teknolojik gelişimini, tarihini, sosyal organizasyonunu, politik yapısını, yasal sistemlerini ve doğal kaynaklarını ana faktörler olarak içeren bir süreçler dizisidir. Bu faktörler bağlamı, içeriği verir ve bir ekonominin işlediği koşulları ve parametreleri belirler. Başka bir deyişle, ekonomik alan, tek başına ayakta kalmayan, birbiriyle ilişkili insan uygulamalarının ve işlemlerinin sosyal bir alanıdır. Bu kitapta iktisadi ve idari bilimler bilimler incelenmiştir.
The economics of horticulture production is a field of study that focuses on the economic aspects of cultivating and selling horticultural crops. It involves analyzing the costs and benefits associated with producing, marketing, and distributing fruits, vegetables, flowers, and ornamental plants. This field encompasses various factors, including input costs, crop yield, and quality, market demand, pricing strategies, and profitability. Understanding the economics of horticulture production is crucial for farmers, policymakers, and stakeholders to make informed decisions, optimize resource allocation, enhance competitiveness, and ensure the sustainability of the horticultural industry.
Purpose
The fresh food supply chain industry faces significant challenges in risk management because of the complexity, immature development and unpredictable external environment of imported fresh food supply chains (IFFSCs). This study aims to identify specific risk factors in IFFSCs, demonstrate how these risks are transmitted within the system and provide an analytical framework for managing these risks.
Design/methodology/approach
A total of 15 risk factors for IFFSCs through extensive literature review and expert consultation are identified and classified into seven levels using interpretive structural modeling (ISM) to demonstrate the risk transmission path. Fuzzy Matrice d’Impacts Croises-Multiplication Appliance Classement (MICMAC) analysis is then used to analyze the role of each factor.
Findings
The interactions of the 15 identified risk factors of IFFSCs, classified into seven levels, are visualized using ISM. The fuzzy MICMAC analysis classifies the factors into four groups, namely, dependent, independent, linkage and autonomous factors, and identifies the relatively critical risk factors in the system.
Research limitations/implications
The findings of this research provide a clear framework for enterprises operating in IFFSCs to understand the specific risks they may face and how these risks interact within the system. The fuzzy MICMAC analysis also classifies and highlights critical risk factors in the system to facilitate the formulation of appropriate mitigation measures.
Originality/value
This study provides enterprises in IFFSCs with a comprehensive understanding of how the risks can be effectively managed and a basis for further exploration. The theoretical model constructed is also a new effort to address the issues of risk in IFFSCs. The ISM and the fuzzy MICMAC analysis offer clear insights for researchers and enterprises to grasp complex concepts.
The food grain supply chain (FGSC) is comprised of several links, stretching from the point of production to the point of consumption. A broken connection might produce a food catastrophe. The structural imbalance of India's FGSC is an obstacle to achieving sustainability; this has to be addressed if the country is to preserve national food security. This present study aims to develop a systematic assessment of the risks and the priority of risk-mitigating solutions in attaining sustainability in the Indian FGSC. Multiple groups of individuals and businesses involved in the FGSC have been surveyed and interviewed, with their responses analyzed. A total of thirty-one risk factors and eleven risk-reduction strategies are identified. Further, the identified risk factors are classified into five-dimensional sustainability criteria (environmental, economic, institutional, technical, and social) by using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Then, a fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP), combined with the fuzzy technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution (FTOPSIS) method, is adopted to find the most critical risk factors and choose the best course of strategies for risk mitigation. The study finds that inability to incorporate advanced technology imposes the highest risk to sustainability followed by natural disasters. Ensuring end-to-end computerization using advanced technology like agri 4.0 is the need of the hour in intercepting the range of FGSC risks. The results may help policymakers create a comprehensive risk mitigation plan and taxonomy to increase supply chain resilience.
Purpose - The food supply chain worldwide has suffered severely due to the COVID-19 pandemic countermeasures. Previous research suggests that business model innovation (BMI) could be a viable solution for recovering from the pandemic and fostering organizational resilience. This study analyzes the capabilities that enable food companies to innovate their business model and thereby increase organizational resilience.
Design/methodology/approach - Results were obtained using a multiple-case study approach consisting of 15 companies along the entire food supply chain. Managers and decision-makers were interviewed, and the collected insights were enriched with additional material.
Findings - The results show several capabilities that enable companies to innovate their business model due to disruption. These capabilities are categorized into four phases based on the processual representation of BMIs.
Originality/value - This study contributes to the understanding of BMI in the food supply chain and provides empirical evidence on the potential for business recovery through BMI.
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), identified at the end of 2019 in Wuhan (China), is nowadays one of the most pressing global challenges facing humanity. Data from the World Health Organisation (WHO) show that there are currently more than 150 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 and more than 3 million reported deaths. Alongside the dramatic impact on health systems, the COVID-19 pandemic is expected to have dire effects on the socio-economic development of societies and people’s livelihoods worldwide. In fact, COVID-19 caused a severe global economic recession, increasing unemployment and poverty worldwide. The pandemic is even considered a serious threat to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) encompassed in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Moreover, a growing body of evidence shows that the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as measures taken by governments to slow down the spread of the virus (e.g. lockdowns, mobility restrictions, shops closing), also disrupted food systems with implications in terms of food and nutrition security at all levels (global, regional, national, local, household, individual). The COVID-19 outbreak caused socio-economic shocks that affected the functioning of agriculture and food systems and the food security status of millions of people worldwide. The pandemic affected all food system activities (production, processing, distribution, consumption) and components (supply chain, food environment, and consumer behaviour).
