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KBOO Community Radio: Organizing Portland's Disorderly Possibilities
Abstract
Across the radio spectrum, there are relatively few stations in the United States that concentrate on community building and sustainability. One of the country's early community radio stations, KBOO-FM in Portland, Oregon, has been on the air since 1968 and has significantly expanded its signal reach and audience during that time. Preceding National Public Radio, KBOO is the outcome of a Portland grassroots activist movement that initially sought to restore classical music on the local airwaves and eventually concurred on a more radical mission to serve the underserved and to cater to communities at the margins in the metropolitan listening area and beyond. KBOO transmits a potpourri of musical and artistic styles, foreign language programs, and critical news, public affairs, and commentaries—all with a largely volunteer-based governance structure. It also devotes its attention to promoting community-based initiatives. This article focuses on four major community functions served by KBOO community radio: public transmission, radio training, political education and mobilization, and community building and outreach. We conclude with observations about the uses and potential of community radio in developing a rich democratic civil society.
... Several studies observe community radio engages community participation (Girard, 1992;Gumucio Dagron, 2001;Rodriguez, 2001;Sussman & Estes, 2005), yet only a handful examine the impact of these practices within community radio stations (Fairchild, 2001;Khan, 2010;Anderson, 2012). Where recent shifts in audience studies have move beyond the reception of media (Nightingale, 2007), only a few researchers have turned to community media audiences to allow the "community" to assess how effectively they are being served by their community radio stations (Meadows et al., 2007;Orozco, 2011). ...
... Downing's groundbreaking work on radical media (1984/2001), a term that includes community radio, documents the ways in which media ferment political change by targeting oppression and strengthening social movements. Many community radio stations encourage their listeners to take an active role in the station and their communities (Sussman & Estes, 2005). My theoretical framework builds the theories and practices of radical adult education compiled by Foley (1999) and Newman (2006)--the latter of which offers a view of storytelling (a popular tool for community radio productions) as a "magical way of teaching and learning" (p. ...
Community radio stations worldwide are mandated to empower their audiences and facilitate community participation in political life. Thus, the perspectives of listeners are vital to ascertain how effective community radio stations are in contributing to political education and civic awareness that motivates listener engagement in the station and in the community. This article draws on the first extensive study of community radio audiences in the Middle East to contribute new insights about documenting the impacts of community radio, and the evaluative mechanisms that should be in place for non-profit, community media to better fulfill their mission to serve the community. Building on critical ethnographic audience research, I argue for a storytelling approach that facilitates personal narratives and cooperative focus groups among community radio audiences.
... Community radio allows communities at the margin to participate in social and political discourses (Baker, 2007;Barlow, 1988;Sussman and Estes, 2005), leading to the formation of public opinion (Bosch, 2010). This is possible because community radio stations use local language, which provides listeners with the social and linguistic resources to participate in public discourses. ...
... Ordinarily, these people would not have the opportunity to shape issues that affect their lives because of their location on the social ladder. This finding is consistent with past research, which has shown that community radio allows marginalised communities to partake in public discourses (Baker, 2007;Barlow, 1988;Sussman and Estes, 2005). ...
Community radio has gained traction with the grassroots in South Africa, especially subaltern groups excluded from the public sphere during the colonial and apartheid years. This paper argues that rural audience acceptance of and participation in community radio is closely associated with indigenous language, which invokes cultural affinity. The paper used a qualitative methodology within the framework of the theories of cultural affinity to interrogate community radio listeners in Northwest Province, South Africa, looking at how local languages might influence listeners’ preferences and interactions with the stations. The results suggest language was essential for listening in and participating in community radio programmes among those interviewed. Community radio provides listeners with the outlet, social and linguistic resources to evoke and express their cultural heritage and participate in national dialogues. It also offers subordinated communities the opportunity to deconstruct dominant frames of reference and representations of themselves and others.
