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The Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence and Performance Among College Baseball Players
Journal of Applied Sport Psychology
... One study that investigated the interaction between objective performance and psychological constructs was conducted by Zizzi et al. (2003) where researchers examined the effect of emotional intelligence among college baseball players. The researchers found that hitting statistics did not seem to be significantly related to emotional intelligence, and of the pitching statistics, only strikeouts were significantly related to emotional intelligence (r(21) = .48, ...
... Inclusion criteria for hitters required at least two plate appearances per game and criteria for pitchers required at least two-thirds of an inning per outing. These inclusion criteria were modeled after a study that also measured objective performance in baseball (Zizzi et al., 2003). ...
... In addition to objective baseball performance statistics examined in a previous study (Zizzi et al., 2003), this study included newer objective performance data used to make analytical decisions in professional baseball organizations. These statistics included: Grounding into Double Plays (GDP), Weighted On-Base Average (wOBA), Batting Average on Balls in Play (BABIP) for hitters and Wild Pitches (WP), Fielding Independent Pitching (FIP), and Left On-Base Percentage (LOB%) for pitchers. ...
The purpose of this study was to explore the moderating effect of hardiness on the relationship between trait anxiety and objective performance within NCAA Division I collegiate baseball players. An updated and shortened version of the Personal Views Survey (PVS III-R) was used to measure hardiness after a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted. Of the total 389 players that participated, 171 met inclusion criteria and were split into two groups – hitters (N = 94) and pitchers (N = 80) – to identify differences in skills and how sub-constructs of hardiness (commitment, control, challenge) affected performance through a descriptive correlational design. The results show significant moderating effects of commitment for pitchers that accounted for the majority of variance in the relationship between perception of trait anxiety intensity and left on base percentage (LOB%) and wild pitches (WP). For hitters, significant moderating effects of control accounted for less variance in the relationship between perception of trait anxiety intensity on batting average on balls in play (BABIP) and grounding into double plays (GDP). The findings indicate there may be significant moderating effects of hardiness on the relationship between trait anxiety and objective performance that may be present in game situations with runners on-base. Practitioners could use these findings to target mental skills that could develop a pitcher’s commitment or hitter’s sense of control to enhance their performance within baseball-specific situations. For example, mental performance consultants could help athletes reframe the intensity of cognitive or somatic anxiety during situations with runners on-base.
... EI is a set of non-cognitive abilities and skills that successfully affect coping with environmental demands, including tournament requirements and pressures [8]. Athletes with higher levels of EI perform better in team sports such as cricket [9], hockey [10], or baseball [11], with significant positive correlations observed between EI and athletic performance. In addition, EI is advantageous for psychological skills and factors that transcend sport [12]. ...
... However, to the best of our knowledge, even though an accumulating body of scholarly research has shown a positive and significant relationship between EI and sports performance [11,[24][25][26][27][28], no previous studies have examined the relationship between EI, mental toughness, and mindfulness, anaerobic and aerobic fitness in elite taekwondo athletes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between EI, mental toughness and mindfulness, anaerobic and aerobic performance in a group of elite taekwondo athletes. ...
This study investigated the relationship between psychological skills and fitness levels among elite taekwondo athletes. A total of ten Iranian male elite taekwondo athletes (mean age of 20.6±2 years, BMI 18.78±0.62 kg/m2, and fat percentage of 8.87±1.46%) participated in the study. The Sports Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire, Sports Success Scale, Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire, and Mindfulness Inventory for Sport were used to assess psychological factors. The Wingate test was used to determine anaerobic power, and the Bruce test to determine aerobic fitness. Descriptive statistics and Spearman rank correlation coefficients were utilised to examine any relationships between subscales. Statistically significant correlations were recorded between the evaluation of feelings (EI scale) and VO2peak (ml/kg/min) (r = -0.70, p = 0.0235) and between social skills (EI scale) and relative peak power (W/kg) (r = 0.84, p = 0.0026). Also, between optimism (EI scale) and VO2peak (ml/kg/min) (r = -0.70, p = 0.0252) and between optimism (EI scale) and HR-MAX (r = -0.75, p = 0.0123); and, finally, between control (mental toughness scale) and relative peak power (W/kg) (r = 0.67, p = 0.0360). These findings demonstrate relationships between psychological factors and the advantages of good anaerobic and aerobic capabilities. Finally, the study also demonstrated that elite taekwondo athletes have high mental performance abilities that are interrelated with anaerobic and aerobic performance.
... According to Zizzi, et al., (2003), an athlete reported that in order to perform well in team sports; she should know his/her own emotions, the emotions of his/her teammates and opponents well. Moreover, Lane et al., (2009b) state that the use of psychological skills such as imagery and self-talk is positively associated with the emotional quotient at the individual level. ...
... When the importance of the emotional quotient is evaluated in the context of team and individual sports, it is stated that high level emotional quotient in athletes (especially in team sports) is directly related to performance success (Crombie, et al., 2009;Perlini & Halverson, 2006;Zizzi, et al., 2003). ...
The purpose of this relational study is to investigate the relationship between emotional quotient levels and imagery. University students, studying in the field of sports sciences (n=298), participated in the study. “Revised Schutte Emotional Quotient Scale” and “Sports Imaginary Questionnaire” was used in the study. In statistical analysis, Pearson Correlation analysis and Multiple Linear Regression analysis were applied. As a result, in this study it was found that there were moderate relationships between cognitive imagery and emotional quotient, low relationships between motivational specific imagery and emotional quotient, and moderate and positive relationships between motivational general mastery and emotional quotient. However, no significant relationship was found between motivational general arousal and emotional quotient. When the results were examined, it was found that the sub-dimensions of Cognitive Imagery, Motivational Specific Imagery, and Motivational General Mastery were significant predictors of emotional quotient level and explained 25.4% of the variance in emotional quotient.