While a growing body of research addresses the pandemic’s disrupting effects on food supply chains, impacts on food environments and consumer behaviour are still rather overlooked, especially in developing countries. Furthermore, available data on the effects of COVID-19 on food systems are rather mixed; while some scholars claim that the pandemic can contribute to a transition towards more sustainable consumption patterns and diets, others highlight its adverse impacts on food access, food security, and nutrition status. This Research Topic aims to shed light on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on food procurement behaviour, nutrition, and eating habits, as well as the repercussions of these changes.
Therefore, this Research Topic addresses the immediate and long-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on:
- Food procurement, acquisition and shopping behaviour;
- Food preparation and cooking behaviour;
- Eating habits, diets and food consumption patterns;
- Food access and food environments;
- Food supply;
- Food wastage;
- Food security and nutrition;
- Incidence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs);
- Implementation of SDG 2 “Zero Hunger”;
- Environmental assessment of COVID-19 on food systems.
Purpose
Food supply chains (FSCs) are becoming increasingly complex and vulnerable to recall risks due to quality failures. Measures for supply chain risk management can minimize these recall risks. However, this responsibility must be shared by all stakeholders in the chain. This study aims to analyze the roles of different stakeholders in managing risks in the events of food recalls.
Design/methodology/approach
A systematic literature review was carried out, and 110 articles were explored to identify risk management actions and to link them to the role of stakeholders involved in FSC recall.
Findings
The study found that nine stakeholders were responsible for 25 hazard management actions related to food safety and traceability systems, regulatory and preventive measures, and control and response mechanisms for food recalls in the FSC.
Originality/value
This article contributes to the literature by proposing an explanatory map associating risk management actions to different stakeholders in food recall. The actions were grouped according to whether they were prevention actions to avoid a food recall or contention actions to limit the negative economic effects and maintain the health of the population.
Business continuity is an approach that identifies, analyzes, and explains the
potential unusual hazards for businesses, protects the interests of partners and
stakeholders, and preserves brand value and reputation. As in all sectors, business
continuity has emerged as a new concept that enables the transition from a reactive
crisis management approach to a proactive approach in the catering sector. In addition,
the catering industry applies the Food Safety Management System (GSYS), which is
a proactive system approach. The thesis study aimed to determine the catering sector
manager’s perceived business continuity and business continuity challenges. For this
purpose, a research model and related hypotheses were created. An adaptation study
was conducted for the scale that is intended to be used, and questionnaires and focus
group interviews were designed to test hypotheses and challenges. The scale adapted
to Turkish was applied to 315 participants, and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and
confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed on the data obtained. As a result of
factor analysis, a scale consisting of 16 questions was created. A "Business Continuity
Perception" questionnaire adapted for the catering industry was applied, and
hypotheses were tested by evaluating the data. As a result of the content analysis of
the focus interview, the managers' perception of business continuity was gathered
under four main themes, and the challenges in being ready for business continuity were
gathered under eight main challenge themes. Overall, it has appeared that many factors
will form the framework of the business continuity perceptions and challenges of
catering managers, and it has demonstrated that there are formal, semantic, and
technical dimensions.
Food supply chains are essential for human survival. However, the path from ‘farm to fork’ is a challenge to society due to the distance between markets and producers, traditional production processes, acquisition costs, household income, and so on. Globalisation intends to reduce these issues through the specialisation of production areas, use of machinery and chemical compounds, low-labour cost, and efficient logistics network. But this means more transportation, gas emissions, and high dependence on foreign countries. The objective of this chapter is to discuss the impact of logistics management in food supply chains using two case studies: Soybean and Beef production. To do so, we collected the volume of production in 2019 from the Food and Agriculture Organisation from the United Nations, and the volume of exports by origin state, port, and country destination from the Brazilian Ministry of Economy. Brazil was chosen for analysis due to its important role in world agriculture/livestock production, its importance as a producer and exporter of goods, and the situation of being a developing country in Latin America with enormous geographic size. Moreover, we used Social Network Analysis to understand the relationship among these players. Our findings indicated a great number of importers in the network, but China has a central role in soybean and beef exports. This influence causes an imbalance flow of these commodities in the network and causes a dependence of agriculture producers for single marketing.
Purpose: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), one out of 10 people get sick from eating contaminated food. Complex food production processes and globalisation have made the food supply chain more delicate. Many technologies have been investigated in recent years to address food insecurity and achieve efficiency in dealing with food recalls. One of the most promising technologies is blockchain, which has already been used successfully in financial aspects, such as bitcoin, and it is attracting interests from food supply chain organisations. As blockchain has some unique characteristics, including decentralisation, security, immutability, tokenisation, and smart contract, it is therefore expected to revolutionise the food supply chain. Blockchain only started to gain the attention of the supply chain researchers in recent years. The current research is mainly conceptual, based on emerging empirical research. This research explores the application of blockchain in food supply chain management. It investigates why food companies implement blockchain in reality, including the motivations and the concerns. In addition, it explores how such companies implement the blockchain in food supply chain management.