... A fi rst generation of research in the area, focusing on the organisation and operation of stations within their broader regulatory environment, has highlighted the distinctiveness of the sector compared to commercial and public broadcasting services. Evidence of the role of community stations in building communities by enabling dialogue between diff erent sections of the community (Siemering 2000;Forde et al. 2002;Martin and Wilmore 2010), in refl ecting and constructing local culture (Meadows et al. 2005), in fostering and consolidating a sense of place (Keogh 2010), in reducing the isolation of certain communities (Read and Hanson 2006) and in re-engaging marginalised groups and promoting progressive social change (Barlow 1988;Sussman and Estes 2005;Baker 2007) highlights the distinctiveness of the sector vis-à-vis public service or commercial broadcasters. As Jankowski and Prehn (2003) outline, the defi ning characteristics of community media set them apart from their counterparts at both commercial and public service levels in both their aims -providing news and information relevant to the needs of community members, engaging members in public discussion and contributing to their social and political empowerment -and in their structures of ownership, control and fi nancing which are oĞ en shared by local residents. ...
... Should community radio provide a space for a broad-range of discourses or should these be limited to more marginalised voices with a view to advocating and eff ecting social change as proposed by a number of community radio commentators? (Barlow 1988;Sussman and Estes 2005;Baker 2007). ...
The growth in interest and research in community radio worldwide over the last few decades is a welcome development. While, as noted by Jankowski (2003), a first generation of research has been largely empirical in nature, describing and analysing the organisation and operation of stations in different contexts, more recently a second generation of work has begun to emerge which aims at grounding empirical studies within broader theoretical frameworks, most notably those relating to democracy and the public sphere. The specific components of the public sphere remain somewhat underdeveloped in these studies however. This article aims to contribute to this literature through an examination of community radio in Ireland within a framework drawn from evolving work of Habermas and associated deliberative, social and media theorists. The article, drawing on a detailed study of four community stations in Ireland, identifies elements of community radio which contribute towards a “defeudalisation” of the public sphere as well as highlighting challenges in this regard. Although situated within a specific context, with Irish community radio operating within a comparable regulatory environment to both that in Australia and the United Kingdom, the article draws lessons of specific interest to researchers and activists in these domains, as well as offering a framework of use to community radio researchers interested in examining the sector’s contribution to the re-animation of the public sphere more globally.
... In the decades after, academics produced theoretical works that focused largely on community radio's contribution to democratising communication, participation and empowerment, social movements and political change, and countering the status quo (Ferron, 2012;Rauch, 2015;Rodríguez, 2001). Several studies observe that community radio engages community participation (Girard, 1992;Gumucio Dagron, 2001;Rodríguez, 2001;Sussman and Estes, 2005), however, only a handful examine the impact of volunteer engagement practices within community radio stations (Anderson, 2011;Fairchild, 2001;Khan, 2010). Gaps are evident in the theorisation of community radio, including an absence of works concerning content analysis, internal debates and contradictions, and the impact on audiences (Downing, 2003;Ferron, 2012;Hadl and Dongwon, 2008;Rauch, 2014). ...
Community radio has been defined by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as promoting non-profit ownership of stations and volunteer participation. The increasing commercialisation of community radio in Canada, evident in changing station practices and regulatory policies, has resulted in the erosion of volunteer run governance and programming. This article draws on community media, anti-oppression, and third-sector studies literature to investigate the experiences of volunteers from two stations, CHRY in Toronto and Radio Centre-Ville in Montral. Current Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) regulations define community radio by virtue of its place in the communities served. This article concludes that reducing the engagement and empowerment of volunteers in community radio programming and governance limits the place of community radio in the community. The authors will also identify best practices that are needed to re-centre community radio within the community while ensuring a sustainable non-profit community broadcasting sector.
