No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.
The Relationship Between Serial Murder and the American Tourism Industry
Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing
Abstract
Serial murder is a serious national problem, with substantial implications for tourism. In general, serial murder depresses business activity, with one important partial exceptiontourism. The present study analyzes the relationship between serial killing and public travel and tourism associated with such criminal activity. It was found that serial murder is a quantitatively significant criminal conduct, and it is increasing. The general pattern of public response to serial murder includes reduced shopping and tourism behavior, due to fear. However, serial murder also stimulates public interest in visiting serial crime sites, and numerous cases of such travel and tourism have been caused by serial murder, as documented in the present study. Typical serial murder tourism activity includes travel, sightseeing, entertainment, dining, refreshments, lodging, photo-opportunities, and the acquisition of souvenirs. Wound culture theory may explain this type of tourist behavior, which falls within the emerging genre of thanatourism.
... One philosophical viewpoint that has attempted to address those lesser-researched areas of dark tourism is that of Gibson (2008). Gibson's discussion of the relationship between serial murder and the American tourism industry is in itself seminal, in so much that it correctly identifi es the juxtaposition that exists between the negative ramifi cations of serial murders in a geographical setting or population and the huge interest often expressed by visiting tourists, resulting in high demand for traditional hospitality services (e.g. ...
... board, lodging, souvenirs, photo opportunities). Gibson (2008) starts his discussion by looking at the phenomena of serial killers in the context of the USA and comments that 'serial murder has become more frequent in recent years and off enders tend to kill larger number of victims'. He goes on to appraise the notion of dark tourism and thanatourism (terms that he uses interchangeably) with reference to traditional manifestations of such sites as cemeteries, churchyards and war zones. ...
... Such a classifi cation of sites is akin to that detailed by Stone (2006) in his conceptual light to dark framework. Gibson (2008) noted that in the same way that certain genres of dark tourism have resulted in increased academic interest, the same can also be said in relation to those individuals who choose to visit locations associated with serial murder. The main commonality here, and a general consensus held by a number of academics within the dark tourism fi eld, is that death attracts spectators and locations associated with serial murder are in no way diff erent. ...
... In this section, sentences lifted verbatim are meant to be self-explanatory because they explicitly articulate features of a wound culture that can be linked to homicide. As elucidated by Gibson (2006), the WCT which was first developed by Mark Seltzer (1998) can summarized in the following (p. 19): "killing has its place in a public culture in which addictive violence has become not merely a collective spectacle but one of the crucial sites where private desire and public fantasy cross. ...
... From a theoretical perspective, the findings are inconsistent with the Wound Culture Theory (Seltzer, 1998;Gibson, 2006), but in line with the theoretical underpinnings related to social control and conflict management (Black, 1990;Thomas-Kilman, 1992). A possible reason the association between Facebook penetration and homicide is negative is because social media also provides platforms of sensitization through which conflicts are resolved and citizens are better informed on the importance of using social media for productive ends. ...
This study investigates the relationship between social media and homicide in a cross section of 148 countries for the year 2012. The empirical evidence is based on Ordinary Least Squares, Tobit and Quantile regressions. The findings from Ordinary Least Squares and Tobit regressions show a negative relationship between Facebook penetration and the homicide rate. The negative relationship is driven by the 75th quantile of the conditional distribution of the homicide rate. The negative nexus is also driven by upper middle income countries and “Europe and Central Asia”. Three main implications are apparent when the findings are compared and contrasted. First, established findings from OLS and Tobit regressions are driven by countries with above-median levels of homicide. Second, such above-median countries are largely associated with upper middle income countries and nations in “Europe and Central Asia”. Third, modelling the relationship between Facebook penetration and homicide at the conditional mean of homicide may be misleading unless it is contingent on initial levels of homicide and tailored differently across income levels and regions of the world.
... In this section, sentences lifted verbatim are meant to be self-explanatory because they explicitly articulate features of a wound culture that can be linked to homicide. As elucidated by Gibson (2006), the WCT which was first developed by Mark Seltzer (1998) can summarized in the following (p. 19): "killing has its place in a public culture in which addictive violence has become not merely a collective spectacle but one of the crucial sites where private desire and public fantasy cross. ...
... From a theoretical perspective, the findings are inconsistent with the Wound Culture Theory (Seltzer, 1998;Gibson, 2006), but in line with the theoretical underpinnings related to social control and conflict management (Black, 1990;Thomas-Kilman, 1992). A possible reason the association between Facebook penetration and homicide is negative is because social media also provides platforms of sensitization through which conflicts are resolved and citizens are better informed on the importance of using social media for productive ends. ...
This study investigates the relationship between social media and homicide in a cross section of 148 countries for the year 2012. The empirical evidence is based on Ordinary Least Squares, Tobit and Quantile regressions. The findings from Ordinary Least Squares and Tobit regressions show a negative relationship between Facebook penetration and the homicide rate. The negative relationship is driven by the 75 th quantile of the conditional distribution of the homicide rate. The negative nexus is also driven by upper middle income countries and "Europe and Central Asia". Three main implications are apparent when the findings are compared and contrasted. First, established findings from OLS and Tobit regressions are driven by countries with above-median levels of homicide. Second, such above-median countries are largely associated with upper middle income countries and nations in "Europe and Central Asia". Third, modelling the relationship between Facebook penetration and homicide at the conditional mean of homicide may be misleading unless it is contingent on initial levels of homicide and tailored differently across income levels and regions of the world.
... Arnould and Thompson (2005) introduced Consumer culture theory (CCT), which has been used to understand consumer behavior from 'cultural aesthetic and consumption orientations that ... look to address the dynamic relationships between tourists, hosts, venues and meaning' (Podoshen et al., 2015, p. 325). Seltzer (1998) introduced wound culture theory, and as used by Gibson (2006), postulates that it is one of the wishes of people that they desire to see any human body explode, whether it is in the form of distortion or the form of criticism. As the name suggests, the Dramaturgical model is related to drama or theater and explains the behavior of an individual, and how he presents himself in society. ...
This study aims to conduct a systematic review of the literature on dark tourism to summarize the multiple studies under one paper and identify the latest trends that have influenced dark tourism. The paper uses various techniques of bibliometrics through the open-source R-based bibliometric tool and VOS viewer 1.6.18, along with the TCCM framework, to develop a more robust and novel approach to conducting the review. The results demonstrate the latest trends and continuous growth in dark tourism, including the most influential journals, authors, affiliations, countries, and most co-cited authors, prominent themes in this field, trending topics, publication trends, source growth of journals, theories, variables, methodology, and context. TCCM was used to understand the theories, contexts, characteristics, and methodologies studied till the present year, which helps to develop a future research agenda. The current study also identified a few areas that are still in the nascent stage and require attention in future research, such as investigating the multidisciplinary character of dark tourism, the commonalities and dissimilarities between various kinds of dark tourist destinations, and analyzing the bibliographic profiles of websites connected to genocide tourism, catastrophe tourism, and war-related tourism.