Research method: First, a content-analysis based literature review in blockchain adoption within food supply chain is undertaken. The researcher reviews 58 of the papers most related to this topic and lays a solid ground for further research. Then a multi-case study method is adopted to investigate the issues and opportunities within the food supply chain, and how food companies apply blockchain technology in their food supply chains. This research uses a theoretical sampling approach to investigate how food companies adopt the blockchain applications in supply chain management. The selected food companies are expected to have both strong interests and mature implementation in blockchain, have engaged with multiple supply chain stakeholders, and are willing to share their detailed implementations. Three food companies based in Australia, China and the Netherlands are selected to conduct interviews. After the interviews, each case is summarised by within-case analysis with company background, supply chain issues, blockchain implementation stages, benefits of blockchain, and barriers. Next, a cross-case analysis is conducted to compare the three cases. By applying the innovation process model and the practice-based view (PBV), the discussion chapter critiques the similarities and differences in the decision making and implementation processes of the three cases with existing literature.
Findings: Following the innovation process model, this research deconstructs the implementation process into four steps (setting the stage activities, customer clue-gathering activities, negotiating, clarifying, and reflecting activities, and inter-organisational learning).
Moreover, based on the PBV, which suggests that transferable company behaviours can influence a company's competitiveness, this research identified four key success factors (capabilities, collaboration, technology readiness, external environment). Next, four categories of barriers (intra-organisational, inter-organisational, systems-related barriers, external barriers) and the benefits are also summarised.
This research introduces seven propositions and a conceptual framework to unite the identified constructs. The seven propositions are: 1) The identification of business needs is the
requisite for blockchain adoption; 2) Sufficient blockchain knowledge and pilot adoption are essential for large-scale success adoption; 3) Pre-existing trust, benefits and risk sharing can lead to successful multi stakeholder engagement in blockchain adoption; 4) The blockchain system should keep updating according to the change of needs. 5) The successful adoption of blockchain can bring at least six benefits (efficiency, transparency, accountability, digitisation, resilience, and sustainability) to food supply chains; 6) There are usually four types of barriers that need to be overcome during blockchain implementation; 7) Blockchain implementation positively relates to supply chain performance by improving supply chain efficiency, transparency, accountability, digitisation, resilience, and sustainability.
Contributions: This research makes a number of contributions to both theory and practice. From the theoretical perspective, this research is one of the first to empirically investigate blockchain in food supply chain management, and proposes an united conceptual framework based on the case findings and the literature. This research provides empirical evidence to verify academic findings such as critical success factors and barriers, but more importantly identifies the implementation process to answer the ‘how’ question. The research is one of the first to adopt the innovation process model and the PBV in food supply chain and blockchain studies. Thus, built on the original model and theory, this research enriches the theories to blockchain implementation in food supply chain management. Specific subconstructs are identified to advance the theories of the innovation process model and PBV. Finally, practical suggestions are provided to food supply chain focal firms, suppliers, and third parties.<br/
Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has opened the world’s
eyes to the impact that supply chain disruptions have on our society. Supply chain disruptions can result in various long-term effects, of which reputational risk is one of the biggest. A good reputation can create value for all stakeholders of a firm, however it can also expose a firm to risk. Reputational risk has been extensively studied in supply chain management; however, the management of reputational risk during supply chain disruption recovery (SCDR) has been neglected.
Objective: This study explores reputational risk management during SCDR, between a
logistics triad consisting of third party logistics providers (3PLs), their upstream suppliers and downstream customers within a South African context.
Method: A generic qualitative design was employed to collect data from five logistics triads using semi-structured interviews.
Results: The study found that reputational risk has a predominantly positive influence on the SCDR process. Furthermore, the study expands on existing literature by identifying additional approaches to manage corporate reputation during SCDR not evident in literature. These approaches include the use of control centres and involvement of the key account manager.
Conclusion: This study creates awareness for the importance of reputational risk during SCDR and also provides managers with valuable insight into how reputational risk should be managed during SCDR.
A gestão de Cadeias de Suprimentos Alimentares (CSA) é um grande desafio para as empresas do setor, principalmente quando consideramos o contexto global em que a produção de alimentos se encontra. A otimização do desempenho das CSAs envolve a tomada de decisões relacionadas ao transporte, à armazenagem e à produção visando o atendimento das demandas previstas, o que tem sido feito na literatura com o auxílio de técnicas de Pesquisa Operacional (PO). Este trabalho propõe um modelo de otimização para a cadeia de suprimentos de uma cooperativa agroindustrial que atua no setor de grãos, visando a minimização dos custos totais com transporte e armazenagem e, ao mesmo tempo, atender as demandas da fábrica. O problema foi modelado usando Programação Linear Inteira Mista (PLIM) e resolvido usando o solver Gurobi 9.0. Dados reais da cooperativa foram coletados e as soluções obtidas apontam para uma redução de 1,1% dos custos totais da cooperativa.
