A new snailfish, Paraliparis nigellus sp nov (Scorpaeniformes, Liparidae), from the Northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge - with notes on occurrence of Psednos in the area

Abstract

During the international MAR-ECO cruise with R/V G.O. Sars in June and July 2004, among the other topics focusing on the ichthyofauna of the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge, three specimens of the snailfish genus Paraliparis Collett, 1879 were collected in two bottom trawl hauls at 42 and 51 degrees N, at depths 1950 and 2107 m. The specimens of Paraliparis are a new species, most similar to the P. copei complex. Paraliparis nigellus sp. nov. differs from other members of this group in number of vertebrae, dorsal fin ray counts and body color. In addition, three specimens of Psednos groenlandicus Chernova were collected. Together, they represent the first identified records of Liparidae from the northern part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

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A new snailfish, Paraliparis nigellus sp. nov. (Scorpaeniformes, Liparidae), from
the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge - with notes on occurrence of Psednos in the
area
Natalia V. Chernova a; Peter R. Møller b
a Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia b Zoological Museum,
Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
Online Publication Date: 01 October 2008
To cite this Article Chernova, Natalia V. and Møller, Peter R.(2008)'A new snailfish, Paraliparis nigellus sp. nov. (Scorpaeniformes,
Liparidae), from the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge - with notes on occurrence of Psednos in the area',Marine Biology Research,4:5,369
— 375
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
A new snailfish, Paraliparis nigellus sp. nov. (Scorpaeniformes,
Liparidae), from the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge

with notes on
occurrence of Psednos in the area
NATALIA V. CHERNOVA
1
& PETER R. MØLLER
2
1
Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia, and
2
Zoological Museum, Natural History
Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
Abstract
During the international MAR-ECO cruise with R/V G.O. Sars in June and July 2004, among the other topics focusing on
the ichthyofauna of the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge, three specimens of the snailfish genus Paraliparis Collett, 1879 were
collected in two bottom trawl hauls at 42 and 518N, at depths 1950 and 2107 m. The specimens of Paraliparis are a new
species, most similar to the P. copei complex. Paraliparis nigellus sp. nov. differs from other members of this group in number
of vertebrae, dorsal fin ray counts and body color. In addition, three specimens of Psednos groenlandicus Chernova were
collected. Together, they represent the first identified records of Liparidae from the northern part of the Mid-Atlantic
Ridge.
Key words: Liparidae, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Paraliparis,Psednos
Introduction
One of the goals of the international MAR-ECO
program (Bergstad & Godø 2003; Wenneck et al.
2008) was to study the ichthyofauna of the northern
Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Among the interesting catches
on a cruise on board of the R/V G.O. Sars in June
and July 2004 were three specimens of the snailfish
genus Paraliparis Collett, 1879 and three specimens
of Psednos Barnard, 1927. Both genera were pre-
viously unknown from this area.
Paraliparis includes at least 116 species (Chernova
2007) and is among the most specious genera in
Teleostei (Nelson 2006). It is a derived genus,
adapted for life in the deep sea (Knudsen et al.
2007). Most species are rarely collected and new
species are described frequently (Chernova et al.
2004). Comparisons of the MAR-ECO specimens
with congeners show that they belong to the P. copei
complex but represent a previously unknown spe-
cies. This group of taxa, closely related to Paraliparis
copei Goode & Bean, 1896, were distinguished by A.
Andriashev (1986, 2003). They are characteristic by
having practically uniserial teeth on both jaws, gill
opening reduced to no more than the size of pupil,
opercular flap undeveloped, vertebrae 6574, pec-
toral-fin rays 2023, caudal-fin rays 8, pectoral
radials 4(31), peritoneum and gill cavity black.
Paraliparis copei sensu stricto was described from
the Western North Atlantic (646985 m) (Goode &
Bean 1896) and is also known from the European
continental slope (11001650 m) (Andriashev
2003). The three additional subspecies of this
complex are known from the Southern Hemisphere.