... By assessing the importance of military expenditure on the effect of insecurity on tourism, the positioning of this study is a response to the evolving policy concern (discussed in the first strand) in order to bridge an existing gap in the literature (identified in the second strand). The Wound Culture Theory (WCT) (Seltzer, 1998;Gibson, 2006) is the main theoretical underpinning underlying this study. 3 Within this framework, military expenditure can be used to enforce the rule of law and order in order to prevent externalities of insecurity (such as perception of criminality, access to weapons, political instability and violent crime) which promote a wound culture and ultimately decrease tourist arrivals . ...
This study assesses the importance of military expenditure in moderating the role of insecurity dynamics on tourist arrivals or international tourism in 163 countries. It is framed to assess how the future of international tourism can be improved when military expenditure is used as a tool to mitigate perceived and real security risks that potentially reduce international tourists’ arrivals. The empirical evidence is based on Negative binomial regressions. The following main findings are established. Military expenditure significantly moderates violent crimes and perception of criminality to induce a favorable net impact on international tourist arrivals. The corresponding net effect is insignificant and negative for insecurity dynamics of “access to weapons” and “political instability”, respectively. An extended analysis is performed to assess thresholds at which political instability can be moderated for the desired net effect. This threshold is the critical mass at which the unconditional negative impact from political instability is neutralized with military expenditure. Policy implications are discussed.
... By assessing the importance of military expenditure on the effect of insecurity on tourism, the positioning of this study is a response to the evolving policy concern (discussed in the first strand) in order to bridge an existing gap in the literature (identified in the second strand). The Wound Culture Theory (WCT) (Seltzer, 1998;Gibson, 2006) is the main theoretical underpinning underlying this study. Within this framework, military expenditure can be used to enforce the rule of law and order in order to prevent externalities of insecurity (such as perception of criminality, access to weapons, political instability and violent crime) which promote a wound culture and ultimately decrease tourist arrivals . ...
This study assesses the importance of military expenditure in moderating the role of insecurity dynamics on tourist arrivals or international tourism in 163 countries. It is framed to assess how the future of international tourism can be improved when military expenditure is used as a tool to mitigate perceived and real security risks that potentially reduce international tourists' arrivals. The empirical evidence is based on Negative binomial regressions. The following main findings are established. Military expenditure significantly moderates violent crimes and perception of criminality to induce a favorable net impact on international tourist arrivals. The corresponding net effect is insignificant and negative for insecurity dynamics of "access to weapons" and "political instability", respectively. An extended analysis is performed to assess thresholds at which political instability can be modulated for the desired net effect. This threshold is the critical mass at which the unconditional negative impact from political instability is neutralized with military expenditure. Policy implications are discussed.
... Among the most well-known destinations are Chernobyl (Ukraine) and Fukushima (Japan) (Berger, 2006). − Tourism of murderers and murder places is visiting places where murders took place and places connected to mass murderers (Gibson, 2006). − Poverty tourism, also known as "slum tourism", is visiting places of extreme poverty (Frenzel et al., 2015). ...
Recently, mountain regions have become highly attractive and important areas for tourism (Beedie & Hudson, 2003; WTO & UNEP, 2008; Rama et al., 2019). One of the most dynamic components of tourism in mountains is adventure tourism, which combines travel, sport and outdoor recreation (Beedie & Hudson, 2003). Since mountains represent sensitive areas in terms of sustainability, it is important to approach them appropriately, in order to apply measures to optimize the impacts of tourism. This study covers a review of the impacts of adventure tourism on mountain areas and an examination of measures that might optimize the impacts of such tourism. The purpose of this paper is to present the latest findings in the field of the impacts of adventure tourism in mountain areas, and certain measures that can be taken to balance the positive and negative impacts. The findings show that the impacts of adventure tourism in mountain destinations vary, and therefore each destination must be treated individually. Furthermore, a thorough approach to achieve balance is needed on a case by case basis, since there is no universal formula for sustainable development of destinations due to their different characteristics. The implications and further research opportunities are given.
... Public interest in violent crime is broadly recognizable (Bentham, 2015;Gibson, 2006). Murder stories are considerably present in the mass press, TV shows, and films. ...
Previous findings suggest that the mass media depictions of people with mental disorders emphasize violence and criminality, unpredictable behaviour, and social incompetence. Our overall objective was to draw a general portrait of subcultural representations of criminal and violent behavior in the context of psychiatry. The content analysis of 190 song lyrics from a sample of 7777 outlined the elements composing the depictions of crime and violence and their connections with mental disorders in Spanish punk music (1981–2010). Two approaches were identified: one group of songs emphasized descriptions of violent and criminal behavior, while the other focused on psychiatric symptoms, syndromes, or diagnoses (appearing the violent or criminal behavior as epiphenomena of mental health problems). Quantitatively, songs with themes alluding to homicidal behavior predominated, with multiple homicide being widely portrayed. Regarding psychiatric disorders, substance use prevailed and, to a lesser extent, antisocial personality traits and psychotic symptoms. The depictions found are closely related to the connotations expected in the general population. Thus, we found a predilection for violent crimes and frequent allusions to the perpetrator as ‘mentally disturbed.’ It is consistent with the greater frequency of descriptions of violent crime in the media, despite its relative infrequency to other types of crime. Likewise, it coincides with the cultural interest in homicide and how it nourishes the current entertainment industry. However, some distinctive features in punk music included positive connotations for social deviance, and even antisocial traits, as a form of identity affirmation and opposition to the social order. On the other hand, violence and crime serve fundamentally punk provocativeness rather than a mythification or aesthetic enjoyment of crime. The portrayal of crime in the punk narratives was constructed around different non-exclusive sources whose contribution varied between compositions. It included the contents learned from and transmitted through the mass media, mainly the press, films, and television. These media provide both factual and fictional content (intertextuality). Other artistic manifestations can equally contribute to the interdiscursive ambit. The influence of crime news from abroad was relevant in depictions of mass murder (particularly, mass shootings), the same as intertextuality (mainly based on non-Spanish productions) for the subcultural portrayals of serial killers. Generally, the medical and criminological sciences have limited influence on the opinions of the general population, which continue to rely mostly on biased reports from mass media. This is a pending task for the scientific, academic, and clinical fields, hence the relevance of a dialogue between art, culture, media, and psychiatry.
... In addition, despite their carefree and positive attitudes, "Carefree Visitors" do not plan to visit onsen any more than the respondents in the biggest cluster during the pandemic. This outcome is not something that can be found in prior papers on the impact of risk perception or worry on travel intention, which only report reduced travel intention due to increased risk perception (Desivilya et al., 2015;Gibson, 2006;Larsen et al., 2009) or state that risk perception does not impact travel intention (Promsivapallop & Kannaovakun, 2018). ...
An increasing number of tourism studies are focusing on travel anxiety, fear, and worry, especially in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study explored the impact of worry on individuals' intentions to visit Japanese hot springs (onsen) during the COVID-19 pandemic. A market survey (N = 1042) was conducted in Tokyo. Psychographic segmentation based on exploratory factor analysis was used to group Japanese respondents. Three separate segments emerged as a result: Concerned Visitors, Carefree Visitors, and Trusting Visitors; these segments were based on perceived threat intensity, perceived infectability, response efficacy, self-efficacy, and crowded perception and attitude. These segments were then profiled using factors based on demographic information and visit intention under three criteria: a) without external travel incentives, b) with an attractive travel package, or c) discounts provided by the national Go to Travel campaign. Both attractive package prices and discounts provided by Go to Travel had a small effect on boosting visit intention. Notably, a carefree attitude toward COVID-19 did not increase visit intention and should not be considered a factor that may increase the number of people visiting onsen. Meanwhile, marital status and household composition significantly impacted intention to visit. The segments differed significantly by age, marital status, and family composition, but not gender.
