Prevalence of Ectoparasites in Goat at Gazipur in Bangladesh

Abstract

To determine the prevalence of ectoparasitic infestation in goat at Gazipur district in Bangladesh, an epidemiological study was carried out during the period from November 2008 to October 2009. Among 165 Black Bengal goats examined, 114 (69.09%) were found to be infested with several species of ticks, lice and flea. The prevalence rate was highest in Boophilus microplus (45.45%) followed by Rhipicephalus sanguineus (31.51%), Linognathus vituli (25.45%), Heamaphysalis bispinosa (20%), Haematopinus eurysternus (15.75%), Damalinia caprae (8.48%) and Ctenocephalides canis (4.84%). In this study, prevalence of ectoparasitic infestation in relation to age, sex, nutritional condition and rearing systems of animals and seasons of the year, were also observed. Young goats aged ≤ 6 months (75.86%) were more susceptible than adults aged > 6-24 months (65.51%) and older goats > 24 months (59.32%). In female, prevalence was recorded significantly (p < 0.05) higher than male. Animal with poor health was found to be significantly more vulnerable to such parasitic infestation than normal healthy animals. Prevalence of ectoparasites was significantly (p<0.05) higher in animals, reared under free-range system than that of semi-intensive system. Prevalence was highest (p<0.05) in the summer (81.35%) followed by winter (62.96%) and rainy season (59.26%). Mean parasitic burden was 1.60±0.12 per square inches of heavily infected area in goats. The present study showed that ectoparasitic species were abundant and prevalence and density of infection was very high that deserves immediate intervention measures to reduce the risk of transmission.

Full text

Int. J. BioRes. 2 (9): 19-24 September, 2010 Rony et al.
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Full Length Research Paper
PREVALENCE OF ECTOPARASITES IN GOAT AT GAZIPUR IN BANGLADESH
*S A Rony, M M H Mondal, 1M A Islam and N Begum
Department of Parasitology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
1Department of Medicine, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
*Correspondence: sharminaqterr@yahoo.com
Accepted on 30 September 2010
ABSTRACT
To determine the prevalence of ectoparasitic infestation in goat at Gazipur district in Bangladesh, an epidemiological study
was carried out during the period from November 2008 to October 2009. Among 165 Black Bengal goats examined, 114
(69.09%) were found to be infested with several species of ticks, lice and flea. The prevalence rate was highest in Boophilus
microplus (45.45%) followed by Rhipicephalus sanguineus (31.51%), Linognathus vituli (25.45%), Heamaphysalis
bispinosa (20%), Haematopinus eurysternus (15.75%), Damalinia caprae (8.48%) and Ctenocephalides canis (4.84%). In
this study, prevalence of ectoparasitic infestation in relation to age, sex, nutritional condition and rearing systems of
animals and seasons of the year, were also observed. Young goats aged ≤ 6 months (75.86%) were more susceptible than
adults aged > 6-24 months (65.51%) and older goats > 24 months (59.32%). In female, prevalence was recorded
significantly (p < 0.05) higher than male. Animal with poor health was found to be significantly more vulnerable to such
parasitic infestation than normal healthy animals. Prevalence of ectoparasites was significantly (p<0.05) higher in animals,
reared under free-range system than that of semi-intensive system. Prevalence was highest (p<0.05) in the summer
(81.35%) followed by winter (62.96%) and rainy season (59.26%). Mean parasitic burden was 1.60±0.12 per square inches
of heavily infected area in goats. The present study showed that ectoparasitic species were abundant and prevalence and
density of infection was very high that deserves immediate intervention measures to reduce the risk of transmission.
