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Fish consumption and food security: A disaggregated analysis by types of fish and classes of consumers in selected Asian countries
Abstract
This paper discusses fish consumption and preference patterns for fish species by income groups, and by urban/rural divide in Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam. The analysis is based on primary data collected by the WorldFish Center and its partner institutes by means of a survey of 5,931 households in the selected countries. The FAO database and other published materials were also used to analyze trends in fish consumption. Freshwater fish species constitute a major share in total per capita fish consumption in most of these countries. Pelagic and demersal marine fish are the main contributor to per capita total fish consumption in the countries with longer coastal boundaries (such as Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand), and in the coastal regions within each country. Results suggest that fish contributes between 15% and 53% of the total animal protein intake in these countries. Fish consumption varies widely with economic position of the households, in terms of both per capita consumption and type of fish species. Per capita fish consumption increases with increase in income. The share of fish protein in total animal protein expenditure is higher for lower income groups, demonstrating their dependence on fish as a source of animal protein. Poor people consume mostly low-price fish and rich people spend a significant portion of their fish budget on expensive fish. Per capita fish consumption is substantially higher in rural areas than in urban areas.
... Fish is an essential source of easily digestible and essential amino acids rich protein for providing approximately 17% of the animal protein consumed by the world's population (FAO, 2014) [7] . It is a significant source of animal protein for lowincome households due to its lower cost than other animal protein sources (Mohan et al., 2005) [21] . Currently, marine fish production is experiencing near-stagnation, and the only hope lies with aquaculture. ...
... Fish is an essential source of easily digestible and essential amino acids rich protein for providing approximately 17% of the animal protein consumed by the world's population (FAO, 2014) [7] . It is a significant source of animal protein for lowincome households due to its lower cost than other animal protein sources (Mohan et al., 2005) [21] . Currently, marine fish production is experiencing near-stagnation, and the only hope lies with aquaculture. ...
Aquaculture, a reliable source of economic gain and employment generation, mainly stands on formulated fish feed costs. Protein is the essential component of animal tissues and constitutes about 65-75% of fish tissue dry matter. Therefore, protein is considered an essential nutrient source, providing a group of essential and nonessential amino acids for both maintenance and growth. Feed proteins are expensive, and their inclusion in aquaculture diets has a significant blow on overall feed costs. And fishmeal (FM) makes up nearly 50% of the total feed cost, and limited FM supplies can no longer meet the needs of the expanding fish-feed industry. Hence, to bring down the feed cost and develop a low cost and high yield production system, fermented plant by-products like sunflower cake might be considered the most viable alternative protein with less antinutritional feed for economic fish production. Introduction The demand for a protein-based diet is rising due to the increasing population. The world per capita fish consumption increased from an average of 9.0 kg in the 1960ʹs to above 20.5 kg in 2018 (FAO, 2020) [8]. Fish is an essential source of easily digestible and essential amino acids rich protein for providing approximately 17% of the animal protein consumed by the world's population (FAO, 2014) [7]. It is a significant source of animal protein for low-income households due to its lower cost than other animal protein sources (Mohan et al., 2005) [21]. Currently, marine fish production is experiencing near-stagnation, and the only hope lies with aquaculture. Aquaculture farming has seen rapid growth since the 1980s, producing about 46% of the total fish food supply globally and is expected to reach over 50% of the total world fish supply (FAO, 2014) [7]. However, there are strains on the aquaculture industry related to sources of ingredients for aquafeed formulation. Feed represents the single most significant input in aquaculture operation, accounting for 40-60% of the total cost of fish production.
... Despite significant cultural and ecological variation across the 34 Indonesian provinces, seafood is a mainstay of diets and supports nutritional security throughout the archipelago (BPS-Statistics Indonesia, 2020;Dey et al., 2005). In 2019, national mean per capita fresh seafood consumption averaged approximately 17.6 kg y -1 , ranging from 7.7 kg in Yogyakarta (central Java) to 37.3 kg in Sulawesi Tanggara (BPS-Statistics Indonesia, 2020). ...
... Together with cultural norms and traditions, these differences dictate varying fish consumption patterns in amounts and types across geographic regions and economic strata. Yet, data that capture such differences in high granularity is scarce (Dey et al., 2005). Although marine fish is the most consumed seafood on average, freshwater fish consumption is also common in Indonesia and includes mostly tilapia and catfish as well as shrimp in lesser amounts (BPS-Statistics Indonesia, 2020). ...
Micronutrient deficiencies constitute a pressing public health concern, especially in developing countries. As a dense source of bioavailable nutrients, aquatic foods can help alleviate such deficiencies. Developing aquaculture that provides critical micronutrients without sacrificing the underlying environmental resources that support these food production systems is therefore essential. Here, we address these dual challenges by optimizing nutrient supply while constraining the environmental impacts from aquaculture. Using life cycle assessment and nutritional data from Indonesia, a top aquaculture producer, we sought to identify aquaculture systems that increase micronutrient supplies and reduce environmental impacts (e.g., habitat destruction, freshwater pollution , and greenhouse gas emissions). Aquaculture systems in Indonesia vary more by environmental impacts (e.g. three order of magnitude for fresh water usage) than by nutritional differences (approximately ± 50% differences from mean relative nutritional score). Nutritional-environmental tradeoffs exist, with no single system offering a complete nutrition-environment win-win. We also find that previously proposed future aquaculture paths sub-optimally balance nutritional and environmental impacts. Instead, we identify optimized aquaculture production scenarios for 2030 with nutrient per gram densities 105-320% that of business-as-usual production and with environmental impacts as low as 25% of those of business-as-usual. In these scenarios Pangasius fish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) ponds prove desirable due to their low environmental impacts, but average relative nutrient score. While the environmental impacts of the three analyzed brackish water systems range from average to high compared to other aquaculture systems, their nutritional attributes render them necessary when maximizing all nutrients except vitamin A. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) ponds also proved essential in maximizing zinc and omega n-3, while Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cages were necessary in optimizing the production of calcium and vitamin A. These optimal aquaculture strategies also reduce business-as-usual demand for wild fish-based feed by 0-30% and mangrove expansion by 0-75% with no additional expansion into inland open waters and freshwater ponds. As aquaculture production expands globally, optimization presents a powerful opportunity to reduce malnutrition rates at reduced environmental impacts. The proposed reorientation promotes UN sustainable development goals 2 (zero hunger), 3 (health), 13 (climate action) and 14 (life under water) and requires concerted and targeted policy changes.
... This sector enhance the dependence on family labour in fish farming, leading to a reduction of hired labour (Macfadyen et al., 2011). It has been reported that the establishment of commercial aquaculture is generally accompanied with a relative decline in the price of fish in markets, where lowincome consumers particularly benefit, which helps Improve livelihoods (Dey et al., 2005) [50] , with an economic revival of the region and the nation (FAO, 2017) [51] . ...
... This sector enhance the dependence on family labour in fish farming, leading to a reduction of hired labour (Macfadyen et al., 2011). It has been reported that the establishment of commercial aquaculture is generally accompanied with a relative decline in the price of fish in markets, where lowincome consumers particularly benefit, which helps Improve livelihoods (Dey et al., 2005) [50] , with an economic revival of the region and the nation (FAO, 2017) [51] . ...
Following the exponential increase in Africa's population compared to past decades and the increased need for food production to meet this growing demand in the continent, studies on agricultural research for sustainable food production have been gradually strengthened in the face of climate change, water scarcity and increasing desertification. Aquaculture is a growing sector in Africa and has a major role to play in the role is of primary importance in ensuring food security, while reducing dependence on wild fish stocks that are often overexploited. However, this rapid growth poses challenges to the overall long-term sustainability of the agricultural sector and raises concerns in a number of respects. Sustainable aquaculture implies the integration of all three pillars or dimensions of sustainable development to ensure that this young African industry is economically and environmentally viable, but also that aquaculture farms operate in a socially responsible manner.
... When SB or SBM is processed in any of the above ways, its antinutrients are altered, but this also increases the cost of producing feed. The cost of producing fish feed is even more important in developing countries, e.g., in Asia, where fish protein accounts for between 15 and 53% of the total animal protein source for human consumption (Mohan Dey et al. 2005). In these countries, fish of lower economic value, such as cichlid or cyprinid fish, are usually produced. ...
