Report on Crassispirinae Morrison, 1966 (Mollusca: Neogastropoda: Turridae) from the China Seas

Abstract

The present paper reports 32 turrid species from the China Seas, belonging to eight genera of the subfamily Crassispirinae of the family Turridae. Four new species are described: Funa cretea sp. nov., Inquisitor plurivaricis sp. nov., Inquisitor vividus sp. nov. and Ptychobela resticula sp. nov. Eight species are recorded for the first time from the China Seas.

Full text

PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE
This article was downloaded by:
[Cox, Hannah][informa internal users]
On:
16 March 2010
Access details:
Access Details: [subscription number 755239602]
Publisher
Taylor & Francis
Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-
41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK
Journal of Natural History
Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www-
intra.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713192031
Report on Crassispirinae Morrison, 1966 (Mollusca: Neogastropoda:
Turridae) from the China Seas
Bao Quan Li a; Richard N. Kilburn b; Xin Zheng Li c
a Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai Coastal Zone Institute, Yantai, China b Natal Museum, P/Bag
9070, Pietermaritzburg 3200, and School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of
KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X01, Scottsville, South Africa c Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of
Oceanology, Qingdao, China
Online publication date: 10 March 2010
To cite this Article Li, Bao Quan, Kilburn, Richard N. and Li, Xin Zheng(2010) 'Report on Crassispirinae Morrison, 1966
(Mollusca: Neogastropoda: Turridae) from the China Seas', Journal of Natural History, 44: 11, 699 — 740
To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/00222930903470086
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930903470086
Full terms and conditions of use: http://www-intra.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf
This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or
systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or
distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden.
The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents
will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses
should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss,
actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly
or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.

Journal of Natural History
Vol. 44, Nos. 11–12, March 2010, 699–740
ISSN 0022-2933 print/ISSN 1464-5262 online
© 2010 Taylor & Francis
DOI: 10.1080/00222930903470086
http://www.informaworld.com
TNAH0022-29331464-5262Journal of Natural History, Vol. 1, No. 1, Nov 2009: pp. 0–0Journal of Natural History
Report on Crassispirinae Morrison, 1966 (Mollusca: Neogastropoda:
Turridae) from the China Seas
Journal of Natural HistoryB.Q. Li et al.
Bao Quan Lia, Richard N. Kilburnb and Xin Zheng Lic*
aYantai Coastal Zone Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China; bNatal
Museum, P/Bag 9070, Pietermaritzburg 3200, and School of Biological and Conservation
Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa; cInstitute
of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
(Received 9 June 2009; final version received 6 November 2009)
The present paper reports 32 turrid species from the China Seas, belonging to
eight genera of the subfamily Crassispirinae of the family Turridae. Four new
species are described: Funa cretea sp. nov., Inquisitor plurivaricis sp. nov., Inquisitor
vividus sp. nov. and Ptychobela resticula sp. nov. Eight species are recorded for the
first time from the China Seas.
Keywords: Turridae; Crassispirinae; Mollusca; Funa cretea sp. nov.; Inquisitor
plurivaricis sp. nov.; Inquisitor vividus sp. nov.; Ptychobela resticula sp. nov.;
China Seas; new records
Introduction
Taylor et al. (1993), in their reclassification of the superfamily Conoidea, recognised
several subfamilies within the restricted family Turridae H. and A. Adams, 1853. Of
these, the largest is the subfamily Crassispirinae Morrison, 1966, which contains
those genera with claviform shells and “wishbone-shaped” marginal teeth to their
radula. At the generic level, shell characters are of limited value, and confirmation of
generic placements is often dependent on study of the radula of each species.
In China, the family Turridae has been poorly studied since 1942, with no sys-
tematic research except for a few reports on some common turrid species in mol-
luscan monographs (Yen 1941; Ma 1983, 2004; Chang and Wu 2000). When we
sorted the mollusc collection in the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences (IOCAS), numerous turrid specimens that had been collected from the
Bohai Gulf, Yellow Sea, and East and South China Seas were separated out and
identified. As part of a series of reports on this turrid material (Li and Li 2007a, b,
2008a, b), this paper reports 32 species of the subfamily Crassispirinae. Four new
species are described and eight species are recorded for the first time from the
China Seas.
Material and methods
The material was collected during investigations carried out since the 1950s, includ-
ing the “National Comprehensive Oceanography Survey” (NCOS 1958–1960), the
*Corresponding author. Email: lixzh@qdio.ac.cn
Downloaded By: [Cox, Hannah][informa internal users] At: 15:29 16 March 2010

700 B.Q. Li et al.
“China–Vietnam Marine Resource Investigation Cooperative of the Beibu Gulf”
(1959–1962), and the “China–Germany Marine Biota Cooperative Investigations of
Hainan Island, China” (1990–1992), from the East and South China Seas, including
the areas off Fujian, Guangdong, Beibu Gulf (Gulf of Tonkin), Hainan Island, Xisha
Islands (=Paracel Islands), Nansha Islands (=Spratly Islands), as well as the Yellow
Sea and Bohai Gulf.
All the specimens examined by B.Q. Li and X.Z. Li are deposited in the Marine
Biological Museum, Chinese Academy of Sciences (MBMCAS) in the IOCAS. The
genera and species are arranged alphabetically in the text. Measurements are given
for no more than five specimens of each species to shorten the text; if more than
five are available, the largest, the smallest and three medium-sized specimens were
measured.
The following abbreviations are used throughout the text: BMNH, Natural
History Museum, London, UK; IOCAS, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences; LMD, Löbbecke-Museum and Aquazoo, Düsseldorf, Germany; MBM-
CAS, Marine Biological Museum of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in the IOCAS;
NMGW, National Museums and Galleries of Wales, Cardiff, UK; NSMT, National
Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan; WAMP, Western Australian Museum, Perth,
Australia; ZMAN, Zoological Museum of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; AT, Agassiz
trawl; BT, beam trawl; CN, preliminary registration number when the sample(s) was
collected; ECS, the East China Sea; loc., locality; RN, museum registration number;
SCS, the South China Sea; spm(s), specimen(s).
Species list (with records from China Seas)
Eight genera, 32 species; the species marked with an asterisk are new records for the
China Seas and those in bold type are new species.
Aguilaria subochracea (Smith, 1877) (records: Taiwan, see Chang and Wu 2000)
Cheungbeia kawamurai (Habe and Kosuge, 1966) (records: Taiwan, see Habe 1977;
Chang and Wu 2000)
*Cheungbeia laterculata (Sowerby, 1870) comb. nov. (records: China Seas, see Smith
1884; Chang and Wu 2000)
Epideira multiseriata (Smith, 1877) comb. nov. (records: SCS, see Yen 1941)
*Epideira sibogae (Schepman, 1913) comb. nov.
Funa cretea sp. nov.
Funa jeffreysii (Smith, 1875) (records: Hong Kong, see Taylor and Wells 1994)
Funa latisinuata (Smith, 1877) (records: Taiwan, SCS, see Yen 1941; Chang and Wu
2000)
Inquisitor aesopus (Schepman, 1913) (records: China Seas, see Powell 1966)
Inquisitor angustus Kuroda and Oyama, 1971 (records: Taiwan, SCS, see Chang and
Wu 2000; Ma 2004)
*Inquisitor incerta (Smith, 1877)
Inquisitor intertinctus (Smith, 1877) (records: China Seas, see Smith 1877; Chang and
Wu 2000)
*Inquisitor japonicus (Lischke, 1869)
Downloaded By: [Cox, Hannah][informa internal users] At: 15:29 16 March 2010

Journal of Natural History 701
Inquisitor latifasciata (Sowerby, 1870) (records: Hong Kong, see Sowerby 1870; Yen
1941; Taylor and Wells 1994)
Inquisitor nudivaricosus Kuroda and Oyama, 1971 (records: Taiwan, SCS, Chang and
Wu 2000)
Inquisitor plurivaricis sp. nov.
Inquisitor cf. solomonensis (Smith, 1876)
Inquisitor sp. 1
*Inquisitor varicosus (Reeve, 1843)
Inquisitor vividus sp. nov.
Paradrillia patruelis (Smith, 1875) (records: China Seas, see Ma 1989 as Vexitomina
chinensis)
*Paradrillia sultana (Thiele, 1925)
Paradrillia sp. 1
Paradrillia sp. 2
Paradrillia sp. 3
Ptychobela flavidula (auctt non Lamarck, 1822)
*Ptychobela minimarus (Kosuge, 1993)
Ptychobela resticula sp. nov.
Ptychobela suturalis (Gray, 1838) (records: Hong Kong, see Taylor and Wells 1994)
Ptychobela vexillium (Habe and Kosuge, 1966) (records: Taiwan, see Habe and
Kosuge 1966b; Chang and Wu, 2000)
Turridrupa deceptrix Hedley, 1922 (records: China Seas, see Powell 1967)
*Turridrupa prestoni Powell, 1967
Systematic account
Family TURRIDAE H. and A. Adams, 1853
Subfamily CRASSISPIRINAE Morrison, 1966
Genus Aguilaria Taylor and Wells, 1994
Remarks
This genus is characterised by its radula. Although the spelling “Aquilaria” was used
in the heading of Taylor and Wells’ description, elsewhere in the text it appeared as
Aguilaria, and the derivation was given as “Cape d’Aguilar” (Taylor and Wells
1994).
Aguilaria subochracea (Smith, 1877)
(Figure 1A)
Pleurotoma (Drillia) subochracea Smith, 1877, p 493. Type loc.: China Seas
(probably).
Downloaded By: [Cox, Hannah][informa internal users] At: 15:29 16 March 2010

702 B.Q. Li et al.
Figure 1. Species of subfamily Crassispirinae. (A) Aguilaria subochracea (SCS, CN 54–779); (B)
lectotype (Taylor and Wells, 1994, as “Holotype”) of Pleurotoma (Drillia) subochracea, BMNH
1988065, China Seas (probably); 38.8 ×12.3 mm; (C, D) Inquisitor incerta (SCS, CN 54–671); (E)
syntype of Pleurotoma (Drillia) incerta, BMNH 1854.4.10.59, New Guinea; 25.0 ×7.9 mm; (F,
G) Inquisitor plurivaricis (holotype, ECS, CN 553B–35, 114 m, 41.5 ×12.5 mm); (H) Inquisito
r
latifasciata (ECS, CN 57–658); (I) Inquisitor aesopus (Beibu Gulf, CN Q21B-22); (J) lectotype o
f
Drillia aesopus, ZMAN (des. Kilburn, 1988), Kwandang Bay, west of entrance, north coast o
f
Sulawesi, Indonesia, 72 m, fine sand with mud; 36.5 ×9.1 mm.
Downloaded By: [Cox, Hannah][informa internal users] At: 15:29 16 March 2010

Journal of Natural History 703
Ptychobela subochracea: Springsteen and Leobrera 1986, p 270, pl. 77, fig. 13.
Aguilaria subochracea: Taylor and Wells 1994, p 114, pl. 1j, 2j–l (radula).
Inquisitor subochracea: Chang and Wu 2000, pl. 19, fig. 21.
Material examined
SCS. CN 54-779, Luzhou, Guangxi province, 1 December 1954; 1 spm, CN 54-779,
Luzhou, Guangdong province, 1 December 1954; 1 spm, CN 58-N0437, Haitangtou,
Hainan Is., 21 April 1958; 2 spms, CN X35B-19, 18°30′N, 108°15′E, muddy sand,
58 m, AT, 10 December 1959; 1 spm, CN R35B-37, 18°12′N, 109°45′E, silty mud,
62 m, AT; 1 spm, CN 3-41, 21°00′N, 112°30′E, muddy sand, 52 m, AT; 1 spm, CN
21-19, 21°45′N, 114°30′E, 61.2 m, AT; 1 spm, CN L46B-101, 20°00′N, 111°30′E,
sandy mud, 76.5 m, AT, 12 April 1959; 1 spm, 28-34, 22°00′N, 115°00′E, 63 m, AT,
21 March 1959; 1 spm, CN SIII6B-54, 21°15′N, 114°30′E, silty mud, 73 m, AT, 10
July 1959; 1 spm, CN S64B-42, 22°00′N, 115°00′E, 63 m, AT, 8 April 1959; 1 spm,
CN 5-14, 20°30′N, 111°30′E, silt, 62 m, BT, 25 January 1959; 1 spm, CN SII15B-52,
22°00′N, 115°00′E, silt, 67.1 m, AT, 13 July 1959; 1 spm, CN 16-105, 17°45′N,
109°30′E, sandy mud, 91.6 m, AT, 29 January 1959; 1 spm, CN R36B-5, 18°00′N,
109°30′E, muddy sand, 70 m, AT, 14 July 1959; 2 spms, CN S191B-18, 21°30′N,
114°30′E, silt, 75 m, AT, 9 January 1960; 1 spm, CN S206B-39, 21°15′N, 114°30′E,
silt, 68.5 m, AT, 8 April 1960; 1 spm, CN N120B-25, 19°15′N, 111°00′E, muddy
sand, 80 m, AT, 10 February 1960; 1 spm, CN S198B-38, 21°30′N, 114°00′E, silt,
54.6 m, AT, 10 January 1960.
Beibu Gulf. One specimen, CN X143B-17, 18°20′N, 108°15′E, fine sandy silty clay,
82 m, AT.
Nansha Islands. Three specimens, CN SSVIIIB8-19, 7°24′N, 104°52′E, muddy sand,
44 m, AT, 9 June 1990; 2 spms, CN SSB10-6, 4°30′N, 110°30′E, 100 m, 23 September
1994.
Type material
Lectotype (Taylor and Wells 1994, as “Holotype”) BMNH 1988065 (checked by
Kilburn); one paralectotype NMGW 1955.158.953.
Measurements
See Table 1.
Distribution
Beibu Gulf, SCS, Nansha Islands; Japan, Philippines.
Remarks
Our specimens agree well with the descriptions of Taylor and Wells (1994) and other
authors. The lectotype (Figure 1B) shows small differences that are presumably
within the range of variation. The present specimens were collected from the SCS,
including Beibu Gulf and Nansha Islands.
Downloaded By: [Cox, Hannah][informa internal users] At: 15:29 16 March 2010