Andriashev (2003) suggested that they could be
valid species. However, their taxonomic rank should
not be changed until the entire genus has been
revised. Paraliparis copei sensu lato includes P. c .
gibbericeps Andriashev, 1982 from South Georgia
(4001000 m) (Andriashev 1982a, 1986, 2003), P. c .
kerguelensis Andriashev, 1982 from off the Kerguelen
Islands and Plateau (at 5801055 m, juveniles at
372613 m) (Andriashev 1982b, 1986, 2003; Cher-
nova & Duhamel 2003), P. c. wilsoni Richards, 1966
from off South Africa, Meteor Seamount, along
Walvis Ridge (9601829 m) (Richards 1966;
Correspondence: N. V. Chernova, Ichthyological Department, Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya
nab. 1, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia. E-mail: chernova@zin.ru
Published in collaboration with the University of Bergen and the Institute of Marine Research, Norway, and the Marine Biological Laboratory,
University of Copenhagen, Denmark
Marine Biology Research, 2008; 4: 369375
(Accepted 24 January 2008; Printed 17 October 2008)
ISSN 1745-1000 print/ISSN 1745-1019 online #2008 Taylor & Francis
DOI: 10.1080/17451000802017507
Downloaded By: [Chernova, Natalia V.] At: 07:23 21 October 2008

Andriashev 1986, 2003) and from the Crozet Islands
(7001040 m) (Chernova & Duhamel 2003). Un-
described Paraliparis similar to P. copei are known
from Rio-Grande Seamount (31837?S, 34855?W,
1300 m), northwestern Africa and off Madagascar
(1560 m) (Andriashev 1986, 2003) and the area
northward of Australia (Stein et al. 2001). The
entire P. copei complex is obviously closely related
to P. paucides Stein, 1978 from the Northeast Pacific
and P. rosaceus Gilbert, 1890 from the North Pacific.
Thus, species of P. copei group and their relatives are
widely distributed in the depths of the World Ocean.
The three new specimens from the Mid-Atlantic
Ridge fit in the P. copei complex but differ from
known taxa by the distinctly dark black-brown color,
vertebrae and fin-ray counts, proportions and details
of dentition.
Materials and methods
For description, we follow Stein et al. (2001) and
Chernova & Duhamel (2003). In order to limit
damage to the type specimens, the pectoral-fin girdle
was not removed but the skin and muscles were
dissected and folded over, and the cartilaginous
basal lamina was cleaned of tissue. Meristics were
taken from radiographs; number of vertebrae ob-
tained separately for abdominal and caudal vertebrae
(urostyle included).
The following abbreviations for counts and mea-
surements have been used. Number of rays: A for
the anal fin, C for the caudal fin, D for the dorsal
fin; HL, head length; P, number of rays for the
pectoral fin; SL, standard length; TL, total length;
UPL, upper pectoral-fin lobe; vertebrae, number of
vertebrae.
Comparative materials studied
Paraliparis copei. Holotype USNM 35637, TL
178 mm, SL 167 mm, New Jersey, 39812?17ƒN,
72809?30ƒW, 951 m, Albatross St. 2232, 13 Septem-
ber 1884. Western North Atlantic: four specimens
from two stations (see measurements in Table I):
ZMH 104008, two females SL 142 and 144 mm and
juvenile SL 102 mm, 37828?N, 74820?W, Walther
Herwig St. 198, 14 March 1973, depth 700900 m;
ZMH 104017, female SL 124 mm, Newfoundland
Bank, 45824?N, 48804?W, Walter Herwig St. 273/73,
13 May 1973, depth 17601940 m. Greenland:
more than 40 specimens from 30 stations: ZMUC
P82213, P8241314, P8249697, P82499501,
P82503, P8250507, P82510, P8251213, P82520
and others. Eastern North Atlantic: six specimens
from six stations: ZMH 104039, 104036, 104023,
104025, 104043; ZIN 51112.
Paraliparis copei kerguelensis. Seven specimens, SL
81170 mm from six stations. Kerguelen Island:
Trawler Kerguelen de Tre
´marec, collector J. Maison:
MNHN 1997-13, female SL 170 mm, 1 April 1996,
48801?S, 71838?E, depth 610 m. MNHN 1998-610,
SL 147 mm, 26 January 1998, 48812?S, 71814?E,
depth 655825 m. MNHN 2000-0171, MNHN
2000-0170, subadult female SL 81 mm and male
SL 92 mm, 14 February 1999, 48812?S, 71817?E,
depth 790985 m. MNHN 2000-1380, 137 mm SL,
7 January 2000, 47815?S, 71812?E, depth 450
538 m. MNHN 2000-1381, juvenile SL 83 mm,
15 December 1999, 47816?S, 68859?E, depth 372
613 m. MNHN 2002-1076, SL 128 mm, TL
139 mm, Longliner Antarctic 1, 25 October 2000,
49847?S, 73807?E, depth 9271055 m. Collector J.