Keywords: Students; Emotional Quotient; Imagery.
... In the United States, college basketball has a similar status to professional basketball, even if the business does not bring nearly such enormous economic success as the NBA (Kian et al., 2008). The status of being an amateur college athlete enables players to receive higher education in an institution and allows athletes to showcase their skills on a larger, televised platform (Zizzi et al., 2003). ...
... They must be able to manage competition stress and disadvantageous conditions as well (Gaudreau and Blondin, 2004). Since basketball players are often faced with stressful situations, such as last-second game decision-making as well as perceived disadvantageous refereeing decisions (Craighead et al., 1986;Zizzi et al., 2003), the neuroticism domain and the NBA performance are expected to be negatively related. The following hypothesis is thus proposed: H2. ...
Purpose:
The purpose of this paper is to use Twitter data to mine personality traits of basketball players to predict their performance in the NBA.
Design/methodology/approach:
Automated personality mining and robotic process automation was used to gather data (player statistics and big five personality traits) of n=185 professional basketball players. Correlation analysis and multiple linear regressions were computed to predict the performance of their NBA careers based on previous college performance and personality traits.
Findings:
Automated personality mining of Tweets can be used to gather additional information about basketball players. Extraversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness correlate with basketball performance and can be used, in combination with previous game statistics, to predict future performance.
Practical implications:
The study presents a novel approach to use automated personality mining of Twitter data as a predictor for future basketball performance. The contribution advances the understanding of the importance of personality for sports performance and the use of cognitive systems (automated personality mining) and the social media data for predictions. Scouts can use our findings to enhance their recruiting criteria in a multi-million dollar business, such as the NBA.
... In education field a lot of investigators have investigated the idea of emotional intelligence (Chan, 2004;McPail, 2004; Esturgo-Deu and Sala-Roca, 2010) [3,8,4] in relation to a sports field (Ajayi and Fatokun, 2008;Zizzi et al., 2003;Lane et al., 2010) [1,16,6] . In the literature, several definitions were proposed of emotional intelligence. ...
... In education field a lot of investigators have investigated the idea of emotional intelligence (Chan, 2004;McPail, 2004; Esturgo-Deu and Sala-Roca, 2010) [3,8,4] in relation to a sports field (Ajayi and Fatokun, 2008;Zizzi et al., 2003;Lane et al., 2010) [1,16,6] . In the literature, several definitions were proposed of emotional intelligence. ...
... The CSAI-2 verified the effects of anxiety in novice karate performers on the visual search strategy, changing their peripheral narrowing or increasing susceptibility to peripheral distractors in response to taped offensive karate sequences. In another quantitative study, Zizzi et al. (2003) examined the relationship between emotional intelligence and sports performance among Division I college baseball players. They determined that certain aspects of emotional intelligence were moderately related to pitching performance but not hitting performance (Zizzi et al., 2003). ...
... In another quantitative study, Zizzi et al. (2003) examined the relationship between emotional intelligence and sports performance among Division I college baseball players. They determined that certain aspects of emotional intelligence were moderately related to pitching performance but not hitting performance (Zizzi et al., 2003). However, Ntasis (2019) looked at predictive approaches to help teams make better decisions during games based on previously collected data from athletes. ...
Emotional intelligence in sport and physical exercise was the focus of this study. Before contemplating the actual practice in the form of emotional intelligence training, we conducted a thorough evaluation of the current research and provide here a sound theoretical integration of several emotional intelligence viewpoints. Sport is an environment in which people must push themselves to work hard to attain long-term goals. Athletes must also cope with the stress of intense training and competitive pressure on a consistent basis, which entails recognizing and controlling their own emotions and those of others (e.g. teammates, opponents, coaches, referees and spectators). In total, there were 349 fully answered questionnaires (N = 349). A total of 46.4% (N = 162) of the interviewed athletes participated in all three official events during the 2018-2019 competition year. We investigated the relationships between sports performance and emotional intelligence. This study shows that high emotional intelligence scores are associated with more effective sports performance. In addition, significant correlations were observed between cognitive and somatic state anxiety, and negative correlations were observed between cognitive and somatic anxiety and self-confidence. Moreover, comparisons between groups were made using the Structural Equation Model (SEM), and correlations between variables were analysed using the Spearman correlation. The reliability analysis showed that all scales had a reliability coefficient of over 0.6. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed that the proposed model for the structure of the tool was satisfactory (normed χ2 < 1, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE)< 0.1 and CFI > 0.9). We determined that emotional intelligence was affected by negative thinking, automaticity, goal setting and emotion control. Thus, the development of these psychological elements may help athletes avoid worrying and increase their performance.
... Considering objective performance parameters in sport, Crombie et al. [30] demonstrated that team ability EI of cricketers was positively related to the team performance measured by game statistics. In baseball, the EI was also moderately associated with pitching performance, but not with batting performance throughout the whole season [31]. On the other hand, Perlini et al. [32] found no relation between positive game statistics and EI in ice hockey athletes. ...
... Because previous research had demonstrated that the regulation of emotions during competitions is important to achieve an effective performance [50], this result is not what we had anticipated. However, our results are not contradicting the mainstream findings [28,31,[51][52][53], but contradict the conclusions of meta-analysis results [34], the systematic review [37] and relevant literature for this research area [44]. One explanation might be that trait EI is a component of various factors for generating of athletic performance and the influence of trait EI can vary depending on the requirement profile in each sport (1). ...