A 12-week feeding trial with common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was conducted to test the hypothesis that compound diets formulated on the basis of different soybean cultivars will have effects on growth parameters, feed utilization, and digestive system histology. Soybean grains were from the following cultivars: Alisa (SB-A), Balkan (SB-B), and Galeb (SB-G). The fourth tested diet contained grains from a mixture of different SB cultivars (SB-M). The results confirmed the tested hypothesis, as the fish from the group SB-A showed higher average weight gain, specific growth rates, and feed efficiency, as well as lower feed intake and feed conversion ratio, compared to the groups SB-B and SB-M. On the other hand, diets were expected to cause inflammation in the distal intestine of the fish, but this did not occur. Histological examination of the intestine and liver, performed at the end of weeks 1, 3, 6 and 12, showed no pathological changes. Most of the differences between the groups were found at the end of the trial. The group SB-A had a higher surface area of different intestinal layers compared to the groups SB-B and SB-G. The surface area of the goblet cells was greatest at most of the time points in SB-M. In the liver, the evaluation of the surface area of hepatocytes and their nuclei showed no significant differences between the groups. The differences in final body mass, which showed a maximum value of 18% between the groups, could be of significant importance for culture of this freshwater species.
... Aquaculture has established itself as a significant source of excellent proteins and healthful fats to satisfy the rising human demand for fish as a dietary source (Mohan Dey et al., 2005), especially in Egypt, where aquaculture has grown with significance in providing a quick source of animal protein for the expanding population of the nation. Animal protein sources have a generally higher quality of protein than plant sources although animal protein is preferred but it is more expensive than plant protein. ...
Discards decrease natural resources and harm the viability of fisheries. The
current experiment was conducted to determine the suitability of fish discards for
cultivating the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and their effect on growth rates and
the health condition of the fish. 300 healthy live Nile tilapia specimens were obtained
and divided into five equal groups, coded as 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% DF diets. The
experiment lasted for 60 days. All growth performance parameters revealed no
discernible difference between fish fed 0 (control group) and 100% DF diets. Fish fed
75% DF diet recorded the best significant feed conversion rate of 1.1± 0.4. Fish fed 50
and 75% DF diets recorded the highest significant weight gain (25.4± 3.02, 25.3± 2.7g,
respectively). The glucose value showed a significant decrease in the 25% DF
treatment and an increase in 100% DF treatment, while it showed a non-significant
decrease in 50 and 75% DF treatments. This study determined that the haematological
values remained acceptable for tilapia production. The present work concluded that
fish discards are suitable as dietary protein sources for the Nile tilapia; it contributed
significantly to fisheries' sustainability and the Nile tilapia feeding cost reduction
... Overall, consumers' positive attitudes towards seafood in Bangladesh (Dey et al., 2005) provide opportunities for world seafood supplies to explore potential Asian markets. ...
Consumers’ perception of seafood products plays a critical role in determining their consumption behaviour. As a great quantity of seafood is produced by aquaculture, specifically farmed fish, consumers’ perception of farmed fish is crucial. In recent years, consumers in developing and emerging countries have increased their concern about seafood safety. This thesis investigates consumers’ perception of seafood in an emerging market such as Bangladesh and their willingness to pay (WTP) for fish attributes such as safety and green labels. The thesis contributes to the literature by adding value to the empirical knowledge of consumers’ perceptions and attitudes and the discrepancy of knowledge in emerging markets, especially about sustainable and organic farmed fish. The thesis comprises an independent introductory section and four individual papers.
... Apart from the aquaculture factors, fish consumption behaviour can also be influenced by the demographic characteristics of consumers. For example, consumers with higher income tend to eat fish more often than those with lower income (Can et al., 2015;Mohan Dey et al., 2005;Fig. 4. The hazard quotients of (a, b) PFOA and (c, d) PFOS to urban and rural consumers via fish consumption using different cooking methods in different provinces/municipalities of China. ...
... Moreover, the estimates show that consumers prefer prawn over shrimp, and that consumers are willing to pay 6% more for prawn. According to consumers, the reason is that prawn is tastier than shrimp in Bangladesh due to the fact that prawn is a freshwater species (Dey et al., 2005) and is comparatively more available at the wet fish markets of Bangladesh (Hoque et al., 2021). The second model illustrates the same results. ...
... Wild-caught freshwater fish is an important source of food in the Philippines (Briones, Dey and Ahmed, 2004;Fernandez-San Valentin and Berja, 2012). Particularly the rural poor depend heavily on inland fisheries (Kent, 1997;Dey et al., 2007). However, freshwater fish stocks in the Philippines are declining alarmingly, which threatens to aggravate food insecurity of already vulnerable households (BFAR, 2005). ...
... Aquaculture is a rapidly growing industry which has a signi cant part in economic development of many nations in the world (Prabhu et al., 2016). Regular advancements in cultivation and breeding methods assisted growth of aquaculture at 10% (in volume) average growth rate annually (Mohan Dey et al., 2005). In India, shery is a steadily rising sector. ...
Aquaculture is a rapidly growing industry both in India and globally. After Carps, Tilapia is the most cultured fish in the industry. Due to stress and overexploitation of the aquatic ecosystem, there has been rise and propagation of variety of diseases which is a major bottleneck for the industry. Bacterial diseases particularly Vibriosis caused by V. vulnificus, V. harveyi and V. alginolyticus is of great concern as it causes severe illness in humans along with the aquatic organisms. Using reverse vaccinology technique, arranging the epitopes present in OMPs of V. vulnificus , V. harveyi and V. alginolyticus with respect to MHC-I, MHC-II, T-cell and B-cell with the help of advanced bio-computational techniques, it is predicted that YTSTDNFAV, QSIQGNTMN and SQLCIAISL might be potential vaccine candidates elucidating both humoral and cell-mediated immune response. A multi-epitope vaccine is also designed to target the three microbes together by linking the peptide sequences using amino acid linker GPGPG. The cholera toxin B subunit was added in the adjuvant in the N-terminal side using EAAAK linker. Analysis of the multi-epitope vaccine candidate showed that it has all the properties of a potential robust vaccine including antigenic, immunogenic, soluble and thermostable.
... A comparatively small number of species underpin protein security for the most heavily populated parts of South-East Asia today: these are uncharismatic schooling sardines, scads, mackerels and tunas and a small number of aquacultured species. Coral reef fish account for, at most, approximately one-fifth of the fish produced in the Philippines, based on government fishery data (Clifton & Foale, 2017) and rural surveys (Dey et al., 2005;Fabinyi, Dressler & Pido, 2017). These (mostly small) pelagic fish occur in vast numbers in nutrient-rich offshore and coastal waters, largely independent of corals and the biodiversity associated with coral reefs that are so valued by conservationists. ...
... Assim, os grupos com renda mais baixa ingerem mais pescado de menor custo, enquanto as pessoas com maior poder aquisitivo gastam mais com espécies de pescado mais caras. Vale destacar que esse consumo é consideravelmente maior nas áreas rurais do que nas áreas urbanas (Mohan Dey et al., 2005). ...
Este estudo objetivou abordar o cenário, os avanços e os desafios do consumo de pescado na alimentação escolar, no Brasil. Realizou-se uma revisão de literatura, abarcando diferentes tipos de publicações como artigos, livros, legislações e documentos de diversas organizações, considerando conteúdos estruturados em três eixos: o consumo de pescado no mundo e no Brasil; as diretrizes relacionadas ao uso do pescado na alimentação escolar; e o desenvolvimento de preparações à base pescado e testes de aceitabilidade, junto aos escolares, no Brasil. Conforme a literatura, no país, o consumo per capita/ano de pescado ainda é inferior à recomendação internacional (12 Kg per capita / ano). Políticas foram implementadas, buscando estimular este consumo pela população e na alimentação escolar, conquanto a coexistência desafios, na perspectiva cultural e operacional. Todavia, mudanças políticas e econômicas recentes têm repercutido negativamente nesta evolução. Nas escolas, a introdução do pescado mostrou-se constituir estratégia importante, por incentivar a formação do hábito do consumo deste alimento, desde a infância. Quanto aos estudos que desenvolveram e avaliaram a aceitabilidade de produtos à base de pescado, verificou-se que preparações como fishburguer, almôndegas e nuggets, ou mesmo bolos enriquecidos com filé de peixe foram bem aceitos, atendendo aos critérios para inserção nos cardápios das escolas. Apesar do cenário de retrocessos nas políticas de alimentação e nutrição do país, os estudos indicaram elevado potencial para a criação de preparações com pescado, com alta aceitabilidade pelos escolares.