... As Fraser and Restrepo Estrada (2001: 18) remark -again in relation to community radio -'Community radio, through its openness to participation to all sectors and all people in a community/ies, creates a diversity of voices and opinions on the air.' Community media are not homogeneous organisations serving a homogeneous community, but rather enable a diversity of people to produce media content that relates to a variety of societal groups and sub-communities, mixing minority and majority cultures, ethnicities and languages, often in the same community media (Barlow, 1988;René and Antonius, 2009;Sussman and Estes, 2005). Within a multiplecommunities approach, a considerable number of authors argue that community media organisations facilitate a dialogue between these sub-communities or segments of society (Gaynor This capacity to foster diversity, intercultural dialogue and tolerance has made community media privileged partners in peace-building, conflict transformation and reconciliation projects. ...
Community media organisations are famously difficult to define, as this media field is highly elusive and diverse, even if there is a certain degree of consensus about a series of basic characteristics. One key defining component is the objective to serve its community by allowing its members to participate in self-representational processes. Yet this component raises questions about what 'community' means, and how the community that is being served relates to other parts of society. This article studies a particular social reality-Israel-where community television is the dominant model, community television production groups are separated from the actual distribution of the produced content and different configurations of 'us' and 'them' characterise political reality. Following the methodological procedures outlined in Voniati et al. (2018), a mapping of 83 Israeli community broadcasting groups was organised, allowing us to flesh out the different ways in which these community broadcasting groups deal with their community/ies and the 'other'. The analysis shows that many of these Israeli community broadcasting groups have fairly closed, singular-community articulations of 'their' communities. They rarely engage in interactions with other communities (limiting internal diversity) and their external diversity is even more restricted, with only one Arab-Israeli community broadcasting group able to be identified. The analysis did, however, identify a dozen groups with more open approaches towards their outer worlds, and thus the potential to assume a more conflict-transformatory role.
... In that regard the station had a duty to serve the needs of a specific community in Irish society. Community stations have, as a primary objective, a role to play in building communities by facilitating dialogue between different sections of the community (Forde, Foxwell, & Meadows, 2002;Martin & Wilmore, 2010;Siemering, 2000), by reflecting local culture (Meadows, Forde, Ewart, & Foxwell, 2005), by reinforcing a sense of place (Keogh, 2010), by reducing the social or cultural isolation of particular communities (Reed & Hanson, 2006), and by reengaging marginalized groups to promote progressive social change (Baker, 2007;Barlow, 1988;Sussman & Estes, 2005). All of these objectives that are enshrined in the philosophy, policy approaches, and programming practices of community radio highlight the distinctiveness of the sector vis-à-vis commercial and public service broadcasters. ...
This article explores how Ireland’s first LGBT radio station, Open FM, attempted to offer LGBT radio in a heteronormative media landscape. It uses semi-structured interviews with two of the stations founders as well as posts from online LGBT message bulletin boards to argue how Open FM ultimately became ambivalent about its LGBT status and adopted a dualcasting strategy. Despite its ambitions to be a community-led radio station for Ireland's LGBT community, the dualcasting strategy of the station framed many of its endeavors between the mainstream standards of radio broadcasting and the community of interest that their licence claimed to serve.
... It is the expression of the population. (Jan Servaes 1999, 260) Some of the diverse ways in which community radio has achieved its democratizing mandate are evidenced by: its role in representing and contributing to local culture (Michael Meadows, Susan Forde, Jaqui Ewart, and Kerrie Foxwell 2005); its role in facilitating dialogue between different parts of the community (William Siemering 2000;Susan Forde, Kerrie Foxwell, and Michael Meadows 2002;Kristy Martin and Michael Wilmore 2010); its role in encouraging and maintaining a sense of place (Sara Beth Keogh 2010); in reducing social isolation (Maryanne Read and Ralph Hanson 2006) and in working with marginalized groups for equality (William Barlow 1988;Gerald Sussman and J.R. Estes 2005;Sarah Baker 2007). In short, community radio breaks with traditional, mainstream models of media production in that community members are not an audience in the traditional sense. ...