704 B.Q. Li et al.
T
a
bl
e
1
.
M
easurements
(i
n mm
)
f
or a
ll
C
rass
i
sp
i
r
i
nae spec
i
mens
f
rom t
h
e
Chi
na
S
eas.
Species Specimens/type
materials
Height Width Aperture W/L A/L
Aguilaria subochracea (Smith,
1877)
CN 54–779 35.6 12.9 18.0 0.36 0.51
CN SSB10-6-1 31.2 11.1 15.5 0.36 0.50
CN SSB10-6-2 29.0 10.8 14.8 0.37 0.51
CN SSVIIIB8-19-1 24.9 9.5 12.2 0.38 0.49
CN SSVIIIB8-19-2 37.8 19.2 19.0 0.51 0.50
Cheungbeia kawamurai (Habe
and Kosuge, 1966)
CN 55-902-1 32.0 12.2 15.4 0.38 0.48
CN 55-902-2 25.2 8.6 11.3 0.34 0.45
CN X45B-15 28.0 10.2 13.8 0.36 0.49
CN Q145-27 33.5 12.5 16.5 0.37 0.49
CN K286B-28 37.1 13.7 18.2 0.37 0.49
Cheungbeia laterculata
(Sowerby, 1870) comb. nov.
CN SSBV27-14 21.0 7.5 10.2 0.36 0.49
CN SSB13-2 20.8 7.4 9.8 0.36 0.47
CN NS4B-13 21.3 7.2 10.4 0.34 0.49
CN SSBIV-23-1 22.0 7.5 10.5 0.34 0.48
CN SSBIV-23-2 21.5 7.1 10.0 0.33 0.47
Epideira multiseriata (Smith,
1877) comb. nov.
CN Q225B-7 13.5 5.2 5.9 0.39 0.44
CN Q299B-34 14.5 6.1 7.3 0.42 0.50
CN Q239B-9 13.5 5.3 6.0 0.39 0.44
CN Q159-32 16.2 6.9 5.8 0.43 0.36
CN N99B-17 12.9 5.1 5.7 0.40 0.44
Epideira sibogae (Schepman,
1913) comb. nov.
14.8 5.9 6.6 0.40 0.45
Funa cretea sp. nov. Holotype 21.9 7.8 9.3 0.36 0.42
Paratypes 1 34.1 11.1 14.9 0.33 0.44
Paratypes 2 22.2 7.5 9.8 0.34 0.44
Funa jeffreysii (Smith, 1875) CN N177B-47 26.7 10.5 13.2 0.39 0.49
CN 3–21 26.4 9.5 12.0 0.36 0.45
CN S41B-46 31.5 11.6 15.5 0.37 0.49
CN K77B-53 35.6 13.0 18.0 0.36 0.51
CN N129B-24 32.6 11.5 16.3 0.35 0.50
Funa latisinuata (Smith, 1877) CN Q119B-7-1 28.0 9.5 12.8 0.34 0.46
CN Q119B-7-2 29.0 10.2 13.7 0.35 0.47
CN R27B-12 18.2 6.5 8.3 0.36 0.46
CN N127B-82-1 35.0 11.2 16.2 0.32 0.46
CN N127B-82-2 30.3 10.3 14.8 0.34 0.49
Inquisitor aesopus (Schepman,
1913)
CN Q21B-22 30.5 9.2 12.3 0.30 0.40
CN Q162B-30 27.8 8.4 6.5 0.30 0.23
CN Q239B-48 22.3 6.8 9.4 0.30 0.42
CN Q232B-16 19.1 6.2 8.4 0.32 0.44
CN X11B-33 18.5 6.3 8.2 0.34 0.44
Downloaded By: [Cox, Hannah][informa internal users] At: 15:29 16 March 2010

Journal of Natural History 705
Table 1.
Species Specimens/type
materials
Height Width Aperture W/L A/L
Inquisitor angustus Kuroda
and Oyama, 1971
CN V560B-79-1 39.8 10.3 14.0 0.26 0.35
CN V560B-79-2 35.3 8.3 11.5 0.24 0.33
CN SSB10-6 42.9 12.6 172 0.29 4.01
CN N178B-45 37.5 11.8 15.7 0.31 0.42
CN V570B-56 25.4 7.5 10.8 0.30 0.43
Inquisitor incerta (Smith,
1877)
CN SIII36B-77 31.2 10.5 14.5 0.34 0.46
CN N28B-29-1 21.9 8.1 10.5 0.37 0.48
CN N28B-29-2 16.5 5.9 8.0 0.36 0.48
CN 57-111-1 24.3 8.8 12.0 0.36 0.49
CN 57-111-2 22.5 8.5 10.0 0.38 0.44
Inquisitor intertinctus (Smith,
1877)
Q62B-4-1 37.5 12.0 16.5 0.32 0.44
K284B-22 22.5 6.3 9.0 0.28 0.40
K278B-21-1 21.8 6.2 8.1 0.28 0.37
K278B-21-12 23.8 7.4 9.8 0.31 0.41
X151B-26 25.8 8.5 10.5 0.33 0.41
Inquisitor japonicus (Lischke,
1869)
CN V462B-24-1 28.3 9.4 11.6 0.33 0.41
CN V462B-24-2 26.6 9.0 11.9 0.34 0.45
CN 51–719 23.8 8.8 11.0 0.37 0.46
Inquisitor latifasciata
(Sowerby, 1870)
CN 57–658 32.3 9.2 12.7 0.28 0.39
– 23.5 6.9 9.6 0.29 0.41
CN 53–056 21.5 6.8 10.2 0.32 0.47
– 27.5 8.2 12.0 0.30 0.44
CN 0031 34.5 9.5 13.5 0.28 0.39
Inquisitor nudivaricosus
Kuroda and Oyama, 1971
CN V527B-35-1 25.5 7.9 9.8 0.31 0.38
CN V527B-35-2 23.2 7.0 9.5 0.30 0.41
CN SSIV46-20-1 35.8 10.3 15.2 0.29 0.42
CN K124B-55-1 20.1 6.2 8.2 0.33 0.43
CN SSB 2–5 32.5 10.2 13.0 0.31 0.40
Inquisitor plurivaricis sp. nov. CN 553B-35 41.5 12.5 16.8 0.30 0.40
K78B-57 34.3 9.5 14.8 0.28 0.43
CN L65B-74 30.1 8.5 11.9 0.28 0.40
CN 1Y97B-18 37.5 10.5 15.5 0.28 0.41
CN S219B-51-1 41.5 12.0 16.8 0.29 0.40
CN S219B-51-2 26.2 8.0 10.5 0.31 0.40
Inquisitor sp. cf. solomonensis
(Smith, 1876)
38.0 10.0 14.3 0.26 0.38
Inquisitor sp. 1 21.0 6.1 8.2 0.29 0.39
(Continued)
Downloaded By: [Cox, Hannah][informa internal users] At: 15:29 16 March 2010

706 B.Q. Li et al.
T
a
bl
e
1
.
(C
ont
i
nue
d)
.
Species Specimens/type
materials
Height Width Aperture W/L A/L
Inquisitor varicosus (Reeve,
1843)
24.1 7.2 9.3 0.3 0.38
Inquisitor vividus sp. nov. Holotype 23.2 7.0 9.5 0.30 0.41
Paratypes 1 21.5 6.8 8.8 0.32 0.41
Paratypes 2 18.5 5.5 7.6 0.30 0.41
Paratypes 3 16.9 5.3 6.7 0.31 0.40
Paratypes 4 18.7 5.6 7.2 0.30 0.39
Paradrillia patruelis (Smith,
1875)
CN Y405B-7 23.6 8.1 9.3 0.34 0.39
– 11.5 4.2 4.5 0.37 0.39
– 27.0 9.9 9.8 0.37 0.36
CN H281B-3 22.9 8.6 9.0 0.38 0.39
CN D142B-37 16.8 6.1 7.2 0.36 0.42
Paradrillia sultana (Thiele, 1925) ECS 6.5 2.7 3.3 0.42 0.51
Yellow sea 8.2 2.7 3.3 0.33 0.40
K156A 6.4 2.1 2.7 0.33 0.42
Paradrillia sp. 1 11.7 4.2 5.1 0.36 0.44
Paradrillia sp. 2 Changjiang River 4.8 2.5 2.5 0.52 0.52
Estuary
Yellow River 5.3 2.2 2.3 0.42 0.43
Estuary 1
Yellow River 5.2 1.9 2.0 0.37 0.38
Estuary 2
Yellow River 4.9 1.8 1.9 0.37 0.39
Estuary 3
Paradrillia sp. 3 Qinhuangdao 9.1 3.1 3.7 0.34 0.41
Beidaihe 1 7.0 2.6 3.0 0.37 0.43
Beidaihe 2 6.8 2.5 2.9 0.37 0.43
Yantai 1 10 3.5 3.7 0.35 0.37
Yantai 2 10.1 3.5 3.9 0.35 0.39
Ptychobela flavidula (auctt non
Lamarck, 1822)
CN X192B-33 37.2 12.2 16.3 0.33 0.44
CN X152B-17 29.8 10.8 14.9 0.36 0.5
CN Q203B-4 35.0 12.5 17.2 0.36 0.49
CN X7AB-20 29.3 8.1 10.9 0.28 0.37
CN K280B-16 31.3 9.9 11.8 0.32 0.38
Ptychobela minimarus (Kosuge,
1993)
14.3 4.5 5.8 0.31 0.41
Ptychobela resticula sp. nov. Holotype 41.5 14.3 20.8 0.10 0.50
Paratypes 1 33.0 11.8 15.0 0.36 0.45
Ptychobela suturalis (Gray, 1838) Hele harbour 1 39.1 12.1 16.8 0.31 0.43
Hele harbour 2 31.5 10.5 15.6 0.33 0.50
Hele harbour 3 25.5 8.0 9.7 0.31 0.38
Hele harbour 4 40.0 12.8 17.5 0.32 0.44
Hele harbour 5 28.0 10.5 13.5 0.38 0.48
Downloaded By: [Cox, Hannah][informa internal users] At: 15:29 16 March 2010

Journal of Natural History 707
Cheungbeia Taylor and Wells, 1994
Remarks
This genus is characterised by its radula characters and very long proboscis. The type
species has been recorded from the SCS (see Taylor and Wells 1994, p 111, pl. 1h,
2f,g, Hong Kong), as have several other species, which resemble Cheungbeia mindan-
ensis (Smith, 1877) in shell characters, particularly in their strongly oblique, sinuous
axial ribs. Although their foregut anatomy remains unknown, these can provisionally
be referred to Cheungbeia, and are briefly discussed below.
Cheungbeia kawamurai (Habe and Kosuge, 1966)
(Figure 1G)
Brachytoma kawamurai Habe and Kosuge, 1966a, p 321, pl. 29, fig. 9; Habe and
Kosuge 1966b, p 96, pl. 38, fig. 14; Habe 1975, pl. 2, fig. 9 (holotype); Habe 1977,
p 58. Type loc.: Anpin, Formosa [Taiwan].
Ptychobela kawamurai: Springsteen and Leobrera 1986, p 271, pl. 77, fig. 9.
Inquisitor kawamurai: Chang and Wu 2000, p 19, fig. 22.
Material examined
SCS. One specimen, CN 54-418, Shanwei (Guangdong), 11 April 1954; 3 spms, CN
55-902, Xincun, Hainan Island, 24 December 1955; 8 spms, CN K47B-65, 21°30′N,
112°00′E, silt, 21 m, 12 July 1959; 6 spms, CN S201B-28, 22°00′N, 114°00′E, silt,
34.5 m, AT, 5 April 1960.
Beibu Gulf. One specimen, CN R10H-13, 20°00′N, 108°30′E, sta. 6217, silty mud,
60.5 m, AT, 4 December 1959; 1 spm, CN Q301-B10, 18°30′N, 108°15′E, silty mud,
T
a
bl
e
1
.
Species Specimens/type
materials
Height Width Aperture W/L A/L
Ptychobela vexillium (Habe
and Kosuge, 1966)
CN N31B-13 46.5 14.5 20.1 0.31 0.43
– 39.8 13.5 18.3 0.34 0.46
CN K237B-47 24.0 8.5 10.5 0.35 0.44
– 28.3 10.5 11.9 0.37 0.42
CN 55–691 33.2 12.4 16.5 0.37 0.49
Turridrupa deceptrix Hedley,
1922
CN X202B-18-1 22.5 17.9 8.2 0.80 0.36
CN X202B-18-2 17.0 6.2 6.5 0.36 0.38
CN X207B-176 17.5 6.5 7.2 0.37 0.41
CN SIII33B-52 17.8 6.5 6.6 0.37 0.37
CN S76B-92 12.9 4.8 5.1 0.37 0.40
Turridrupa prestoni Powell,
1967
27.5 10.4 13.3 0.38 0.48
Downloaded By: [Cox, Hannah][informa internal users] At: 15:29 16 March 2010