... Freshwater fishes constitute a major proportion of fish consumption in Asian countries 10 . In Hong Kong, daily consumption of freshwater fish is over 140 tons 11 with the most popular species being Asian carps, typically referring to four freshwater fish species under family Xenocyprididae including grass carpCtenopharyngodon (C. ) idella , black carpMylopharyngodon (M. ) piceus , bighead carpHypophthalmichthys (H. ) nobilis and sliver carpHypophthalmichthys (H. ...
Background Asian carps are popular freshwater fish species in Hong Kong and served as an important protein source for infants. Grass carp parvalbumin was reported to have higher allergenicity than other commercially important fishes (salmon and cod) in terms of IgE reactivity. Objective To identify allergens in Asian carps and study the divergence pattern of allergens. Method Three complete Asian carps’ genomes were constructed by hybrid assembly approach. All the homologs of known and putative allergens were identified based on sequence homology at the genomic level. The gene structures, expression level and protein conformations of parvalbumin were revealed using bioinformatics tools. Results Parvalbumin is the major allergen in grass carp tested by indirect ELISA. Nine homologs of parvalbumin were identified in the genome of grass carp, in which Cid_PV2 exhibited highest sequence similarity to the reported group 1 allergen of grass carp, Cten i 1. Similarly, ten parvalbumin homologs were identified in the genome of bighead and black carp respectively, in which Mpi_PV7 and Hno_PV7 were identified as the putative allergenic homologs. The expression profile of parvalbumin revealed alternative usage of homologs in different tissues of Asian carps. Moreover, gene copy numbers of parvalbumin gradually expanded in bony fish and two gene clusters of parvalbumin were identified inside the genomes of Asian carps. Conclusion All the homologs of Asian carps’ parvalbumin were accurately identified and gene divergence contributed to the formation of allergenic homologs. Together with a comprehensive gene sequence profile of carps’ parvalbumin, those could be applied to achieve a more precise clinical diagnostic test and would ultimately assist the design of preventive treatment by immunotherapy of fish allergy.
... However, strategies for increasing agricultural productivity need to be focussed. Culture of fish, particularly composite fish culture can be an imperative tool for sustainably recuperating agricultural productivity and for strengthening rural economies (Nagabhatla et al. 2012; Dey and Prein 2006;Dey et al., 2005). Declining water quality is currently a global issue (Mahananda et al., 2010).The water purity varies from place to place in nature (Patil 2013). ...
Sustainable development in agriculture is the need of the hour. Extensive use of agrochemicals in the agricultural sector for practices like weed control, pest control, enhancing soil fertility, etc. results in a broad range of uninvited effects not only to the agricultural ecosystem but also to the human health owing to the nondegradable nature of these chemicals. This situation is alarming and of serious concern. It’s high time to curb our dependency on agrochemicals and instead search for other alternatives, most importantly keeping an eye on their environmental impact. In this prospect, eco-friendly strategies should be adopted to ensure safe and healthy agricultural products for the society. Aquaculture being one of the fastest growing food fabrication sectors, thus we majorly focused on community-based aquaculture on the regions of eastern belt of India. The present study is a diagnostic approach that demonstrates how sustainability challenges can be overcome by utilization of local resources.
... Another factor not considered in this research is the consumer class, even though it impacts consumer preferences for fish (Mohan Dey et al., 2005). Skuland, (2015) also states the importance of social class considerations such as education and income in predicting fish consumption behavior because it relates to knowledge and perceived quality. ...
The low level of fish consumption is the initial phenomenon of this study. This study's general objective is to determine the grouping of factors inhibiting fish consumption and confirm the suitability of the factors. This type of research is a survey. Samples were taken by fulfilling the criteria of purchasing marine fish for family consumption, food processing, or cooking for daily family consumption. The selection of research sites with consideration of areas with fish low consumption levels in DIY and Centre of Java. This study involved 427 respondents from various regions in DIY-Centre of Java. Data analysis techniques in this study used factor analysis and Anova. Based on data analysis, it is known that there are six factors of barriers to fish consumption, namely family member preferences, processing methods, distribution and availability, myths and knowledge, cost or price, and tastes. The factors are then successfully reduced to three main factors, namely individual, food, and environment characteristics.
... Fisheries are considered to promote food security both directly and indirectly by contributing to farm diversification, women's empowerment, and the creation of new employment opportunities and revenue streams. Fisheries have been advocated for decades as a vehicle for rural economic development with an emphasis on poverty alleviation as a result of this rationale (Temesgen, 2020;Dey et al., 2005). ...
Bangladesh is endowed with extensive and highly diversified fisheries resources. More than 60% of animal-based food protein in Bangladesh comes from fish, which is an essential source of micronutrients and plays a significant part in the country's diet. This paper reviews the effectuation of fisheries sector in the economic development of Bangladesh using data collected from secondary sources. Bangladesh is the world's 5th largest producer of fish-culture products, outranked by China, Indonesia, India and Vietnam. In FY 2018-19, the fisheries sector contributed 3.5% to Bangladesh's national GDP. More than 18 million people are directly and indirectly involved in fisheries sector. Fish is the most significant source of protein for the mass population and the per capita consumption was 21.8 kg in 2019. The fisheries sector has been growing steadily in the recent decade with a 5.3% growth over the period from 2009 to 2019. In FY 2018-19, 56.76% (2.49 million MT) of aquaculture fish was cultivated in closed water bodies. Out of the fisheries production, the majority (1.97 million MT) is cultivated in ponds, particularly carp, pangaus and tilapia fish which jointly account for 93% of freshwater fish production. The average growth rate of fish production in ponds is 5.7%, while this is 8.9% for intensive production. Shrimp production from culture farms contributes 51.34%. This study also found that fish-culture has a profound impact on the income level, food security, and employment generation of the farming community. Bangladesh furthermore recognizes the shrimp sector as an important source of foreign trade contributing 75.8% of total agriculture trade. The majorly export markets are the EU, USA, and UK. Although, China is the chief importer of crabs there exists a potential market for shrimp (Bagda). Pangas and tilapia also possess relative advantages in export. Therefore, with the sustainable use of available resources with proper technological assistance, fish produced from fish-culture would efficiently meet the protein demand of growing population and thus alleviating poverty with significant employment opportunities for the country.
... In this study, we aim to add to the literature by investigating consumer preferences for different seafood species in a developing country setting with a high degree of species variety. 2 Empirical analyses of fish consumer preferences mostly rely on demand system estimation, in particular in developed countries like North America, Europe and Japan (Asche et al. 1997;Bronnmann et al. 2016b;Bronnmann 2016;Wessells and Wilen 1993;Xie and Myrland 2011). But also the number of studies for developing countries is increasing (Akuffo et al. 2020;Dey 2000;Dey et al. 2011Dey et al. , 2005Dey et al. , 2008Garcia et al. 2005). All of these are examples for direct demand systems, although there are also indirect demand systems estimated such as Barten and Bettendorf (1989) or ?. ...
In a marine multi-species environment, consumers’ decisions may introduce interactions between species beyond biological ecosystem links. The theoretical literature shows that consumer preferences for variety can trigger a sequential (local) extinction of fish stocks. However, consumer preferences are not yet fully understood empirically, as it is uncertain how variety-loving consumers really are, in particular in specific settings such as in developing countries. In this article, we present an aggregation procedure to study consumer preferences in a highly diverse marine system. In a first step, we use co-integration analysis and aggregation theorems by Hicks and Lewbel to find groups of species that consumers find substitutable. In a second step, we use a direct quadratic almost ideal demand system (QUAIDS) to estimate price elasticities between these groups. We then quantify and compare welfare losses and spillovers from species-specific price shocks that may for example result from restoration efforts. Our case study from Senegal across 28 species reveals evidence that consumers do indeed have a preference for diversity of species on their plates.
... Compared to medium-income earners, high-income consumers have less preference for fish consumption and are willing to pay less (BDT 35.571/kg) than those with middle-level income. The existing literature indicates that low-income consumers tend to spend more and rich consumers spend less of their income on fish consumption [98]. When the highincome variable was considered together with the 'formalin-free' safety information, the interaction term increased the utility of fish to consumers, meaning that high-income consumers looked for formalin-free and safe fish in the local markets of Bangladesh. ...