Maison.
Paraliparis copei wilsoni. Crozet Island: nine speci-
mens from four stations, SL 3764 mm, RV Marion-
Dufresne: MNHN 1988-66, juvenile SL 62 mm, 28
February 1982, 42852?S, 51806?E, depth 700 m.
MNHN 1988-67, two juveniles SL 45 and 53 mm,
28 February 1982, 45854?S, 51818?E, depth 945
995 m. MNHN 1988-68, four juveniles SL 5464
mm, 18 February 1982, 45844?S, 49820?E, depth
1015 m. MNHN 1988-69, two juveniles SL 37 and
61 mm, 46814?S, 51804?E, depth 10101040 m.
Meteor Seamount: MNHN 1992-1398, female SL
150 mm, TL 165 mm, FRV Evrika, 22 March 1981,
48804?S, 08815?E, depth 960970 m.
For details of P. c. kerguelensis and P. c. wilsoni see
Chernova & Duhamel (2003).
Description
Paraliparis nigellus sp. nov.
(Figures 1, 2)
Paraliparis sp. Bergstad et al. 2008: 191.
Holotype: ZMUB 8485, adult male, TL 136 mm,
SL 124 mm. Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 51845.04?N,
29832.89?W, depth 1950 m. R/V G.O. Sars, cruise
17. St. 56-378, 17 July 2004. Campelen 1800
bottom trawl, 4.5 m vertical opening, and 17 m
horizontal opening; cod-end mesh size 22 mm.
Collector Ingvar Byrkjedal.
Paratype: ZMUB 2633, immature female, TL
88mm (the end of caudal part of body missing),
North of Azores, 42848.6?N, 29838.36?W, 2107 m.
R/V G.O. Sars, cruise 17. St. 42-368, 8 July 2004.
370 N. V. Chernova & P. R. Møller
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Table I. Counts and measurements of species in the Paraliparis copei complex (mean values in parentheses).
P. c. kerguelensis P. c. wilsoni
Counts and measurements P. c. copei
a
P. c. gibbericeps
b
1
b
2
c
1
b
2
c
P. nigellus sp. nov.
a
Counts
Number of specimens 10 8 14 4 19 8 1 (holotype)
Vertebrae 7074 (72) 6771 (69) 6467 (65.5) 6566 (65.5) 6570 (67.5) 6567 (66) 73
Dorsal-fin rays 6367 (65) 5961 (60) 5761 (59) 5961 (60) 5862 (60) 5659 (57.5) 64
Anal-fin rays 5660 (58) 5256 (54) 5054 (52) 5253 (52.5) 5255 (53.5) 5052 (51) 59
Pectoral-fin rays 2124 (22.5) 2122 (21.5) 2022 (21) 2022 (21) 2123 (22) 2022 (21) 25
Caudal-fin rays 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
Measurements
Number of specimens 3 5 4 4 4 1 1 (holotype)
Length, SL mm 124144 94167 95194 128170 125171 150 124
In %SL
Head length 14.515.1 (14.8) 14.917.5 (16.2) 15.316.3 (15.8) 15.616.0 (15.8) 17.218.1 (17.7) 17.3 15.8
Head depth 11.314.2 (12.8) 12.613.6 (13.1) 14.0 14.5
Head width 8.610.4 (9.5) 12.613.6 (13.1) 11.612.6 (12.1) 9.510.9 (10.2) 1213.5 (12.8) 11.3 13.6
Maximum body depth 12.915.1 (14.0) 18.321.7 (20.0) 18.723.2(21.0) 17.222 (19.6) 17.7
Depth above anal-fin origin 10.912.5 (11.7) 14.717.9 (16.3) 15.820.1 (18.0) 14.617.2 (15.9) 14.417 (15.7) 15 13.7
Predorsal length 21.021.6 (21.3) 18.425.5 (22.0) 26 28.4
Preanal length 32.334.7 (33.5) 32.934.5 (33.7) 35.837.1 (36.5) 3742 (39.5) 38 33.5
Mandible to anus 11.814.5 (13.2) 15.016.9 (16.0) 13.415.0 (14.2) 14.216.0 (15.1) 10.816 (13.4) 17 14.9
Anus to anal-fin origin 17.319.4 (18.4) 15.518.2 (16.9) 21.526.3 (23.9) 18.524 (21.3) 20.7 16.1