Key words: Prevalence, ecto-parasite, Gazipur, goat
INTRODUCTION
Goats are one of the most resourceful and efficient ruminants (Mussman, 1982). Bangladesh has 21.55 million goats in rural
and urban areas (Anon, 2008). The poor man’s cow, goat ranks 2nd in position in terms of meat and milk production (FAO,
1997). Easy handling, independence and adaptability to living free, modest feeding requirements, good tolerance to climate in
semi-arid and arid regions, effective conversion of limited resources into meat, milk and hides are desired factors favoring the
goat as a stock animal for small-scale farmers (Balicka-Ramisz, 1999). Added to these is the high social economic value, as
insurance against crop failure, usage for cultural festivities and religious sacrifices (Ayoade, 1999). The productivity of this
small ruminant is, however, hampered by several factors amongst, which is ectoparasitism (James-Rugu and Iwuala, 2000).
Parasitic skin diseases of small ruminants caused by lice, keds, ticks, and mites are among the major diseases causing serious
economic loss to small holder farmer, the tanning industry, and the country as a whole (MoARD, Addis Ababa, 2005). The
losses due to parasites can be categorised into (i) those affecting the productivity of an individual animal and (ii) those
influencing herd productivity. The first category includes mortality, lower market value (slaughter house condemnations),
reduction in body weight gain, reduced wool and milk yield, reduced draught power, reduced dung output (for fuel and
fertilizer) and reduced efficiency in food conversion. The second category includes the reduced productive life span of
animals, the disturbance of the genetic selection effort and the possibility of immunosuppression and increased susceptibility
to diseases (Nari & Hansen, 1999).
The occurrence of ectoparasites in goats is frequently reported in Bangladesh but is seldom quantified. Among ectoparasites,
ticks have been recognized as the notorious threat due to severe irritation, allergy and toxicosis (Niyonzema and Kiltz, 1986).
In some cases, ticks have been reported to cause lowered productivity, mortality and transmit such diseases as babesiosis,
theileriosis, anaplasmosis etc (Norval et al., 1984). On the other hand, lice and flea are also found to be influential on animal
health and production. Heavy louse infestations may cause pruritus, alopecia, excoriation and self-wounding (Wall and
Shearer, 1997). Regarding flea, although blood meal size is small, repeated feedings and high infestation can cause significant
blood loss, and heavy infestations may cause fatal iron-deficiency anaemia in very young animals (Wall and Shearer, 1997).
In rural areas where co-habitation between animals and humans is common, the potential of human infection by some of the
ectoparasite borne pathogens are high (Adu, 1980).
Despite these grave consequences, the magnitude and epidemiology of ectoparasite infestation in goats has been have been
partially documented in Bangladesh by a number of authors (Samad, 2000; Rahman and Mondal, 1985), but these studies are
fragmented and not yet done in Gazipur. Furthermore, the effective long-term control of vector-borne diseases, and in
particular the prediction of changes in patterns of infestation, relies on our understanding the factors that could determine
where vector species occur.

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The main objectives of this study were to contribute to knowledge of the distribution of the most common goat ectoparasites
fauna by performing epidemiological investigation in this area. The findings could also help in devising strategies to meet the
current shortfall of meat and milk created by the rapidly increasing human population.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study area and period
The present research was conducted in goats of Bhawal forest area in Gazipur district which is located 40km north to Dhaka
city. Morphological study for identification of species of ectoparasites was conducted in the Department of Parasitology,
Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh and Statistical analysis of epidemiological data were done through
the Department of Agricultural Statistic, BAU, Mymensingh. The investigation was carried out during the period from
November 2008 to October 2009.
Survey design and sampling
Two steps cluster sampling was performed for this study. Five villages from in and around Bhawal forest were selected
randomly followed by 10-11 house hold from each of the village selected, from each household 1- 2 goats were examined for
ectoparasites. The investigation was carried out in three visits on three seasons (Summer: March- June; Rainy: July-October
and Winter: November-February). Total one hundred and sixty five (165) goats were selected randomly from different parts in
and around the Bhawal forest area in Gazipur district for the convenience of the study and availability of the goats.
Questionnaire for Data Collection
Research Title: Epidemiology of Ectoparasitic Infestation in Goats at Gazipur in Bangladesh.