Due to importing food and the perpetual changes from conventional wet markets to supermarkets in emerging markets, consumers have the opportunity to base their buying decisions on traceability systems. Seafood traceability systems involve information on production mode, inspection notes, sustainable sources, and sources of origin to provide consumer protection and help ensure that all seafood is safe to consume. This study aims to explore seafood markets by assessing the demand for traceability information attributes by utilising data from an experimental survey in an emerging market such as Bangladesh. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, and a conditional logit model. The results demonstrate that consumers are concerned regarding vitamins, cholesterol, and preservatives, while they are little concerned about microbiological contamination, pesticide residues, genetic modification, and additives or artificial colours. The difference between the mean willingness to pay (WTP) for traditional and sustainable farmed fish is higher than that between the mean WTP for conventional and sustainable wild fish. In a ranked-choice voting system, the 'production mode' and 'claim of safety control (e.g., being formalin-free)' were the first and second most influential attributes in fish choices. The outcomes of the econometric model revealed that consumers are more likely to prefer traceability information about fish control (e.g., formalin-free), and they want to pay a price premium for this information. Alternatively, consumers are less likely to prefer farmed and imported fish, and their WTP for these fishes are highly inflated. This finding may be because consumers use wild and local origin as a cue for food safety or quality. This study hopes that the effects of such traceability information will optimise the production process and supply chain and help make seafood recall management more effective.
... The relevance of aquatic animals in the diet is also impacted by social norms [153,154]. There are many populations and individuals globally who eat no aquatic foods. ...
Aquatic animals are diverse in terms of species, but also in terms of production, the people involved, and the benefits achieved. In this concept piece, we draw on literature to outline how the diversity of aquatic animals, their production, and their consumption all influence their impact within the food system. Built on evidence from an array of reductionist and non-reductionist literature, we suggest that food systems researchers and policymakers adapt current methods and theoretical frameworks to appropriately contextualise aquatic animals in broader food systems. We do this through combining current understandings of food systems theory, value chain, livelihoods, nutritional outcomes, and planetary boundaries thinking. We make several claims around understanding the role of aquatic animals in terms of nutritional output and environmental impacts. We suggest a need to consider: (1) the diversity of species and production methods; (2) variable definitions of an “edible yield”; (3) circular economy principles and the impacts of co-products, and effects beyond nutrient provision; (4) role of aquatic animals in the overall diet; (5) contextual effects of preservation, preparation, cooking, and consumer choices; (6) globalised nature of aquatic animal trade across the value chain; and (7) that aquatic animals are produced from a continuum, rather than a dichotomy, of aquaculture or fisheries. We conclude by proposing a new framework that involves cohesive interdisciplinary discussions around aquatic animal foods and their role in the broader food system.
... Consumption surveys have indicated that dried fish contributes a significant proportion of animal source food intakes in many parts of the Global South (e.g. Dey et al., 2005). Small fish-which are often processed and consumed whole-provide the majority of calcium intake among the poorest in some geographies, as captured in appellations for small fish such as "the milk of South-East Asia" (Jensen, 2001). ...
Dried fish—here defined broadly as aquatic animals preserved using simple techniques, such as sun‐drying, salting, fermentation, and smoking that permit storage as foods at ambient temperature for extended periods without specialized packaging—have received little direct attention in fisheries research. This lack of visibility belies their historical and contemporary importance. Prior to the introduction of refrigeration, dried fish were the main form in which fisheries catches were traded and consumed. Dried fish products remain a core component of production, trade, diets, and cuisines across the world, particularly in the Global South. The dried fish sector provides employment for millions of people, particularly women, who comprise most of the fish‐drying workforce in many locations. However, the sector also confronts and creates significant challenges including food safety concerns and exploitative labour conditions. This paper is the first systematic assessment of the global literature on dried fish, comprised of a sample of >1100 references. In contrast to the general fisheries literature, which is dominated by studies of ecology and governance and focusses mainly on primary production, the dried fish literature is dominated by studies from food science and concentrates on the processing segment of fish value chains. As such, it offers valuable reference point for fisheries research, which is becoming increasingly attentive to food systems. This paper uncovers a wealth of insights buried in this largely unheralded literature, and identifies key thematic intersections, gaps and research questions that remain to be addressed in the study of dried fish.
... As per [35] in Egypt full-time employment per 100 tonnes of fish produced from fish ponds was 13.8. Commercial tilapia production also found to greatly improve the livelihoods of the poor, mainly by generating employment opportunities through the value chain and by providing affordable high-quality edible animal protein [36,37]. Tilapia contributed about 62% among the total aquaculture production value here and because of tilapia the annual per capita consumption of fish increased from 9.5 kg in 1995 to 19.1 kg in 2011 [11]. ...
Tilapia cultivation has been found to be an effective tool for many developing countries for socio-economic development by addressing some important issues like food-security and employment generation. Adoption of tilapia cultivation has increased over the decades because of easy management practice and versatile farming technologies have been observed worldwide. Tilapia gain popularity because of their excellent breeding capabilities, flesh quality, high growth rate, disease resistance and survival capabilities under different farming systems and environmental conditions. Such features boosting up rapid growth of tilapia producing industries in an impactful way, by involving poor and non-poor farming communities in some of the developing countries of Asian, African and South American continents. However, some problems still exists with cultivation of different tilapia varieties; such as the inadequate availability of quality fry, deterioration in seed quality, limited technical knowledge among farming communities and poor marketing strategies especially in some of these developing countries depriving its commercial success to some extent. This review describes a present scenario regarding potentialities and difficulties of commercial adaptation of Tilapia cultivation under socio-economically constrained conditions.
... As per [35] in Egypt full-time employment per 100 tonnes of fish produced from fish ponds was 13.8. Commercial tilapia production also found to greatly improve the livelihoods of the poor, mainly by generating employment opportunities through the value chain and by providing affordable high-quality edible animal protein [36,37]. Tilapia contributed about 62% among the total aquaculture production value here and because of tilapia the annual per capita consumption of fish increased from 9.5 kg in 1995 to 19.1 kg in 2011 [11]. ...
Tilapia cultivation has been found to be an effective tool for many developing countries for socioeconomic development by addressing some important issues like food-security and employment generation. Adoption of tilapia cultivation has increased over the decades because of easy management practice and versatile farming technologies have been observed worldwide. Tilapia gain popularity because of their excellent breeding capabilities, flesh quality, high growth rate, disease resistance and survival capabilities under different farming systems and environmental conditions. Such features boosting up rapid growth of tilapia producing industries in an impactful way, by involving poor and non-poor farming communities in some of the developing countries of Asian, African and South American continents. However, some problems still exists with cultivation of different tilapia varieties; such as the inadequate availability of quality fry, deterioration in seed quality, limited technical knowledge among farming communities and poor marketing strategies especially in some of these developing countries depriving its commercial success to some extent. This review describes a present scenario regarding potentialities and difficulties of commercial adaptation of Tilapia cultivation under socioeconomically constrained conditions.
... As marine resources are often the only available source of essential micronutrients in many developing countries (Shepon et al., 2020), future research should encompass affordable, sustainable and resilient harvested species that are available to people inhabiting developing nations. Affordable and highly nutritious small pelagic marine forage fish (e.g., scad -Decapterus spp., Carangidae spp.) and low trophic level freshwater fish species (e.g., carp -Labeo rohita, Carassius carassius; Asian Development Bank, 2014; Dey et al., 2005;Tacon and Metian, 2013) and are likely to be representative of ideal case-study species for future research. ...
Climate change is impacting living marine resources, whilst concomitantly, global reliance on seafood as a source of nutrition is increasing. Here we review an emerging research frontier, identifying significant impacts of climate-driven environmental change on the nutritional and sensory quality of seafood, and implications for human health. We highlight that changing ocean temperature, pH and salinity can lead to reductions in seafood macro and micronutrients, including essential nutrients such as protein and lipids. However, the nutritional quality of seafood appears to be more resilient in taxa that inhabit naturally variable environments such as estuaries and shallow near-coastal habitats. We develop criteria for assessing confidence in categorising the nutritional quality of seafood as vulnerable or resilient to climate change. The application of this criteria to a subset of seafood nutritional studies demonstrates confidence levels are generally low and could be improved by more realistic experimental designs and research collaboration. We highlight knowledge gaps to guide future research in this emerging field.
... Our model estimates that a 1% increase in domestic aquaculture production is associated with a 0.9% increase per capita consumption ( Table 1). The positive association of aquaculture production and aquatic food consumption shows that the results of studies in individual countries, such as Toufique and Belton (2014), Belton et al. (2018b), and Dey et al. (2005) which find that consumption of inexpensive farmed fish has increased among the poor as local aquaculture has rapidly expanded, are generalizable. The model results also indicate that per capita fish consumption is larger in less populated countries and wealthy countries. ...