708 B.Q. Li et al.
34 m, AT, 13 November 1960; 1 spm, CN X48B-15, 19°45′N, 109°00′E, fine sand,
26 m, AT, 3 February 1960; 1 spm, CN Q145-27, 20°30′N, 108°30′E, sandy mud,
48 m, AT, 14 February 1960; 1 spm, CN K286B-28, 18°15′N, 108°15′E, sandy mud,
81 m, AT, 23 October 1960; 1 spm, CN Q128-24, 20°03′N, 109°15′E, silty mud,
26 m, AT, 8 February 1960; 1 spm, CN X50B-57, 19°45′N, 108°30′E, sandy mud,
65.5 m, AT, 4 February 1960; 1 spm, CN Q188B-107, 20°30′N, 107°30′E, muddy
sand, 34 m, AT, 18 April 1960; 1 spm, CN K249B-11, 19°45′N, 108°45′E, fine sandy
mud, 58 m, AT, 8 May 1960; 2 spms, CN X 190, 18°30′N, 107°30′E, silty mud, 71 m,
10 April 1962; 1 spm, CN K268B-16, 19°00′N, 108°15′E, fine sandy mud, 37 m, AT;
1 spm, CN X176B-38, 20°50′N, 108°15′E, silt, 41 m, AT, 22 January 1962; 1 spm,
CN Q151-17, 20°45′N, 108°30′E, mud, 47 m, AT, 15 February 1960; 1 spm, CN
X25B-33, 20°00′N, 108°30′E, silt, 67 m, 25 August 1962.
Nansha Islands. 1 spm, CN SSVIIIB7-13, 5°53′N, 104°44′E, silty mud, 62 m, AT, 9
June 1990.
Measurements
See Table 1.
Distribution
China (Hainan Islands, Beibu Gulf, Nansha Islands) to Vietnam and Philippines.
Remarks
Although Taylor and Wells (1994) synonymised C. kawamurai with Cheungbeia
mindanensis (Smith, 1877), the latter (holotype, Figure 2H) has a smoother
appearance, C. kawamurai having coarser spiral sculpture, which forms low but
distinct nodules where the spiral cords cross the axial ribs; the subsutural con-
cavity is also deeper in kawamurai. A third member of this complex, Cheungbeia
laterculata (Sowerby 1870) (holotype, Figure 2I), differs from both mindanensis
and kawamurai in being (typically) strongly striped with dark brown or black,
and in its stronger spiral ridges (which cross the intervals between the axial ribs),
whose interstices bear a distinct spiral microsculpture, lacking in the other two
species; C. laterculata also attains a larger size and has a more prominently alate
outer lip.
Cheungbeia laterculata (Sowerby, 1870) comb. nov.
(Figure 2F)
Pleurotoma laterculata Sowerby, 1870, p 253; Smith 1884, p 38, pl. 4, fig. E. Type
loc.: China Seas.
Drillia laterculata: Schepman 1913, p 408 (no fig.).
Inquisitor laterculata: Hedley 1922, p 243 (no fig.).
Inquisitor zonata (non Reeve, 1843): Chang and Wu 2000, p 20, fig. 25.
Downloaded By: [Cox, Hannah][informa internal users] At: 15:29 16 March 2010

Journal of Natural History 709
Material examined
Nansha Islands. Three specimens, CN SSBIV-23, 5°00′N, 111°17′E, silty mud,
110 m, AT, 14 May 1987; 1 spm, CN SSBV27-14, 4°00′N, 112°06′E, muddy sand,
Figure 2. Species of subfamily Crassispirinae. (A) Funa jeffreysii (Beibu Gulf, CN N177B-
47); (B) Funa latisinuata (SCS, CN Q119B-7-1); (C) Inquisitor japonicus (Yellow Sea, CN
V462B-24-1); (D) Inquisitor nudivaricosus (ECS, CN V527B-35-1); (E) Inquisitor varicosus
(Hainan Island); (F) Cheungbeia laterculata (Nansha Islands, SSBV27-14); (G) Cheungbeia
kawamurai (CSC, CN 55-902-1); (H) Cheungbeia mindanensis (holotype,BM2); (I) holotype
of Pleurotoma laterculata, BMNH 1874.12.11.293, Lombe Taylor collection, China Seas;
length 30 mm; (J) Turridrupa prestoni (Nansha Islands, CN SSVIIIB8-16).
Downloaded By: [Cox, Hannah][informa internal users] At: 15:29 16 March 2010

710 B.Q. Li et al.
56 m, AT, 8 August 1988; 1 spm, CN NS4B-13, 6°00′N, 111°20′E, fine sand, silty
mud and shell debris, 105 m, 7 December 1993; 1 spm, CN SSB13-2, 7°15′N,
111°45′E, 142 m, 23 September 1995.
Measurements
See Table 1.
Distribution
Nansha Islands; Vietnam, Queensland to south-east India. Not previously recorded
from the China Seas.
Remarks
Cheungbeia laterculata is very similar to C. kawamurai in shell profile, oblique axial
ribs and shell colour (although typically with darker stripes), but differs in having
more numerous spiral ridges crossing the axial ribs, which produces a coarser surface
than the smooth surface of C. kawamurai. Cheungbeia laterculata was recorded from
Taiwan by Chang and Wu (2000), who misidentified it as Inquisitor zonata (Reeve,
1843), a species (probably referable to genus Ptychobela) that differs from laterculata
in its squarely truncate siphonal canal, spiral ridges that are weak between the axial
ribs and a different colour pattern.
Genus Epideira Hedley, 1918
Remarks
Most authors have followed Powell (1964, 1966) in preferring the name Epidirona
Iredale, 1931, to the earlier Epideira Hedley, 1918, as he regarded the type species of
the latter genus as “indeterminate”. However, in the type collection of the BMNH is
a specimen from the Gray collection labelled Pleurotoma owenii Reeve, 1843, which
Watson (1886: 312) and Hedley (1922: 230) regarded as a synonym of Gray’s (1826)
Clavatula striata. There is even a possibility that it was based on the same specimen.
Although C. striata has not subsequently been recognised, it appears to be congeneric
with Epidirona hedleyi Iredale, 1931, the type species of Epidirona.
Epideira multiseriata (Smith, 1877) comb. nov.
(Figure 3C, D)
Pleurotoma multiseriata Smith, 1877, p 491; Yen 1941, p 238.
Turris (Gemmula) multiseriata: Melvill 1917, p 145, pl. 8, fig. 3.
Epidirona multiseriata: Powell 1964, p 299, pl. 230, fig. 3.
NOT Epidirona multiseriata: Kilburn 1983, p 583, figs 5–8.
Material examined
Beibu Gulf. One specimen, CN Q159-32, 21°15′N, 108°06′E, sandy mud, 22 m, AT,
17 February 1960; 1 spm, CN Q225B-7, 20°04′N, 109°30′E, coarse sand, 26 m, AT,
Downloaded By: [Cox, Hannah][informa internal users] At: 15:29 16 March 2010

Journal of Natural History 711
10 July 1960; 1spm, CN Q239B-9, 20°15′N, 109°30′E, sandy mud, 24.5 m, 14 July
1960; 1 spm, CN Q299B-34, 21°00′N, 109°24′E, muddy sand, 15 m, 12 November
1960.
SCS. One specimen, 20°30′N, 111°00′E, 31 m, sandy mud, 28 January 1959; 1 spm,
CN N99B-17, 20°15′N, 111°00′E, fine sand, 23 m, AT, 29 October 1959; 1 spm, CN
Figure 3. Species of subfamily Crassispirinae. (A, B) Epideira sibogae (ECS, CN V525B-53);
(C, D) Epideira multiseriata (Beibu Gulf, CN Q225B-7); (E) Inquisitor sp. 1 (ECS, CN H21B-
45); (F, G) Inquisitor vividus sp. nov. (holotype, Nansha Islands, CN SSVIIIB8-30-1, 44 m,
23.2 ×7.0 mm); (H) Ptychobela minimarus (Hainan Island); (I) Paradrillia patruelis (Yellow
Sea, CN Y405B-7); (J) Turridrupa deceptrix ( Beibu Gulf, CN X202B-18-1).
Downloaded By: [Cox, Hannah][informa internal users] At: 15:29 16 March 2010

712 B.Q. Li et al.
S225B-25, 22°30′N, 116°00′E, fine sand, 37.3 m, AT, 22 April 1960; 1 spm, CN
N129B-4, 21°45′N, 114°00′E, sandy mud, 23 m, AT, 11 February 1960.
Measurements
See Table 1.
Distribution
Beibu Gulf, SCS to the Persian Gulf.
Remarks
Our specimens agree well with photographs of the syntypes (Kilburn manuscript).
Powell (1964) reported the range of this species as being from the Persian Gulf to
the SCS. This paper confirms the occurrence of this species in Chinese waters.
*Epideira sibogae (Schepman, 1913) comb. nov.
(Figure 3A, B)
Drillia sibogae Schepman, 1913, p 415, pl. 27, fig. 2.
Epidirona sibogae: Fukuda, 1995, p 109, pl. 65; Higo et al. 1999, p 306.
Material examined
ECS. One specimen, CN V525B-53, 123°30′E, 27°30′N, fine sand, 150 m, AT, 28
August 1976.
Measurements
See Table 1.
Distribution
ECS; Indonesia (type locality), Philippines and Japan. Not previously recorded from
the China Seas.
Type material (checked by Kilburn)
Three syntypes in ZMAN: these comprise a fresh adult and a worn juvenile (ZMAN
3.13.101) from Siboga Stn 51, and a worn syntype from Stn 260 (near northern point
of Nuhu Jaan, Kei Islands, 90 m).
Remarks
Only one specimen has been collected from the ECS; this agrees well with photo-
graphs of the freshest syntype (Kilburn manuscript). The species has subsequently
been recorded from Japanese waters.
Downloaded By: [Cox, Hannah][informa internal users] At: 15:29 16 March 2010

Journal of Natural History 713
Genus Funa Kilburn, 1988
Funa cretea sp. nov.
(Figure 4A, B)
Type material
Holotype: Yellow Sea: 1 spm, CN Y285B-59, 36°00′N, 121°00′E, coarse sand, 29 m,
AT, 13 July 1959. Paratypes: SCS: 1 spm, CN 54-789, Wailuo, Guangdong Province,
6 December 1954; 1 spm, CN N97B-20, 19°45′N, 111°15′E, sandy mud, 73 m, AT,
29 October 1959.
Measurements
See Table 1.
Description
Shell medium-sized (up to 34.1 mm in length), elongated fusiform, heavy. Spire high,
0.56–0.58 total length; periphery of last whorl and spire whorls strongly convex (less
so on early whorls), siphonal canal narrow and tapering. Teleoconch of 10 whorls.
Suture narrow, adpressed, distinct. Sculpture of very strong, rounded axial ribs,
which almost reach upper suture, forming their periphery at mid-whorl but are still
strong at lower suture; nine on penultimate whorl, 10 on last whorl, where they
continue to about mid-columella level; ribs tend to line up on adjacent whorls, their
intervals deep. Axials crossed by numerous low, flat and thin spiral threads, which
become indistinct in shoulder concavity, but slightly stronger on lower part of last
whorl. Interstitial spiral striae absent. Numerous axial growth lines. Aperture
elongate, subrectangular. Outer lip broken, anal sinus unknown. Columella straight,
narrow. Anterior canal short, deep, narrow, anterior tip shallowly notched. Proto-
conch high, conical, two whorls, smooth; breadth 0.91–1.01 mm. Off-white in colour.
Etymology
Latin adjective, creteus, meaning chalky.
Distribution
Known only from the type locality, Yellow Sea and SCS.
Remarks
This species appears to resemble material from Hong Kong reported by Taylor and
Wells 1994: 106, pl. 1d,e, as Funa spectrum (Reeve, 1845), but apparently differs in
its more convex whorls and more strongly rounded axial ribs and uniformly dull
white colour. Furthermore, the identity of the Hong Kong specimens requires con-
firmation, as the type figure of Pleurotoma spectrum (Reeve 1845: pl. 25, sp. 222)
differs greatly in shape from them, and the shell labelled as holotype (BMNH
1968604) is a faded immature shell with broken lip that does not appear to much
resemble Reeve’s figure. Pleurotoma spectrum should probably be regarded as a
nomen dubium.
Downloaded By: [Cox, Hannah][informa internal users] At: 15:29 16 March 2010

714 B.Q. Li et al.
Figure 4. Species of subfamily Crassispirinae. (A, B) Funa cretea sp. nov. (holotype, Yellow Sea,
CN Y285B-59, 29 m, 21.9 ×7.8 m); (C) Inquisitor angustus (ECS, CN V560B-79-1); (D) Inquisi-
tor intertinctus (Beibu Gulf, CN Q62B-4-1); (E) Inquisitor cf. solomonensis (SCS, CN S219B-51);
(F) Ptychobela flavidula (Beibu Gulf, CN X192B-33), 1822; (G) lectotype of Pleurotoma flavid-
ula, MHNG 1097/51, Red Sea, 38.8 ×11.5 mm; transparency courtesy of Yves Finet.
Downloaded By: [Cox, Hannah][informa internal users] At: 15:29 16 March 2010