Emotional intelligence (EI) is considered a determinant of sports performance. Two opposing perspectives have been discussed in the theoretical discourse on EI: EI as an ability versus EI as a trait, both widely differing in content and method of assessment. Previous applied sport psychology research is characterized by a heterogeneous use of different conceptualizations and measurements of EI. However, evidence for the superiority of an EI concept does not exist. This study directly compares the ability and trait EI concepts in the relationship with athletic performance. An online survey was conducted (response rate = 19%). Participants completed the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test, the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire Short Form, a list of questions about biographical information as well as information related to sports performance and sport participation. We used regression analyses and controlled type of sports to investigate how sports performance is influenced by EI. Trait EI positively predicted self-assessment of athletes’ performance (B = 1.02; p < 0.01) whereby ability EI did not predict any outcome of sports performance. The effect of trait EI was independent of the ability EI. Overall, the result indicates some evidence for the superiority of the trait EI in applied sports psychology.
... The pervasive ascendance of emotional intelligence within the domain of sports psychology substantiates burgeoning interest from research scholars and practioners. Evident through studies undertaken by researches, the burgeoning scholarship marks a palpable surge in delving into emotional intelligence's nuanced implications within the realm of sports 11,12,13,14 . Cumulatively, these research endeavors illuminate the interplay between emotional intelligence and athletes' performance, well-being, and broader psychological functionality. ...
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to validate the Malay version of the Emotional Intelligence Scale (EIS-M) using a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) among Sarawak University football players. Method: A total of 321 male university students in Sarawak volunteered and participated in the validation study on EIS-M with a mean age of 18-23 years old (20.13 ± 1.44). Results: The standard procedure of forward-backward translation method was performed to translate the English version of the EIS into the Malay language version. Data were analysed using Mplus 8.0. The Emotional Intelligence Scale Malay version (EIS-M) hypothesized measurement model included 33 items and 6 factors: Appraisal of other emotions (7 items), Appraisal of own emotions (5 items), Regulation (5 items), Social Skills (5 items), Utilization of emotions (7 items), and Optimism (4 items). The results of the confirmatory factor analysis displayed an acceptable fit to the initial hypothesized model of EIS-M with the data (RMSEA = .043, CFI = .904, TLI = .90, SRMR = .055). All the factor loading ranged from .51 to .87. The EIS-M had good internal consistency. The overall Cronbach's alpha (α) values for the EIS-M questionnaire was α = .955, with subscale Appraisal of other emotions (item 1 to 7), α = .796, Appraisal of own emotions (items 8 to 12), α = .886, Regulation (item 13 to 17), α = .882, Social skills (item 18 to 22), α = .820 , Utilization of emotions (item 23 to 29), α = .929, and Optimism (item 30 to 33), α = .762. Conclusion: Overall, based on the fit indices and internal consistency values, the EIS-M appears to be a valid and reliable instrument for measuring emotional intelligence in the context of the six factors mentioned.
... Indeed, a correlational study indicated that the role of emotional intelligence in team sports is very necessary because each individual must be able to feel the feelings of other individuals (Gusril et al., 2022)(Chaeroni et al., 2022, the players in a team must also be able to respect each other and provide motivation so that team cohesion can continue to be maintained. If one player is mentally down then the team's overall performance will also decline, therefore athletes must have good emotional intelligence so that victory can be achieved (Zizzi et al., 2010;Uphill et al., 2012). Emotional intelligence plays a role in overcoming the stress received by athletes during competitions. ...
Problem: Achieving accuracy in topspin shots is crucial for table tennis players to secure victories. Understanding the psychological factors influencing this skill is imperative for achieving success. Objective: This study aims to investigate the correlation between cognitive processing speed (CPS) and emotional intelligence (EI) with topspin accuracy (TPA) in table tennis. Recognizing the significance of these psychological factors, the research seeks to shed light on their impact on topspin performance. Method: Employing a quantitative approach, this study uses a correlation method to examine the relationships between CPS, EI, and TPA. A total of 89 participants, with an average age of 19.10±0.30 years engaged in this study. Data on topspin accuracy was collected by administering a topspin accuracy test, followed by administering a cognitive processing speed test and completing an emotional intelligence questionnaire. Spearman-Rho tests were used to determine the association between the variables. Result: The study reveals noteworthy findings: (1) a positive relationship between cognitive processing speed and topspin accuracy (r = 0.372, p < 0.05). (2) there is a positive relationship between emotional intelligence and topspin accuracy (r = 0.380, p < 0.05). These results underscore the significance of both cognitive processing speed and emotional intelligence in influencing topspin accuracy. Conclusion: Cognitive processing speed and emotional intelligence affect topspin accuracy. Coaches and practitioners are urged to take cognizance of these psychological components when designing training programs, emphasizing the need to enhance both cognitive processing speed and emotional intelligence for optimizing topspin performance in the sport. This research contributes valuable insights for coaches, athletes, and sports psychologists, facilitating a comprehensive understanding of the psychological dynamics involved in achieving precision in topspin shots.
... Crombie and his co-authors have analyzed the positive correlation between emotional intelligence and team performance of cricketers. The relation of emotional intelligence has been analyzed in athletic performance through the results of six studies (24,25). However, since more rigorous and scientific work if required to establish its impact on performance therefore this paper documents the same along with other potential variables (26). ...