Management implications
A better understanding of market segments is critical for hot spring destinations.
•Trusting visitors can be motivated to visit through external incentives.
•Although visiting onsen is not the main travel motive of Carefree Visitors, they might be encouraged to visit if campaigns contain vouchers for visits at their selected travel destination.
•The risk perceptions of Concerned Visitors might be lowered by the limiting visitor numbers, providing discounts during off-peak hours, or to onsen towns in remote locations are encouraged. Promotional material can highlight if rooms offer private pools or tubs.
•The motivation of visiting onsen for social activities has been lost significantly among all respondents, and offering group discounts is discouraged.
... This is essentially because; intuitively military capability can be used to assuage the wound culture that reinforces the motivation for resorting to violence and other terrorism channels. As emphasized by Gibson (2006), the WCT which was first proposed by Mark Seltzer (1998) can be summarized in the following (p. 19): "Serial killing has its place in a public culture in which addictive violence has become not merely a collective spectacle but one of the crucial sites where private desire and public fantasy cross. ...
This study complements existing literature by investigating how military expenditure can modulate the effect of terrorism externalities on tourism. The geographical and temporal scopes are 163 countries and the period 2010-2015. The empirical evidence is based on negative binomial regressions. Terrorism externalities are measured in terms of terror-related incidents, injuries, fatalities and damaged properties. We find that military expenditure significantly lessens the destructive impact of these terror-related incidents in order to induce positive net effects on tourism. This finding is robust to all measurements of terrorism. Homicides and violent demonstrations reduce tourists’ arrivals whereas the rate of incarceration of convicted offenders has the opposite effect. The analysis is extended to income levels and regions in order to provide more opportunities for policy implications. Justifications for differences in these comparative tendencies are discussed.
... This is essentially because; intuitively military capability can be used to assuage the wound culture that reinforces the motivation for resorting to violence and other terrorism channels. As emphasized by Gibson (2006), the WCT which was first proposed by Mark Seltzer (1998) can be summarized in the following (p. 19): "Serial killing has its place in a public culture in which addictive violence has become not merely a collective spectacle but one of the crucial sites where private desire and public fantasy cross. ...
This study complements existing literature by investigating how military expenditure can modulate the effect of terrorism externalities on tourism. The geographical and temporal scopes are 163 countries and the period 2010-2015. The empirical evidence is based on negative binomial regressions. Terrorism externalities are measured in terms of terror-related incidents, injuries, fatalities and damaged properties. We find that military expenditure significantly lessens the destructive impact of these terror-related incidents in order to induce positive net effects on tourism. This finding is robust to all measurements of terrorism. Homicides and violent demonstrations reduce tourists' arrivals whereas the rate of incarceration of convicted offenders has the opposite effect. The analysis is extended to income levels and regions in order to provide more opportunities for policy implications. Justifications for differences in these comparative tendencies are discussed.
... Consistent with Mark Seltzer (1998), as recently documented by Gibson (2006), the WCT can be summarized as follows: "Serial killing has its place in a public culture in which addictive violence has become not merely a collective spectacle but one of the crucial sites where private desire and public fantasy cross. The convening of the public around scenes of violence-the rushing to the scene of the accident, the milling around the point of impact-has come to make up a wound culture; the public fascination with torn and open bodies and torn and open persons, a collective gathering around shock, trauma, and the wound". ...
The study assesses the role of forces of law and order in modulating the insecurity-tourism nexus in 163 countries for the period 2010 to 2015. Policy syndromes or insecurity dynamics include: violent crime, access to weapons, political instability and perception of criminality while the policy variables of forces of law and order are captured with “security officers & police” and “armed service personnel”. The empirical evidence is based on Negative Binomial regressions. The findings show that the policy variables can be effectively used to crowd-out the negative incidence of policy syndromes on tourist arrivals. The results are contingent on net effects (from conditional and unconditional effects), insecurity dynamics and thresholds. A threshold is an inflexion point at which the unfavorable unconditional effect from a policy syndrome of insecurity on tourist arrivals is completely neutralized by policy variables of forces of law and order. Policy implications are discussed.
... Consistent with Mark Seltzer (1998), as recently documented by Gibson (2006), the WCT can be summarized as follows: Serial killing has its place in a public culture in which addictive violence has become not merely a collective spectacle but one of the crucial sites where private desire and public fantasy cross. The convening of the public around scenes of violence-the rushing to the scene of the accident, the milling around the point of impact-has come to make up a wound culture; the public fascination with torn and open bodies and torn and open persons, a collective gathering around shock, trauma and the wound (Seltzer 1998, p. 19). ...
The study assesses the role of forces of law and order in modulating the insecurity-tourism nexus in 163 countries for the period 2010 to 2015. Policy syndromes or insecurity dynamics include: violent crime, access to weapons, political instability and perception of criminality while the policy variables of forces of law and order are captured with "security officers & police" and "armed service personnel". The empirical evidence is based on Negative Binomial regressions. The findings show that the policy variables can be effectively used to crowd-out the negative incidence of policy syndromes on tourist arrivals. The results are contingent on net effects (from conditional and unconditional effects), insecurity dynamics and thresholds. A threshold is an inflexion point at which the unfavorable unconditional effect from a policy syndrome of insecurity on tourist arrivals is completely neutralized by policy variables of forces of law and order. Policy implications are discussed.
... In addition, because of the singularity of this type of tourism (Rybakova 2013), more and better marketing via social media and the Internet could attract a greater number of tourists, as well as increase the supply for foreign tour operators. Such measures would potentially increase commercial activity in the immediate area surrounding the dark tourism site, thus enhancing trade for hotels, restaurants, souvenir shops, etc. (Gibson 2006). ...
Purpose – Cemetery tourism is a category of dark tourism that is increasingly gaining ground in Andalusia (southern Spain). This autonomous region is home to several cemeteries that, due to their singular characteristics and funerary monuments, form part of the European Cemeteries Route.
Design/Methodology – In this study, a survey was performed on a sample of 532 tourists who engage in dark tourism (Andalusian Cemeteries Route) with the aim of determining a specific consumer profile. Univariate and bivariate analysis was used in order to describe the socioeconomic variables of cemetery tourism.
Findings – The results show that this type of tourism primarily attracts young people with university studies who profess to be very satisfied with the route and who would be willing to visit other cemetery routes in various locations.
Research originality – The originality of this paper is the identification of the socioeconomic characteristics of cemetery tourism in Southern Spain. The principal shortcomings detected were the lack of knowledge about Andalusian cemeteries among foreign tourists, and the lack of marketing dedicated to promoting the route in Andalusia.
... Moreover, a greater and more careful promotion, due to the particularities of this kind of tourism (Rybakova, 2013), through social networks and Internet could attract a higher number of tourists, as would increasing the offer with foreign tour operators. This would raise the commercial activity around the dark tours, in this case cemeteries and houses with legends, located in the Historic Centre of the city, and also concerning hotels, catering, souvenir shops, etc (Gibson, 2006). ...