1. Tag No. / Case no. …………………………………… Date:………………
2. Name and address of Farm / Owner:……………………………………………..
3. Description of Animal:
a) Species:………………………………………………………………………
b) Age:…………………………………………………………………………..
c) Sex (Male/ Female):…………………………………………………………
d) Body weight (in Kg):………………………………………………………...
e) Nutritional condition (Normal/ Poor):……………………………………….
f) Rearing system (Free-range / Semi-intensive):……………………………...
g) Presence or absence of ectoparasites (Present / Absent):……………………
h) Estimated load of ectoparasites (Low/ Moderate/ High):……………………
i) Most affected sites in animal body:………………………………………….
j) Owner’s complaint:………………………………………………………...
k) Recommendations:…………………………………………………………..
____________________
Signature of the farmer
_______________________
Signature of the interviewer
NB. Questionnaire will be reviewed and verified for modification to collect accurate data when necessary.
Collection and preservation of samples
The selected goats were thoroughly investigated by close inspection, parting the hairs against their natural direction for the
detection of ectoparasites. After that, a thorough epidemiological investigation was performed using a semi-structured
questionnaire including the animal level variables as age, sex, health status and rearing system. Age was determined by asking
the owner and farm attendant and by visual inspection and also by dentition whenever possible. Animals were categorized
based on age as young (≤ 6 months), adult (>6 months to 24 months) and old (>24 months).
Ectoparasites were collected from the different parts of the body of the individual goat by hand picking. When required, small
hairbrush dipped in ethanol was used for the collection of ticks. The point of attachment was smeared with ethanol. Adequate
precautions were taken to preserve the mouthparts and appendages of the ectoparasites during collection. Ectoparasites were
preserved in 70% alcohol in clean, well-stopper glass vials which were labeled properly.

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Identification of ectoparasites
Morphology of ectoparasites was studied in the laboratory with the help of dissecting (4X) and compound (10X) microscope.
Ectoparasites were identified according to the keys and descriptions given by Wall & Shearer (1997) and Soulsby (1982) by
preparing permanent slides according to the procedures described by Cable (1967).
Statistical analysis
Statistical analyses were carried out by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 11.5 for Windows (2002)
using F test. In addition to F test, Odds ratio was calculated according to the formula given by Schlesselman (1982).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Overall prevalence of ectoparasites in goats
The findings of the study revealed that 69.09% goats were infested with one or more species of ticks, lice and flea namely,
Boophilus microplus (45.45%), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (31.51%), Haemaphysalis bispinosa (20%), Linognathus vituli
(25.45%), Haematopinus eurysternus (15.75%), Damalinia caprae (8.48%) and Ctenocephalides canis (4.84%). No mange
mite infestation was ever detected during the study period. The main attachment sites of lice were belly, neck, tail and face
while that of ticks were ear, face, neck, submandibular region and tail. Similar information have been reported by Sarkar
(2007) and Rahman and Mondal (1985) in goats of Bangladesh. Sarkar (2007) found 72.8% of black Bengal goats are
parasitized with ectoparasites. Rahman and Mondal (1985) reported the prevalence 74% in case of H. bispinosa and 1.7% in
case of B. microplus infestation in goats. In constrast, comparatively lower prevalence has been reported by Roy et al. (2000)
who estimated 55.4% tick infestation in goats. Mulugeta et al. (2010) found 58% infestation in goats in Ethiopia where the
major ectoparasites identified were tick infestations (29.7%), L. africanus (27.9%), Sarcoptes scabiei var. caprae (12.5%), C.
felis (11.1%), and Demodex caprae (6.8%). Tefera and Abebe (2007) recorded 56.4% infestation in goats in Ethiopia with the
prevalence of Linognathus spp. (28.3%), ticks (22.2%), and Ctenocephalides spp. (8.1%). The differences between the results
of present and earlier study might be due to variation in the geographical locations, climatic conditions of the experimental
area, methods of study, selection of sample and breed of animal used. Prevalence of dog flea, Ctenocephalides canis in goats
in the present study indicates the cohabitation or close contact of animals with infested dogs or cats and also the same host.