Background. In sports, regular training produces regular discomfort through pain, discomfort, and adverse conditions. Hence, tolerance to pain sensitivity and focusing only on the controllable can be effectuated through the principle of stoicism. Athletes often take on stoic attitudes while managing their emotions as the former teaches athletes to maintain their inner tranquillity which helps in avoiding impulsive reactions during competitions which helps them in their performance. Stoicism helps athletes in tolerating the pain threshold as the former aligns well with the demands of the sports environment which can impact the athletes' performance positively through better self-control, adaptability, etc. In the prior literature, there have been inconsistent studies with respect to which gender is stoic or emotionally intelligent, hence, exploring the moderating role of gender will give a nuanced perspective to the findings and an intervention can be tailored based on the same. Objectives. In order to bridge this gap, the present research aims to study gender as a moderator between stoicism and emotional intelligence toward athletic performance. Methods. The sample of 453 athletes (Female=118, Male=335) from Delhi-NCR which was determined with G*Power 3.1 software. Through the Hayes Process module, a significant moderation effect was analyzed which was further followed by the Johnson-Neyman technique to probe interactions. Results. The findings concluded that male athletes who are emotionally intelligent and stoic are likely to perform better than female athletes. Conclusion. Hence, future suggestions have given strong evidence for developing intervention plans for the athletes.
... In fact, the novelty of this study identifies the importance of investigating this psychological construct in the field of sports psychology. This, in turn, also corresponds to an area of knowledge that has increasing relevance, interest, and impact [78][79][80]. ...
Sports leadership research has increased in recent years in sport psychology and is now considered an indication of variables such as sport efficacy, satisfaction and happiness with sport, and emotional well-being. The aim of this manuscript is to analyze the relationship between informal sports leadership and each of the dimensions of emotional intelligence. Two validated and standardized instruments were applied to measure each of the psychological constructs, respectively, that make up the thematic axis of this research. Thus, to measure self-perceived leadership, we used the Sport Leadership Behavioral Scale and its Spanish version, the Sport Leadership Behavioral Inventory. On the other hand, to measure the self-perceived emotional intelligence of the participants, we used the Trait Meta Mood Scale (TMMS-24). The total number of participants was 163 students with a mean age of 20.33 years (SD = 3.44) from university degrees related to physical activity and sport sciences. The main contribution of our research lies in the demonstration that there is a statistically significant relationship between clarity and emotional regulation with empathy (=0.18, p < 0.001), decision making (=0.08, p < 0.001), social support l (=0.19, p < 0.001) and sports values (=0.01, p < 0.001). This indicates that the definition of a leader is a person who is aware of their own emotions and those of their group, who fosters positive, communicative, supportive inter-relationships based on sporting values, through the exercise of a positive influence on the other members of the group. In conclusion, this research demonstrates the existence of a significant connection between the components of emotional intelligence (attention, clarity and regulation) and sports leadership (social support, empathy, sports values, decision making and task orientation). Thus, this study concludes that this link is characterized by being direct and positive.
... The heyday and power of research focused on emotional intelligence within the psychological field in the 21st century is undeniable. In this sense, our research shows the importance of studying this construct from the perspective of sport psychology, a field in which its study is also acquiring great importance [57][58][59]. ...
In the field of sport psychology, research on emotional intelligence and its relationship with other psychological variables to determine how it affects the athlete’s performance is becoming more frequent and prevalent. Among these psychological variables, research in this field has focused on the evaluation of the influence of aspects such as motivation, leadership, self-concept, and anxiety. The main objective of this research is to analyze the levels of each of the dimensions of emotional intelligence (attention, clarity, and emotional regulation) and their relationship with each of the SCAT items to measure pre-competitive anxiety. To do so, we analyzed the influence that one psychological construct has on the other, in order to establish the type of relationships that are established between them. The design of this research corresponds to be transversal, observational, quantitative, and descriptive. The sample consisted of 165 students belonging to university degrees (bachelor’s and master’s) related to physical activity and sport sciences. The main finding of this study allows us to affirm the relationship between emotional intelligence and anxiety. This confirms the hypothesis that anxiety is an indispensable component of any competitive situation, and that neither the total absence of anxiety nor high levels of it leads to better sports performance. Therefore, sport psychology should focus on the emotional preparation of athletes so that they can manage and control their anxiety at intermediate levels, which in addition to being typical of a competitive situation, is also synonymous with good sporting performance.
... A review paper on the influence of EI on athletic performance (Laborde et al., 2016a) showed a positive correlation between EI and athletic performance. Studies suggest that the ability component of EI has a positive effect on objective performance criteria over an entire season in cricket (Crombie et al., 2009), basketball (Zizzi et al., 2003), and ice hockey (Perlini & Halverson, 2006). Emotional intelligence has been found to relate to emotional states experienced before competition, which relate to performance (Lane et al., 2012b;Lane & Wilson, 2011). ...
Emotions play an important role in sport. This chapter provides a timely overview of research on emotions from both sport psychology and general psychology. This current chapter covers emotions from evolutionary perspectives, the experience, assumed functions, and connections with physiology. Subsequently, we review studies on the connection between emotions and athletic performance that serve as the foundation for the process of emotion regulation. We extend this discussion to include recent research on emotional intelligence and its significance for performance in sport, health, and well-being. Finally, current methods of emotion research are described in detail including presenting state-of-the-art methods of emotion induction and measurement.
... Aunque no son muchos los estudios en el ámbito deportivo sobre la IE sí se ha evidenciado un incremento importante en los últimos años. Así, algunos estudios han analizado la IE en el deporte, relacionándola con el rendimiento deportivo (Telwell et al., 2008;Zizzi et al., 2003), con el bienestar psicológico (de Benito, et al., 2018), o con otras variables relevantes como la ansiedad . ...