Visiting places where death is present, either due to a natural tragedy, war, the Holocaust, etc., or because there is the presence of a non-visible entity or paranormal phenomenon, is increasingly more accepted in modern times. It has become a kind of tourism that has grown in demand, though it remains a minority. The city of Cordoba, in the south of Spain, is swarming with houses and places where legends have endured over centuries as a consequence of the coexistence of three cultures – Jewish, Christian and Arab. In turn, popular culture considers these places as having a characteristic “charm” due to the phenomena that happen there. This work analyses the profile of dark tourism tourists, particularly in two sub-segments - that of ghosts and of cemeteries - as well as the existing offer. The aim is to design and improve a quality tourist product that is adapted to the requirements of the demand.
... The WCT can be used to elicit some negative socio-economic signals such as crimes, political instability and violence. The WCT was developed by Mark Seltzer (1998) and later summarised by Gibson (2006) According to the WCT, the desire to inflict harm on humans in society is both literal (via mutilation) and figuration (via criticism). The relevance of crime is considered within the theoretical framework as a common focus which enables citizens to engage in wound appreciation: "One discovers again and again the excitations in the opening of private and bodily and psychic interiors; the exhibition and witnessing, the endlessly reproducible display, of wounded bodies and wounded minds in public. ...
Purpose-The study complements the scant macroeconomic literature on the development outcomes of social media by examining the relationship between Facebook penetration and violent crime levels in a cross-section of 148 countries for the year 2012.
Design/methodology/approach-The empirical evidence is based on Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Tobit and Quantile regressions. In order to respond to policy concerns on the limited evidence on the consequences of social media in developing countries, the dataset is disaggregated into regions and income levels. The decomposition by income levels included: low income, lower middle income, upper middle income and high income. The corresponding regions include: Europe and Central Asia, East Asia and the Pacific, Middle East and North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America.
Findings-From OLS and Tobit regressions, there is a negative relationship between Facebook penetration and crime. However, Quantile regressions reveal that the established negative relationship is noticeable exclusively in the 90th crime quantile. Further, when the dataset is decomposed into regions and income levels, the negative relationship is evident in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) while a positive relationship is confirmed for sub-Saharan Africa. Policy implications are discussed.
Originality/value- Studies on the development outcomes of social media are sparse because of a lack of reliable macroeconomic data on social media. This study primarily complemented five existing studies that have leveraged on a newly available dataset on Facebook.
... The WCT can be used to elicit some negative socio-economic signals such as crimes, political instability and violence. The WCT was developed by Mark Seltzer (1998) and later summarised by Gibson (2006) According to the WCT, the desire to inflict harm on humans in society is both literal (via mutilation) and figuration (via criticism). The relevance of crime is considered within the theoretical framework as a common focus which enables citizens to engage in wound appreciation: "One discovers again and again the excitations in the opening of private and bodily and psychic interiors; the exhibition and witnessing, the endlessly reproducible display, of wounded bodies and wounded minds in public. ...
Purpose-The study complements the scant macroeconomic literature on the development outcomes of social media by examining the relationship between Facebook penetration and violent crime levels in a cross-section of 148 countries for the year 2012.
Design/methodology/approach-The empirical evidence is based on Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Tobit and Quantile regressions. In order to respond to policy concerns on the limited evidence on the consequences of social media in developing countries, the dataset is disaggregated into regions and income levels. The decomposition by income levels included: low income, lower middle income, upper middle income and high income. The corresponding regions include: Europe and Central Asia, East Asia and the Pacific, Middle East and North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America.
Findings-From OLS and Tobit regressions, there is a negative relationship between Facebook penetration and crime. However, Quantile regressions reveal that the established negative relationship is noticeable exclusively in the 90 th crime quantile. Further, when the dataset is decomposed into regions and income levels, the negative relationship is evident in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) while a positive relationship is confirmed for sub-Saharan Africa. Policy implications are discussed.
Originality/value-Studies on the development outcomes of social media are sparse because of a lack of reliable macroeconomic data on social media. This study primarily complemented five existing studies that have leveraged on a newly available dataset on Facebook.
... The theoretical underpinning of the study is the Wound Culture Theory (WCT) which is strongly associated with the terrorism and peace determinants used in the paper. In accordance with Gibson (2006), the Wound Culture Theory (WCT) which was first proposed by Mark Seltzer (1998) can be summarized in the following (p. 19): "Serial killing has its place in a public culture in which addictive violence has become not merely a collective spectacle but one of the crucial sites where private desire and public fantasy cross. ...
This study examines the effect of terrorism and peace on tourist destination arrivals using a panel of 163 countries with data for the period 2010 to 2015. The empirical evidence is based on Generalised Method of Moments and Negative Binomial (NB) regressions. Our best estimators are from NB regressions from which the following main findings are established. First, political instability, violent demonstrations and number of homicides negatively affect tourist arrivals while the number of incarcerations positively influences the outcome variable. Second the effects from military expenditure, “armed service personnel” and “security officers and polices” are not positively significant. Managerial implications are discussed.
... The theoretical underpinning of the study is the Wound Culture Theory (WCT) which is strongly associated with the terrorism and peace determinants used in the paper. In accordance with Gibson (2006), the Wound Culture Theory (WCT) which was first proposed by Mark Seltzer (1998) can be summarized in the following (p. 19): "Serial killing has its place in a public culture in which addictive violence has become not merely a collective spectacle but one of the crucial sites where private desire and public fantasy cross. ...
This study examines the effect of terrorism and peace on tourist destination arrivals using a panel of 163 countries with data for the period 2010 to 2015. The empirical evidence is based on Generalised Method of Moments and Negative Binomial (NB) regressions. Our best estimators are from NB regressions from which the following main findings are established. First, political instability, violent demonstrations and number of homicides negatively affect tourist arrivals while the number of incarcerations positively influences the outcome variable. Second the effects from military expenditure, "armed service personnel" and "security officers and polices" are not positively significant. Managerial implications are discussed.
... As articulated by Gibson (2006), the Wound Culture Theory which was first proposed by Seltzer (1998) can be summarized in the following (p. 19): ...
The study investigates the role of security officers and the police in dampening the effect of insecurity on homicides. Insecurity dynamics are measured in terms of access to weapons, violent crime, perception of criminality and political instability. The geographical and temporal scopes are respectively 163 countries and 2010–2015. The empirical evidence is based on negative binomial regressions. Three main findings are established. First, security officers and the police significantly lessen the effect of political instability and perception of criminality on homicides. Second, an extended analysis with thresholds suggest that a maximum deployment of security officers and the police is required in order to completely cancel out the impact of both insecurity dynamics on homicides. The concept of threshold represents the critical mass at which the negative conditional effect from the interaction between security officers and the police completely dampens the effect of insecurity dynamics on homicides. Third, the use of security officers and the police is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for the complete eradication of insecurity-related homicides. Policy implications are discussed.
... Similarly, in another example, the case of murder sites in the USA often mean that posttouristic visits to the locations are accompanied by entertainment, eating out, photo opportunities and the purchase of souvenirs (Gibson, 2006) which brings dark tourism into the day-to-day experience of travel and tourism. Moreover, notions of kitsch or 'teddybearification' of the 9/11 terrorist action has been accused of trivialising and politicising the event and creating a spectacle and subjectivities that polarise opinion (Potts, 2012). ...