Women’s participation in community radio is examined through a case study of Ireland, with data gathered by survey, interviews and a focus group. Key findings note that women are under-represented as participants in community radio, but there is little activity within the sector to address this imbalance. Similarly, women’s voices are absent from community airwaves but this is framed through a limited understanding women lacking on-air confidence. Solutions to the problem were limited to individual stations rather than approached in a collective manner. There was no sense of women’s voices on air being a priority issue for stations, for the sector, nor for the national regulatory body. With regard to content, stations largely tended to produce “islands” of specialist women’s programmes but there was a sense that women produced content in ways that were not normative and were explicitly linked to gender. Gendered social structures, as well as organisational structures within community radio, constituted further barriers to women’s equal participation in community radio in Ireland. Finally, the presence of women as role models, sponsors, and managers, who were relational in their approach, was key gendered benefits that women derived from their participation in community radio.
... Precisely on the basis of their agonistic problem-solving strategies (Carpentier, 2017;Carpentier, Doudaki & Christidis, 2015) and their inherent capacity to foster diversity, tolerance and intercultural dialogue (Barlow, 1988;René & Antonius, 2009;Sussman & Estes, 2005), community media have been hailed as privileged partners in peace-building, conflict transformation and rapprochement (Carpentier, 2017;Rodríguez, 2011), an aspect that has not attracted much academic interest. It is for this reason that the case study presented in the latter part of this article -used to exemplify the methodological guidelines for mapping community media organisations -focuses on Cyprus. ...
Identifying grassroots or 'below-the-radar' organisations, such as community media organisations, is a challenging task that is not always supported sufficiently by methodological literature. The objective of this article is to address this challenge by proposing a structured approach to mapping analysis: (1) driven by an (operational) definition of the social entity; (2) that allows for a population-based mapping process; (3) that uses a particular registration instrument (labelled a Mapping Index Card, or MIC); (4) to process data from multiple sources; and (5) to analyse the information registered in these MICs. By zooming in on the only divided country of Europe-the island of Cyprus-this article then illustrates how to design and conduct a mapping research of community media organisations on a national scale. Other than giving an overview of the community media operating in Cyprus, this mapping exercise aims to provide a methodological guide for mapping civil society and 'below-the-radar' organisations in general.
... Or is it a lever of power that people who are not in power use to empower themselves? There is a significant literature addressing these questions (see Spinelli, 2000;Riismandel, 2002;Carpentier et al., 2003;Dunaway, 2005;Stern, 2005;Sussman and Estes, 2005). Making any crisp and brittle distinctions between these social functions is neither necessary nor useful. ...
Radio, the most widely used medium in the world, is a dominant mediator of musical meaning. Through a combination of critical analysis, interdisciplinary theory and ethnographic writing about community radio, this book provides a novel theorization of democratic aesthetics, with important implications for the study of old and new media alike.
... A range of studies focusing on the organization and operation of stations across the world both highlights this distinctiveness and points to many of the commonalities in principles and outcomes between community stations and community development as a broader, inter-related project. Evidence of the role of community stations in building communities by enabling dialogue between different sections of the community (Siemering, 2000;Forde, Foxwell and Meadows, 2002;Martin and Wilmore, 2010), in reflecting and constructing local culture (Meadows et al., 2005), in fostering and consolidating a sense of place (Keogh, 2010), in reducing the isolation of certain communities (Reed and Hanson, 2006) and in re-engaging marginalized groups and promoting progressive social change (Barlow, 1988;Sussman and Estes, 2005;Baker, 2007) implicitly point to the commonalities in ethos and aspiration between community stations and community development. As Jankowski and Prehn (2003, p. 8) outline, the defining characteristics of community media set them apart from their counterparts at both commercial and public service levels in both their aims -providing news and information relevant to the needs of community members, engaging members in public discussion and contributing to their social and political empowerment -and in their structures of ownership, control and financing which are often shared by local residents. ...