: Emotional Intelligence is the ability to recognize, understand, control and modify our emotions and those of others. The
objective of this study was to determine if the Emotional Intelligence variable is related to those psychological variables relevant to sports performance. The participants were 60 female soccer players from 13 “Liga Iberdrola” first division teams, with a mean age of 24.33±3.72. The Questionnaire of Psychological Characteristics Related to Sports Performance (CPRD), and the Trait Meta-Mood Scale on Emotional States (TMMS-24) were used to evaluate the study variables. The results indicate that Emotional Intelligence is statistically related to Stress Control, Influence of Performance Evaluation, Mental Ability, Self-confidence, Anxiety and Motivation. It is concluded that Emotional Intelligence affects psychological variables related to performance
... In the literature review we have seen that numerous studies reported significantly higher scores of EI amongst individuals with an athletic background when compared to their non-athletic counterparts (Sauer et al. 2013;Vaughan and Laborde 2018;Ubago-Jiménez et al. 2019;Laborde et al. 2016). Sauer et al. (2013) and Zizzi et al. (2003) suggest that this positive correlation can be attributed to those athletic psychological skills (such as; determination, hard work, self-motivation, perseverance, and long-term commitment) which are believed to be overlapping with EI components. However, our findings did not find any association between sports performance (IAAF) and EI. ...
This dissertation aims to gain a better understanding on whether emotional intelligence (EI) can be effectively assessed via indirect indicators during employee recruitment processes. The IAAF scoring system, which is an objective assessment tool measuring athletic performance, was chosen as the predictor variable for this study, with the research question being: Amongst athletics athletes, can the IAAF scoring system prove to be an indirect indicator of emotional intelligence during employee recruitment? The literature suggests that the psychological skills of high-performance athletes overlap with EI components and hence it was deduced that the IAAF scoring system has key objective features to be a potential indicator of EI. To answer the research question, a case study design with the use of a cross-sectional online-survey methodology was adopted whereby the entire Maltese Athletics adult community was invited to participate. The purpose of the chosen strategy was to correlate the predictor variable IAAF score with the dependent variable EI (H1), while at the same time assessing the potential moderating role of gender (H2) and motivational climate (H3), within an amateur athletics context. The data collection period spread over three weeks between November 2020 and December 2020 attained a 21% response rate with 94 valid surveys. The low response rate, coupled with a non-response bias has affected the validity of the results, depriving us from explicitly establishing the link between the IAAF variable and EI, with H1 and H3 being partially rejected and H2 remaining unanswered due to the insufficient sample size. Spearman's bivariate correlation test confirmed that IAAF score is not a predictor of EI (ρ = 0.090, p = > 0.05), but the underlying task-oriented motivational climate is the actual significant predictor of EI (ρ = 0.202, p = < 0.05). Task orientation was in turn found to be positively associated with IAAF (ρ = 0.226, p = < 0.05), thus through the mediating role of task-oriented motivation, it was hypothesised that if the sampled population was more normally distributed in terms of educational level, task-oriented mentality and EI, a true relationship could have been established between IAAF performance and EI. It was concluded that, for recruitment purposes the IAAF scoring system is not an effective predictor of EI if an indication of a high level of task-oriented motivation is already available (example through applicant's academic achievements). High IAAF scoring results are not associated with EI amongst athletes with high educational backgrounds. On the other hand, if the applicant's curriculum vitae does not provide any clear indication of the applicant's motivational orientation, IAAF performance can be used as an indirect indicator for both task-oriented motivation and EI. Hence, it was argued that indirect indicators of EI can restore equity in the recruitment selection processes, as it gives opportunity to individuals with lower academic background to demonstrate that they can still be ideal candidates for jobs with higher emotional labour demands. Implications on the role of the IAAF scoring system and other similar self-assessment benchmark systems in fostering task-oriented mentalities and EI competencies are also discussed.
... In this context, the correlation between the emotional intelligence levels of athletes and performance (Parker et al., 2004) has led to a further increase in interest in the concept of emotional intelligence. Emotional Intelligence studies such as cricket (Combie et al., 2009), hockey (Perlini and Halverson, 2006), baseball (Zizzi et al., 2003) revealed that higher efficacy perception in emotional intelligence plays an essential role in higher performance. Adilogullari, Gorgulu, and Senel (2015) showed a positive relationship between communication skills and efficacy perception of emotional intelligence, while Hwan, Feltz, and Lee (2013) reported a positive relationship between efficacy in coaching and motivation and emotional intelligence of basketball coaches. ...
... W podłużnym badaniu, przeprowadzonym z udziałem 104 krykiecistów, grających na co dzień w reprezentacjach narodowych, wykazano, że średni poziom inteligencji emocjonalnej (mierzonej testem maksymalnego wykonania) w zespole był związany z obiektywnymi wynikami uzyskiwanymi przez drużynę (Crombie, Lombard, Noakes, 2009). Z kolei w badaniach korelacyjnych, przeprowadzonych na grupach koszykarzy (Zizzi, Deaner, Hirschhorn, 2003) i hokeistów (Perlini, Halverson, 2006), inteligencja emocjonalna (w tym wypadku mierzona metodami samoopisowymi) okazała się związana ze wskaźnikami wykonania zagregowanymi na przestrzeni całego sezonu rozgrywek. Analizy strukturalne przeprowadzone przez Laborde'a, Dosseville'a, Guilléna i Cháveza (2014) wskazują na to, iż mechanizmów pośredniczących pomiędzy poziomem zdolności emocjonalnych a wykonaniem sportowym należy szukać w skuteczniejszych mechanizmach radzenia sobie ze stresem -zawodnicy o wyższym poziomie inteligencji emocjonalnej częściej oceniają stresującą sytuację jako wyzwanie i używają bardziej adaptacyjnych strategii radzenia sobie w odpowiedzi na trudne i nieprzyjemne emocje doświadczane podczas zawodów. ...