This chapter explores the proposition that the act of ‘souveniring’ recent and/or ancient places of death, disaster, or atrocities is a more emotionally immersive experience—and thus less cognitively controlled—than in other tourism contexts. We introduce and explore the notion of ‘dark souvenirs’ which encompass unlikely forms, redolent of darkness, emotions, and affective experiences in the dark tourism context of places connected to death, disaster, or atrocities.
... It is often claimed that interest among tourists in visiting places associated with death and suffering appears to have increased in recent decades (Dann, 2005;Lennon & Foley, 2000;Sharpley, 2009a;Stone, 2006), but this is not a recent phenomenon and Seaton (1996; has persuasively demonstrated that the link between travel and death has a long history which is rooted in established practices of "thanatopsis" (contemplation of death). There are many instances of touristic interest in death which predate the late twentieth century (Casbeard & Booth, 2012;Casella & Fennelly, 2016;Coughlin, 2014;Gibson, 2006;Johnston, 2013;Murphy, 2015;Sch€ afer, 2016;Seaton, 1999) leading Bowman and Pezzullo (2010:190) to argue that "it is possible that people are no more interested in touring sites associated with death than they have always been" (see also Sharpley, 2009a). However, this debate highlights a further distinction between dark tourism and thanatourism: the former (as conceived by Foley and Lennon) is regarded as a contemporary phenomenon, whereas thanatourism has a much longer historical lineage. ...
This paper reviews academic research into dark tourism and thanatourism over the 1996-2016 period.
The aims of this paper are threefold. First, it reviews the evolution of the concepts of dark tourism and
thanatourism, highlighting similarities and differences between them. Second it evaluates progress in 6
key themes and debates. These are: issues of the definition and scope of the concepts; ethical issues
associated with such forms of tourism; the political and ideological dimensions of dark tourism and
thanatourism; the nature of demand for places of death and suffering; the management of such places;
and the methods of research used for investigating such tourism. Third, research gaps and issues that
demand fuller scrutiny are identified. The paper argues that two decades of research have not
convincingly demonstrated that dark tourism and thanatourism are distinct forms of tourism, and in
many ways they appear to be little different from heritage tourism.
... It should be noted that 'crime', 'justice', policing and court museums (see Gibson, 2006;Huey, 2011), or other locales like human rights or military museums where confinement and punishment may be depicted, were not included in our data set. Based on our visits and interviews with staff, we identified four kinds of penal history museums. ...
Literature on penal tourism has examined meanings of imprisonment and punishment communicated in infamous American (e.g. Alcatraz, Eastern State Penitentiary), Australian (e.g. Fannie Bay Gaol, Port Arthur) and South African (e.g. Robben Island) sites. Yet such research has not extensively drawn from academic debates on authenticity and heritage that have become prominent in tourism research. This article examines the staging of authenticity in lesser-known penal history museums located across Canada. Whether large and aesthetically impressive or small and dingy, the existence of museums in original heritage penal sites raises questions about authenticity and how it is staged. Based on an analysis of field notes and interviews from visits to 45 penal history sites in Canada, we present four strategies (preservation, restoration, importation and creation) used by staff and volunteers at penal history museums to draw attention to four types of authenticity (architectural and spatial, tactile and visual, existential and narrative) that reinforce claims about the purported realities of incarceration found therein.
... assed by UNISDR's (2008) definition of disaster depending on the specific interpretation taken (see also Lewis 1999; Wisner et al. 2004). WhileTable 1's examples assist in understanding and interpreting disaster tourism, this paper focuses on unambiguous examples such as those inTable 2 rather than debating whether specific instances are disasters. Gibson (2006) Tours related to serial killers, such as Jack the Ripper. Foley and Lennon (1996) Death sites of famous people who were assassinated, such as John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King, Jr. Deuchar (1996) Exhibitions related to the sinking of the Titanic. Gusterson (2004) Sites related to the development and testing of the first nuclear bom ...
This paper provides a first discussion of the advantages and concerns of disaster tourism along with an initial step towards a code of ethics. Based on existing disaster and tourism codes, four guidelines are suggested and critiqued: 1. Priority in disasters should be given to the safety of disaster-affected people and responders, encompassing rescue and body recovery operations. 2. One individual should not put another individual at increased risk without consent. 3. The authorities in a disaster-affected area and their rules and regulations should be obeyed within reason. 4. Any donations or assistance offered to disaster-affected areas should be considered within the local context and should also involve nearby but non-disaster-affected communities. Targets, training, monitoring, enforcement, and evaluation for the code are also discussed along with the need for consultative processes for further developing and implementing the code. Three main areas of disaster tourism research are proposed for further work: disaster recovery, convergence behaviour, and supporting disaster risk reduction rather than post-disaster actions. Many disasters not only involve tourists, but also attract tourists, with the disaster situations and their commemorations leading to "disaster tourism". Drawing on tourism-related and disaster-related research and practice, this paper describes the current state of disaster tourism and then assists policy formulation for disaster tourism by proposing a first step towards a code of ethics to try to avert potential future problems.
... 2013). The kinds of tourist experience (of sights, locations, goods and services) we explore in this article, centred around the TV series, can thus be placed within this wider span of crime-related travel and consumption that has grown notably in recent decades (see for example Klein 1998;Gibson 2006;Wilbert and Hansen 2009). ...
Mobilities Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the "Content") contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at
Dark tourism consists of a wide range of subsections, and this chapter focuses on a less explored part of it, serial killer tourism. The demand side's fascination with death and murderers from led to diverse tourism offer types, such as museums and walking tours. This research gives an overview of these attractions and an answer to why people are visiting them. To understand the topic, three research questions were formed: What is the reason behind serial killer tourism? What type of attractions are the most attractive? and What is the attitude of the consumers. Based on the research, visitors want to be educated, to prepare to face the dark reality, but also want to be entertained. By exploring this topic, tourism professionals will get insight into the visitors' motivations, how and who to promote these attractions, and how to develop new tourism products.
Turystyka Kulturowa nr 127 (2/23) czerwiec 2023
http://turystykakulturowa.org/ojs/index.php/tk/article/view/1384
True crime to gatunek twórczości dokumentalnej opowiadającej historie prawdziwych przestępstw lub zbrodni. Jego rosnąca popularność przekłada się na pojawienie się ruchu turystycznego skierowanego do muzeów poświęconych przestępczości i kryminalistyce oraz miejsc popełnienia lub upamiętnienia zbrodni. Rośnie również oferta wycieczek tematycznych i wydarzeń związanych z tematyką true crime. W artykule przeprowadzono przegląd literatury pozycjonując turystykę true crime wśród form turystyki. Stwierdzono, że ta turystykę true crime częściowo można zaliczyć do tanatoturystyki. Zaprezentowano przykłady atrakcji i produktów turystycznych związanych z tematyką true crime. Na podstawie badania ankietowego oceniono perspektywę rozwoju tej formy turystyki konkludując, że wśród pasjonatów tematyki istnieje zainteresowanie podróżami w celu odwiedzenia miejsc związanych z twórczością true crime, choć na razie rzadko przekłada się ono na podróże turystyczne. W ostatniej części artykułu posługując się literaturą i wynikami tego samego badania ankietowego przedyskutowano kontrowersje etyczne związane z wykorzystaniem prawdziwych przestępstw jako atrakcji turystycznych.