Favorable climatic conditions, backward level of management, poor level of consciousness and awareness of farmers, and
weak animal health extension services are believed to have contributed for widespread distribution and occurrences of
ectoparasites (Mulugeta et al. 2010).
Table 1. Overall prevalence of ectoparasites in goats (N=165) in Gazipur district
Parasitic burden
Ectoparasites involved No of animal affected Prevalence (%) Range Mean±SE
Boophilus microplus 75 45.45 1-6 2.84±0.152
Haemaphysalis bispinosa 33 20 1-2 1.21±0.072
Rhipicephalus sanguineus 52 31.51 1-4 1.75±0.122
Linognathus vituli 42 25.45 1-4 1.74±0.118
Haematopinus eurysternus 26 15.75 1-3 1.27±0.105
Damalinia caprae 14 8.48 1-3 1.29±0.163
Ctenocephalides canis 8 4.84 1-2 1.13±0.125
Total 114 69.09 1-6 1.60±0.122
*Total number of animals affected is less than the summation of individual infestation because same animal was infested by
more than one type of ectoparasites. N = Total animal examined
Age related prevalence of ectoparasites in goats
From the study, it revealed that age of goats had a significant (p<0.05) effect with tick infestation in which kids and youngs
(75.86%) are more susceptible than adults (65.51%) and older animals (59.32%). Baroi (2009) stated a definite variation of
ectoparasitic infestation among age groups, such as adult goats infested (71.42%) whereas kids and young were infested
68.75% and 46.66%. Sarkar (2007) found age of the goat had a significant (p<0.005) effect on the ectoparasitic infestation
resulting in higher infestation (82%) in kids than in older animals (79.55%).
Isa et al. (1995) found that ticks infestation rates ranges from 3.6% in goats under 1 year to 52.9% in goats (3.5-4) years old
implying that the younger goats were less tolerant of ticks attack than older goats. Mulugeta et al. (2010) noticed a significant
difference between the prevalence of L. africanus (OR=2.85, p<0.001), Demodex caprae (OR=35.66, p<0.001), S. scabiei var.
caprae (OR= 4.61, p<0.001), and tick infestations (OR=2.20, p<0.001) between young and adult goats, respectively and no
significant difference (p>0.05) in the prevalence of C. felis and Damalinia caprae infestations between the two age groups of
goats. Manan et al. (2007) found that resistance in the animals was building up as the age advances and the animals became
more adoptable than in younger state irrespective of the farm species. It may be assumed that the less developed immune
system of the kids and exhausted immune system of the adult animals may be responsible for the higher prevalence of tick
infestation in kids and adult goats.

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Table2. Prevalence of ectoparasites in goats of Gazipur district based on age of animal and seasons of study conducted
Age of goats Seasons Species of ectoparasites Young#
No. (%) Adult#
No. (%) Old#
No. (%) Summer*
No. (%) Rainy*
No. (%) Winter*
No. (%)
Boophilus microplus 14 (48.27) 36 (41.37) 25 (42.37) 32 (54.23) 23 (42.59) 20 (37.03)
Haemaphysalis bispinosa 5 (17.24) 18 (20.68) 10 (16.94) 18 (30.50) 10 (18.52) 10 (18.52)
Rhipicephalus sanguineus 16 (55.17) 27 (31.03) 9 (15.25) 19 (32.20) 14 (25.92) 19 (35.19)
Linognathus vituli 8 (27.58) 19 (21.83) 15 (25.42) 20 (33.89) 9 (16.67) 19 (35.19)
Haematopinus eurysternus 3 (10.34) 12 (13.79) 11 (18.64) 9 (15.25) 6 (11.11) 13 (24.07)
Damalinia caprae 2 (6.89) 6 (6.89) 6 (10.16) 7(11.86) 2 (3.70) 5 (9.25)
Ctenocephalides canis 2 (6.89) 5 (5.74) 1 (1.69) 3 (5.08) 3 (5.55) 2 (3.70)
Overall Prevalence 22 (75.86) 57 (65.51) 35 (59.32) 48 (81.35) 32 (59.26) 34 (62.96)
Young vs Adult =1.65 Summer vs Rainy season =3.00
Adult vs Old =1.30 Winter vs Rainy season= 1.16
Odds Ratio
Young vs Old =2.16 Summer Vs Winter = 2.56
Level of significance p value=0.012** p value =0.024**
*Summer: March- June; Rainy: July-October and Winter: November-February