... W podłużnym badaniu, przeprowadzonym z udziałem 104 krykiecistów, grających na co dzień w reprezentacjach narodowych, wykazano, że średni poziom inteligencji emocjonalnej (mierzonej testem maksymalnego wykonania) w zespole był związany z obiektywnymi wynikami uzyskiwanymi przez drużynę (Crombie, Lombard, Noakes, 2009). Z kolei w badaniach korelacyjnych, przeprowadzonych na grupach koszykarzy (Zizzi, Deaner, Hirschhorn, 2003) i hokeistów (Perlini, Halverson, 2006), inteligencja emocjonalna (w tym wypadku mierzona metodami samoopisowymi) okazała się związana ze wskaźnikami wykonania zagregowanymi na przestrzeni całego sezonu rozgrywek. Analizy strukturalne przeprowadzone przez Laborde'a, Dosseville'a, Guilléna i Cháveza (2014) wskazują na to, iż mechanizmów pośredniczących pomiędzy poziomem zdolności emocjonalnych a wykonaniem sportowym należy szukać w skuteczniejszych mechanizmach radzenia sobie ze stresem -zawodnicy o wyższym poziomie inteligencji emocjonalnej częściej oceniają stresującą sytuację jako wyzwanie i używają bardziej adaptacyjnych strategii radzenia sobie w odpowiedzi na trudne i nieprzyjemne emocje doświadczane podczas zawodów. ...
... W podłużnym badaniu, przeprowadzonym z udziałem 104 krykiecistów, grających na co dzień w reprezentacjach narodowych, wykazano, że średni poziom inteligencji emocjonalnej (mierzonej testem maksymalnego wykonania) w zespole był związany z obiektywnymi wynikami uzyskiwanymi przez drużynę (Crombie, Lombard, Noakes, 2009). Z kolei w badaniach korelacyjnych, przeprowadzonych na grupach koszykarzy (Zizzi, Deaner, Hirschhorn, 2003) i hokeistów (Perlini, Halverson, 2006), inteligencja emocjonalna (w tym wypadku mierzona metodami samoopisowymi) okazała się związana ze wskaźnikami wykonania zagregowanymi na przestrzeni całego sezonu rozgrywek. Analizy strukturalne przeprowadzone przez Laborde'a, Dosseville'a, Guilléna i Cháveza (2014) wskazują na to, iż mechanizmów pośredniczących pomiędzy poziomem zdolności emocjonalnych a wykonaniem sportowym należy szukać w skuteczniejszych mechanizmach radzenia sobie ze stresem -zawodnicy o wyższym poziomie inteligencji emocjonalnej częściej oceniają stresującą sytuację jako wyzwanie i używają bardziej adaptacyjnych strategii radzenia sobie w odpowiedzi na trudne i nieprzyjemne emocje doświadczane podczas zawodów. ...
... W podłużnym badaniu, przeprowadzonym z udziałem 104 krykiecistów, grających na co dzień w reprezentacjach narodowych, wykazano, że średni poziom inteligencji emocjonalnej (mierzonej testem maksymalnego wykonania) w zespole był związany z obiektywnymi wynikami uzyskiwanymi przez drużynę (Crombie, Lombard, Noakes, 2009). Z kolei w badaniach korelacyjnych, przeprowadzonych na grupach koszykarzy (Zizzi, Deaner, Hirschhorn, 2003) i hokeistów (Perlini, Halverson, 2006), inteligencja emocjonalna (w tym wypadku mierzona metodami samoopisowymi) okazała się związana ze wskaźnikami wykonania zagregowanymi na przestrzeni całego sezonu rozgrywek. Analizy strukturalne przeprowadzone przez Laborde'a, Dosseville'a, Guilléna i Cháveza (2014) wskazują na to, iż mechanizmów pośredniczących pomiędzy poziomem zdolności emocjonalnych a wykonaniem sportowym należy szukać w skuteczniejszych mechanizmach radzenia sobie ze stresem -zawodnicy o wyższym poziomie inteligencji emocjonalnej częściej oceniają stresującą sytuację jako wyzwanie i używają bardziej adaptacyjnych strategii radzenia sobie w odpowiedzi na trudne i nieprzyjemne emocje doświadczane podczas zawodów. ...
... W podłużnym badaniu, przeprowadzonym z udziałem 104 krykiecistów, grających na co dzień w reprezentacjach narodowych, wykazano, że średni poziom inteligencji emocjonalnej (mierzonej testem maksymalnego wykonania) w zespole był związany z obiektywnymi wynikami uzyskiwanymi przez drużynę (Crombie, Lombard, Noakes, 2009). Z kolei w badaniach korelacyjnych, przeprowadzonych na grupach koszykarzy (Zizzi, Deaner, Hirschhorn, 2003) i hokeistów (Perlini, Halverson, 2006), inteligencja emocjonalna (w tym wypadku mierzona metodami samoopisowymi) okazała się związana ze wskaźnikami wykonania zagregowanymi na przestrzeni całego sezonu rozgrywek. Analizy strukturalne przeprowadzone przez Laborde'a, Dosseville'a, Guilléna i Cháveza (2014) wskazują na to, iż mechanizmów pośredniczących pomiędzy poziomem zdolności emocjonalnych a wykonaniem sportowym należy szukać w skuteczniejszych mechanizmach radzenia sobie ze stresem -zawodnicy o wyższym poziomie inteligencji emocjonalnej częściej oceniają stresującą sytuację jako wyzwanie i używają bardziej adaptacyjnych strategii radzenia sobie w odpowiedzi na trudne i nieprzyjemne emocje doświadczane podczas zawodów. ...