Upper pectoral lobe length 9.511.1 (10.3) 11.813.8 (12.8) 10.813.7 (12.2) 11.611.9 (11.8) 13.314.6 (14.0) 11.7 10.6
Pectoral-fin notch ray length 2.83.8 (3.3) 4.44.8 (4.6)  2.9
Lower pectoral lobe length 9.710.4 (10.1) 10.210.9 (10.6) 12 11.3
Eye diameter 4.04.5 (4.3) 4.34.9 (4.6) 4.15.6 (4.9) 4.15.0 (4.6) 4.44.7 (4.7) 4.0 4.4
Snout length 4.95.6 (5.3) 4.76.5 (5.6) 4.85.6 (5.2) 6.77.3 (7.0) 6.0 5.8
Interorbital 5.08.0 (6.5) 7.07.4 (7.2) 6.38.1 (7.2) 7.58.8 (8.2) 8.510 (9.3) 9.0 6.2
Gill opening 1.62.1 (1.9) 1.01.4 (1.2) 1.32.1 (1.7) 2.02.3 (2.2) 1.42.0 (1.7) 1.7 2.1
In %HL
Upper pectoral lobe length 6575 (70) 6982 (75.5) 6773 (70) 67
Eye diameter 2831 (29.5) 2527 (26) 2536 (30.5) 2631 (28.5) 2627 (26.5) 23 28
Gill opening 11.014.4 (12.7) 68 (7) 914 (11.5) 915 (12) 5.89.3 (7.6) 9.6 13.3
a
Our data.
b
Data from Andriashev (2003).
c
Data from Chernova & Duhamel (2003).
A new species of Paraliparis 371
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Same gear as for the holotype. Collector Ricardo S.
Santos. The specimen skinned. Several posterior
vertebrae missing.
Non type: ZMUC 2619, damaged specimen, not
suitable for description. Same sample data as for
paratype.
Figure 1. Collection locations for Paraliparis nigellus sp. nov. (m) and Psednos groenlandicus ('). Isobaths represent 1000 m increments.
Figure 2. Paraliparis nigellus sp. nov. Holotype ZMUB 8485, adult male, TL 136 mm, SL 124 mm, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 1950 m. Fresh
specimen. Photograph: MAR-ECO (http://www.mar-eco.no/).
372 N. V. Chernova & P. R. Møller
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Diagnosis
Vertebrae 73(1261). D 64, A 59, P 2325, C 8.
Pectoral radials 4(31). Teeth simple and uniserial
except near jaw symphysis. Gill opening shorter than
pupil diameter. Opercular flap undeveloped. Head
16% SL. Eye 28% of head length (HL). Symphyseal
mandibular pore one. Pectoral fin with notch rays
not rudimentary. Interneural of the first dorsal-fin
ray between neural spine 6 and 7. Anus behind
vertical through gill opening. Mandible to anus
distance almost equal to length from anus to anal-
fin origin. Color dark black-brown, with bluish tint,
peritoneum black.
Description of the holotype
Principal characters are given in Table I.
Head 6.3 in SL, compressed. Head depth almost
equal to HL. Head width slightly exceeds one-half of
HL. Head dorsal profile widely rounded. Snout
deep, short and slightly protruding. Eye large,
3.6 in HL. Pupil 4/5 eye diameter. Interorbital 1.4
eye diameter. Mouth small, subterminal. Angle of
mouth below eye center. Jaw length about a third of
HL. Teeth simple, uniserial at three-fourth of each
jaw; 24 teeth in one row on upper jaw and 32 teeth in
one row on lower jaw distally; the paratype has 16
and 21 teeth in one row on upper and lower jaw
accordingly. Near jaw symphysis only, teeth form
five to seven very short and oblique rows, of two to
three teeth each. Gill opening pore-like, equal to half
of pupil diameter, entirely above pectoral-fin base.