Joan Didion famously described the 1960s as ending abruptly on 9 August 1969 when word spread of the murders of seven people including Hollywood actor Sharon Tate. Fifty years on and the ‘Manson murders’ remain a focal point of interest in American popular culture and media. Netflix’s recent true-crime drama Mindhunter (2017–19) and Quentin Tarantino’s Once upon a Time in Hollywood () represent but two popular examples invoking the crimes. What is consistent across most popular renderings of the murders is the representation of the Family, and of their leader Charles Manson especially, as monstrous, warranting investigation. Utilizing both Jeffrey foundational text ‘Monster culture (seven theses)’ and Natasha Mikles and Joseph Laycock’s () ‘Five further theses on monster theory and religious studies’, this article examines the creation and representation of Charles Manson as a serial killer, a cult leader, but especially as a monster, in the popular culture context.
Introduction. The bidirectional relationships between culture and medicine are essential in psychiatry due to the nature of its endeavour. Thus, the relevance of the analysis of popular culture lies in understanding popular ideas about mental disorders and psychiatric praxis (the focus of this thesis) and identifying the social impact of the circulation of such ideas (an open field of research).
Objective. To describe the representations of psychiatric practice and mental disorders in Spanish punk songs (1981-2010). Specifically, the aim is to identify the uses, meanings, viewpoints, value judgements and emerging themes.
Material and method. A systematic review was conducted to assess the extent of the available literature and the methodologies employed in the field. It guided the selection of the most appropriate strategies for a systematic approach to the subject matter, which led to the qualitative analysis of the lyrics of Spanish punk songs (1981-2010) through an inductive process. First, the general notion of ‘madness’ was addressed, followed by psychotic disorders and psychiatry. Finally, the contents related to criminality and violence were explored, along with their links to mental disorders from a punk perspective. The methodological strategy included content analysis as an initial approach, providing information on the type and extent of the allusions; while, in a second stage, the thematic analysis deepened into the uses, meanings, viewpoints, value judgements and emerging
themes.
Results and conclusions. The songs under study reflected general observations, clinical, therapeutic and social aspects, references to other cultural representations, new meanings for the psychiatric language, and a seemingly elusive use of it (musically driven), thereby confirming the interdiscursive, polyphonic and polysemic character of Spanish punk songs.
The depictions of psychiatry were critical, characterised by their specificity and
immutability (the stereotype of social control). The restricted format of the songs,
intertextual influences and, perhaps more importantly, the connections with the allegorical function of the psychiatrist in the lyrical discourses of Spanish punk may explain these findings.
Psychopathological terms related to psychotic disorders did not allude to positive
meanings, showing a pejorative use in almost one-third of the cases. On the other hand, although most descriptions of psychotic symptoms or disorders were neutral, negative views reached almost 40%. The study of madness as a broader concept also showed a preponderance of negative depictions. Thus, most of the analysed songs reproduced the stereotypes prevailing in the general population, with an overestimation of the links between violence, criminality and mental disorders.
The negative appraisals of madness and the madman can be explained mainly by the attributions of dangerousness attached to them. Associations with crime and violence also appeared in songs depicting psychotic disorders or symptoms. Additionally, the study of songs alluding to crime within mental disorders confirmed an almost absolute representation of offenders as ‘mentally disturbed.’
The cultural construction of mental illness retains a stigmatised dimension, which would be determined, at least partly, by intertextual factors. Apart from intertextuality, identity factors were relevant in the songs under study. Thus, the identity affirmation of the punk subculture can be expressed through the figure of the madman, encompassing provocative dimensions that challenge social patterns by exalting madness.
The finding of a higher proportion than might be expected regarding the positive appraisal of the apparently negative attributes of madness was consistent with one of the hypotheses of this work; since it was expected to find either the same stigmatising views that are present in the general population but containing differentiated appraisal undertones or an idealisation of madness. Both cases were found in the songs examined, confirming the heterogeneity of the discoursive landscape.
Previous research remarks on the role of the mass media in shaping our world-view and values. It is relevant for the psychiatric field since the literature suggests that the media and artistic representations emphasise violent and criminal behaviours of people with mental disorders. In contrast to the study of other artistic manifestations, depictions in music are much less explored. This article examines the subcultural portrayals of psychiatry-related violent and criminal behaviours in Spanish popular music; particularly, the dimensions of intertextuality and trivialisation. These aspects are relevant since trivialisation may contribute to a distorted and oversimplified view of mental disorders, while intertextuality can play a role in the dissemination, amplification and reinforcement of social beliefs regarding psychiatric problems.
Popular interest in crime is substantial and longstanding, driving the development of crime-based dark tourism attractions. The appeal of these sites can partly be explained through the understanding of functions of transgression as tours provide their audiences with infotainment. These representations of crime both reflect and shape social and cultural perceptions of the nature of offending and victimization. There is, however, a significant gap in relation to the discussion of these crime-based dark tourism activities with almost no engagement with gender at these sites. To fill this gap, this paper presents a conceptual discussion on tourism to sites of female criminal activity, drawing parallels to similar male crime locations. Examination of online advertising for murder walking tours in the UK reveals gendered power dynamics wherein traditional, western gender roles are enforced through the removal of agency from women who engage in more violent crimes while simultaneously fetishizing women as victims of violence, especially sexual. This is evident in the absence of female serial killers within organized dark tours, which often focus specifically on this sexual violence. Thus, the tourist activities that revolve around dark heritage sites, especially those that deal with violent criminal activity, reinforce gendered stereotypes around ‘acceptable’ transgression.
There is a deep and persistent cultural fascination with the macabre – public executions, true crime books, slasher films, and sites of violence attract large audiences. Although serial and mass murderers increasingly achieve fame, little attention has focused on their fans. Thus, this paper introduces the concept of dark fandoms, or communities of fans of those who have perpetrated heinous acts, and draws attention to Columbiners as one example of a dark fandom. An analysis of more than 700 threaded discussion posts from an online Reddit community reveals that the Columbiner dark fandom discussed their favorite characters from the shooting, proposed fan theories about the incident, and considered the Columbine shooting’s legacy. The implications of these findings for studies of other dark fandoms is discussed.
This chapter will explore the outpouring of media coverage following the deaths of Hindley in 2002 and Brady in 2017. The death of a celebrity has become an archetypal mediatised event. This has been particularly the case since the death of Diana in 1997. There is a clear template for reporting such events, including celebrity tributes and public displays of devotion by fans. The celebrity’s career is analysed and placed in some sort of cultural context. Their significance and potential lasting influence are evaluated. Key events in their lives are retold, key influences interviewed. The funeral is covered in hushed reverential tones. The deaths of Hindley and Brady represent a darker version of this model. There were public outpourings of hate and vitriol. Their funerals were held in secret for fear of public reaction.