Aquaculture's rapidly increasing contribution to global aquatic food supply is masked by rhetoric on sustainability and international trade. We examine the association of country-level aquaculture production and per capita consumption of aquatic food in 163 countries. We find a positive association between aquaculture production and aquatic food consumption at the national scale where a 1% increase in domestic aquaculture production is associated with a 0.9% increase per capita consumption. The results corroborate previous case studies showing consumption of aquatic food has increased among the poor as domestic aquaculture has expanded. The findings provide important insight to the role of aquaculture in global food security and highlight the significance of advancing aquaculture development in regions with high rates of malnutrition and food insecurity.
... In addition, direct calorie intake (DCI) and cost of basic needs (CBN) methods were used to measure nutritional status and poverty incidence. Therefore, after analyzing the results, we found it clear that this study on fish farming was very important for the implementation of nutrition, health, and agricultural policies of rural households in Bangladesh, such as (1) its income ensured food, calories, and proteins through ensuring dietary diversity in the family, which reflects similar results in previous research by Gomna and Rana [65] and Dey et al. [8]; (2) its income is a complementary and significant contribution to other sources of income; (3) income earned from selling fish indicated the advanced socio-economic status of the farm households; (4) its enhanced income can help to create commercial farms from the subsistence; (5) the young generation will be motivated to establish themselves as a successful entrepreneur by taking up fish farming activities; and, finally, (6) its sustainable income encourages rural young farmers to earn a sustainable livelihood, as well as assisting the government in formulating sound policies by ensuring proper use of land. Therefore, it indirectly contributes to the economic growth of Bangladesh through the development of rural infrastructure as a guideline for further research in other parts of Bangladesh. ...
In the present study, nutritional status was assessed using dietary diversity of fish and non-fish farming households in Mymensingh district of Bangladesh. It has determined the inci�dence of poverty in fish and non-fish farm households through a comparative analysis of family profile, food consumption, calories, and protein intake. A total of 420 farms were selected for data collection using structured questionnaires with 210 fish and 210 non-fish farm families. The study
using both descriptive and functional analysis revealed that the respondent age of both farms was 45.10 years, family size was 5.70, average education was 4.64 schooling years, and average farm size
was 0.514 hectares. As a result, due to the increase in household income, fish farm families improved their food consumption, calories, and protein intake in comparison with non-fish farms. On a direct
calorie intake (DCI) basis, the overall absolute and hardcore poverty levels of fish farm households were 32 percent and 18 percent, respectively, while those of non-fish farm households were 22 percent
and 10 percent, respectively. Therefore, the incidence of poverty was higher in non-fish farming families than in fish farming families. In principle, provision of various forms of government assis�tance through the Department of Fisheries (DOF) will further intensify and strengthen fish farming, which will easily bring fallow and uncultivated lands of the area under fish farming. Moreover, it is possible to inspire the younger generation through this research that will help them to become a fish farm-based entrepreneur. The main conclusion of the present study is that fish farming is more positively related to household income, family food intake, and nutritional status than any other type of farming.
... Fish is a key nutritional and cultural resource as a typical Filipino meal includes rice, fish and vegetables [46]. In the Philippines and other countries in Asia, freshwater fish species represent a significant portion of per capita fish consumption [47,48]. The main component of the Filipino diet primarily comes from plant sources (72.8%) and animal sources (22.4%), and includes mostly carbohydrates (68.8%), then fats (18.8%) and a small percentage of protein (12.4%). ...
Several coastal communities rely heavily on wild-caught fish for personal consumption and their livelihoods, thus being sensitive to the rapid global change affecting fish availability. However, in the last century, aquaculture has been increasingly adopted. To understand the uses and changes of wild-caught fish, we conducted 30 semi-structured interviews with fishers of Laguna Lake, Philippines. Fishermen, with up to 60 years’ experience, reported catching 31 fish species as a staple food. The taxa with the greatest variety of food uses were the farmed Oreochromis aureus, and the wild Channa striata and Cyprinus carpio . Fish was boiled, fried, grilled and dried, and over 20 different local dishes were reported. Fishers reported that local communities previously relied more on wild fish, while today a greater proportion of consumed fish comes from aquaculture fish species such as Oreochromis aureus and Hypophthalmichthys nobilis . Wild fish remains a crucial aspect of local gastronomic diversity, underpinning the biodiversity of the Laguna Lake, while also representing an important element for food sovereignty. The study stresses the need to sustain local ecological knowledge to ensure the ecological, social and economic sustainability of the communities.
... Bangladesh produced an amount of 390,559 MT Tilapia in FY 2018-19 which is accounted for 8.91 percent of total fish production (FRSS, 2019). However, tilapia is often considered as low-priced fish species owing to its higher availability and low consumer preference (Mohan Dey et al., 2005;Venugopal et al., 1995). Value addition through production of fish fillet can be an effective strategy to increase consumer acceptability and commercial value, and ensure better utilization of tilapia. ...
Although tilapia is one of the most cultivated fish species in Bangladesh owing to its high growth rate, comparatively easy culture practices, higher survival rate and short culture period but low market preference marked it as a low-priced fish. Various approaches have been adopted to enhance consumer acceptability and ensure better use of tilapia, including the production of value-added products such as tilapia-prepared fillets, which attract increasing interest. Therefore, the current study was designed and carried out in order to prepare tilapia fillets and to estimate their shelf life at frozen (-18±2 0 C) and refrigerated (4±1 0 C) temperatures. Fillets were produced from tilapia collected from local fish markets of Sylhet city, Bangladesh with according to Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) established by International Standards Organization (ISO) and packed in polyethylene bags. Proximate composition, total volatile base nitrogen (TVBN), peroxide value (PV), pH, total plate count (TPC) and sensory properties of fillets were analyzed to determine shelf-life. A portion of the fresh fillet sample was immediately analyzed and the remaining portions were preserved for up to 12 and 90 days at refrigerated and frozen storage temperatures, respectively. Results revealed that, at a definite interval of time, changes in the chemical, microbial and sensory attributes of tilapia fillets were found to be more pronounced in refrigerated storage conditions than fillets stored in frozen conditions. The shelf life of refrigerated and frozen tilapia fillet samples was 9 and at least 90 days, respectively, per the results of sensory, microbial and chemical evaluation.
... This is thus relevant for the differences we found in the change of statement #4 ("The quality of the farmed fish in unaffected by the feeds that they receive"), pointing out that consumers with less knowledge about the production method [knowofmethod] change more their opinion when reading the information document. Another interesting insight is that consumers with the lowest knowledge on seafood products, in general, were the ones that clearly more benefited from being provided with information, as shown in two particularly interesting aspects for such type of consumers: informing them about the healthiness and affordable prices of aquaculture products, an aspect that has been deemed of crucial importance in previous studies on consumer perceptions on aquaculture (Dey et al., 2005). This indicates that the lower the initial score the higher the increase in agreement after being exposed to information. ...
Aquaculture products are commonplace in markets around the world. However, despite efforts to minimize the negative perceptions towards aquaculture, several misbeliefs or myths still persist, and thus globally consumers tend to value wild fish more highly than farmed fish . The lack of information has been shown to be one of the most important causes of this preference, driving buying decisions to be more emotional than rational. The aim of this study was to determine whether scientific-supported information contrasting one myth could contribute to a better perception of farmed products. To that end, consensus on a series of aquaculture-related issues among different scientists, external experts, and aquaculture societies was used to build up the scientific information. This information was provided to 300 Spanish consumers using two different communication tools (150 consumers each tool): an interactive web documentary and a written and printed document, to detect possible differences in the change of consumers' perception. Consumers were asked for their degree of agreement on a set of 14 statements before and after providing the scientific information. A variable collecting the assessment of each of the statements was calculated as the Overall-perception. Possible significant differences between the scores before and after providing the information and for the ‘overall perception’ were analysed separately for each communication tool as well as for the combined sample. Possible relationship between the consumers' perception with the sociodemographic factors, the consumers' knowledge and the fish consumption habits were also assessed. Results show that consumer's perception of aquaculture before the query were moderate (5.6 average in a 0 to 10 scale) but that it increased slightly but significantly and regardless of the communication tool used. Among sociodemographic factors, age and gender were the ones that most influenced consumer's perceptions, being older people those who exhibited a generally more positive opinion towards aquaculture. The effects of consumption habits and knowledge about aquaculture were also the two most explicative factors for change in perception. Importantly, the opinion of consumers with less knowledge about seafood products in general and production methods or consuming only wild fish products, improved after being exposed to the information. These results demonstrate the utility of science- and fact-based communication campaigns to improve the societal perception of aquaculture practices and products, regardless of the tool used to transmit this information.