Due to the increasing occurrence of disruptive events caused by both human and also natural disasters, supply chain risk management has become an emerging research field in recent years, aiming to protect supply chains from various disruptions and deliver sustainable and long-term benefits to stakeholders across the value chain. Implementing optimum designed risk-oriented supply chain management can provide a privileged position for various businesses to extend their global reach. In addition, using a proactive supply chain risk management system, enterprises can predict their potential risk factors in their supply chains, and achieve the best early warning time, which leads to higher firms’ performance. However, relatively little is known about sustainable risks in food supply chains. In order to manage the ever-growing challenges of food supply chains effectively, a deeper insight regarding the complex food systems is required. Supply chain risk management embraces broad strategies to address, identify, evaluate, monitor, and control unpredictable risks or events with direct and indirect effect, mostly negative, on food supply chain processes. To fill this gap, in this paper we have critically discussed the related supply chain risk management literature. Finally, we propose a number of significant directions for future research.
China's melamine milk adulteration crisis highlights the challenges that arise as large well-capitalized companies procure raw materials from a diffused supply chain of scattered small farmers and milk collection stations. As milk prices climbed sharply in 2007 and companies branched out into new territories, intense competition for raw milk supplies strengthened incentives to water down and adulterate milk. Effective food safety measures must account for incentives, the distribution of market power in the supply chain and market dynamics.
On the morning of September 11th, 2001, the United States and the Western world entered into a new era - one in which large scale terrorist acts are to be expected. The impacts of the new era will challenge supply chain managers to adjust relations with suppliers and customers, contend with transportation difficulties and amend inventory management strategies. This paper looks at the twin corporate challenges of (i) preparing to deal with the aftermath of terrorist attacks and (ii) operating under heightened security. The first challenge involves setting certain operational redundancies. The second means less reliable lead times and less certain demand scenarios. In addition, the paper looks at how companies should organize to meet those challenges efficiently and suggests a new public-private partnership. While the paper is focused on the US, it has worldwide implications.
Long-term studies (1989–2007) of the gravel beaches in Prince William Sound, Alaska, conducted as part of the Exxon Valdez oil spill monitoring programs, provide the basis for understanding the geomorphology and sediment dynamics of these intermittently exposed, coarse-grained gravel beaches. There are key differences between these beaches and open-ocean gravel beaches, including bermlike ridges that occur at different levels on the beach as a result of the diurnal inequality of the tides. The 1964 earthquake, with up to 3.5 m of uplift, provided information on sediment transport patterns and rates. In less than 25 years, a stable cobble/boulder armor formed on the upper and lower platforms, and the beaches reached a steady-state or graded condition. Eighteen years after the spill, oiled sediments were still present at depths greater than about 25 cm on beaches with a stable armor in the middle and lower intertidal zones. Cleanup efforts to remove the deep oil penetration into the porous gravel of the upper intertidal zone provided an indicator of short-term rates of sediment erosion and deposition. Where the high-tide berms were pushed onto the middle intertidal zone, they quickly reformed, usually after a few storms. However, the storm berm that was relocated for 2000 m along one of the most exposed shorelines in Prince William Sound took 6 years to recover. Data on the occurrence of gravel beaches in North America show that they are most common (comprise 48% of the shoreline) on paraglacial, leading-edge coasts and least common on nonparaglacial, trailing-edge coasts (2% of the shoreline).
In today's uncertain and turbulent markets, supply chain vulnerability has become an issue of significance for many companies. As supply chains become more complex as a result of global sourcing and the continued trend to 'leaning-down', supply chain risk increases. The challenge to business today is to manage and mitigate that risk through creating more resilient supply chains. Supply chain managers strive to achieve the ideals of fully integrated efficient and effective supply chains, capable of creating and sustaining competitive advantage [1]. To this end they must balance downward cost pressures and the need for efficiency, with effective means to manage the demands of market-driven service requirements and the known risks of routine supply chain failures. Better management and control of internal processes together with more open information flows within and between organisations can do much to help. However, in an age of lengthening supply chains serving globe-spanning operations, recent events around the world have provided frequent reminders that we live in an unpredictable and changing world [2]. Natural disasters, industrial disputes, terrorism, not to mention the spectre of war in the Middle East, have all resulted in serious disruptions to supply chain activities. In these situations 'business as usual' is often not an option. Modern commercial supply chains are in fact dynamic networks of interconnected firms and industries [3]. No organisation is an island and even the most carefully controlled processes are still only as good as the links and nodes that support them.
The March 2007 pet food recall and a rapid progression of comparable incidents have exposed the real potential for food supply chain contamination and disruptions. When organizations source via multilayered supply chains with poor visibility they are particularly vulnerable. In this paper, we develop a conceptual framework called the “Six Ts” of supply chain quality management — traceability, transparency, testability, time, trust and training — which are relevant for any product but are especially critical to the preservation of public welfare through a safe food supply. We describe the globalization of food supply chains and present data on the trends of U.S. food import volumes, both in aggregate and specifically from China. We also highlight the inherent difficulties and risks posed by global food supply chains, using those originating in China as an example. Finally, we provide a research agenda and questions to be addressed regarding the application of the six Ts in global food supply chain management.
Purpose
This paper aims to study the main requirements of traceability and examine how the technology of radio frequency identification (RFID) technology can address these requirements. It further seeks to outline both an information data model and a system architecture that will make traceability feasible and easily deployable across a supply chain.
Design/methodology/approach
The design research approach is followed, associating traceability requirements to a proposed system design.
Findings
The technological approach used has great implications in relation to the cost associated with a traceability system and the ease of its deployment.
Research limitations/implications
Validation of the proposed information data model and system architecture is required through practical deployment in different settings.