Journal of Natural History 715
Funa jeffreysii (Smith, 1875)
(Figure 2A)
Drillia jeffreysii Smith, 1875, p 417. Type loc.: Goza Harbour, Ago Bay, Mie Prefec-
ture, central Honshu, Japan, 3–43 fath.
Inquisitor jeffreysii: Kuroda et al. 1971, p 215, pl. 56, figs 5,6; Hasegawa et al. 2000, p
623, pl. 310, fig. 2; Higo et al. 2001, p 103, fig. G3583 (syntype).
Funa jeffreysi: Taylor and Wells 1994, p 103, pl. 1a–b and 2, fig a (radula); Taylor 1994,
p 195, pl. 1 f (labelled in error as F. flavidula), 6a (radula), Textfigs 8–9 (foregut).
Material examined
Yellow Sea. One specimen, Qingdao, Shandong Province, Mar. 10, 1951; 2 spms, CN
H0037-2, 36°15′N, 121°00′E, mud, 23 m, BT, 27 January 1959.
ECS. Five specimens, CN V229B-23, 29°00′N, 122°15′E, silty mud, 26 m, B.T., 2
April 1959; 3 spms, CN C61B-37, 33°00′N, 123°30′E, muddy sand, 38 m, AT, 23
October 1959.
Beibu Gulf. One specimen, CN Q259B-7, 21°30′N, 108°30′E, 12 m, AT, 18 July 1960.
SCS. One specimen, CN 3-21, 20°15′N, 110°45′E, coarse sand, 50 m, 14 January
1959; 1 spm, CN 16-15, 21°24′N, 109°00′E, coarse sand, 12 m, AT, 22 January
1959;1 spm, CN 5-28, 18°45′N, 110°30′E, sandy mud, 44 m, AT, 27 January 1959; 1
spm, CN 39-35, 21°300′N, 113°30′E, coarse sand and shell debris, 39.5 m, AT, 20
February 1959; 2 spms, CN S41B-46, 23°24′N, 117°00′E, 14 m, AT, 2 April 1959; 1
spm, CN K47B-63, 21°30′N, 112°00′E, silty, 21 m, BT, 2 July 1959; 4 spms, CN
K77B-53, 22°00′N, 113°30′E, silty mud, 7 m, AT, 16 July 1959; 1 spm, CN Q93B-63,
18°45′N, 110°30′E, coarse sand, 31 m, AT, 29 November 1959; 1 spm, CN S119B-
85, 23°30′N, 117°30′E, fine sand, 37.9 m, AT, 16 November 1959;1 spm, CN S197B-
36, 21°30′N, 113°45′E, fine sand, 44.5 m, AT, 10 January 1960;1 spm, CN N129B-
24, 20°48′N, 110°45′E, sandy mud, 23 m, AT, 11 February 1960; 6 spms, CN
N134B-11, 19°15′N, 110°45′E, fine sand, 35 m, AT, 8 March 1960; 1 spm, CN
N177B-47, 19°15′N, 111°00′E, coarse sand and shell debris, 67 m, AT, 8 April 1960;
1 spm, CN S237B-14, 23°24′N, 117°00′E, silty, 14 m, AT, 24 April 1960; 1 spm,
S236B-30, 23°15′N, 117°00′E, muddy sand, 23 m, AT, 24 April 1960; 1 spm, CN
N109B-13, 20°45′N, 110°30′E, silty, 47 m, BT, 7 February 1960; 2 spms, CN
N191B-17, 19°15′N, 110°45′E, fine sand and shell debris, 36 m, AT, 6 May 1960;
1spm, CN N127B-50, 20°30′N, 111°00′E, fine sand, 30 m, AT, 11 February 1960; 1
spm, CN K170B-13, 22°00′N, 113°30′E, silty, 5.5 m, BT, 10 April 1960; 1 spm, CN
Q259B-7, 21°30′N, 118°30′E, sandy mud, 12 m, AT, 18 July 1960; 1 spm, CN Q154-
33, 20°45′N, 109°30′E, sandy mud, 18 m, AT, 16 February 1960; 1 spm, CN 192B-
33, 18°300′N, 106°15′E, sand and shell debris, 28 m, AT, 11 April 1960; 1 spm, CN
S208B-43, 21°00′N, 114°30′E, muddy sand, 83 m, AT, 8 April 1960; 1 spm, CN
K134B-25, 22°00′N, 113°30′E, silty mud, 7 m, BT; 1 spm, CN N191B-12, 19°15′N,
110°45′E, fine sand, shell debris, 36 m, AT, 6 May 1960; 2 spms, CN K138B-159,
21°30′N, 113°30′E, muddy coarse sand, 39.5 m, AT, 16 February 1960; 1 spm, CN
N158B-3, 18°15′N, 108°45′E, muddy coarse sand, 38 m, AT, 12 March 1960.
Downloaded By: [Cox, Hannah][informa internal users] At: 15:29 16 March 2010

716 B.Q. Li et al.
Nansha Islands. One specimen, CN SSIVB45-17, 107 m, 15 May 1987.
Measurements
See Table 1.
Distribution
Yellow Sea, ECS and SCS, Beibu Gulf, Nansha Islands; Korea and Japan.
Type material
Three syntypes BMNH 1873.8.6.6 (checked by Kilburn), one syntype NMGW
1955.158.1483.
Remarks
Taylor and Wells (1994) reported “this species is common in sublittoral silts and
muds around eastern and southern Hong Kong”. It is very variable in shape.
Funa latisinuata (Smith, 1877)
(Figure 2B)
Pleurotoma (Drillia) latisinuata Smith, 1877, p 494; Watson 1886, p 304, pl. 18, fig. 6
(possibly a syntype but not stated). Type loc.: China.
Brachytoma latisinuata: Yen 1941, p 239.
Funa latisinuata: Taylor and Wells 1994, p 105, pl. 1, fig. c; pl. 2, fig. b.
Inquisitor latisinuata: Chang and Wu 2000, p 15, fig. 4.
Material examined
SCS. One specimen, CN L46B-100, 20°00′N, 111°30′E, sandy mud, 76.5 m, AT, 12
April 1959;1 spm, CN R27B-12, 18°45′N, 110°30′E, fine sand, AT, 10 July 1959; 6
spms, CN N99B-21, 20°15′N, 111°00′E, fine sand, 33 m, AT, 29 October 1959; 3
spms, CN Q93B-12, 18°45′N, 110°30′E, coarse sand, 31 m, AT, 24 November 1959;
2 spms, CN Q119B-7, 22°45′N, 116°30′E, muddy sand, 35 m, AT, 10 January 1960;
3 spms, CN N127B-82, 20°30′N, 111°00′E, muddy fine sand, 30 m, AT, 11 February
1960; 2 spms, CN S111, 21°30′N, 113°45′E, A. T; 8 spms, CN N134B-89, 19°15′N,
110°45′E, fine sand, 35 m, AT, 8 March 1960; 1 spm, CN X168B-150, 21°30′N,
113°30′E, muddy sand, 39 m, AT, 10 April 1960; 2 spms, CN N182B-57, 111°00′E,
fine sand, fine sand, 32 m, 9 April 1960; 1 spm, CN S223B-20, 22°30′N, 115°30′E,
muddy sand and shell debris, AT, 14 April 1960; 1 spm, CN N177B-49, 19°15′N,
111°00′E, coarse sand and shell debris, 8 April 1960; 2 spms, CN Q119B-21,
22°45′N, 116°30′E, muddy sand, 135 m, AT, 10 January 1960; 1 spm, CN S181B-14,
23°15′N, 117°00′E, fine sand, AT, 5 January 1960.
Measurements
See Table 1.
Downloaded By: [Cox, Hannah][informa internal users] At: 15:29 16 March 2010

Journal of Natural History 717
Distribution
Presently known only from SCS.
Type material
Syntypes BMNH 196437, one marked with a red dot (checked by Kilburn).
Remarks
The present material has been compared with photographs (Kilburn, in manuscript)
of a syntype. It appears to be somewhat variable in shape.
Genus Inquisitor Hedley, 1918
Remarks
Although characterised by radula characters, the strong subsutural cord of Inquisitor
spp. may prove useful in distinguishing from Funa spp.
Inquisitor aesopus (Schepman, 1913)
(Figure 1I,J)
Drillia aesopus Schepman, 1913, p 46(410), pl. 26, fig. 6. Type loc.: Kwandang Bay,
west of entrance, north coast of Sulawesi, Indonesia, 72 m, fine sand with mud.
?Crassispira aesopus: Powell 1966, p 76, D.100 (radula) (“?Crassispira cf. aesopus” in
caption).
Inquisitor (Inquisitor) aesopus: Shuto 1970, p 163, pl. 10, figs 9–13 (syntype); Kilburn
1988, p 261, figs 215–216 (lectotype).
Material examined
Beibu Gulf. Two specimens, CN N42B-70, 20°30′N, 108°30′E, medium sand,
50.5 m, AT, 19 April 1959; 1 spm, CN X11B-33, 19°30′N, 106°15′E, muddy sand,
30 m, AT, 5 December 1959; 2 spms, CN X28B-18, 18°45′N, 106°00′E, sand,
25.3 m, AT, 9 December 1959; 1 spm, CN Q21B-22, 19°45′N, 106°30′E, muddy
sand, 31 m, AT, 13 May 1960; 1 spm, CN Q162B-30, 21°15′N, 109°24′E, sand,
12 m, AT, 17 February 1960; 1 spm, CN Q239B-48, 20°15′N, 109°30′E, sandy
mud, 24.5 m, AT, 14 July 1960; 2 spms, CN Q232B-16, 20°00′N, 106°45′E, silty
mud, AT, 12 July 1960; 1 spm, CN Z24B-8, 18°30′N, 106°15′E, muddy sand,
27 m, AT, 16 May 1960; 1 spm, CN X54B-29, 20°00′N, 106°30′E, muddy sand,
33 m, AT, 8 February 1960; 1 spm, CN 84B-11, 19°30′N, 106°00′E, muddy sand,
23.6 m, AT, 13 May 1960; 1 spm, CN X99B-31, 19°45′N, 107°30′E, muddy sand,
49 m, AT, 19 April 1960; 1 spm, CN Q126-26, 20°05′N, 109°45′E, coarse sand,
40 m, AT, 8 February 1960; 1 spm, CN X7AB-21, 19°00′N, 105°45′E, muddy
sand, 12.8 m, AT, 11 February 1960; 2 spms, CN Q149B-32, 20°45′N, 107°30′E,
mud, 31 m, AT, Feb. 16, 1960.
Downloaded By: [Cox, Hannah][informa internal users] At: 15:29 16 March 2010

718 B.Q. Li et al.
SCS. Two specimens, CN X5B-64, 21°45′N, 114°00′E, sand, 51.5 m, 4 December
1959; 1 spm, CN S185B-11, 22°00′N, 115°00′E, silt, 62 m, AT, 8 January 1960; 2
spms, CN S229B-19, 22°00′N, 116°30′E, fine sand, 88 m, AT, 23 April 1960.
Measurements
See Table 1.
Distribution
Beibu Gulf, SCS; Indonesia, Philippines.
Type material
Lectotype (described by Kilburn, 1988) ZMAN, Siboga Exped. 3.13.019, stn 116,
31.2 ×8.8 mm. Two paralectotypes ex Stn 116 in ZMAN, one ex Stn 114, 72 m.
Remarks
This material appears to agree with figures and photographs of type specimens of
Inquisitor aesopus (Figure 1J). This species might also be compared with Clavatula
sinensis Hinds, 1843, but although the name sinensis was frequently used in old litera-
ture, it should be rejected as a nomen dubium, for the following reasons. The type
figure (Hinds 1844: 17, pl. 5, Figure 11) is lacking in details, and no types can now be
traced (the type locality – New Guinea, Straits of Macassar and China Sea, 5–21
fathoms – indicates that at least three syntypes were available to Hinds). Moreover, it
is likely that the type set was composite, as Reeve’s figure (1843: pl. 18, fig. 153), poor
as it is, appears to show a species different from that of Hinds, despite Reeve’s claim
that variability accounted for the differences.
Inquisitor angustus Kuroda and Oyama, in Kuroda et al., (1971)
(Figure 4C)
Inquisitor angustus Kuroda and Oyama, in Kuroda et al. 1971, p 333 and 216, pl. 56,
fig. 9, pl. 110, fig. 13; Kosuge 1992, p 169, 170, pl. 59, figs 8, 9, text fig. 1; Hasegawa
et al. 2000, p 625, pl. 311, fig. 31; Higo et al. 2001, p 194, figure (holotype); Wells
1994, p 92, pl. 4, figs 9–10. Type loc.: Barane, Sagami Bay, Japan, 70–80 m.
Material examined
ECS. One specimen, CN V554B-29, 28°30′N, 126°30′E, fine sand, 126 m, 21
September 1976; 2 spms, CN V560B-79, 32°31′N, 126°59′E, fine sand, 120 m, A.T.,
29 May 1978; 1 spm, CN V570B-56, 26°34′N, 124°01′E, fine sand, 138 m, AT, 11
July 1978.
SCS. Three specimens, 19°30′N, 112°30′E, 156 m, 5 July 1959; 1 spm, CN N178B-
45, 19°30′N, 111°00′E, fine sand, 32 m, AT, 9 April 1960; 1 spm, CN N123B-15,
19°45′N, 111°15′E, muddy sand, 70 m, AT, 10 February 1960; 2 spms, CN S188B-
76, 21°00′N, 115°00′E, coarse sand, 108 m, AT, 9 January 1960.
Downloaded By: [Cox, Hannah][informa internal users] At: 15:29 16 March 2010

Journal of Natural History 719
Nansha Islands. Two specimens, CN SSB10-6, 4°30′N, 111°30′E, 100 m, 23 September
1994.
Measurements
See Table 1.
Distribution
ECS and SCS, Nansha Islands; Japan.
Remarks
The specimens agree with the original description of Kuroda and Oyama, in Kuroda
et al. (1971). However, apparent variability in this species needs careful study.
*Inquisitor incerta (Smith, 1877)
(Figure 1C, D)
Pleurotoma (Drillia) incerta Smith, 1877, p 496. Type loc.: New Guinea.
Drillia incerta: Schepman 1913, p 408 (44); Melvill 1917, p 153, pl. 8, fig. 5.
Brachytoma incerta: Gravely 1942, p 75.
Material examined
SCS. One specimen, CN 54-671, Dongping, Guangdong, 12 November 1954; 5 spms,
CN 57-111, Pingtan, Fujian, 21 March 1957; 3 spms, CN N28B-29, 20°48′N,
110°45′E, sandy mud, 18 m, AT, 17 April 1959; 1 spm, CN SIII36B-77, 23°15′N,
117°00′E, coarse sand, 23.5 m, AT, 21 July 1959.
Measurements
See Table 1.
Distribution
SCS; India to Papua New Guinea. Not previously recorded from the China Seas.
Remarks
Specimens from the China Seas agree with photographs (Figure 1E) of a syntype of
Pleurotoma incerta (BMNH 1854.4.10.59). This species may prove referable to genus Funa.
Inquisitor intertinctus (Smith, 1877)
(Figure 4D)
Pleurotoma (Drillia) intertincta Smith, 1877, p 497. Type loc.: China Seas and
Philippine Islands.
Drillia intertincta: Melvill 1917, pl. 8, fig. 6 (but not his material).
NOT: Inquisitor intertincta: Chang and Wu 2000, p 17, fig. 15a.
Downloaded By: [Cox, Hannah][informa internal users] At: 15:29 16 March 2010