... Subsequently, fishing effort is increasing in many coastal regions around the world (Stewart et al., 2010). Seafood is an ubiquitous and essential food security resource in many developing countries, both as a source of protein (Dey et al., 2005) and crucial micronutrients (Golden et al., 2016;Hicks et al., 2019;Bennett et al., 2021), underscoring seafood's global socioeconomic, nutritional and health importance (Vianna et al., 2020). However, most developed countries and regions (e.g., the EU, USA, Japan, and China) can no longer meet their domestic demand and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO; Pauly and Zeller, 2016a). ...
The United States of America, as most other countries, emphasizes commercial fisheries when reporting statistics to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), and excludes data from other sectors, such as recreational fisheries. Our study is a first attempt to account comprehensively for all sources of total U.S. marine catches from the Exclusive Economic Zone waters along the West Coast of the continental USA from 1950-2017 in one dataset, i.e., excluding the states of Alaska and Hawaii. Total reconstructed catches for 1950-2017 were 1.2 times higher than the data reported by the USA to the FAO. Commercial landings dominated catches, with 65% from large-scale, industrial fisheries and 31% from small-scale, commercial fisheries. Recreational fisheries accounted for 4% of the total catch, after accounting for post-release mortality. Total catches were highest in 1950 at around 750,000 t and declined to 570,000 t by 2017. Internationally unreported discards increased from 24,000 t in 1950 to 86,000 t in 1989, but declined after the introduction of bycatch reduction devices to around 10,000 t⋅year ⁻¹ by the mid-2010s. Total catches by taxonomic category suggest a decline in the diversity in catches. Levels of reporting for total catches is excellent for recent decades, with around 95% of total catches accounted for by the mid-2010s, but around 40% of catches were missing from data reported to the FAO between the late 1960s and early 1990s. This discrepancy was largely driven by industrial catches of North Pacific hake (Merluccius productus) that were not in the officially reported data. Our results suggest that recreational fisheries and discards can make up a considerable component of total catches over time. We suggest that the USA include their recreational catch estimates in their annual data submission to the FAO, retroactively to 1950.
... Wild-caught freshwater fish is an important source of food in the Philippines (Briones, Dey and Ahmed, 2004;Fernandez-San Valentin and Berja, 2012). Particularly the rural poor depend heavily on inland fisheries (Kent, 1997;Dey et al., 2007). However, freshwater fish stocks in the Philippines are declining alarmingly, which threatens to aggravate food insecurity of already vulnerable households (BFAR, 2005). ...
... Despite the presence of numerous waterbodies including rivers, canals, reservoirs, lakes, floodplains, fresh fish consumption in Southeast Asian countries such as Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan is lower than expected (Belton, Bush, & Little, 2018). This is mainly due to the limited supply, high price, poor preservation quality and inadequate marketing systems around the subcontinent (Mohan Dey et al., 2005). Yet, fish is the most significant source of animal protein in these rice-eating countries, where fresh or dried and salted fish, as well as fish in a sauce or paste, is perpetually a standard on the dining table (Belton, Hossain, & Thilsted, 2018). ...
Meeting consumer concerns and preferences for fresh and safely processed fisheries products free of chemical and synthetic preservatives is a challenge for the aqua-food industry. As such, natural preservatives from plant and animal origin including chitosan, essential oils (EOs), plant extracts and lactic acid bacteria have attracted considerable interest recently. These preservatives have antimicrobial and antioxidant properties that can retard spoilage, uphold product quality and safety as well as extend the storage shelf-life of fish and seafood. Chitosan and EOs have been successfully used in edible coatings, film wrapping and dipping solutions. The present review focuses on the effectiveness of chitosan, EOs and other natural preservatives intended for prolonging the shelf-life of fisheries products, and maintaining their freshness and quality. Moreover, the mechanisms of action of natural additives, harmful impacts of chemical preservatives and status of aquatic food preservatives in Southeast Asian countries are summarized, with notes on important research gaps. Overall, this study informs recent development in natural preservatives related to the aqua-food industry.
... In a previous study among Asian countries, the income of the household, the location of the household (rural or urban), and the fact if the household was involved in agriculture (fish farmer) contributed to the fish consumption level of a household [46]. Household size, the age of the household head, and education showed significant results in this study, but not in the previous study among different Asian countries. ...
In Vietnam, agricultural practices such as fertilizer and pesticide use affect the landscape as well as the availability and safety of food. For instance, pesticides and fertilizer end up in surface water used for drinking water, crop irrigation, and in fish tanks. However, the link to actual food consumption and health is complex and information is lacking. This study considers potential water-related exposure to toxic hazards in northern Vietnam food systems, through the consumption of food commodities and of water. Water pollution is operationalized by considering the following two channels: i) pesticide and nutrient leaching to surface water (share of surface water) and ii) industrial runoff from facilities located in urban areas (share of urban areas). We explore how potential exposure to toxic hazard is related to food consumption choices. Using a sample of the Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey (VHLSS) for 2014, we estimate how shares of food consumption categories in total food consumption are affected by household and landscape characteristics, the latter also reflecting potential environmental pressures. In districts with higher shares of surface water, the share of fish consumption is higher and the share of meat consumption is lower. From an environmental and health perspective, households in water-rich areas thus may have a higher probability of being exposed to toxic chemicals due to higher fish consumption. In districts with higher shares of urban areas, the shares of meat and cereals in total food consumption value were lower, and the shares of fish and fruit and vegetables were higher. The results indicate that food consumption is affected by landscape characteristics that may also influence the level of exposure to water-related environmental pressures, and that this combined effect may potentially exacerbate food safety and health risks. The actual impact is more complex and should be analyzed with more sophisticated data and methods.
... Some marine conservation initiatives in the Coral Triangle have been re-oriented to address conservation and food security issues simultaneously. Their agendas assume that coral reef species are a universally important dietary staple of local people in the Coral Triangle; however, numerous case studies and empirical reports have shown that consumption and livelihood dependence on non-demersal fish species (i.e., pelagic and aquaculture) are greater in some coastal and island communities across the Solomon Islands, the Philippines and Indonesia (Dey et al. 2005;FAO 2014;Needham et al. 2014;Albert et al. 2015;Roeger et al. 2016;Clifton and Foale 2017). Similarly, the restoration village community disproportionately fish and presumably consume pelagic species over coral reef species. ...
Coral reef restoration is often presented as a marine conservation solution that provides 'win-win' outcomes. However, most studies on reef restoration have focused on the biological success, while little is known about whether social objectives are ever achieved. This study investigates a reef restoration initiative in the Spermonde archipelago, Indonesia, where food security was initially presented as an intended social outcome. We utilised an ethnographic mixed-methods approach to investigate: 1) perceived sociocultural benefits of coral restoration to the local community; 2) impacts of reef restoration on local food security; and 3) local sociocultural barriers and limitations of reef restoration as a mechanism for improving food security. We found fish contributed to food security primarily as an income source to purchase food. Local people mainly valued nearby reefs for storm protection. Furthermore, most fishers are organised through patron-client systems that target pelagic species; therefore they currently have minimal dependency on adjacent reefs. However, fishing restrictions linked to the restoration programme still negatively impacted both pelagic fishers and a small population of reef-based fishers—indirectly by damaging reciprocal fishing relations with neighbouring islands and directly by limiting access to local reefs. Complex social and trade networks associated with patron-client networks present potential barriers for transitioning to reef-based fisheries and eradicating the use of destructive fishing gear, therefore limiting access to potential food security benefits generated from reef restoration. These findings show that the relationship between coral restoration and food security is tenuous and cannot be assumed. These findings also demonstrate that social dynamics surrounding community-based conservation initiatives are complex and context-dependent, and such details must be considered when designing marine habitat restoration initiatives.
... A comparatively small number of species underpin protein security for the most heavily populated parts of South-East Asia today: these are uncharismatic schooling sardines, scads, mackerels and tunas and a small number of aquacultured species. Coral reef fish account for, at most, approximately one-fifth of the fish produced in the Philippines, based on government fishery data (Clifton & Foale, 2017) and rural surveys (Dey et al., 2005;Fabinyi, Dressler & Pido, 2017). These (mostly small) pelagic fish occur in vast numbers in nutrient-rich offshore and coastal waters, largely independent of corals and the biodiversity associated with coral reefs that are so valued by conservationists. ...