Opercular flap not developed. Burke’s (1930) pore
formula is 2-6-7-1; sensory pores on head include
two pores in canalis nasalis, five pores in c. infra-
orbitalis, two pores (postorbital and suprabranchial
ones) in c. temporalis and seven pores in c. preoper-
culo-mandibularis. Chin pores open in one oval pore.
Body compressed, caudally elongated and thin at
the end. Dorsal contour of body rounded. Body
depth 5.6 in SL. Dorsal and anal fins low. Dorsal fin
origin above anterior third of pectoral-fin and
between neural spines 6 and 7. Pleural ribs absent.
Hypural one, unslit. Pectoral fin deeply notched,
P 25(1825); pectoral-fin number of the paratype
23(1733). Upper pectoral-fin lobe not reaching
anal-fin origin. Two rays in notch not rudimentary,
entirely covered by fin membrane; length of shortest
notch ray 27% of UPL. Lower lobe of five elongated
rays, maximum length 106% UPL. Upper pectoral-
fin ray inserts above level of eye. In holotype and
paratype pectoral-fin radials 4(31), round, fenes-
trae absent.
Anus opening behind vertical through gill slit,
below first fifth of pectoral-fin length. Mandible to
anus length almost equal to distance from anus to
anal-fin origin. Skin thin, naked, semitransparent;
white musculature visible through it. In fresh speci-
men, gelatinous tissue thick over entire body. Pyloric
caeca 6 (paratype), triangular in shape.
Color. Skin dark black-brown. Cheeks, pectoral base
and sides of body appear paler because white
muscles are visible through transparent skin. Snout,
gill opening, pectoral fins, belly and posterior of
dorsal and anal fins black. Orobranchial cavity and
peritoneum ink-black. Live body color dark blackish
brown with bluish tint, head black, belly bluish black
(Figure 2).
Distribution
Known from two stations on the northern part of the
Mid-Atlantic Ridge, between the Azores and
Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone, at depths 1950 and
2107 m.
Etymology
The name derives from ‘nigellus’ (Lat.) blackish,
dark.
Comparisons and discussion
Paraliparis nigellus sp. nov. fits in the P. copei complex
in vertebral number, teeth mainly uniserial, gill
Figure 3. Psednos groenlandicus Chernova, 2001. ZMUB 10135, SL 49 mm, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 12371296 m. Fresh specimen.
Photograph: MAR-ECO (http://www.mar-eco.no/).
A new species of Paraliparis 373
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opening pore-like, opercular flap undeveloped and
eight caudal-fin rays.
Paraliparis nigellus sp. nov. is similar to the P. c .
copei (Western North Atlantic) in vertebrae, D, A
and P number, but differs from it in its dark black-
brown color (vs. yellowish white, only snout, belly
and fins blackish), teeth at jaw symphysis in few
short rows (vs. entirely uniserial), anus opens mid-
distance from tip of mandible to anal-fin origin (vs.
anus opens 1.4 times closer to tip of mandible than
to anal-fin origin) and longer predorsal length (28.4
vs. 21.022.6% SL).
The new species differs from P. c. gibbericeps
(South Georgia) by more numerous counts (e.g.
vertebrae 73 vs. 6771, D 64 vs. 5961 and P 2325
vs. 2122), black-brown body (vs. white), and teeth
forming a few rows anteriorly (vs. entirely uniserial).
Paraliparis nigellus sp. nov. differs from P. kergue-
lensis (Kerguelen area) in having more vertebrae and
pectoral-fin rays (vertebrae 73 vs. 6467, P 2325 vs.
2022), black-brown color (vs. lilac-rose alive), and
interneural of the first dorsal-fin ray between neural
spine 6 and 7 (vs. 3 and 4 to 5 and 6). It differs also
from P. c. kerguelensis by more posterior position of
anus which opens behind vertical of gill opening,
and mandible to anus length almost equal to
distance from anus to anal-fin origin (vs. 1.5 times
shorter than the latter).
Paraliparis nigellus sp. nov. is different from P. c .
wilsoni (Meteor Seamount to South-West Africa) in
shade of coloration (body dark black-brown vs. light
cream-brown), in having more vertebrae (73 vs. 65
70), teeth forming a few rows anteriorly (vs. uni-
serial), slightly smaller head (16 vs. 1718% SL) and
distance from anus to anal fin origin shorter (16 vs.