Practical implications
The paper provides practitioners with insight on how RFID technology can meet traceability requirements and what technological approach is more appropriate.
Originality/value
Food quality has become an important issue in the last decade. However, achieving end‐to‐end traceability across the supply chain is currently quite a challenge from a technical, a co‐ordination and a cost perspective. The paper contributes by suggesting a specific technological approach, exploiting the new possibilities provided by RFID technology, to address these issues.
This paper reports the findings from two exploratory case studies of retailer-led quality assurance schemes (QAS) for beef in Germany and Italy. The focus is on the potential for QAS to reduce the risks associated with fresh beef, as perceived by consumers. Results of two consumer surveys are reported, which suggest that QAS have the potential to reduce perceived risk and increase consumer confidence in specific fresh beef products, but that considerable scope remains for improving the communication of QAS, in order that specific scheme objectives are clearly understood by consumers.
Purpose
The paper aims to focus on traceability as part of information management in the fruit supply chains of Emilia‐Romagna, Italy. A review of the rules in use for traceability distinguishes between baseline traceability and traceability plus (T+), which encompasses many further embedded value attributes.
Design/methodology/approach
The paper takes the form of a qualitative study involving in‐depth interviews with key informants in the Italian fresh produce chain.
Findings
Findings are discussed in terms of different themes including identification of three distinct types of supply chains and the impact upon them and categorisation of traceability systems across the different chains. Identified are the impact of information systems management; purchasing management; product management transaction costs; and co‐ordination issues.
Research limitations/implications
The study's findings are based on Italian fresh produce traceability context only.
Practical implications
Elements of competitive strategy are considered in the analysis of fruit supply chains of Emilia‐Romagna, to demonstrate that not only strategic, but also operative choices determine the way a single firm or supply network manages traceability and information issues. Applications of such elements to buyer and seller selection as well as to competing retailers of the fruit supply chain, verify the hypothesis.
Originality/value
The paper adds to the body of knowledge surrounding prior studies on the development of traceability systems and develops further the analysis of legal and value‐adding dimensions of traceability.
The impact of organizational crises has never been stronger. Yet previous research on crisis management lacks adequate integration. In this article we attempt to integrate and build upon current knowledge to create a multidisciplinary approach to crisis management research, using psychological, social-political, and technological-structural research perspectives. We offer definitions of organizational crisis and crisis management, as well as a framework that depicts the crisis management process and researchable propositions for the integration of these perspectives. We also suggest implications for research and practice.
Being able to effectively respond in the event a crisis is relevant to an organization's survival. Whether or not an organization is prepared for a potential crisis depends upon senior officials, and other personnel operating within the company. Corporations with established crisis management teams are able to communicate and effectively respond in the event of a crisis. The purpose of this paper is to suggest effective crisis management depends upon several team-related factors that may influence an organization's response and its ethical responsibility. First, the term crisis is defined, followed by an overview of the differences between crisis communication and crisis management. Second, a review of relevant literature regarding teams and effectiveness is examined. Third, several propositions regarding team effectiveness and crisis management are provided. Finally, ethical concerns in regards to the crisis team and the corporation are reviewed.
This study used the perspectives of Kenneth Burke to reveal how the media characterized the crisis responses of legitimate authorities during the natural disaster that affected the residents of New Orleans and its surrounding area as a result of Hurricane Katrina. A textual analysis of 52 articles drawn from the New York Times and the Times-Picayune of New Orleans from August 29 to September 3, 2005, indicate that positive and negative terms clustered around the military, the Department of Homeland Security, President Bush, the federal government, and the local government. The findings suggest that the media stepped outside their role of objective observer and assumed a privileged position to point blame toward those with legitimate authority. This positioning implicitly empowered the media to evaluate crisis responses and create a view of reality reflecting their perspective. Understanding how the media create images and depictions can affect how authorities frame their initial crisis responses.
This article deals basically with the dynamic environment of today’s businesses. Despite all of the efforts a company puts forth to scan the environmental issues, crises can occur and have to be managed. We have first reviewed several crises in businesses during the recent times, to define and identify the nature of a crisis. Then the anatomy of a crisis is presented schematically. Finally, by recommending certain preventive measures and interventions, the article concludes that acknowledging a crisis and communicating with the stakeholders are as important as planning the prevention, diagnosis, and intervention to solve crisis situations.
This paper investigates the impact of Supply Chain Management on logistical performance indicators in food supply chains. From a review of quantitative and more qualitative managerial literature, we believe that Supply Chain Management should be concerned with the reduction or even elimination of uncertainties to improve the performance of the chain. The following clusters of sources of uncertainty are identified: order forecast horizon, input data, administrative and decision processes and inherent uncertainties. For each source of uncertainty, several improvement principles are identified. A case study was conducted in a food chain in which a simulation model helped quantify the effects of alternative configurations and operational management concepts. By comparing this simulation study with a pilot study, the model is validated against real data, and organisational consequences are identified. The results of the case study suggest that reduction of uncertainties can improve service levels significantly, although current supply chain configurations restrict possible benefits. The availability of real-time information systems is found to be a requirement for obtaining efficient and effective Supply Chain Management concepts.