Fish consumption in developing countries like Bangladesh is
increasing with increasing aquaculture production; however,
consumers are becoming more aware and concerned about
food quality issues. This study investigates consumer preferences
and willingness to pay for farmed fish quality attributes in
Bangladesh using logit and hedonic price models, respectively.
A total of 800 consumers were interviewed about four farmed
fish species: pangasius, tilapia, rui and catla using a semi-structured
questionnaire. The results showed that catla belongs to
the higher price segment, whereas pangasius and tilapia
belong to the lower price segment. The results also indicate
that price, availability, affordability, safety, nutritional characteristics
and socioeconomic characteristics like consumer age,
years of schooling, number of kids and household members
are significant determinants of consumer preferences. The
results furthermore confirmed that consumers pay a price premium
for larger fish, its firm and elastic texture, transparent
eyes and taste, whereas purchasing a higher quantity, whole
fish, fish with odor or swollen abdomen and comparatively
more bones reduce the price of farmed fish.
Kenya has a tremendous great potential for growth in the aquaculture sector. To attain the sustainable development goal of
zero hunger, the government is needed to encourage fish culture among the rural communities. The study's objective is to
investigate the elements that affect the sustainable development of fresh water Aquaculture in Kenya a Vihiga County case.
The purpose of the research is to determine how production characteristics and extension affect the long-term sustainability
of freshwater aquaculture and how socioeconomic factors, training, and Extension services influence the long-term
sustainability of fresh water aquaculture. The research design was descriptive. 110 fish farmers were the study's target set
of respondents. The study's sample size was 96 respondents, who were identified by Krejcie and Morgan's table. The
information was collected via a questionnaire, and descriptive statistics were used in an excel spreadsheet using a statistical
tool for social sciences to analyze the information. Tables, graphs, and pie charts were used to present the findings. Based
on the survey, the majority of respondents (55) owned 1 or 2 ponds, and 92.3% had never closed a pond. Based on the
research, 76.9% of respondents culture tilapia in their farm. The majority of 47.4% and 44.9% of fingerlings came from
Neighbours and government farms, respectively. The study also revealed that 61.5% of respondents utilize earthen ponds
with river water as their main source of water.42.3% of respondents, in accordance with the report, manage the parameters
and water level of their ponds daily. The study also showed that whereas 29.6% of respondents had experienced bacterial
infections in their fish farm, 46.2% of respondents had never experienced fish diseases. By 67.9%, birds were the primary
fish predators.88.7% of respondents said they have attended aquaculture training. The study's main conclusion is that a
broad range of variables affect the sustainable development of fresh water. The study suggests that the county government
of Vihiga should create distinct marketing strategies for farmed fish. For those actively promoting the sustainable
development of fresh water aquaculture in Kenya, the research is essential.
The present paper is a review of the available literature on the significance of forage fish, the plethora of services they provide, and the threats faced by them. Forage fish are pelagic planktivorous species that operate as conduits of energy between the lower trophic level (plankton) and the upper trophic level (predators). A variety of ecosystem services are provided by them, from serving as prey for higher trophic levels to producing fish meal and oil. Forage fish have a consumption value for humans and cultural importance to many societies. Forage fish have faced constant natural and anthropogenic threats in the past, resulting in numerous fish collapses which subsequently impacted their predators. The economic benefit provided by forage fish has been estimated to be approximately $ 18.7 billion per annum. An introspection of the data on ecosystem services revealed lack of data on regulating and cultural services, eventually leading to a monetary underestimation and their commercial prioritization over the wider benefits they provide.
In the present study, nutritional status was assessed using dietary diversity of fish and
non-fish farming households in Mymensingh district of Bangladesh. It has determined the incidence of poverty in fish and non-fish farm households through a comparative analysis of family profile, food consumption, calories, and protein intake. A total of 420 farms were selected for data collection using structured questionnaires with 210 fish and 210 non-fish farm families. The study using both descriptive and functional analysis revealed that the respondent age of both farms was 45.10 years, family size was 5.70, average education was 4.64 schooling years, and average farm size was 0.514 hectares. As a result, due to the increase in household income, fish farm families improved their food consumption, calories, and protein intake in comparison with non-fish farms. On a direct
calorie intake (DCI) basis, the overall absolute and hardcore poverty levels of fish farm households were 32 percent and 18 percent, respectively, while those of non-fish farm households were 22 percent and 10 percent, respectively. Therefore, the incidence of poverty was higher in non-fish farming families than in fish farming families. In principle, provision of various forms of government assistance through the Department of Fisheries (DOF) will further intensify and strengthen fish farming, which will easily bring fallow and uncultivated lands of the area under fish farming. Moreover, it is possible to inspire the younger generation through this research that will help them to become a fish farm-based entrepreneur. The main conclusion of the present study is that fish farming is more positively related to household income, family food intake, and nutritional status than any other type of farming.
As we enter a new decade, the international security landscape never ceases to change and evolve, both
on a macro and micro level. This is compounded by the fact that the remit of the security professional not
only continues to expand to meet new threats but also requires the exploitation of new opportunities and
technologies to ensure the continuing safety of people and other assets. Undoubtedly, there will be many
new challenges to face in the decade ahead. Instability in the Asia-Pacific must be on the agenda, as US�China security competition increases and climate migration from the Pacific Islands becomes a greater
issue. The realities of climate change have a security dimension, as well as their wider impact on the
world population and the environment. Extreme weather conditions such as drought affect agricultural
output and bring into sharp focus the need for potable water, one of the fundamental human rights. In
turn, this leads to food insecurity and increased criminality.
Climate change and potential food insecurity inevitably leads to an increase in migrants seeking to move
to more stable areas. Mass relocation due to geopolitical tensions has already witnessed a rise a migration
crisis which is likely to foreshadow further potential security threats unless this situation is managed
effectively and sympathetically. The last few years have also seen a major rise in populist Governments
gaining power, which often includes a move towards prioritising a country’s interests and culture, with
increased opposition in the form of protest movements against such regimes. This is increasingly common
worldwide and is a trend that’s likely to continue shaping the security sector moving forwards.
The rise of technological capabilities has also led to a sharp increase in human trafficking incidents and
involvement of the non-state actor in matters of international security. Therefore, the international
security framework will experience significant adjustments in its scope, as non-traditional security
becomes more of a prominent threat to society. Security threats will always continue to evolve and
change over time and the nexus between matters of traditional and non-traditional security will also
become further intertwined.
Consumption of aquatic products in China continues to grow and encourages the expansion of aquaculture farms. The examination of factors influencing expenditures on all aquatic products, freshwater fish, squid/octopus, and shellfish uses survey data collected from residents of Shanghai, China. The use of the Tobit modeling approach identified socio-demographic variables such as income, aquatic product safety perceptions, and preferences for quality as significant determinants of expenditures on aquatic product categories. Expenditures tend to increase with age, but the effect of education varies with regard to specific categories, suggesting distinct choices of educated consumers. Wives tend to spend substantially less on aquatic products than husbands. Knowledge of past sickness due to ingestion of aquatic products causes expenditures to drop in all categories, while quality certification, certified organic origin, and certified aquaculture products increase expenditure in selected categories. Monitoring consumer socio-demographic profiles and establishing transparent quality certification systems will benefit aquaculture farms and aquatic product marketers.
Abstract (English):
The objects of the study were carps - common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ), mirror carp ( Cyprinus carpio carpio ), silver carp ( Hypophthalmicthys molitrix ), and grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella ) in conditions of tank rearing in the Republic of Bangladesh. In the control variant, the stocking density of fish was 100 species in total numbers whereas 150 species were in two other experimental groups. In the first experimental group, the proportion of silver carp was higher and the proportion of grass carp was lower in comparison with the second group. The fishes were grown for 6 months in the reservoirs with a volume of 17 m3, with 24-hour water exchange and water aeration. For fish feeding the granular feed of the domestic production was used. The studies have shown that increase in stocking density of fish by 1.5 times does not lead to a significant reduction in the growth rate of fishes (varies from 1.5 to 5.0 %, depending on the species). The growth rate of herbivorous fish in all kinds of the experiment was 18.0 % higher than that of the carps. The output of fish in the experimental groups was the same and almost 40.0 % higher than the growth rate obtained in the control group. The proportion of fast-growing grass carp and silver carp in the total fish production amounted from 41.5 to 49.0 %, despite the fact, that their stocking density was 1.5 times lower in comparison with carp and mirror carp.