720 B.Q. Li et al.
Material examined
Beibu Gulf. CN Q62B-4-1, 18°45′N, 108°15′E, muddy coarse sand, 29 m, AT, 17
April 1959; 2 spms, CN X44B-43, 18°00′N, 106°50′E, muddy sand, 39.5 m, AT, 12
December 1959; 1 spm, CN K284B-22, 18°30′N, 108°30′E, coarse sand, 25 m, AT; 1
spm, CN X76B-30, 18°30′N, 106°00′E, muddy sand, 18.5 m, AT, 11 February 1960;
3 spms, CN K278B-21, 18°30′N, 106°00′E, muddy sand, 20 m, AT, 20 October
1960; 1 spm, CN X72B-44, 19°00′N, 106°00′E, muddy sand, 28 m, 11 February
1960; 1 spm, CN K265B-30, 19°00′N, 108°30′E, muddy sand, 21 m, AT, 18 October
1960; 1 spm, CN K277B-92, 19°00′N, 105°45′E, muddy sand, 25 m, AT, 20 October
1960; 1 spm, CN X151B-26, 18°30′N, 106°15′E, silty mud, 32 m, AT, 12 January
1962; 1 spm, CN X222B-25, 21°00′N, 108°00′E, coarse sand, 29 m, 24 April 1962; 2
spms, CN X229B-25, 18°00′N, 106°35′E, silty mud, 35 m, AT, 17 August 1962; 2
spms, CN X188B-17, 18°00′N, 106°35′E, silty mud, 33 m, AT, 10 April 1962; 1 spm,
CN X194B-6, 19°00′N, 106°00′E, silt, 27 m, AT, 11 April 1962; 1 spm, CN X147B-
48, 18°00′N, 106°35′E, silt, 37 m, AT, 7 January 1962.
Measurements
See Table 1.
Distribution
Beibu Gulf to Philippines, and west to the Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Islands.
Remarks
Although this species has frequently been misidentified, the Chinese material
agrees with photographs of the holotype (Kilburn manuscript) and with Thai and
Andaman specimens. Inquisitor intertinctus is characterised by its prominent, wavy
and crested spiral cords, which cross the axial cords, each whorl having a strong
varix.
*Inquisitor japonicus (Lischke, 1869)
(Figure 2C)
Drillia japonica Lischke, 1869, p 32–33; Smith 1879, p 191, pl. 19, fig. 15; Cosel 1998,
p 27. Type loc.: Nagasaki, west Kyushu, Japan.
Inquisitor japonicum: Kira 1964, p 124, pl. 39, fig. 25.
Clavus (Tylotiella) japonicus: Kuroda et al. 1971, p 205, pl. 55, fig. 3; Hasegawa et al.
2000, p 621, pl. 309, fig. 7.
Tylotiella japonica: Higo et al. 1999, p 297.
(See Tucker 2004: 512, for further references.)
Material examined
Yellow Sea. One specimen, CN 51-719, Qingdao, Shandong, 22 February 1951;
2 spms, CN V462B-24, 31°30′N, 123°00′E, silty mud, 43 m, AT, 8 October 1975.
Downloaded By: [Cox, Hannah][informa internal users] At: 15:29 16 March 2010

Journal of Natural History 721
Measurements
See Table 1.
Distribution
Yellow Sea, ECS; Japan, Korea. Not previously recorded from the China Seas.
Remarks
We have not been given access to the syntypes of this species, and they have evidently
never been illustrated. Our identification is based on the figures cited above, and a
specimen in the BMNH from the Sykes collection. Furthermore, the systematic posi-
tion of this species cannot be resolved from the shell alone, and it may prove to
belong to the family Drilliidae.
Inquisitor latifasciata (Sowerby, 1870)
(Figure 1H)
Pleurotoma latifasciata Sowerby, 1870, p 253. Type loc.: Hong Kong.
Brachytoma? Latifasciata: Yen, 1941, p 239.
Inquisitor latifasciata: Taylor and Wells, 1994, p 108, pl. 1g, 3a (radula); Taylor,
1994, p 201, pl. 1 e, 7 (radula), Textfigs 11–12 (foregut).
Crassispira pseudoprincipalis (non Yokoyama, 1920): Ma, 2004, p 113, pl. 067,
fig. E.
Material examined
Bohai Gulf. One specimen, Beidaihe, Hebei province, intertidal zone, 5 May 1950; 17
spms, Beidaihe, Hebei province, intertidal zone, 2 May 1950; 3 spms, CN 0221,
Qinhuangdao, Hebei province, intertidal zone, 6 June 1950; 5 spms, Beidaihe, Hebei
province, intertidal zone, 1 May 1950; 5 spms, CN 0030, Beidaihe, Hebei province,
intertidal zone, 2 May 1950; 2 spms, Beidaihe, Hebei province, intertidal zone, 4 May
1950; 4 spms, CN H221B-8, 39°18′N, 121°20′E, silt, 19 m, AT, 18 April 1959;
12 spms, CN H226B-5, 40°00′N, 121°18′E, sandy mud, 23.5 m, AT, 18 July 1959.
Yellow Sea. One specimen, Qingdao, intertidal zone, 23 April 1951; 1 spm, Cangkou,
Qingdao, intertidal zone, 18 October 1951; 2 spms, CN 53-056, Cangkou, Qingdao,
intertidal zone, 4 July 1953; 1 spm, Cangkou, Qingdao, intertidal zone, 10 December
1959; 2 spms, CN 18–31, 35°00′N, 120°30′E, sta. 3059, 36 m, AT, 20 October 1959.
ECS. One specimen, CN 57-658, Pingtan, Fujian province, intertidal zone, 14 March
1957; 4 spms, CN 104B-15, 32°30′N, 124°00′E, 43 m, AT, 9 December 1959; 2 spms,
30°00′N, 122°45′E, silty mud, 42 m, AT, 8 December 1959; 1 spm, CN Ck-7, Estu-
ary of Changjiang, silty mud, 27 m, 8 August 1985.
SCS. Two specimens, CN K77B-42, 22°00′N, 113°30′E, silt, 7 m, AT, 16 July 1959; 1
spm, Xinying, Hainan Isl., 6 m, 4 May 1958; 3 spms, CN Q184B-39, muddy sand, 16 m,
17 April 1960; 5 spms, CN Q195B-30, 20°45′N, 109°30′E, sandy mud, 19 m, AT, 20
April 1960.
Downloaded By: [Cox, Hannah][informa internal users] At: 15:29 16 March 2010

722 B.Q. Li et al.
Measurements
See Table 1.
Distribution
Bohai Gulf, Yellow Sea, ECS and SCS; Japan.
Remarks
This distinctive species has a wide range in the China Seas. The present material
agrees with photographs and a description of the syntypes (Kilburn, manuscript). It
was erroneously recorded from China as Inquisitor pseudoprincipalis (Yokoyama,
1920) by Ma (1983, 2004).
Inquisitor nudivaricosus Kuroda and Oyama, in Kuroda et al., (1971)
(Figure 2D)
Inquisitor nudivaricosus Kuroda and Oyama, in Kuroda et al. 1971, p 333, 215, pl. 56,
fig. 10, pl. 110, fig. 14; Higo et al. 1999, p 308; Hasegawa et al. 2000, p 625, pl. 311,
fig. 26; Higo et al. 2001, p 103, Figure G3585. Type loc.: Amadaiba-Maruyamadashi,
Sagami Bay, central Honshu, Japan.
Material examined
ECS. One specimen, CN V469B-40, 27°30′N, 126°00′E, fine sand, 162 m, AT, 10
October 1975; 1 spm, CN V473B-36, 27°30′N, 124°00′E, fine sand, 100 m, AT, 10
October 1975; 1 spm, CN V 474B-9, 27°30′N, 123°00′E, fine sand, 90 m, 11 October
1975; 5 spms, CN V527B-35, 26°33′N, 122°30′E, fine sand and shell debris, 105 m,
AT, 11 June 1978.
SCS. One specimen, CN S79B-53, 21°00′N, 114°00′E, 78 m, AT, 10 April 1959; 5
spms, CN L68B-19, 19°45′N, 111°15′E, muddy sand, 78 m, AT, 25 April 1959; 1
spm, CN SIII18B-51, 21°00′N, 115°00′E, sandy mud, 103 m, AT, 14 July 1959; 2
spms, CN N66B-41, 19°30′N, 111°15′E, sandy mud, 90 m, BT, 13 July 1959; 1 spm,
CN K55B-95, 19°30′N, 112°30′E, sand, 156 m, AT, 5 July 1959; 4 spms, CN K124B-
55, 20°00′N, 112°30′E, muddy sand, 104 m, AT, 8 February 1960; 1spm, CN
N161B-52, 17°45′N, 108°30′E, muddy coarse sand, 80 m, AT, 13 March 1960; 1
spm, 20°00′N, 112°30′E, muddy sand, 108 m; 5 spms, CN K123B-27, 19°30′N,
112°30′E, coarse sandy mud, 174 m, AT, 8 February 1960; 1 spm, CN K146B-61,
20°30′N, 112°00′E, sandy mud, 68 m, AT, 4 April 1960.
Nansha Islands. Two specimens, CN SSIV46-20, 4°00′N, 110°00′E, muddy sand,
99 m, AT, 15 May 1987; 2 spms, CN SSIVB45-17, 4°30′N, 110°00′E, 107 m,
AT, 15 May 1987; 2 spms, CN SSB9-2, 4°30′N, 109°30′E, 108 m, 23 September
1994.
Measurements
See Table 1.
Downloaded By: [Cox, Hannah][informa internal users] At: 15:29 16 March 2010

Journal of Natural History 723
Distribution
ECS and SCS, Nansha Islands; Japan.
Remarks
This species appears to have no major distinctive characters, but the Chinese speci-
mens appear to agree with the original description and published photographs of the
holotype, apart from weaker axial ribs and paler colour. Inquisitor nudivaricosus may
be distinguished from Funa jeffreysii (Smith, 1875) in its finer shell sculpture, and
may similarly prove to belong to the genus Funa.
Inquisitor plurivaricis sp. nov.
(Figure 1F, G)
Type material
Holotype. ECS. One specimen, CN 553B-35, 28°30′N, 127°30′E, fine sand, 114 m,
AT, 20 September 1976.
Paratypes. SCS. One specimen, CN K78B-57, 22°00′N, 113°30′E, silty mud, 7 m,
BT, 18 October 1959; 1 spm, CN L65B-74, 19°15′N, 111°00′E, sandy mud, 78 m,
AT, 25 April 1959; 1 spm, CN 1Y97B-18, 20°15′N, 111°00′E, sandy mud, 73 m, AT,
29 October 1959; 4 spms, CN S219B-51, 20°15′N, 111°15′E, muddy sand, 115 m,
AT, 13 April 1960; 1 spm, CN Q84B-43, 17°45′N, 109°30′E, muddy sand, 87 m, AT,
21 November 1959; 1 spm, CN N74B-16, 19°00′N, 111°30′E, fine sandy mud,
160 m, AT, 16 July 1959; 1 spm, 20°00′N, 112°30′E, muddy sand, 108 m; 1 spm, CN
SIII19B-61, 21°30′N, 115°30′E, sandy mud, 115 m, AT, 14 July 1959; 1 spm, CN
L6873-150, 19°45′N, 111°15′E, muddy sand, 78 m, AT, 25 April 1959; 1 spm, CN
17–19, 17°30′N, 109°30′E, sandy mud, 110 m, AT, 29 January 1959; 1 spm, CN
N150B-7, 17°30′N, 109°30′E, sandy mud, 111 m, AT, 11 March 1960; 1 spm, CN
172B-9, 19°00′N, 111°30′E, sandy silt, 162 m, AT, 7 April 1960; 1 spm, CN 162N-
41, 20°00′N, 113°00′E, muddy sand, 125 m, At, 8 September 1960; 1 spm, CN
N120B-35, 19°15′N, 111°00′E, muddy sand, 80 m, AT, 10 February 1960.
Nansha Islands. One specimen, CN SSB2-5, 8°30′N, 109°00′E, 143 m, 17 September
1994; 2 spms, CN SSB2-6, 8°30′N, 109°00′E, 143 m, 17 September 1994.
Measurements
See Table 1.
Description
Shell medium to large (up to 41.5 mm in length), elongated fusiform, heavy. Spire
high, 0.57–0.60 of total length; whorls convex, particularly body whorl, with a slight,
rounded shoulder below sulcus, which is shallow; suture bordered by a slight cord.
Suture narrow, distinct, slightly undulated. Teleoconch of 14 whorls. Sculpture of
narrow, strong axial ribs, 15 on penultimate whorl, 13 on body whorl, which extend
to about mid-columella level; ribs weakly opisthocline, tending to line up on adjacent
Downloaded By: [Cox, Hannah][informa internal users] At: 15:29 16 March 2010

724 B.Q. Li et al.
whorls. Varices two to three per whorl, situated about one-third of last whorl behind
lip. Numerous thin and crisp, wavy spiral ridges overriding axial ribs, five on penulti-
mate whorl, 12 on body whorl, but absent on shoulder ramp; subsutural cord weak.
Spiral striae absent. Dense growth lines. Aperture narrowly elliptical, subrectangular,
gradually tapering to siphonal canal. Outer lip thin, edge weakly crenulated, strom-
boid notch evenly concave. Anal sinus deeply V-shaped with rounded apex, expanding
at edge, its apex on lower side of shoulder ramp. Columella straight, callus narrow,
forming a narrow false umbilicus, parietal callus thin. Siphonal canal relatively long,
deep, narrow, recurved; anterior tip shallowly notched.
Protoconch high, three whorls, the first two smooth, the last one present with
sparse axial ribs; breadth 1.13–1.42 mm.
Ground colour yellowish-brown, early whorls darker, interior of aperture and
axial ribs off-white, with darker brown maculations next to varices.
Distribution
ECS and SCS, Nansha Islands.
Etymology
Latin compound noun, plurivaricis meaning several (plures) + varicoid (varicis), refer-
ring to the two or three varices on the shell surface.
Remarks
This species is somewhat similar to Inquisitor aesopus (Schepman, 1913) in shell profile,
but differs in its more convex whorls, slightly stronger axial ribs which terminate in a
weak, not angular shoulder below the subsutural convexity, and the presence of two to
three varices on each whorl instead of only one varix on the back of the last whorl as in
I. aesopus; the end of the siphonal canal in I. aesopus is notched, unlike I. plurivaricis.
Inquisitor plurivaricis is also comparable with I. rufovaricosa (Kuroda and Oyama, in
Kuroda et al., (1971), from Japan and southern China (recorded by Chang and Wu
2000, from Taiwan); the latter species differs from I. plurivaricis in its long, recurved
siphonal canal, stronger subsutural cord, more numerous axial ribs, reddish-brown
base and elongate, dark reddish-brown blotches adjacent to the varices.
Inquisitor sp. cf. solomonensis (Smith, 1876)
(Figure 4E)
?Pleurotoma(?) solomonensis Smith, 1876, p 537, pl. 30, fig. 6. Type loc.: San
Cristoval [Cristobal], Makira Province, Solomon Islands
Material examined
SCS. One specimen, CN S219B-51, 21°30′N, 115°30′E, muddy sand, 115 m, AT, 13
April 1960.
Measurements
See Table 1.
Downloaded By: [Cox, Hannah][informa internal users] At: 15:29 16 March 2010