Supply chain risk management (SCRM) is of growing importance, as the vulnerability of supply chains increases. The main thrust of this article is to describe how Ericsson, after a fire at a sub-supplier, with a huge impact on Ericsson, has implemented a new organization, and new processes and tools for SCRM. The approach described tries to analyze, assess and manage risk sources along the supply chain, partly by working close with suppliers but also by placing formal requirements on them. This explorative study also indicates that insurance companies might be a driving force for improved SCRM, as they now start to understand the vulnerability of modern supply chains. The article concludes with a discussion of risk related to traditional logistics concepts (time, cost, quality, agility and leanness) by arguing that supply chain risks should also be put into the trade-off analysis when evaluating new logistics solutions – not with the purpose to minimize risks, however, but to find the efficient level of risk and prevention.
Purpose
This article offers guidelines for effective crisis response.
Design/methodology/approach
Its thesis is: whether an organization survives a crisis with its reputation, operations, and financial condition intact is determined less by the severity of the crisis than by the timeliness and effectiveness of the response
Findings
Companies with effective crisis response saw their stock price recover quickly, and remain above their pre‐crisis price thereafter, closing an average of seven percent above their pre‐crisis price one year after the crisis.
Practical implications
Offers do and don't prescriptions for managing a crisis.
Originality/value
A consultant recognized as an authority in his field shares his experience in effective crisis management.
Supply chain vulnerability has become a fashionable area of management research. The purpose of this paper is to provide a critique of the extant canon and to review of the positioning of research in the field, together with literature drawn from several relevant and overlapping fields of research and practice. The aim is to foster a more explicit understanding of the relationships between supply chain vulnerability, risk and supply chain management, and in turn their relevance to related fields such as corporate governance, business continuity management, security and emergency planning. The ultimate objective is to clarify the agenda for further research. The paper begins with an examination of the concept of a “supply chain” and the scope and nature of supply chain management (SCM), then the fusion of SCM with the many and varied interpretations of “risk” and its faltering relationship to risk management. It is argued that attitudes to risk and approaches to risk management vary greatly within SCM and between related disciplines. It is concluded that although more work is needed within the SCM discipline, the issue of supply chain risk and vulnerability should not be addressed solely from a functional SCM perspective. Supply chain vulnerability is a concern for many other managerial disciplines. Research agendas should therefore strive to inform and support the needs of all those with a legitimate interest in supply chain risk and vulnerability management.
Purchasing organizations use various strategies and techniques to minimize the chance and impact of detrimental events occurring in the supply base. Supply risk assessments are a necessary first step in managing those risks. An analysis of in-depth interviews with purchasing professionals from nine companies indicates that purchasing organizations often create contingency plans, and implement process-improvement and buffer strategies in response to perceived supply risks discovered in assessments. Even though risk assessments, contingency plans, and risk management efforts are generally acknowledged as being important, many of those interviewed believed that there was not enough done in their organizations to mitigate supply-related risks.
Purchasing organizations are exposed to risk in their interactions with suppliers, whether it is recognized and managed, addressed in a cursory manner, or altogether ignored. In order to understand the supply risk that exists, purchasing organizations can proactively assess the probability and impact of supply risk in advance, or reactively discover risk after a detrimental event occurs. The purpose of this study is to explore, analyze, and derive common themes on supply risk assessment techniques. Findings from this research indicate that purchasing organizations can assess supply risk with techniques that focus on addressing supplier quality issues, improving supplier processes, and reducing the likelihood of supply disruptions. From an agency theory perspective, these risk assessment techniques facilitate the obtaining of information by purchasing organizations to verify supplier behaviors, promoting goal congruence between buying and selling firms, and reducing outcome uncertainty associated with inbound supply.
Presents a macro analysis of the dynamics of temporally linked crisis events and the non-linear effects resulting from the linkage. The nature of crisis is explored as a singular conceptual construct, and four forms of linkage between crises are assessed. Specific emphasis is placed on how such linkages amplify the total damage upon society and lengthen the duration of the cumulative recovery effort. Based on the assessment, new points of strategic planning focus are identified to drive continued empirical research and to support the development of future operational plans in crisis response.
Purpose
The presentation and validation of a checklist that can be used to determine an organization's process orientation prior to a business process management systems (BPMS) implementation. Its aim is to help predict the success of BPMS implementation on the basis of the identified process awareness within an organization.
Design/methodology/approach
The checklist has been developed on the basis of relevant literature and augmented with practical experience from staff of one of the world's largest BPM system vendors. The study of three BPM System implementations at different client sites have been used to validate the checklist.
Findings
The study suggests that a lack of process orientation may be related to all kinds of problems that affect the speed and cost of a BPMS implementation. The checklist seems useful to predict those problems at sites where process orientation is insufficient.
Research limitations/implications
The number of cases used (3) is quite small. Furthermore, the retrospective assessment of the situation prior to BPM system implementation limits the reliability of the findings. Current results seem a good basis for further refinement and validation.
Practical implications
A very practical, easy to use instrument that can directly be applied by organizations that are expected to be involved in multiple BPM system implementations (e.g. large banks, consultancies, system integrators, etc.).
Originality/value
This paper presents an instrument that does not yet exist to measure a relation often hypothesized upon in existing research.
Market developments arising from closer vertical linkages in agri-food supply chains have given rise to a variety of issues.
This paper outlines key issues and discusses possible responses by producers, their associations, and government. A vision
of the future organization of agricultural production serves as a basis for discussion. The continued increase in contracting
between producers and processors is accompanied by issues of contract transparency, terms, negotiation, and dispute settlement.