18.525% SL).
Except for the nominative P. copei, nine other
Paraliparis are known in the North Atlantic (Collett
1879; Vaillant 1888; Cohen 1968; Andriashev 1993,
1997; Andriashev and Chernova 1997; Chernova
2004). Six of them are black or dark-brown, which
could cause confusion with the new species. Para-
liparis nigellus sp. nov. differs from the latter, in
addition to mainly uniserial teeth and pore-like gill
opening, in the following. It differs from P. abyssorum
Andriashev and Chernova, 1997 (eastern North
Atlantic) in having more vertebrae (73 vs. 6467)
and pectoral fin-rays (25 vs. 17). Paraliparis nigellus
sp. nov. differs from P. bathybius (Collett, 1879)
(cold depths of Norwegian Sea and adjacent waters)
by vertebrae number (73 vs. 6364). It differs from
P. bipolaris Andriashev, 1997 (eastern North Atlan-
tic) in having more caudal-fin rays (eight vs. four),
more pectoral radials (four vs. two), posterior
position of the dorsal-fin origin (fits between neural
spines 6 and 7 vs. 3 and 4) and gill opening shorter
(13 vs. 19% HL). Paraliparis nigellus sp. nov. differs
from P. calidus Cohen, 1968 (Gulf of Mexico) by
mouth horizontal (vs. oblique), pectoral-fin notch
rays not rudimentary (vs. rudimentary), vertebrae
number (73 vs. 6770) and caudal-fin rays (eight vs.
six). Paraliparis nigellus sp. nov. differs from P.
challengeri Andriashev, 1993 (Porcupine Basin,
North-East Atlantic) by simple teeth (vs. with small
lateral lobes), pectoral fin notched (vs. unnotched),
pectoral-fin ray number (25 vs. 16). It differs from
P. edwardsi (Vaillant, 1888) (off Morocco) by pec-
toral-fin upper lobe rays number (18 vs. 1113).
Psednos groenlandicus Chernova, 2001
(Figures 1, 3)
Psednos sp. Bergstad et al. 2008: 191; Sutton et al.
2008: 182.
Material collected during R/V G.O. Sars cruise 17.
ZMUB 1961, SL 37 mm, 52845.46?N, 35856.9?W,
St. 15-342, EGERSUND pelagic trawl (60 m
vertical opening; cod-end mesh size 22 mm), fishing
depth 18002015 m over bottom depth 3707 m.
ZMUB 11460, SL 49 mm, 49851,77?N, 298
37,78?W, St. 53-375, depth 9811003 m, Campelen
1800 bottom trawl (4.5 m vertical opening, 17 m
horizontal opening, cod-end mesh size 22 mm).
ZMUB 10135, SL 49 mm, 51833.5?N, 30818.66?W,
St. 60-379, depth 12371296 m, same gear as for
ZMUB 11460.
All characters studied fit well into the original
description: vertebrae 4748(91038), D 4243,
A 36, C 6; coronal pore absent; 11 temporal and
six preoperculo-mandibular pores present. Pre-
viously, this species was known only from off SW
Greenland (Chernova 2001).
Psednos groenlandicus and P. nigellus represent the
first records of identified Liparidae from the north-
ern part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The same
specimens were recently reported as Psednos sp.
and Paraliparis sp. (Bergstad et al. 2008; Sutton
et al. 2008).
Acknowledgements
The authors greatly appreciate the scientists and
crew of R/V G.O. Sars for the collection of the
specimens. Especially, we are grateful to Ingvar
Byrkjedal (ZMUB, Norway), Franz Uiblein (IMR,
Norway), Ricardo S. Santos (University of the
Azores, Portugal), and Andrey Dolgov (PINRO,
Russia), who took care of the specimens at sea.
The senior author was supported by the Johannes
Schmidt Foundation and by grants RFFI No. 08-04-
00135 and Petersburg Ichthyologic School (No.
374 N. V. Chernova & P. R. Møller
Downloaded By: [Chernova, Natalia V.] At: 07:23 21 October 2008

2304.208.4). We thank Jørgen Nielsen and Tammes
Menne for help and support during Chernova visits
to the ZMUC.
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