Journal of Natural History 725
Distribution
SCS; Solomon Islands.
Remarks
The only specimen collected from SCS is immature and has major repaired fractures,
hence it cannot be identified with certainty. It shows closest resemblance to Inquisitor
solomonensis (Smith, 1876), a species known to range from the Solomon Islands and
New Britain to south Moluccas, with an unconfirmed record from Fiji. The holotype
(BMNH 1876.1.10.140) has been examined by Kilburn (manuscript).
Inquisitor sp. 1
(Figure 3E)
Material examined
ECS. One specimen, CN H21B-45, 31°00′N, 123°30′E, muddy sand, 50.5 m, AT, 10
February 1959.
Measurements
See Table 1.
Distribution
ECS.
Remarks
The single specimen collected from ECS in 1959, was reported by Hasegawa et al.
(2000) as Inquisitor chocolatus (Smith, 1875), but is very different to the holotype of
Pleurotoma (Drillia) chocolata (BMNH 1873.8.6.8, examined by Kilburn). This spec-
imen displays no obvious distinctive characters, and more material is obviously
needed.
Inquisitor varicosus (Reeve, 1843)
(Figure 2E)
Pleurotoma varicosa Reeve, 1843, pl. 17, fig. 141a, b. Type loc.: Calapan, Mindoro
Island, Philippines, 15 fath. [27 m].
?Inquisitor varicosa: Springsteen and Leobrera, 1986, p 270, pl. 77, fig. 16.
Material examined
One specimen, Xincun, Hainan Island.
Measurements
See Table 1.
Downloaded By: [Cox, Hannah][informa internal users] At: 15:29 16 March 2010

726 B.Q. Li et al.
Distribution
SCS; Philippines, Indonesia. Not previously recorded from the China Seas.
Type material
Three syntypes BMNH 1963873 (checked by Kilburn).
Remarks
Although the shell surface is somewhat worn, the specimen appears to agree with
photographs of syntypes (Kilburn, manuscript), although the base is somewhat
narrower.
Inquisitor vividus sp. nov.
(Figure 3F, G)
Type material
Holotype. Nansha Islands. CN SSVIIIB8-30-1, 7°24′N, 104°52′E, muddy sand,
44 m, AT, 9 June 1990.
Paratypes. Nansha Islands. One specimens, CN SSVIIIB8-30-2, 7°24′N, 104°52′E,
muddy sand, 44 m, AT, 9 June 1990; 1 spm, CN SSB5-8, 5°30′N, 108°30′E, 93 m, 17
September 1994.
SCS. Two specimens, CN SIII23B-91, 22°15′N, 115°30′E, sandy mud, 47.2 m, AT,
17 July 1959; 1 spm, CN S140B-39, 21°15′N, 114°30′E, silty mud, 75 m, AT, 10
December 1959.
Measurements
See Table 1.
Description
Shell medium-sized, up to 23.2 mm in height, fusiform, with high (1.4 to 1.5 times
length of aperture including canal). Suture narrow, distinct, undulating, with a dis-
tinct, relatively low, nodular subsutural cord; sulcus moderately deep, initially
crossed by axial ribs, but incising them on last two whorls. Teleoconch of 11 whorls,
early whorls weakly convex, later ones strongly so. Sculpture of narrow, angular
axial ribs, 13 on penultimate whorl, 14 on last whorl, which extend to parietal level;
ribs slightly opisthocline, tending to line up on adjacent whorls, bases of ribs on last
whorl thin and curved (vermiculate); ribs randomly forming one to two distinct
varices on each whorl, that on back of last whorl particularly strong. Numerous flat
and wavy spiral ridges override axial ribs, forming coarse nodules; five to six spirals
on penultimate whorl, 12 on body whorl, plus several fine spiral threads continuing
to tip of anterior canal; interspaces between each pair of primary spiral ridges with
one relatively fine intermediary thread. Spiral striae absent. Numerous axial growth
lines. Aperture elongate-ovate. Outer lip thick, crenulated, with distinct stromboid
Downloaded By: [Cox, Hannah][informa internal users] At: 15:29 16 March 2010

Journal of Natural History 727
notch near anterior tip. Anal sinus lacrimiform (deeply U-shaped with strongly con-
stricted opening), its rounded apex on the side of shoulder ramp. Columella straight,
with thin, narrow callus. Anterior canal relatively short, deep, anterior tip notched,
strongly recurved to right. Protoconch high, conical, three whorls, smooth, breadth
1.52–1.63 mm.
Ground colour light reddish-brown, apical whorls darker brown, axial ribs off-
white, forming a broad, interrupted white band around middle of each whorl, lower
on earlier whorls, base of last whorl with pale nodules, one row whiter than others,
with darkish brown maculations besides the varices; subsutural cord with white
nodules and brown intervals.
Distribution
Only known from northern part of the SCS and Nansha Islands.
Etymology
Latin adjective, vividus, meaning vividly coloured.
Remarks
Somewhat similar to Inquisitor rubrozonatus (Schepman, 1913), a widely-distributed
species (Arabian Gulf to Indonesia), which is smaller, without distinct granules on its
base, with a less recurved siphonal canal and a more open anal sinus; it also lacks the
broad white zone on the axial ribs of I. vividus. There is also a slight similarity to
Inquisitor taivaricosa Chang and Wu, 2000, of southern China and the Philippines,
but that has brown spiral lines, lacks the conspicuous white ribs and has a shorter
siphonal canal and less constricted anal sinus.
Genus Paradrillia Makiyama, 1940
Remarks
This genus contains many problematic species, some of which are based on poorly
preserved fossils.
Paradrillia patruelis (E. A. Smith, 1875)
(Figure 3I)
Pleurotoma patruelis Smith, 1875, p 419. Type loc.: Japanese Seas, 34°06′N,
136°15′E, 11 fath. [20 m].
Paradrillia patruelis: Habe 1964, 119, pl. 38, fig. 7; Powell 1969, p 315, pl. 243, figs 1–4.
Vexitomina chinensis Ma 1989, p 163–164, fig. 1.
Material examined
Bohai Gulf and Yellow Sea. One specimen, CN H213B-4, 121°00′E, 38°03′N, 19 m, clay,
AT, 17 July 1959; 1 spm, CN Y405A-8, 122°30′E, 34°00′N, brown mud, 42 m, AT, 28
October 1959; 5 spms, CN H281B-3, 121°49′E, 38°51′N, 28.4 m, mud, AT, 22 October
Downloaded By: [Cox, Hannah][informa internal users] At: 15:29 16 March 2010

728 B.Q. Li et al.
1959; 3 spms, CN Y316B-13, 122°30′E, 34°00′N, 54 m, clay, AT, 21 July 1959; 7 spms,
CN Y379B-35, 123°30′E, 37°00′N, 29 m, mud, AT, 22 October 1959; 1 spm, CN H0050,
122°30′E, 34°00′N, 44 m, mud, 31 January 1959; 1 spm, CN Y265B-33, 37°00′N,
123°00′E, silt, 27 m, AT, 11 July 1959; 1 spm, CN Y376B-3, 37°15′N, 123°00′E, silt,
30 m, AT, 20 October 1959; 3 spms, CN Y405B-7, 122°30′E, 34°00′N, 42 m, silty mud,
AT, 28 October 1959; 1 spm, CN Y180B-6, 37°50′N, 121°30′E, silt, 21 m, AT, 23 April
1959; 6 spms, CN H198B-10, 122°10′E, 37°39′N, 21 m, clay, AT, 20 October 1959; 5
spms, CN H284B-2, 37°40′N, 122°31′E, silt, 25 m, AT, 20 October 1959.
ECS. One specimen, CN D142B-37, 31°30′N, 124°00′E, 77 m, mud, AT, 9 Decem-
ber 1959; 1 spm, CN 06-18, 28°00′N, 123°30′E, sand and shell debris, 86 m, AT, 8
January 1959; 1 spm, CN C71B-45, 33°30′N, 123°00′E, muddy sand, 47 m, AT, 25
October 1959; 1 spm, CN D41B-46, 28°00′N, 122°00′E, silt, 52 m, AT, 3 July 1959.
SCS. One specimen, CN S221B-49, 22°00′N, 115°30′E, silt, 78 m, AT, 14 April
1960; 2 spms, CN Y282B-9, 36°15′N, 121°30′E, silty mud, 31 m, 13 July 1959; 1
spms, CN Y389A-12, 121°30′E, 36°15′N, silty mud, 31 m; 1 spm, CN 8-20,
18°00′N, 101°30′E, silty mud, 169 m, AT, 27 January 1959; 5 spms, CN SIII21B-51,
22°00′N, 115°30′E, silty mud, 74.2 m, AT, 15 July 1959; CN S216B-53, 21°45′N,
115°00′E, silty mud, 81.5 m, AT, 13 April 1960.
Measurements
See Table 1.
Distribution
Bohai Gulf, Yellow Sea, ECS and SCS; Japan to Philippines.
Type material
Holotype of Pleurotoma patruelis is BMNH 1873.8.6.14 (checked by Kilburn).
Remarks
After examining the type specimens of Vexitomina chinensis Ma, 1989, Li and Li
found that it closely resembles the variable Paradrillia patruelis (E. A. Smith, 1875)
(Powell 1969: 312, pl. 243, figs 1–4). Ma (1989) did not compare the two.
Paradrillia sultana (Thiele, 1925)
(Figure 5B)
Crassispira sultana Thiele, 1925, p 199 (233), pl. 24 (36), fig. 5. Type loc.: Tanzania:
off Zanzibar/Pemba, 5°55.8′S, 39° 01.2′E, 50 m.
Material examined
Yellow Sea. Three specimens, Jianggezhuang, Qingdao, Shandong, 13 September 1973.
ECS. One specimen, 21°30′ to 32°00′N, 114°00′ to 127°00′E, 1973.
Downloaded By: [Cox, Hannah][informa internal users] At: 15:29 16 March 2010

Journal of Natural History 729
SCS. One specimen, CN K156A, 112°30′E, 21°30′N, silty mud, 23 m, 7 April 1960.
Measurements
See Table 1.
Description
Taken from Kilburn manuscript, based on freshest syntypes of Crassispira sultana
Thiele, 1925.
Shell claviform, base relatively short and broad, siphonal canal slightly obliquely
truncate, deeply indented, outer lip thin, anal sinus deep, tongue-shaped, slightly
adapically inclined, apex broadly rounded, occupying most of sulcus, parietal pad
small; stromboid notch shallow; interior of outer lip with six or seven thin, sharp
spiral ridges. Early whorls with a subsutural cord separated by a shallow sulcus from
a series of node-like ribs, which are not divided by a furrow to form a second row of
nodules posteriorly. Subsutural cord compressed but strong on later whorls, sulcus
wider, deep and concave. Axial ribs narrow, opisthocline, becoming weak and pro-
curved below suture, forming compressed tubercles at periphery, 13–14 on penulti-
mate whorl, extending onto base; penultimate whorl without a peripheral cord. Base
of spire whorls with one to two thin spiral ridges, another in sulcus and several
between tubercles; base of last whorl with 10–12 spiral ridges, wide-set except on
Figure 5. Species of subfamily Crassispirinae. (A) Paradrillia sp. 1 (ECS, CN 0034-2); (B)
Paradrillia sultana (ECS); (C) Paradrillia sp. 3 (Bohai Gulf); (D) Paradrillia sp. 2.(ECS).
Downloaded By: [Cox, Hannah][informa internal users] At: 15:29 16 March 2010

730 B.Q. Li et al.
rostrum, where close and smooth. Basal spiral ridges and axial ribs forming a weak
nodose-cancellate sculpture (except on rostrum), their interstices somewhat fenes-
trate at parietal level. Microsculpture of fine collabral threads.
Glossy, uniform white. Protoconch papillate, of 2.0 whorls, first tilted, smooth,
second with a weak angle below midwhorl, and 10 arcuate, opisthocline axial riblets,
breadth 0.44–0.46 mm.
Dimensions: 7.9 ×2.9 mm, aperture 1.9 mm.
Distribution
Yellow Sea, ECS and SCS; east Africa. Not previously recorded from the China Seas.
Remarks
A full description of the freshest syntype is given, as this species has been
overlooked in the literature. It may have been confused with Paradrillia
inconstans (Smith, 1875) from which it differs in its prominent, angular subsu-
tural cord and deep, narrow sulcus (subsutural groove), which contains only one
spiral thread.
Paradrillia sp. 1
(Figure 5A)
Material examined
ECS. One specimen, CN 0034-2, Changjiang River estuary, muddy sand, 40 m, 11
September 1985.
Measurements
See Table 1.
Distribution
Changjiang River estuary.
Remarks
The only specimen resembles Paradrillia dainichensis (Yokoyama, 1923) in shell
profile, but differs in having a nodular subsutural cord, and the latter (Powell’s inter-
pretation of a decayed fossil of P. dainichensis) has practically no cord at all. Because
of its worn shell, the specimen cannot be identified to species level.
Paradrillia sp. 2
(Figure 5D)
Material examined
Bohai Gulf. One specimen, CN H249A-6, 39°05′N, 118°58′E, silt, 15 m, 21 July
1959; 3 spms, Yellow River Estuary, no date recorded.
Downloaded By: [Cox, Hannah][informa internal users] At: 15:29 16 March 2010