Fish is an important component in the human diet, but its production is not likely to keep up with demand. In assessing the consequences of the decreasing fish supply for human food security, it is important to distinguish between effects on the population as a whole and effects on the poor, those most vulnerable to malnutrition. Middle and high income people consume much more fish than low income people. However, even though they consume less, many low income people depend on fish as a major source of animal protein. Decreasing fish supplies will be felt in the form of higher prices and in the reduced availability of diverse forms of fish products. Given the fact that they also have access to many other kinds of foods, for people with middle and high incomes the decline in fish supply may be felt as little more than an inconvenience. For low-income people with fish-dependent diets, however, the reduction in fish supply may have serious consequences in terms of both economics and nutrition.
A partnership project of the Bangladesh Department of Fisheries, five NGOs and ICLARM has introduced community management of inland fisheries in Bangladesh. Management arrangements and outcomes are compared in four waterbodies with different property rights. In the closed lake fishers jointly stock, guard and harvest fish, non-members are excluded. Production and incomes have fluctuated since the power of past fisher leaders has been challenged by more transparent decision making. After government made rivers open access, fishers no-longer had any recognized right to limit fishing there and have failed to develop institutions to limit fishing, effort has increased and increasingly small fish are ca ught using smaller nets. In two open beels, similar fishery outcomes have emerged from different contexts. One is managed by many diverse fisher groups who have agreed to protect fish and have seen catches and consumption increase. A similar pattern has emerged in a seasonal floodplain on private land managed by a multi-stakeholder committee led by women. Here the existing seasonal common fishing rights for very homogenous villages are maintained and overwintering fish have been protected by consensus. Local decisions and rules that conserve fish in the dry season and early monsoon are feasible for communities but require external facilitation and recognition of longer-term fisher or community use rights if they are to be sustainable.
With many ponds and high demand for fish, Bangladesh has a high potential for aquaculture . Since the 1980s, there have been many aquaculture extension projects. As a result, pond aquaculture production is estimated to have trebled between approximately 1990 and 2000, and is currently estimated to be in order of 750 000 t per year. This gave an ideal opportunity to understand the impacts of aquaculture extension. This study investigated the practices and performance of farmers about six years after specific extension efforts had ended, in order to gain a better understanding of the sustained practices and benefits achieved by fish farmers from extension. It followed up an earlier project in Kapasia Upazila (subdistrict) in Gazipur District north of the capital Dhaka, where the WorldFish Center with funding from the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and the Danish International Development Agency (Danida), had researched on farming systems and had introduced adaptive integrated aquaculture practices. Surveys were undertake to compare the aquaculture systems with baseline and project period data.
Using a state-of-the art computer model of global supply and demand for food and feed commodities, this book projects the likely changes in the fisheries sector over the next two decades. As prices for most food commodities fall, fish prices are expected to rise, reflecting demand for fish that outpaces the ability of the world to supply it. The model shows that developing countries will consume and produce a much greater share of the world's fish in the future, and trade in fisheries commodities will also increase. The authors show the causes and implications of these and other changes, and argue for specific actions and policies that can improve outcomes for the poor and for the environment.
An analysis of fish consumption patterns, and how they are likely to change as income and relative price changes, is required to assess the welfare impact of technological and policy changes in the fisheries and aquaculture sectors. This analysis is based on a matrix of price and income elasticities of demand for fish by type, as fish is a heterogeneous product and consumption patterns may differ by type of product. This paper presents estimates of fish demand elasticities by fish type for Bangladesh, using individual household expenditure data (5,667 households) collected by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics in 1988/89. It uses a multistage budgeting framework that estimates a demand function for food in the first stage, a demand function for fish (as a group) in the second stage and a set of demand functions for fish by type in the third stage. Estimated demand elasticities vary across fish type and across income class. Among the various types of fish, carp have the highest (in absolute terms) own‐price elasticity. Income elasticities of all fish types consistently fall with the increase in per capita expenditure level of households, but none of the fish types become an inferior good at the highest income quartile. Dried fish has the lowest income elasticities for the richest quartile of the population.
An assessment of the status of production and consumption of tilapia in five Asian countries was made to provide a baseline for the analysis of the potential benefits of the introduction of a new, improved strain of Nile tilapia. This paper provides a comparative analysis of the profile of tilapia fanners and their farming systems, costs, returns and productivity of tilapia production, and fish consumption patterns in Bangladesh, China, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam, using data from household surveys conducted by ICLARM and its partners in 1995–96. Farmers grow tilapia in varied farming environments depending on the nature of their farmland and on their investment capacity. Tilapia is cultured mainly in semi‐intensive systems on small and medium farms. The average farm size (pond area) of the surveyed pond operators varies from 0.60 ha (0.05 ha) in Bangladesh to 4.91 ha (1.56 ha) in the Philippines. In Asia, tilapia farming is very profitable. The productivity, costs of production and profitability of tilapia farms vary considerably among countries and production environments. Tilapia fanning is becoming increasingly commercial with a large proportion of production is marketed. Tilapia is consumed mainly by poor consumers because of its relatively low price compared to other fish species.
This paper sought to establish the fish consumption pattern of Filipino households and estimate the price and income elasticities of fish demand by species, as well as by income groups, i.e., low, middle, and high income. The study used the countrywide Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES) for year 2000 of the National Statistics Office, which includes over 39,000 households. A three-stage budgeting framework was used in the analysis, which estimated food and fish expenditure functions in the first and second stages, respectively. In the third stage, a system of demand equations for fish by species was estimated using a quadratic almost ideal demand system (QUAIDS) model. Parameter estimates of the model were corrected through the Heckman procedure to remove the possible bias brought about by zero consumption of certain fish species resulting from nonpreference or infrequent purchases. Results showed that estimated price and income elasticities of demand varied substantially across fish type and across income groups. All 11 fish types included in the study were found to have positive income elasticity for all income levels. Hence, fish in general can be considered normal goods, including processed fish. However, the high-priced fish types generated elasticity values greater than one, which rendered them as luxury food fish. Own-price elasticity, on the other hand, was found to be elastic in most species with values increasing as consumers climbed up the income ladder. This observation, however, was not true in the case of milkfish and tilapia (two most popular species in the country) where price responsiveness of demand was found to be higher among the lower-income groups.
A 1966 survey of possibilities for increasing food production to meet India's minimum nutritional requirements concluded that a national programme could be formulated for making better use of India's vast potential in fisheries. This article gives an account of the current production and disposal of fisheries products in India. The three major phases of fisheries operations are distinguished, and actions are proposed that could be taken in each phase to help alleviate malnutrition in India. Finally the article discusses how such actions could be undertaken within a comprehensive national programme designed to increase the contribution of fisheries to the alleviation of India's malnutrition problem.
This paper provides a framework for examining aquaculture’s linkages to food and nutritional security by elucidating key hypotheses concerning the role of aquaculture in household food and income systems in developing countries. Taking examples from developing Asia, where aquaculture showed a steady growth over the last decade, the implications of aquaculture development are examined from the standpoint of its impact on employment, income and consumption. Analysis revealed clear evidence of positive income and consumption effects of aquaculture on households. However, employment effects are still not significant. The context of targeting small-scale and subsistence-oriented farmers as a means of improving food security in the developing countries has also been analyzed by identifying key socio-economic and policy factors affecting aquaculture adoption and its impact on the poor. The paper concludes that national policies for aquaculture development will need to concurrently address the food security and poverty questions more sharply than has been done at present, by providing institutional and infrastructure support for access to resources such as land and water and to markets by poor households. Finally, more empirical evidence should be collected on the varied opportunities aquaculture would provide to improve the income, employment and food consumption levels within households.
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Dey, M.M. & Paraguas, F.J. (2001) Economics of tilapia farming in Asia. In: Tilapia: Production, Marketing and Technological Developments (eds S. Subasinghe & T. Singh), pp 33–46. Proceedings of the Tilapia 2001 International Technical and Trade Conference on Tilapia, 28–30 May, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 205 p. FAO. (1999) The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture. FAO Fisheries Department, Rome. FAO. (2002a) The State of Fisheries and Aquaculture 2002. Rome. FAO. (2002b) The State of Food and Agriculture 2002. Rome. FAO. (2003) Food Balance Sheet. Available [Online]: hhttp:==www.fao.org=i [May 2003]
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In fact, other microlevel fish consumption surveys recently conducted in Bangladesh (e.g., Sultana and Thompson
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Fish and fishery products: World apparent consumption statistics based on food balance sheets
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