With a similar set of principles underpinning the ethos and practice of both community development and community radio, we
might expect to find close linkages between community development projects and their local community stations. This article
explores this supposition in the context of community radio stations and community development projects in four regions in
Ireland and finds, contrary to expectations, linkages between both sectors to be relatively weak. Exploring the reasons for
this, we argue that the increased and extensive incursion of the state into the community sphere has resulted in both a sectoralization
of community institutions and the hegemonization of a service ethos where, in a move away from the core principles of community
development, the emphasis has moved to working ‘for’ and not ‘with’ communities. Paradoxically, we find that the state plays
a positive role in its regulatory function within community stations, opening the space for real and effective community management
and control of local public spheres. In the context of the profound marginalization of local communities from mainstream public
discourse, we urge community activists to seize the opportunities presented by local stations to open the space for community
debate, deliberation and resistance, re-animating and revitalizing local public spheres.
... Moreover, the production of programme content is expected to contribute to the social and political empowerment of community members by enabling dialogue between different sections of the community ( Forde et al. 2002;Martin and Wilmore 2010;Siemering 2000). In short, community radio is intended to contribute to 'the democratization of communications and, consequently the fundamental change of existing power structures' (Elliott 2010: 7), promoting progressive social change ( Baker 2007;Barlow 1988;Sussman and Estes 2005). Community radio differs fundamentally from its commercial and public service counterparts in that it opens up the airwaves to diverse voices, moving control and ownership of communication spaces away from commercial interests to local communities, and in the process democratizes community public spheres, facilitating social and political change. ...
Research has neglected to address the question of whether practitioners and the community groups served by community radio see it as a conduit of community empowerment and social change. This article explores this question through in-depth analysis of four community radio stations in
Ireland. The central finding is that, while community stations subscribe to most of the ideals of community radio, practitioners do not generally see the stations as sites of social and political empowerment. Moreover, this outcome is not recognized as a benefit by the communities served by
the stations. This is the case because of the policy framework, cultural traditions and training programmes central to community radio in Ireland, the weakness of linkages between stations and community groups and the failure of the latter to understand the unique remit of community radio.
... As Fraser and Restrepo Estrada (2001, p. 18) remark (in relation to community radio), ''[c]ommunity radio, through its openness to participation to all sectors and all people in a community/ies, creates a diversity of voices and opinions on the air.'' Community media are not homogeneous organizations serving a homogeneous community, but allow a diversity of people, embedded in civil society, to produce media content that relates to a variety of societal groups and subcommunities, mixing minority and majority cultures, ethnicities and languages often in the same community media (Barlow, 1988;René & Antonius, 2009;Sussman & Estes, 2005), creating rhizomatic networks of alternative content creation. ...
Community media studies have often neglected how community media can contribute in areas ridden with conflict to more peaceful ways of cohabitation. This article aims to look in detail at how the Cyprus Community Media Centre (CCMC) has developed conflict resolution strategies to reduce the antagonism in the Cypriot society, an island divided since 1974. Then it looks at the problems and complexities that this organization has to face when trying to realize its remit, caused by the fallacies in the community media model and by the Cypriot context of conflictuality. Despite the difficulties, the CCMC illustrates that community media can play a role in conflict resolution, creating more opportunities for mutual understanding and for the humanization of the other.
The study uses the framework for sustainability of community radio to investigate challenges that hinder M3O community radio from being an active agent in facilitating development. A qualitative research design was adopted: qualitative data were collected through structured interviews with key informants from the station. The findings revealed that the station fails to achieve financial, social, operational, technical and environmental sustainability and this hinders the station from achieving its broadcasting mandate. The study recommends the station to enhance their fiscal capacity through rigorous marketing to attract advertisers and from receiving funding from spheres of government within its radio frequency influence.