Journal of Natural History 731
ECS. One specimen, CN 10-980, 31°50′N, 122°30′E, Changjiang River Estuary,
silty mud, 26 m, 30 June 1986.
Measurements
See Table 1.
Distribution
Estuaries of Yellow River and Changjiang River.
Remarks
Originally identified as Paradrillia melvilli Powell, 1969, the present specimens differ
from the holotype of that species (in BMNH, examined by Kilburn) in the distinct
subsutural cord, lack of dense axial threads on the base, and 3.5 protoconch whorls,
instead of three.
Paradrillia sp. 3
(Figure 5C)
Material examined
Bohai Gulf. One specimen, CN 0199, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, 6 May 1950; 4 spms,
Beidaihe, Hebei; 4 spms, CN 0031, Beidaihe, Hebei, 2 May 1950.
Yellow Sea. Four specimens, Yantai, Shandong; 2 spms, CN 315, Yantai, Shandong;
7 spms, Jianggezhuang, Qingdao, Shandong, 13 September 1973.
SCS. One specimen, CN K3A-8, 112°30′E, 21°00′N, muddy sand, 52 m, 26 February
1959.
Measurements
See Table 1.
Distribution
Coast of Hebei (Qinhangdao, Beidaihe), Bohai Gulf, Shandong (Yantai, Qingdao),
Yellow Sea, northern SCS.
Remarks
The specimens included here are not in fresh condition, although they are perhaps
comparable with Drillia prunulum Melvill and Standen, 1901, which Powell (1969)
regarded as a subspecies of Paradrillia inconstans (Smith, 1875). However, the appar-
ent sympatry and extreme variation claimed by Powell does not lend support to such
a relationship. Compared with inconstans the last whorl in these specimens is more
elongated and subcylindrical.
Downloaded By: [Cox, Hannah][informa internal users] At: 15:29 16 March 2010

732 B.Q. Li et al.
Genus Ptychobela Thiele, 1925
Ptychobela flavidula (auctt non Lamarck, 1822)
(Figure 4F)
Material examined
Yellow Sea. Three specimens, CN 40-12, 36°45′N, 122°15′E, silty clay, 20 m, AT, 29
October 1958; 1 spm, CN H102B-12, 36°00′N, 121°00′E, sandy mud and gravel,
35 m, B.T., 24 April 1959; 2 spms, CN Y275B-16, 36°30′N, 122°00′E, silty clay,
24 m, AT, 12 July 1959.
ECS. Twenty-eight specimens, CN V311A-5, 32°00′N, 122°30′E, coarse sand and
shell debris, 25 m, AT, 24 October 1959; 36 spms, VN C50B-27, 32°30′N, 122°15′E,
fine sand, 27 m, AT, 22 October 1959; 3 spms, CN 222-40, 31°30′N, 123°00′E, silt,
59 m, BT, 4 February 1959; 10 spms, CN F48B-10, 30°00′N, 120°45′E, silt, 42 m,
AT, 8 December 1959.
Beibu Gulf. One specimen, CN X152B-17, 19°00′N, 106°30′E, 40 m, sand, AT, 26
October 1960; 1 spms, CN X172B-21, 20°00′N, 108°30′E, fine sandy mud and slit,
62 m, AT, 21 January 1962; 1 spm, CN X192B-33, 18°30′N, 106°15′E, sandy mud
and shell debris, 28 m, AT, 11 April 1962; 1 spm, CN X192, 18°30′N, 106°15′E, shell
debris and sand, 20 m, AT, 11 April 1962.
SCS. Three specimens, CN K81B-17, 21°15′N, 114°00′E, sand, 52 m, AT, 18 Octo-
ber 1959; 1 spm, CN K104B-59, 20°30′N, 112°00′E, sandy mud, 65 m, AT, 28 Octo-
ber 1959; 1 spm, CN K102B-18, 19°30′N, 112°00′E, muddy sand, 122 m, AT, 28
October 1959; 1 spm, CN K13B-86, 21°30′N, 111°30′E, muddy coarse sand, 39.5 m,
AT, 16 February 1960; 1 spm, CN S175B-48, 23°30′N, 117°30′E, fine sand, 34 m,
AT, 4 January 1960; 1 spm, CN K152B-32, 20°00′N, 112°30′E, muddy sand, 101 m,
AT, 6 April 1960; 1 spm, CN Q203B-4, 21°24′N, 109°00′E, muddy sand, 11 m, AT,
22 April 1960; 1 spm, CN X7AB-20, 19°00′N, 105°45′E, muddy sand, 128 m, AT, 11
February 1960; 1 spm, CN N15B-84, 18°15′N, 108°45′E, coarse sand, 38 m, AT, 12
March 1960; 1 spm, CN K280B-16, 18°30′N, 106°30′E, sand, 40 m, AT, 26 October
1960.
Measurements
See Table 1.
Distribution
Yellow Sea, ECS and SCS, Beibu Gulf, Nansha Islands.
Remarks
This and several similar species have been commonly misidentified as Pleurotoma
flavidula Lamarck, 1822 (1822: 92, type loc.: Red Sea), a species only briefly described
by its author, without figures or figure references. However, the lectotype of that species
in the MHNG (which according to Dr Yves Finet is accompanied by a label in
Lamarck’s own handwriting) shows little resemblance to P. flavidula auctt. It has a short,
Downloaded By: [Cox, Hannah][informa internal users] At: 15:29 16 March 2010

Journal of Natural History 733
broad siphonal canal and a wide, weakly concave subsutural region (see Figure 4G), and
appears close to Ptychobela concolor (Smith, 1877) (syntype see Figure 6A), a rare spe-
cies apparently known only from Indonesia. Previous misidentifications were probably
initiated by early authors following Kiener (1840: 30, pl. 6, fig. 2), who despite having
access to Lamarck’s holotype (“Coll. Mass. et Mus.”), illustrated as this species a shell
with a long, tapering siphonal canal, very different to the holotype of P. flavidula.
Pleurotoma (Drillia) pseudoprincipalis Yokoyama, 1920, from the Pleistocene of
Japan, sometimes cited as a synonym of P. flavidula, has a well-developed subsutural
cord which not only distinguishes the two species at a glance, but indicates that
P. (D.) pseudoprincipalis might be an Inquisitor.
References to figures of Pleurotoma flavidula of authors are not given here, as
there appear to be several (if not many) similar but undescribed species belonging to
this complex. A new name is not proposed because an in-depth study of the species-
complex is clearly required. The present specimens from China show great variation
in shell outline, number of axial ribs, spiral ridges and proportions (see Table 1). This
species is abundant in the Yellow Sea, ECS and SCS.
*Ptychobela minimarus (Kosuge, 1993)
(Figure 3H)
Inquisitor minimarus Kosuge, 1993, p 11, 12, pl. 5, figs 1, 2, text fig. 1 (protoconch);
Wells 1994: p 91, pl. 4, figs 7, 8.
Figure 6. (A) Syntype of Pleurotoma (Drillia) concolor Smith, 1877, BMNH 1964227, Moluc-
cas; 42.1 ×11.2 mm; (B) Ptychobela suturalis (Hainan Island); (C, D) Ptychobela resticula sp.
nov. (holotype, SCS, CN S208B-42, 83 m, 41.5 ×14.3 m); (E) Ptychobela vexillium (SCS, CN
N31B-13).
Downloaded By: [Cox, Hannah][informa internal users] At: 15:29 16 March 2010

734 B.Q. Li et al.
Material examined
One specimen, Xincun, Hainan Island.
Measurements
See Table 1.
Distribution
Hainan Islands, Australia. Not previously recorded from the China Seas.
Remarks
The specimen agrees well with photographs (Kilburn manuscript) of the holotype.
Although only the radula will confirm its generic position, its shell characters appear
closer to several Ptychobela spp than to Inquisitor. Wells (1994) noted that the species
was “known only from 154 to 200 m depth N. of Port Hedland, Western Australia”.
The present specimen was definitely collected in shallower water.
Ptychobela resticula sp. nov.
(Figures 6C, D)
Type material
Holotype. SCS. One specimen. CN S208B-42, 21°00′N, 114°30′E, muddy sand,
83 m, AT, 8 April 1960.
Paratypes. SCS. One specimen, CN N126B-12, 20°15′N, 110°45′E, medium sand,
55 m, AT, 10 February 1960.
Measurement
See Table 1.
Description
Shell biconic-fusiform, heavy; medium to large (adult length 33.0–41.5 mm). Spire
high, approximately equal in length to aperture (including canal); body whorl
convex, and anterior canal relatively short, slightly flexed. Teleoconch with 10 evenly
convex whorls, body whorl most strongly so. Suture narrow, adpressed, distinct.
Sculpture of strong, opisthocline, rounded axial ribs, beginning below sulcus, extend-
ing to base of whorl, on last whorl these ribs weaken and evanesce at about
midwhorl; with nine ribs on penultimate and last whorls. Subsutural cord very
strong, slightly wider than sulcus, bearing three or four fine spiral threads. Spiral
ridges strong, rounded, crossing the axial ribs, five to six on penultimate whorl, and
18–19 between the last suture and the tip of the base. Sulcus and interspaces between
main ridges with thinner and weaker spiral ridges. Growth lines forming coarse
threads. Aperture moderately narrow, outer lip slightly flared, thickened, with low
crenulations along its edge and a deep stromboid notch. Anal sinus asymmetrically
Downloaded By: [Cox, Hannah][informa internal users] At: 15:29 16 March 2010

Journal of Natural History 735
U-shaped, directed slightly adapically, parietal nodule pronounced. Siphonal canal
relatively short and deep, end rounded.
Protoconch high conical, of two to three whorls, smooth; breadth 1.21–1.29 mm.
Colour orange-brown, interior of aperture and parietal callus porcellanous-white.
Etymology
Latin resticula, noun, rope-like, referring to the strong subsutural cord.
Distribution
Only known from the type locality, the SCS.
Remarks
Ptychobela resticula sp. nov. is characterised by its proportionally low spire, strong
spiral ridges and a rope-like subsutural cord comprising three or four fine spiral
threads. The new species is somewhat similar to Ptychobela suturalis (Gray, 1838) but
differs in proportions (such as a lower spire) and a stronger subsutural cord.
Ptychobela suturalis (Gray, 1838)
(Figure 6B)
Drillia suturalis Gray, 1838, p 29. Type loc. unknown.
Ptychobela suturalis: Kilburn 1989, p 190, figs 5, 6 (holotype), not 7–8
[= P. vexillium].
Non P. suturalis: Taylor and Wells 1994, p 110, pl. 1, fig. f, pl. 2, figs c–e.
Material examined
SCS. Three specimens, Hainan Island; 1 spm, CN 58-M0440, Haitangtou (Hianan
Island), 21 April 1958; 5 spms, Hele Harbour, Hainan Island; 1 spm, Xincun, Hainan
Island.
Measurements
See Table 1.
Distribution
Hainan Island, Taiwan, SCS; Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, Australia.
Remarks
The species illustrated by Taylor and Wells (1994) as Ptychobela suturalis may be
undescribed, as it lacks the strongly arched outer lip, well-defined subsutural cord,
truncate siphonal canal and peripheral nodules of true suturalis. Ptychobela suturalis
resembles P. vexillium (Habe and Kosuge, 1966) in shell profile and sculpture (Habe
and Kosuge 1966a), but differs from the latter with the weaker spiral ridges and much
narrower siphonal canal.
Downloaded By: [Cox, Hannah][informa internal users] At: 15:29 16 March 2010

736 B.Q. Li et al.
Ptychobela vexillium (Habe and Kosuge, 1966)
(Figure 6E)
Brachytoma vexillium Habe and Kosuge, 1966 (January), p 96, pl. 38, fig. 15. Type
loc. not given [= Anpin, Formosa [Taiwan], fide Habe and Kosuge 1966b (May)].
Brachytoma vexillum Habe and Kosuge, 1966b (May), p 321, pl. 29, fig. 5. Type loc.:
Anpin, Formosa [Taiwan].
Ptychobela vexillum: Springsteen and Leobrera 1986, p 279, pl. 80, fig. 2.
Inquisitor vexillum: Chang and Wu 2000, p 19, fig. 19.
Material examined
SCS. One specimen, CN 54–832, Wushi (Guangdong), 11 December 1954; 3 spms,
Xincun, Hainan Island; 1 spm, CN 55-561, Sanya, Hainan Island, 16 April 1955; 1
spm, CN 55-691, Yingehai (Hainan Island), 6 May 1955; 1 spm, CN 55-223,
Fangcheng (Guangxi), 7 February 1955; 1 spm, CN N31B-13, 20°12′N, 110°30′E,
coarse sand, shell debris, 64 m, AT, 17 April 1959; 1spm, CN 2–23, 20°48′N,
110°45′E, muddy sand, 21 m, AT, 14 January 1959; 1 spm, CN 2–23, 20°48′N,
110°45′E, muddy sand, 21 m, AT, 14 January 1959.
Beibu Gulf. Five specimens, CN K237B-47, 18°45′N, 108°30′E, muddy sand, 22 m,
AT, 11 July 1960; 1 spm, CN Q195B-36, 20°45′N, 109°30′E, sandy mud, 46 m, AT,
20 April 1960; 1 spm, CN Q206B-75, 18°45′N, 108°15′E, muddy sand, 41 m, AT 18
May 1960; 2 spms, CN X74B-29, 19°00′N, 105°45′E, muddy sand, 12.8 m, AT, 11
February 1960; 1 spm, CN K264B-16, 19°15′N, 108°30′E, muddy sand, 38 m, AT,
17 October 1960; 1 spm, CN Q126B-76, 20°05′N, 109°45′E, coarse sand, 40 m, AT,
8 February 1960;4 spms, CN X202B-18, 19°40′N, 107°30′E, fine sand, 46 m, AT, 14
April 1962; 2 spms, CN X240B-11, 19°00′N, 108°30′E, coarse sand and silt, 20 m,
AT, 19 August 1962.
Measurements
See Table 1.
Distribution
SCS; Japan, Philippines.
Remarks
This species shows resemblances to both Ptychobela suturalis (Gray, 1838) and
Ptychobela nodulosa (Gmelin, 1791). Ptychobela suturalis differs in its strongly con-
stricted siphonal canal and stronger subsutural cord. Ptychobela nodulosa, a species
mainly characteristic of the Bay of Bengal, has a distinctive colour pattern, compris-
ing a pale peripheral band, with a darker band on both sides, and more rib-like
peripheral nodules.
Although the specific name “vexillium” was probably a misspelling, this is not
indicated in the text, and it has five months priority over “vexillum”.
Downloaded By: [Cox, Hannah][informa internal users] At: 15:29 16 March 2010