... W podłużnym badaniu, przeprowadzonym z udziałem 104 krykiecistów, grających na co dzień w reprezentacjach narodowych, wykazano, że średni poziom inteligencji emocjonalnej (mierzonej testem maksymalnego wykonania) w zespole był związany z obiektywnymi wynikami uzyskiwanymi przez drużynę (Crombie, Lombard, Noakes, 2009). Z kolei w badaniach korelacyjnych, przeprowadzonych na grupach koszykarzy (Zizzi, Deaner, Hirschhorn, 2003) i hokeistów (Perlini, Halverson, 2006), inteligencja emocjonalna (w tym wypadku mierzona metodami samoopisowymi) okazała się związana ze wskaźnikami wykonania zagregowanymi na przestrzeni całego sezonu rozgrywek. Analizy strukturalne przeprowadzone przez Laborde'a, Dosseville'a, Guilléna i Cháveza (2014) wskazują na to, iż mechanizmów pośredniczących pomiędzy poziomem zdolności emocjonalnych a wykonaniem sportowym należy szukać w skuteczniejszych mechanizmach radzenia sobie ze stresem -zawodnicy o wyższym poziomie inteligencji emocjonalnej częściej oceniają stresującą sytuację jako wyzwanie i używają bardziej adaptacyjnych strategii radzenia sobie w odpowiedzi na trudne i nieprzyjemne emocje doświadczane podczas zawodów. ...
... W podłużnym badaniu, przeprowadzonym z udziałem 104 krykiecistów, grających na co dzień w reprezentacjach narodowych, wykazano, że średni poziom inteligencji emocjonalnej (mierzonej testem maksymalnego wykonania) w zespole był związany z obiektywnymi wynikami uzyskiwanymi przez drużynę (Crombie, Lombard, Noakes, 2009). Z kolei w badaniach korelacyjnych, przeprowadzonych na grupach koszykarzy (Zizzi, Deaner, Hirschhorn, 2003) i hokeistów (Perlini, Halverson, 2006), inteligencja emocjonalna (w tym wypadku mierzona metodami samoopisowymi) okazała się związana ze wskaźnikami wykonania zagregowanymi na przestrzeni całego sezonu rozgrywek. Analizy strukturalne przeprowadzone przez Laborde'a, Dosseville'a, Guilléna i Cháveza (2014) wskazują na to, iż mechanizmów pośredniczących pomiędzy poziomem zdolności emocjonalnych a wykonaniem sportowym należy szukać w skuteczniejszych mechanizmach radzenia sobie ze stresem -zawodnicy o wyższym poziomie inteligencji emocjonalnej częściej oceniają stresującą sytuację jako wyzwanie i używają bardziej adaptacyjnych strategii radzenia sobie w odpowiedzi na trudne i nieprzyjemne emocje doświadczane podczas zawodów. ...
... W podłużnym badaniu, przeprowadzonym z udziałem 104 krykiecistów, grających na co dzień w reprezentacjach narodowych, wykazano, że średni poziom inteligencji emocjonalnej (mierzonej testem maksymalnego wykonania) w zespole był związany z obiektywnymi wynikami uzyskiwanymi przez drużynę (Crombie, Lombard, Noakes, 2009). Z kolei w badaniach korelacyjnych, przeprowadzonych na grupach koszykarzy (Zizzi, Deaner, Hirschhorn, 2003) i hokeistów (Perlini, Halverson, 2006), inteligencja emocjonalna (w tym wypadku mierzona metodami samoopisowymi) okazała się związana ze wskaźnikami wykonania zagregowanymi na przestrzeni całego sezonu rozgrywek. Analizy strukturalne przeprowadzone przez Laborde'a, Dosseville'a, Guilléna i Cháveza (2014) wskazują na to, iż mechanizmów pośredniczących pomiędzy poziomem zdolności emocjonalnych a wykonaniem sportowym należy szukać w skuteczniejszych mechanizmach radzenia sobie ze stresem -zawodnicy o wyższym poziomie inteligencji emocjonalnej częściej oceniają stresującą sytuację jako wyzwanie i używają bardziej adaptacyjnych strategii radzenia sobie w odpowiedzi na trudne i nieprzyjemne emocje doświadczane podczas zawodów. ...
... W podłużnym badaniu, przeprowadzonym z udziałem 104 krykiecistów, grających na co dzień w reprezentacjach narodowych, wykazano, że średni poziom inteligencji emocjonalnej (mierzonej testem maksymalnego wykonania) w zespole był związany z obiektywnymi wynikami uzyskiwanymi przez drużynę (Crombie, Lombard, Noakes, 2009). Z kolei w badaniach korelacyjnych, przeprowadzonych na grupach koszykarzy (Zizzi, Deaner, Hirschhorn, 2003) i hokeistów (Perlini, Halverson, 2006), inteligencja emocjonalna (w tym wypadku mierzona metodami samoopisowymi) okazała się związana ze wskaźnikami wykonania zagregowanymi na przestrzeni całego sezonu rozgrywek. Analizy strukturalne przeprowadzone przez Laborde'a, Dosseville'a, Guilléna i Cháveza (2014) wskazują na to, iż mechanizmów pośredniczących pomiędzy poziomem zdolności emocjonalnych a wykonaniem sportowym należy szukać w skuteczniejszych mechanizmach radzenia sobie ze stresem -zawodnicy o wyższym poziomie inteligencji emocjonalnej częściej oceniają stresującą sytuację jako wyzwanie i używają bardziej adaptacyjnych strategii radzenia sobie w odpowiedzi na trudne i nieprzyjemne emocje doświadczane podczas zawodów. ...