The study investigates the role of security officers and the police in dampening the effect of insecurity on homicides. Insecurity dynamics are measured in terms of access to weapons, violent crime, perception of criminality and political instability. The geographical and temporal scopes are respectively 163 countries and 2010-2015. The empirical evidence is based on Negative Binomial regressions. Three main findings are established. First, security officers and the police significantly lessen the effect of political instability and perception of criminality on homicides. Second, an extended analysis with thresholds suggest that a maximum deployment of security officers and the police is required in order to completely cancel out the impact of both insecurity dynamics on homicides. The concept of threshold represents the critical mass at which the negative conditional effect from the interaction between security officers and the police completely dampens the effect of insecurity dynamics on homicides. Third, the use of security officers and the police is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for the complete eradication of insecurity-related homicides. Policy implications are discussed.
We build on literature from policy and academic circles to assess whether Latin America is leading when it comes to persistence in homicides. The focus is on a global sample of 163 countries for the period 2010 to 2015. The empirical evidence is based on generalized method of moments. The following main finding is established. The region with the highest evidence of persistence in homicides is sub-Saharan Africa, followed by Latin America, the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), and then by Europe and Central Asia. In order to increase room for policy implications, the data set is decomposed into income levels, religious domination, landlockedness, and legal origins. From the conditioning information set, the following factors account for persistence in global homicides: crime, political instability, and weapons import positively affect homicides whereas the number of “security and police officers” has the opposite effect.
This chapter examines the role of dark events and their associated locales in the United States. It examines the various dark spaces that have become significant tourist attractions in the US. America’s unique dark heritage is often associated with wars, slavery, maltreatment of indigenous people, pioneer settlers, terrorism, natural catastrophes, incarceration, and other human tragedies. Issues of scale, from global dark heritage to personal heritage, are salient considerations in how and where dark tourism has developed in the United States. The majority of dark sites have developed and become objects of heritage commemoration due to one-time events that have personal, national or global appeal, while the country still faces ongoing crises, such as racism, civil unrest and terrorism that continue to provide spaces of darkness that attract visitors who have personal or national connections to those events and their associated places.
We build on literature from policy and academic circles to assess if Latin America is leading when it comes to persistence in homicides. The focus is on a global sample of 163 countries for the period 2010 to 2015. The empirical evidence is based on Generalised Method of Moments. The following main finding is established. The region with the highest evidence of persistence in homicides is sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), followed by Latin America, the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and then by Europe & Central Asia (ECA). In order to increase room for policy implications, the dataset is decomposed into income levels, religious domination, landlockedness and legal origins. From the conditioning information set, the following factors account for persistence in global homicides: crime, political instability and weapons import positively affect homicides whereas the number of "security and police officers" has the opposite effect.
The aim of this study is to examine the articles
published between 1997 and 2015 on national and
international issues related to battlefield tourism. The
literature survey on battlefield tourism was obtained from
the database of the Uşak University e-library. 51 articles
from 1997 to 2015 were taken into consideration. As a
result of the study, it was determined that the tourists
related to the battlefields were made to determine the
reasons of satisfaction, motivation and visit
This study examines the effect of enduring involvement (EI) on visitor experiences, including the benefit gained, in the context of tragedy-related tourism in South Korea. It also scrutinizes an important visitor characteristic of tragedy-related tourism experiences: “connection to the site or the tragic event.” Semi-structured interviews were conducted across three key informant groups: Jeju Islanders with some connection to the incident; Jeju Islanders with no connection to the incident; and non-Jeju Islanders. These data were used to form the basis of an analysis that indicates that the level of enduring involvement is related to the benefit gained from tragedy-related tourism or dark tourism experiences. Enduring involvement differs significantly by age, place of origin, and education level, although not by gender. The findings are informative for the effective development and management of tragic heritage tourism products and attractions in terms of segmentation of visitors, and for the understanding of visitor behaviors.
In the growing discussion of dark tourism, attention has focused on dark tourism theory, interpretation of tragic events, management of dark tourist sites, and visitor motivations. The local government component, however, has been overlooked in this field of study. Fame from notorious events often transfers to the city where it happened, sometimes sharing a name (the Amityville Horror, the Villisca Axe Murders, Auschwitz) whether the community likes it or not. This fame transfer creates a shared city ‘ghost’ lingering in its shadows, but draws curiosity seekers from around the globe. This study presents factors local governments should consider as they examine their role in dark tourism, including planning for site management, consideration of the safety of, and services provided to, their citizens, examination of potential economic benefits, and most importantly, to ensure that they have a voice in the stewardship of their history.
This article explores emerging intersections between the consumption of mediated popular culture and the real and imagined topographies within which those representations are framed. Through an examination of the ‘televisual tourism’ centred around the successful TV series Breaking Bad, we scrutinise the multiple modes of sensorial and embodied travel experience enjoyed by fans of the show as they consume their way around the show’s sites, scenes and tastes in the city of Albuquerque. This exploitation of media textuality through fan tourism is, we suggest, centred upon a carefully managed commodification of crime, criminality and transgression.
The authors examined the role of fantasy as an internal drive mechanism for repetitive acts of sexual violence. A sample of 25 serial sexual murderers with three or more known victims each was compared with a sample of 17 single sexual murderers, with only one known victim each. The drive mechanism was hypothesized to be an intrusive fantasy life manifested in higher prevalences of paraphilias, documented or self-reported violent fantasies, and organized crime scenes in the serial murderers. All three hypotheses were supported.
This book illustrates the tremendous outreach of tourism in search of extraordinary, spectacular and bizarre experiences. It covers tourism in out-of-the-ordinary environments (space tourism, Antarctic tourism, and adventure/heritage tourism in remote areas); dark tourism; other unconventional forms of tourism such as deep ecotourism and health tourism in salt mines; and other special-interest forms such as pro-poor tourism, senior tourism, and volunteer tourism. The book has 15 chapters and a subject index.
This paper examines the historical and contemporary status of cemeteries, churchyards and other funerary sites, and their textual characteristics, as pilgrimage goals. The first part of the paper traces their historical evolution as pilgrimage goals internationally, their discursive features, and the activities associated with visiting them. The second part examines the contemporary tourism functions they may serve for destination planners.
This article introduces a collection of eight revised papers that focus on the connection between slavery and tourism. After tracing the history of the former from its origins to the present day, and after providing some examples of related attractions, it confronts a number of dilemmas associated with their juxtaposition. A brief overview of the contributions to the volume is supplied, along with some epistemological and methodological concerns that they raise. Slavery tourism is finally contextualized within a framework of thanatourism, dark tourism and dissonant heritage, a field which in turn poses several questions for further research into this new and exciting phenomenon.
This study employs a historical and quantitative analysis to test the widespread suggestion that serial murder activity in the United States has increased dramatically since the late 1960s. The crime of serial murder appears to have occurred infrequently between 1940 and 1964, but a rapid acceleration is observable from about 1965. The rate of increase far exceeds the general upsurge in violent crime that occurred about that time. Also, the growth in activity cannot be explained simply in terms of changes in recording or reporting practices. In explaining the transition, particular emphasis is placed on factors such as demographic structure and aspects of the "youth culture" of the 1960s. It is also tentatively suggested that changes in the mental health system may have played an important role.