Other ramifications include producer access to supply chains and the decline of spot markets. Furthermore, the development
of agricultural biotechnology products may force a rethinking of the rationale for public investment in agricultural research
and development. Evaluation of market power needs to account for efficiency gains from nonstandard forms of organization to
achieve a balanced appraisal of the public interest. Agricultural economists are urged to evaluate new forms of firm and industry
structure on the basis of how they work in practice rather than in comparison to an ideal form.
Set within the context of the global food supply system, this paper examines the growing trade in fresh horticultural produce between Kenya and the UK. The links between UK retailers and Kenyan producers are investigated using the concept of the marketing chain. Two major chains are identified - wholesale and supermarket – and, whilst having no direct investment in Kenya, it is the supermarkets who control production there, through intermediaries who ensure that standards of quality and presentation are met. Importers play a crucial role in facilitating this trade, acting as a vital link between farmers and exporters in Kenya and supermarkets in the UK. The need for quality and traceability dictates that contractual arrangements are made predominantly with large-scale farms using productivist farming methods. The irony is that it is post-productivist demands by ‘new consumers’ in the UK that are encouraging these productivist horticultural systems in Kenya.
There are two broad categories of risk affecting supply chain design and management: (1) risks arising from the problems of coordinating supply and demand, and (2) risks arising from disruptions to normal activities. This paper is concerned with the second category of risks, which may arise from natural disasters, from strikes and economic disruptions, and from acts of purposeful agents, including terrorists. The paper provides a conceptual framework that reflects the joint activities of risk assessment and risk mitigation that are fundamental to disruption risk management in supply chains. We then consider empirical results from a rich data set covering the period 1995–2000 on accidents in the U. S. Chemical Industry. Based on these results and other literature, we discuss the implications for the design of management systems intended to cope with supply chain disruption risks.
Facing many food safety crises, like BSE or foot-and-mouth disease, food companies try to limit incurred risk and to reassure consumers. So today, the point is not only to trace the products efficiently but also to minimize recalls and the number of batches constituting a given finished product. The problem studied concerns a sausage manufacturing process in a French food company. It tries to minimize the quantity of recalls when products are characterized by a 3-level “disassembling and assembling” bill of material.Such a “dispersion problem”, encountered in the food industry, has been modelled, solved and experimented. A mathematical MILP model is proposed and the results of experiments obtained with LINGO software are presented.
This paper provides a brief introduction to the evolution and nature of private food safety and quality standards, highlighting the resultant impacts on the structure and modus operandi of supply chains for agricultural and food products and the challenges posed for processes of agricultural development. It serves as an introduction to a series of papers that provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge regarding private food safety and quality standards in both an industrialised and developing country context. In so doing, it aims to provide a catalyst for further research on this rapidly evolving field of inquiry.
This paper analyses the effects of voluntary traceability on vertical relationships within food supply chains using a transaction cost perspective. The analysis makes reference to the Italian situation where the national standard organization has introduced a private standard for traceability that provides a higher degree of information associated with the individual product than the European mandatory traceability system. A survey was conducted by questionnaire to assess changes in transaction characteristics, costs and governance after the introduction of voluntary traceability. The sample represents all Italian firms applying this standard. Factorial and cluster analyses were applied to find the different reorganizations of transactions. The results highlight an increase in asset specificity and a decrease in the uncertainty level throughout the supply chains. The introduction of voluntary traceability shows increased vertical coordination for firms that previously used oral agreements and variation in transactions conditions for firms using contracts. Instead vertically integrated firms do not reveal any variation in the governance of transactions as they are already internally safeguarded.
Purpose – With the emergence of the concepts of lean, agile and leagile paradigms for supply chains, organizations have little idea as to which model suits them based on the their supply chain's ability to counter risks and take on the challenges of the fast changing customer preferences. This paper aims to map supply chains on these two dimensions. Design/methodology/approach – A model is proposed by which suitable supply chain strategy can be selected based on customer sensitivity and risk alleviation competency dimension. Graph theoretic approach is applied to quantify these dimensions for three case supply chains. Findings – The proposed model was tested for three Indian SMEs clusters and suitable supply chain strategy was suggested. Research limitations/implications – It is recommended that the model be tested for those supply chains which have established themselves as lean, agile or leagile entities. Practical implications – Suggested model would help organizations to select suitable supply chain strategy based on customer sensitivity and risk alleviation competency and the transition required in tune with the market requirements in which they operate. Also the areas which need improvements from the perspective of risk alleviation competency or customer sensitivity can be easily delineated. Originality/value – Mapping supply chains based on quantification of customer sensitivity and risk alleviation competency dimension is a novel effort in the area of supply chain management.
This paper empirically documents the association between supply chain glitches and operating performance. The results are based on a sample of 885 glitches announced by publicly traded firms. Changes in various operating performance metrics for the sample firms are compared against a sample of control firms of similar size and from similar industries. In the year leading up to the announcement, the control-adjusted mean percent changes in operating income, return on sales, and return on assets for the sample firms are -107%, -114%, and -92%, respectively. During this same period, the control-adjusted changes in the level of return on sales and return on assets are -13.78% and -2.32%, respectively. Relative to controls, firms that experience glitches report on average 6.92% lower sales growth, 10.66% higher growth in cost, and 13.88% higher growth in inventories. More importantly, firms do not quickly recover from the negative economic consequences of glitches. During the two-year time period after the glitch announcement, operating income, sales, total costs, and inventories do not improve. We also find that it does not matter who caused the glitch, what the reason was for the glitch, or what industry a firm belongs to--glitches are associated with negative operating performance across the board.