Journal of Natural History 737
Genus Turridrupa Hedley, 1922
Remarks
The status of this group is controversial, but the latest molecular evidence (Puillandre
et al. 2008) suggested that most of the forms in the genus Turridrupa probably belong
to the subfamily Turrinae rather than to the subfamily Crassispirinae. However, as
their status remains uncertain, we provisionally position this group in the subfamily
Crassispirinae in the present paper.
Turridrupa deceptrix Hedley, 1922
(Figure 3J)
Turridrupa deceptrix Hedley, 1922, p 227; pl. 42, fig. 14; Powell 1967, p 422; pl. 301, fig. 2.
Material examined
Beibu Gulf. Two specimens, CN X202B-18, 19°40′N, 107°30′E, fine sand, 46 m, AT,
14 April 1962; 1 spm, CN X207B-176, 19°30′N, 106°30′E, coarse sand, 32 m, AT, 15
April 1962.
SCS. One specimen, CN SIII33B-52, 22°30′N, 117°00′E, coarse sand, 47.6 m, AT,
20 July 1959; 1 spm, CN S76B-92, 21°30′N, 113°45′E, 45 m, AT, 9 April 1959.
Measurements
See Table 1.
Distribution
Beibu Gulf, SCS; Japan, Indonesia, West New Guinea, Australia, Andaman Islands.
Remarks
The specimens agree with the illustrations of Powell (1967). This species is similar to
Turridrupa bijubata (Reeve, 1843), but differs in its longer siphonal canal.
Turridrupa prestoni Powell, 1967
(Figure 2J)
Turridrupa prestoni Powell, 1967, p 423; pl. 301, fig. 4; Springsteen and Leobrera
1986, p 272; pl. 77, fig. 19.
Material examined
Nansha Islands. One specimen, CN SSVIIIB8-16, 7°24′N, 104°52′E, muddy sand,
44 m, 9 June 1990.
Measurements
See Table 1.
Downloaded By: [Cox, Hannah][informa internal users] At: 15:29 16 March 2010

738 B.Q. Li et al.
Distribution
Nansha Islands; Philippines. Not previously recorded from the China Seas.
Remarks
This species is very similar to Turridrupa jubata (Hinds, 1843) and their relationship
needs investigation. The only Chinese specimen available has a broken lip and eroded
apex. This is the first Chinese record of the species.
Acknowledgements
This research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC No.
40976086) and the Knowledge Innovation Programme of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
(IOCAS No. O72715).
References
Chang CK, Wu WL. 2000. The Taiwan inquisitors (Gastropoda: Turridae). Bull Malacol
Taiwan. 24:13–26.
Cosel R von. 1998. Mayor Lischke and the Japanese marine shells. A bio-bibliography of Carl
Emil Lischke and a brief history of marine malacology in Japan with bibliography. Yuriy-
agai 76(1):7–50.
Fukuda H. 1995. Marine gastropoda (Mollusca) of the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands Part 3:
Additional records. Ogasawara Research 21:1–142.
Gravely FH. 1942. Shells and other animal remains found on the Madras Beach. II. Snails, etc
(Mollusca Gastropoda). Bull Madras Govt Mus NH 5(2):1–110.
Gray JE. 1826. Mollusca. Appendix. In: King PP, editor. Narrative of a Survey of the Inter-
tropical and Western Coasts of Australia, Performed Between the Years 1818 and 1822.
Vol. 2. London: John Murray. p. 474–496.
Gray JE. 1838. On some new species of quadrupeds and shells. Ann Mag Nat Hist. 1(1):27–30.
Habe T. 1964. Shells of the Western Pacific in color, vol. II. Osaka: Hoikusha. p. 119–127, pls
38–40.
Habe T. 1975. Publication to commemorate [sic] 77th anniversary of the birth of Mr Ryosuke
Kawamura. Illustration of shells described by and dedicated to Mr R. Kawamura. Tokyo.
Habe T. 1977. Catalogue of molluscan taxa described by Tadashige Habe during 1939–1975,
with illustrations of hitherto unfigured species. Compiled by T. Inaba and K. Otaka.
Tokyo: Okinaebisu-no-kai.
Habe T, Kosuge S. 1966a. Shells of the world in colour. Vol. II. The tropical Pacific. Hoikusha:
Osaka. p. 104, pls 1–68.
Habe T, Kosuge S. 1966b. New genera and species of tropical and subtropical Pacific molluscs.
Venus 24:312–341, pl. 29.
Hasegawa K, Okutani T, Tsuchida E. 2000. Family Turridae. In: Okutani T, editor. 2000.
Marine mollusks in Japan. Tokyo: Tokai University Press. p. 619–667, pls 308–332, 2 figs.
Hedley C. 1922. A revision of the Australian Turridae. Rec Austr Mus. 13(6):213–259.
Higo S, Callomon P, Goto Y. 1999. Catalogue and bibliography of the marine shell-bearing
Mollusca of Japan. Osaka, Japan: Elle Scientific Publications. 749 pp., 5 maps.
Higo S, Callomon P, Goto Y. 2001. Catalogue and bibliography of the marine shell-bearing
Mollusca of Japan. Type figures. Osaka, Japan: Elle Scientific Publications. p. 1–208.
Hinds RB. 1844–1845. The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. “Sulphur”, under the command
of Captain Sir Edward Belcher, R. N., C. B., F. R. G. S., etc., during the years 1836–42.
Vol. II, Mollusca. London: Smith, Elder and Co. v + 72 pp., 21pls.
Downloaded By: [Cox, Hannah][informa internal users] At: 15:29 16 March 2010

Journal of Natural History 739
Kiener LC. 1840. Genre Pleurotome (Pleurotoma, Lam.). Spécies général et iconographie des
coquilles vivantes comprenant la collection du Muséum d’Histoire naturelle de Paris, col-
lection Lamarck, celle du Prince Masséna et les découverts récente des voyageurs. Paris:
Rousseau.
Kilburn RN. 1983. Turridae (Mollusca:Gastropoda) of southern Africa and Mozambique.
Part 1. Subfamily Turrinae. Ann Natal Mus. 25(2):549–585, figs 1–58.
Kilburn RN. 1988. Turridae of southern Africa and Mozambique. Part 4. Subfamilies Drilliinae,
Crassispirinae and Strictispirinae. Ann Natal Mus. 29(1):167–320.
Kilburn RN. 1989 Notes on Ptychobela and Brachytoma, with the description of a new
species from Mozambique (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Turridae). Ann Natal Mus.
30:185–196.
Kira T. 1964. Shells of the western Pacific in color. Osaka: Hoikusha Publishing Company.
Kosuge S. 1992. Report on the family Turridae collected along the northwestern coast of
Australia (5). Bull Inst Malacol Tokyo. 2:162–173.
Kosuge S. 1993. Report on the family Turridae collected along the northwestern coast of
Australia (6). Bull Inst Malacol Tokyo. 3(1):10–15.
Kuroda T, Habe T, Oyama K, 1971. The sea shells of Sagami Bay. Tokyo: Maruzen Co., Ltd.
xix+ 714 pp., 121 pls.
Lamarck JBPAdeM. 1822. Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebras (Pleurotoma). Paris:
Lamarck. Pleurotome. 7, 90–102.
Li BQ, Li XZ. 2007a. An account of the Genus Turris species (Mollusca: Gastropoda:
Turridae) from the East and South China Seas. Zootaxa 1397:63–68.
Li BQ, Li XZ. 2007b. Two new species of conoidean gastropods (Gastropoda: Conoidea) from
China seas. Veliger 49(2):79–83.
Li BQ, Li XZ. 2008a. Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx
(Gastropod: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1778:1–25.
Li BQ, Li XZ. 2008b. Report on the two subfamilies Clavatulinae and Cochlespirinae
(Mollusca: Neogastropoda: Turridae) from the China seas. Zootaxa 1771:31–42.
Lischke CE. 1869. Diagnosen neuer Meeres-Konchylien von Japan. Malakozool Blätt. 16:105–109.
Ma X. 1983. Photograph of animal from China, Mollusca. Beijing: Ocean Press. Family Turridae.
p. 137–142. (In Chinese.)
Ma X. 1989. A new species of the Turridae (Mollusca: Prosobranchia) from the Yellow Sea.
Stu Mar Sinica 30:163–165.
Ma X. 2004. Family Turridae. In: Qi Z, editor. Seashells of China. Beijing: Ocean Press.
p. 110–113.
Melvill JC. 1917. A revision of the Turridae (Pleurotomidae) occurring in the Persian Gulf, Gulf
of Oman and the North Arabian Sea as evidenced mostly through the results of dredgings
carried out by Mr. F. W. Townsend 1893–1914. Proc Zool Soc Lond. 12:140–201.
Powell AWB. 1964. The family Turrridae in the Indo-Pacific. Part 1. The subfamily Turrinae.
Indo-Pacific Moll. 1(5):227–346.
Powell AWB. 1966. The molluscan families Speightiidae and Turridae. Bull Auckland Inst
Mus. 5:1–184, 23 plates.
Powell AWB. 1967. The family Turridae in the Indo-Pacific. Part 1a. The subfamily Turrinae
concluded. Indo-Pacific Moll. 1(7):409–432.
Powell AWB. 1969. The family Turridae in the Indo-Pacific. Part 2. The subfamily Turriculi-
nae. Indo-Pacific Moll. 2(10):207–416, pls 188–324.
Puillandre N, Samadi S, Boisselier MC, Sysoev AV, Kantor YI, Cruaud C, Couloux A,
Bouchet P. 2008. Starting to unravel the toxoglossan knot: molecular phylogeny of the
“turrids” (Neogastropoda: Conoidea). Mol Phylog Evol. 47:1122–1134.
Reeve LA. 1843–46. Monograph of the genus Pleurotoma. Conchologia Iconica, or Illustra-
tions of the shells of molluscous animals. London: Reeve Brothers. Vol. 1: pls 1–18
(1843), pl. 19 (1844), pls 20–33 (1845); pls 34– 40, index and errata (1846).
Downloaded By: [Cox, Hannah][informa internal users] At: 15:29 16 March 2010

740 B.Q. Li et al.
Schepman MM. 1913. The Prosobranchia of the Siboga expedition. Part 5. Toxoglossa. Siboga
Exp. Monogr. 49:367–452, pl. 24–30.
Shuto T. 1970. Taxonomical notes on the turrids of the Siboga Collection originally described
by M. M. Schepman, 1913 (Part 1). Venus 28(4):161–178, pls 10–11
Smith EA. 1875. A list of the Gasteropoda collected in Japanese seas by Commander H. C. St.
John RN. Ann Mag Nat Hist. Ser 4. 15:1–27.
Smith EA. 1876. A list of marine shells, chiefly from the Solomon Islands, with descriptions of
several new species. J Linn Soc London. 12:535–562, pl. 30.
Smith EA. 1877. Diagnoses of new species of Pleurotomidae in the British Museum. Ann Mag
Nat Hist. 4 (19):488–501.
Smith, EA. 1879. On a collection of Mollusca from Japan. Proc Zool Soc Lond. 1879:181–587,
pls. 19–20.
Smith EA. 1884. Report on the zoological collections made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during
the voyage of HMS Alert 1881–1882. London: British Museum (Natural History). Part 2
Mollusca; p. 483–508.
Sowerby GB. 1870. Descriptions of forty-eight new species of shells. Proc Zool Soc Lond.
1870:249–259, pls 21–22.
Springsteen EJ, Leobrera FM. 1986. Shells of the Philippines. Manila: Carfel Shell Museum.
Taylor JD. 1994. Foregut anatomy of the larger species of Turrinae, Clavatulinae and
Crassispirinae from Hong Kong. In Morton, B. editor. The Malacology of Hong Kong
and Southern China III. Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on the Mala-
cofauna of Hong Kong and Southern China. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
Taylor JD, Kantor YI, Sysoev AV. 1993. Foregut anatomy, feeding mechanisms, relationships
and classification of the Conoidea (= Toxoglossa) (Gastropoda). Bull Nat Hist Mus Lon-
don (Zool). 59:125–170, figs 1–27.
Taylor JD, Wells FE. 1994. A revision of the crassispirine gastropods from Hong Kong
(Gastropoda: Turridae). p. 101–116. The malacofauna of Hong Kong and Southern
China 3. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. 504 pp.
Thiele J. 1925. Gastropoda der Deutschen Tiefsee – Expedition. II. Teil. Wissenschaftliche
Ergebnisse deutschen Tiefsee – Expedition auf dem Dampfer Valdivia 1898–1899.
17(2):1–382.
Tucker JH. 2004. Catalogue of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Zootaxa.
682:1–1295.
Watson RB. 1886. Reports on the Scaphopoda and Gastropoda collected by HMS Challenger
during the years 1873–76. Challenger Rep Zool. 15:1–756.
Wells FE. 1994. A revision of the recent Australian species of the turrid genera Inquisitor and
Ptychobela. Mollus Res. 15:71–102.
Yen TC. 1941. A review of Chinese gastropods in the British Museum. Proc Zool Soc Lond.
24:170–289, pls 11–28.
Downloaded By: [Cox, Hannah][informa internal users] At: 15:29 16 March 2010