This paper considers the challenges involved in the presentation of war as a tourist attraction, using the example of recent conflicts in Vietnam and a particular site there to illustrate the issues which arise. It begins with a general discussion about war and tourism, and then moves on to examine the development of tourism in Vietnam and the place of wartime heritage. Various aproaches to interpretation are identified and the problems facing those responsible are highlighted. The dilemma is one of achieving a satisfactory balance between education and entertainment while providing an appropriate experience for visitors who come with different needs and expectations. Political circumstances represent an added complication. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
This paper examines the historical evolution of Waterloo as a tourism mega-attraction. It locates battlefield visits as a form of thanatourism and explores the development of Waterloo through a sight sacralization model. The model proposes that an attractions appeal is achieved through progressive stages of marking which comes to invest it with a quasi-religious mystique, sacralization, as a goal of ritual pilgrimage for tourists. The paper comments on the sequencing of the model in the case of Waterloo and suggests how the social and ideological environments of the potential tourist may affect the potency and stability of the sacralization process over time. Résumé: Guerre et thanatourisme: Waterloo 1815–1914. Cet article examine lévolution historique de Waterloo comme méga-attraction touristique. Il identifie les visites au champ de bataille comme forme de thanatourisme et examine le développement de Waterloo selon un modèle de sacralisation de lieu. Le modèle présente lidée que lattrait dun lieu touristique est réalisé par lintermédiaire des étapes progressifs de marquage, qui linvestissent dune mystique quasi religieuse, une sacralisation, comme objectif de pèlerinage rituel pour les touristes. Larticle commente lenchaînement du modèle pour le cas de Waterloo et suggère comment les environnements social et idéologique du touriste éventuel peuvent, avec le temps, avoir un effet sur la puissance et la stabilité du processus de sacralisation.
From hell: The Jack the Ripper mys-tery
- B Hinton
Hinton, B. (1998). From hell: The Jack the Ripper mys-tery. Gwent, U.K.: Old Bakehouse Publications.
The man who could not kill enough: The secret murders of Milwaukee's Jeffrey Dahmer Homicide: 100 years of murder in America To kill again: The motivation and development of serial murder
- A Schwartz
- G G Scott
Schwartz, A. (1992). The man who could not kill enough: The secret murders of Milwaukee's Jeffrey Dahmer. NY: Birch Lane Press Book. Scott, G. G. (1998). Homicide: 100 years of murder in America. Los Angeles: Lowell House. Sears, D. J. (1991). To kill again: The motivation and development of serial murder. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources.
The Bloody Benders In the wake of the butcher: Cleve-land's torso murders
- R H Adleman
- Stein
- Day
- J J Badal
Adleman, R. H. (1970). The Bloody Benders. NY: Stein & Day. Badal, J. J. (2001). In the wake of the butcher: Cleve-land's torso murders. Kent, OH: Kent State Univer-sity Press. Begg, P. (2003). Jack the Ripper: The definitive history.
Severed: The true story of the Black Dahlia murder
- J Gilmore
Gilmore, J. (1994). Severed: The true story of the Black Dahlia murder. Los Angeles: Zanja Press.
Deviant: The true story of Ed Gein, the original Psycho The A to Z encyclo-pedia of serial killers
- Martin
- H Schechter
Martin's Press. Schechter, H. (1989). Deviant: The true story of Ed Gein, the original Psycho. NY: Simon & Schuster. Schechter, H., & Everitt, D. (1996). The A to Z encyclo-pedia of serial killers. NY: Simon & Schuster.
Fear casts shadow on everyday activities Unpredictable shootings keep people inside, wary. The Baltimore Sun Officials defend hush hush hunt
- S Desmond
- J Bykowicz
Desmond, S., & Bykowicz, J. (2002, October 8). Fear casts shadow on everyday activities. Unpredictable shootings keep people inside, wary. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved October 30, 2002, from http://www. sunspot.net Dishneau, D. (2002, October 14). Officials defend hush hush hunt. Albuquerque Journal, p. A4.
Edward Gein: America's most bi-zarre murderer
- R Gollmar
Gollmar, R. (1981). Edward Gein: America's most bi-zarre murderer. NY: Windsor Publishing Company.
World encyclopedia of 20th century murder
- R Nash
Nash, R. (1992). World encyclopedia of 20th century murder. NY: Paragon House.
Jack the Ripper: An encyclopedia
- J Eddleston
Eddleston, J. (2003). Jack the Ripper: An encyclopedia.
The Copeland killings
- Miller
The Daily Telegraph, p. 1. Miller, T. (1993). The Copeland killings. NY: Windsor Publishing Corporation.
Mass murder: America's growing menace. NY: Plenum Press. London tragedies, arrests and searches: The Aldgate crime: First session of inquest
- J Levin
- J A Fox
Levin, J., & Fox, J. A. (1985). Mass murder: America's growing menace. NY: Plenum Press. London tragedies, arrests and searches: The Aldgate crime: First session of inquest. (1888, October 5).
The cases that haunt us. NY: Scribners. East end murders
- J Douglas
- M Olshaker
Douglas, J., & Olshaker, M. (2000). The cases that haunt us. NY: Scribners. East end murders. (1888, October 2). London Times, p.
Hunting humans: An illustrated en-cyclopedia of modern serial killers
- M Newton
Newton, M. (1990). Hunting humans: An illustrated en-cyclopedia of modern serial killers. Port Townsend, WA: Loompanics Unlimited.
Overkill: Mass murder and serial killing exposed
- J Fox
- J Levin
Fox, J., & Levin, J. (1994). Overkill: Mass murder and serial killing exposed. NY: Plenum Press.
The killers among us: Motives behind their madness. Book I. NY: Warner Books
- C Wilson
- D Wilson
Wilson, C., & Wilson, D. (1995). The killers among us: Motives behind their madness. Book I. NY: Warner Books. Word for Whitechapel. (1888, October 6). East London Observer, pp. 3, 7.
Final truth: The auto-biography of a serial killer
- D Gaskins
- W Earle
Gaskins, D., & Earle, W. (1999). Final truth: The auto-biography of a serial killer. Atlanta: Adept Inc.
Jack the Ripper: The bloody truth
- M Harris
Harris, M. (1987). Jack the Ripper: The bloody truth.
The encyclopedia of se-rial killers
- B Lane
- W Gregg
Lane, B., & Gregg, W. (1995). The encyclopedia of se-rial killers. NY: Berkeley Books.
Human monsters: An illustrated en-cyclopedia of the world's most vicious murderers
- D Everitt
Everitt, D. (1993). Human monsters: An illustrated en-cyclopedia of the world's most vicious murderers. Chicago: Contemporary Press.
Jack the Ripper: 100 years of mystery
- P Underwood
Underwood, P. (1987). Jack the Ripper: 100 years of mystery. London: Javelin Books.
Murder: An analysis of its forms, condi-tions, and causes
- G Falk
Falk, G. (1990). Murder: An analysis of its forms, condi-tions, and causes. Jefferson, NC: McFarland Pub-lishing Company.
Serial killers. NY: Anchor Books
- J Norris
Norris, J. (1988). Serial killers. NY: Anchor Books.
The Gainesville Ripper
- M Ryzuk
Ryzuk, M. (1994). The Gainesville Ripper. NY: St.
Jack the Ripper: The simple truth
- B Paley
Paley, B. (1996). Jack the Ripper: The simple truth.
Alias Jack the Ripper
- R M Gordon
Gordon, R. M. (2001). Alias Jack the Ripper. Jefferson, NC: McFarland Publishing Company.