Community radio is unique when compared to its commercial and public service counterparts in that, as a non-profit activity, it is owned, managed and controlled by local communities, In theory therefore, community radio offers the potential for more broad-based participation in deliberation and debate within the public sphere engaging multiple voices and perspectives and contributing towards progressive social change. Drawing on a study of four community radio stations in Ireland within a framework drawn from the evolving work of Habermas and associated deliberative, social and media theorists, in this article we examine the extent to which this is the case in practice. We find that democratic participation is still not optimised within the four stations studied. We argue that the reasons for this lie in four main areas: a somewhat limited policy framework; a focus within training programmes on technical competencies over content; the weakness of linkages between stations and their local community groups; and the failure of the latter to understand the unique remit of community radio. The article draws lessons of specific interest to researchers and activists in these domains, as well as offering a framework to those interested in examining community media’s contribution to the re-animation of the public sphere more broadly.
This study investigates how the values of free expression and professionalism provide the basis for interpersonal and organizational conflict in U.S. community radio stations, and shape divergent approaches to audience service. Using qualitative methods, the project examines the motivations, expressions, and behaviors of producers and managers to establish how their values contribute to cooperation and dissention within these organizations. The study illustrates the delicate balance that exists between content-centered and audience-centered objectives, concluding that these core values have a pervasive effect on community radio’s capacity to reach audiences and promote social change through the media.
Introduction The Politics of Public Radio and Television PART ONE: PROLOGUE, 1914-1945 The Public Origins of American Broadcasting The Defeat of the Broadcast Reform Movement of the 1930s PART TWO: PUBLIC RADIO Pacifica Radio The Vision of Lewis K Hill The Spread of Community Radio and Pacifica's Institutional Crisis National Public Radio The Vision of William H Siemering Public Radio From Supplemental to Primary Service PART THREE: PUBLIC TELEVISION The Foundation Years The Government Years The Corporate Years PART FOUR: COMMUNITY TELEVISION Public Access The Vision of George Stoney The Struggle over the Future of Community TV PART FIVE: CONCLUSION The Mystification of the Public Sphere in the History of American Broadcasting The Attack of the Right and the Future of Public Radio and Television
"Broadcasting as it exists now in the United States is a pitiful, unmitigated whore." That ribald statement indicates the point-of-view and basic theme of this anti-establishment booklet designed to provide the basic information necessary for anyone or any group wanting to gain access to FM radio (primarily the educational broadcasting portion of the FM band, 88.1 to 91.9 megahertz). The technical hard facts involved actually starting and operating a small radio station are interspersed with irreverent anecdotes written in frank uncensored language. The Federal Communications Commission is portrayed as a massive bureaucratic obstacle while commercial radio station owners are described as "air wave robber barons". The booklet nevertheless contains a large amount of practical information and advice. Specific engineering considerations are explained in lay terms. The techniques and pitfalls of filing the applications, raising the necessary capital, and organizing the station are clearly explained. The word "sex" in the title is a sales-increasing device and is misleading as a subject-matter indicator. (MC)
Portland, Oregon, is often cited as one of the most livable cities in the United States and a model for "smart growth." At the same time, critics deride it as a victim of heavy-handed planning and point to its skyrocketing housing costs as a clear sign of good intentions gone awry. Which side is right? Does Portland deserve the accolades it has received, or has hype overshadowed the real story? In The Portland Edge, leading urban scholars who have lived in and studied the region present a balanced look at Portland today, explaining current conditions in the context of the people and institutions that have been instrumental in shaping it. Contributors provide empirical data as well as critical insights and analyses, clarifying the ways in which policy and planning have made a difference in the Portland metropolitan region. Because of its iconic status and innovative approach to growth, Portland is an important case study for anyone concerned with land use and community development in the twenty-first century. The Portland Edge offers useful background and a vital overview of region, allowing others to draw lessons from its experience.
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