European Union (EU) traceability requirements impose added costs and risks on suppliers. A stochastic simulation model is developed to determine optimal testing strategies and marginal costs to conform to EU traceability requirements for exports of non-genetically modified (non-GM) wheat from the United States. The optimal strategy is chosen to maximize an integrator's utility. Cost components include certified seed, certification and auditing, testing, traceability, quality loss, and a premium for the added risk of a dual traceability system over a single non-traceability system. Adventitious commingling risks are defined stochastically. Results indicate that traceability requirements can be conformed to with reasonable buyer and seller risk at a total cost of $18|non-GM mt. [EconLit Subject Descriptors: C150, C610, D810] © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Supply chain management (SCM) has emerged as cross functional, cross company concept to improve coordination of entire value chains through coordinated actions of all companies. It has received a major push from the availability of internet-based information and communication technologies. The conditions in certain sectors are favorable for a realization of chain wide SCM. In other sectors, however, conditions are more complex and companies and value chains still struggle to exploit the potentials from SCM, in particular when it comes to cross enterprise coordination. This paper analyses the case of a complex supply network and follows the research question why complex networks do not exploit the potentials from cross enterprise SCM.
What happens when fire strikes the manufacturing plant of the sole supplier for the brake pressure valve used in every Toyota? When a hurricane shuts down production at a Unilever plant? When Dell and Apple chip manufacturers in Taiwan take weeks to recover from an earthquake? When the U.S. Pacific ports are shut down during the Christmas rush? When terrorists strike? In The Resilient Enterprise, Yossi Sheffi shows that companies' fortunes in the face of such business shocks depend more on choices made before the disruption than they do on actions taken in the midst of it—and that resilience benefits firms every day, disaster or no disaster. He shows how companies can build in flexibility throughout their supply chains, based on proven design principles and the right culture—balancing security, redundancy, and short-term profits. And he shows how investments in resilience and flexibility not only reduce risk but create a competitive advantage in the increasingly volatile marketplace. Sheffi describes the way companies can increase security—reducing the likelihood of a disruption—with layered defenses, the tracking and analysis of “near-misses,” fast detection, and close collaboration with government agencies, trading partners, and even competitors. But the focus of the book is on resilience—the ability to bounce back from disruptions and disasters—by building in redundancy and flexibility. For example, standardization, modular design, and collaborative relationships with suppliers (and other stakeholders) can help create a robust supply chain. And a corporate culture of flexibility—with distributed decision making and communications at all levels—can create a resilient enterprise. Sheffi provides tools for companies to reduce the vulnerability of the supply chain they live in. And along the way he tells the stories of dozens of enterprises, large and small, including Toyota, Nokia, General Motors, Zara, Land Rover, Chiquita, Aisin Seiki, Southwest Airlines, UPS, Johnson and Johnson, Intel, Amazon.com, the U.S. Navy, and others, from across the globe. Their successes, failures, preparations, and methods provide a rich set of lessons in preparing for and managing disruptions.
In this paper we consider practices of shopping in early modern (17th- and 18th-century) England, and various features of the spaces in which it occurred. We emphasise the density of retail shops in England; the reflexive relationships among 'consumers', shopkeepers, and consumption sites; and the inability of current theorisations based on the semiotics of advertising to address questions about consumers' understandings and identities in an age prior to widespread product advertising, department stores, and mass retail outlets. We contend that, then as now, peoples' interpretation of objects and identities involved practical, embodied knowledges rather than the sorts of explicit, intellectualised understandings central to most contemporary accounts of consumption. Such practical knowledges have been underresearched, and we point to some concepts in recent work which can assist in their theorising.
The food industry faces many significant risks from public criticism of corporate social responsibility (CSR) issues in the supply chain. This paper draws upon previous research and emerging industry trends to develop a comprehensive framework of supply chain CSR in the industry. The framework details unique CSR applications in the food supply chain including animal welfare, biotechnology, environment, fair trade, health and safety, and labor and human rights. General supply chain CSR issues such as community and procurement are also considered. Ultimately, the framework serves as a comprehensive tool to support food industry practitioners and researchers in the assessment of strategic and operational supply chain CSR practices. Copyright Springer 2006
Peanut Company files for bankruptcy protection [online], 14 February Available from: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn Heinz to stop using Chinese milk in its products
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Why China's milk industry went sour
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Supply chain issues in China's milk adulteration incident In: International Associ-ation of Agricultural Economists' 2009 conference
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Real Katrina hero? Wal-Mart, study says [online] Available from: http://articles.moneycentral.msn
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China baby milk scandal spreads as sick toll rises to 13,000. The Times
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Macartney, J., 2008. China baby milk scandal spreads as sick toll rises to 13,000. The Times, 22 September [online]. Available from: http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4800458.ece [Accessed 4 August 2010].
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Risk mitigating strategies in the food supply chain American Agricultural Economics Association Available from: http://purl.umn The consequences of voluntary traceability system for supply chain relationships – an application of transaction cost economics
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