# Young (≤ 6 months), adult (>6 months to 24 months) and old (>24 months)
Seasonal prevalence of ectoparasites in goat
The present study revealed significant (p<0.05) effect of seasonal fluctuation on the prevalence of ectoparasitic infestation in
goats. The seasonal prevalence of ectoparasitic infestation was significantly higher during the summer (81.35%) and winter
season (62.96%) as compared to the rainy season (59.26%). Mondal et al. (1995) recorded higher infestation of ticks during
summer (71.25%) followed by monsoon (63.25%) and lowest during winter (58.75%). Islam et al. (2006) predicted that
population density of ticks was significantly (p<0.01) influenced by the changing of seasons. Sarkar (2007) observed
significantly higher prevalence of ectoparasites in the rainy season (90%), followed by winter (82.61%), and summer
(53.06%) in black Bengal goats.
In contrast, Biu and Nwosu (1998) found that although most of the ticks occurred in relatively low numbers throughout the
year, they were generally most common from the second half of the rainy season through the dry season. The rise of
infestation in summer may be due to rise of temperature in late winter leading to gradual increase in the load as well as
percentage of infestation in May and June (Roy et al. 2000). The contrast in between the present and earlier findings can be
explained by the fact of variation of geographical location of experimental area, topography, the composition of soil type and
humidity, lack of control group of population and most importantly, the changed climatic condition of the earth.
Sex related prevalence of ectoparasites in goats
From the study, it was found that the prevalence of ectoparasites was significantly (p<0.05) higher in female than in male in
goats. Ectoparasitic infestation was significantly (p<0.05) higher in female (73.46% in goats) than in male (62.68% in goats).
This result confirms the reports of Baroi (2009) and Sarkar (2007) who reported the prevalence of ectoparasites were
significantly (p<0.01) higher in female than male. Although the exact cause of higher prevalence of ectoparasitic infestation in
females cannot be explained but it can be hypothesized that some hormonal influences as well as stress factors (pregnancy,
lactation etc.) leading to immune-suppression may be associated with this phenomenon. Llyod (1983) reported higher level of
prolactin and progesterone hormones make the individual more susceptible to any infection.
Nutritional status related prevalence of ectoparasites in goats
The present study revealed that the ectoparasitic load had a significant (p<0.05) effect on the animals with poor health
conditions (84.31%) compared to that of normal healthy animals. This finding is confirmed by Kumar et al. (1994) who
predicted prevalence of B. microplus, H. bispinosa and R. sanguineus higher on visibly poor body condition goats in Uttar
Pradrsh, India.
Baroi (2009) also reported a significantly higher (p< 0.01) prevalence of ticks on poor health (80.00%) than that of normal
health (50.98%). The present study agrees with the earlier study of Lapage (1962) who found malnourished animals are more
susceptible to any infection as they are immune compromised. Mulugeta et al. (2010) recorded the overall prevalence of
ectoparasites in goats with good and poor body condition was 44.5% and 87.6%, respectively.
Tefera and Abebe (2007) found the goats with poor body condition were 4.3 times at risk for sarcoptic mange (OR=4.3,
p<0.05), Linognathus spp. (OR=2.1, p<0.05) and tick (OR=1.6, p<0.05) infestation than goats of good body condition. The
observations from Manan et al. (2007) indicated that bony conditioned animals are least resistive to tick infestation and
lacking enough body potential to build resistance with age advancement whereas over-conditioned animals showed reasonable
combat to the infestation. It appears that malnutrition in animals increases their susceptibility to ectoparasitic infestation.

Int. J. BioRes. 2 (9): 19-24 September, 2010 Rony et al.
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Table 3. Prevalence of ectoparasites in goats of Gazipur district based on sex, health status and rearing systems of animals
studied
Sex Health status Rearing systems
Species of ectoparasites Male
No. (%) Female
No. (%) Normal
No. (%) Poor
No. (%) Free-range
No. (%) Semi-intensive
No. (%)
Boophilus microplus 28 (41.79) 47 (47.96) 12 (19.04) 63 (61.76) 69 (49.28) 6(24.0)
Haemaphysalis bispinosa 13 (19.40) 20 (20.41) 6 (9.52) 27 (26.47) 30 (21.42) 3(12.0)
Rhipicephalus sanguineus 18 (26.86) 34 (34.69) 16 (25.39) 36 (35.29) 50 (35.71) 2(8.0)
Linognathus vituli 11 (16.42) 31 (31.63) 10 (15.87) 32 (31.37) 39 (27.85) 3(12)
Haematopinus eurysternus 11 (16.42) 15 (15.30) 3 (4.76) 23 (22.54) 24 (17.14) 2(8.0)
Damalinia bovis 5 (7.46) 9 (9.18) 2 (3.17) 12 (11.76) 13 (9.28) 1(4.0)
Ctenocephalides canis 3 (4.47) 5 (5.10) 1 (1.58) 7 (6.86) 7 (5.0) 1(4.0)
Overall Prevalence 42 (62.68) 72 (73.46) 28 (44.44) 86 (84.31) 104 (74.28) 10(40.0)
Odds Ratio Female Vs Male= 1.58 Poor Vs Normal= 2.33 Free-range Vs Semi-intensive= 4.33
Level of significance P value = 0.012** p value =0.011** p value= 0.015**
Legends; %= percent
Rearing system related prevalence of ectoparasites in goats
This study showed that there was significant (p <0.05) variation on the tick and lice prevalence between free range and semi-
intensive rearing systems for goats. It predicted higher prevalence in animals under free-range condition (83.57%) than those
of semi-intensive (60.0 %) in goats. Although adequate literature is not available to supplement this observation. Rabbi (2006)
found the highest ectoparasitic infestation in semi-intensive system (59.7%) followed by extensive system (33.5%) and
intensive system (8.27%). Baroi (2009) hypothesized that animals reared intensively get the advantage of their conscious
owner who used to take regular hygienic management of barns, acaricidal treatment and other supportive cares (bath,
grooming etc.) for their animals and this help them to overcome ectoparasitic infestation. Poor management and poor level of
awareness of most of the small ruminant owners on the effect of ectoparasites are strongly believed to have contributed to the
widespread occurrence of the infestation (Mulugeta et al. 2010). The possible reasons for such high prevalence of
ectoparasites in the study area includes: poor feeding and management, poor sanitation, and inadequate utilization of
veterinary service. These conditions were observed during the study period where goats were allowed to graze on devastated
areas with little vegetation cover, managed mixed with other species of animals providing greater chance for direct contact
and kept under dirty barns which contribute for transmission and maintenance of external parasites.
CONCLUSION
Result revealed that 69.09% of goats in the study area were found to be infested with several species of ticks, lice and flea.
This study quantifies the level of ectoparasitic infestation in goats which demands immediate control program and more
intensive epidemiological study for detail identification of the constraints of goat health and production and will seek for
remedies. The chances of transmission of arthropod borne pathogens to farmers and animal handlers are high, raising high
questions of zoonoses. The veterinary personnel at the district level and the veterinary technicians at the grassroots level need
to be mobilized to implement mass treatment programs for urgent action which need to be repeated regularly with
simultaneous awareness creation to the owners.
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