... W podłużnym badaniu, przeprowadzonym z udziałem 104 krykiecistów, grających na co dzień w reprezentacjach narodowych, wykazano, że średni poziom inteligencji emocjonalnej (mierzonej testem maksymalnego wykonania) w zespole był związany z obiektywnymi wynikami uzyskiwanymi przez drużynę (Crombie, Lombard, Noakes, 2009). Z kolei w badaniach korelacyjnych, przeprowadzonych na grupach koszykarzy (Zizzi, Deaner, Hirschhorn, 2003) i hokeistów (Perlini, Halverson, 2006), inteligencja emocjonalna (w tym wypadku mierzona metodami samoopisowymi) okazała się związana ze wskaźnikami wykonania zagregowanymi na przestrzeni całego sezonu rozgrywek. Analizy strukturalne przeprowadzone przez Laborde'a, Dosseville'a, Guilléna i Cháveza (2014) wskazują na to, iż mechanizmów pośredniczących pomiędzy poziomem zdolności emocjonalnych a wykonaniem sportowym należy szukać w skuteczniejszych mechanizmach radzenia sobie ze stresem -zawodnicy o wyższym poziomie inteligencji emocjonalnej częściej oceniają stresującą sytuację jako wyzwanie i używają bardziej adaptacyjnych strategii radzenia sobie w odpowiedzi na trudne i nieprzyjemne emocje doświadczane podczas zawodów. ...
Jedna z najczęściej pojawiających się w literaturze definicji inteligencji opisuje ją jako zdolność, która ułatwia człowiekowi przystosowanie do środowiska. Badania psychologiczne prowadzone już od drugiej połowy XIX w. (m.in. przez Francisa Galtona) zdają się potwierdzać adaptacyjny charakter inteligencji. Od samego początku badacze łączyli sprawność intelektualną z funkcjonowaniem szkolnym. W kontekście badania uczniów szkoły średniej zrodziła się koncepcja czynnika inteligencji ogólnej zaproponowana przez Charlesa Spearmana. Nowo powstałe testy inteligencji u progu XX w., początkowo stworzone dla celów edukacyjnych przez Alfreda Bineta, szybko wzbudziły zainteresowanie pracodawców, ponieważ stanowiły efektywne narzędzie wyboru najlepszych kandydatów do pracy. Proces rozpowszechniania się testów inteligencji przyspieszyła I wojna światowa i potrzeba szybkiej selekcji kandydatów do służby wojskowej na różnych stanowiskach. Szkoła i praca, niewątpliwie ważne obszary aktywności człowieka, nie wyczerpują jednak dziedzin, w których inteligencja okazała się ważna. Późniejsze badania, prowadzone m.in. przez zespół szkockiego badacza Iana Deary’ego, pokazały znaczenie inteligencji dla zdrowia i długości życia. Inteligencja jest ogólną zdolnością, która przesądza o sprawności funkcjonowania poznawczego człowieka. Praktycznie każda aktywność ludzka angażuje w jakimś stopniu procesy poznawcze. Nie dziwi zatem fakt, że inteligencja ma znaczenie w niemal każdej sferze życia, od samoregulacji, osobowości, przekonań o świecie, kontroli niepożądanych zachowań i emocji, po aktywność fizyczną, preferencje dobowe i funkcjonowanie w związkach. W niniejszym zbiorze przyglądamy się niektórym z tych obszarów, wskazując na różnorodność wątków związanych z inteligencją. (...)
W pierwszej części książki znalazły się rozdziały odwołujące się bezpośrednio do adaptacyjnego charakteru inteligencji oraz związanymi z nią funkcjami poznawczymi. Pierwszy rozdział autorstwa Marcina Zajenkowskiego stanowi wprowadzenie do całego zbioru i przedstawia rys historyczny dociekań nad inteligencją, jej definicję oraz przegląd badań nad znaczeniem inteligencji dla osiągnięć szkolnych, funkcjonowania w pracy oraz zdrowia i długości życia. Następne trzy rozdziały opisują rolę zdolności poznawczych dla adaptacyjnego zachowania w zakresie samoregulacji (Jan Jędrzejczyk), agresywnego zachowania (Marta Bodecka) oraz uzależnień (Iwona Nowakowska, Karolina Lewandowska, Karol Lewczuk).
Druga część zbioru obejmuje teksty, w których przedyskutowano związki inteligencji i zdolności poznawczych z przekonaniami i emocjami. Marcin Zajenkowski i Oliwia Maciantowicz wskazują na wagę przekonań o własnej inteligencji dla różnych obszarów życia. Kinga Szymaniak przedstawia badania nad związkami gniew–poznanie, wskazując na najnowsze teorie z zakresu psychologii emocji. Paweł Łowicki omawia powiązania inteligencji i zdolności emocjonalno-społecznych z przekonaniami religijnymi. Maria Ledzińska prezentuje obszerny przegląd badań nad metapoznaniem, a więc wiedzą na temat własnych procesów poznawczych, jej związkami z inteligencją i codziennym funkcjonowaniem.
W trzeciej części zbioru przedstawiono rozdziały opisujące rolę inteligencji w specyficznych obszarach życia. Wojciech Waleriańczyk i Maciej Stolarski zebrali informacje na temat roli inteligencji w sporcie. Konrad Jankowski przedstawia badania nad związkami zdolności poznawczych z chronotypem, cechą opisującą preferencje pory dnia dla aktywności człowieka. W ostatnim rozdziale Maria Leniarska i Marcin Zajenkowski dokonują przeglądu badań nad inteligencją ogólną oraz inteligencją emocjonalną i funkcjonowaniem osób w bliskich związkach.
... Crombie et al. (2009) findings illustrated that emotional intelligence scores are positively associated with the team sport's performance. There was evidence that the average team ability of EI was positively related to team performance of cricketers (Crombie et al., 2009), or Zizzi et al. (2003 found that EI components were moderately associated with pitching performance of baseball. Laborde et al. (2014) also demonstrated that trait EI was non-associative to tennis serve performance. ...
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between mental toughness (MT) and emotional intelligence (EI) of Turkish and American professional basketball players in Turkish Professional Leagues. The population target was 156 participants (x̄age=24,35±5,48) from Turkish citizens, and 42 participants (x̄age =27,69±3,15) from USA citizens and a total of 198 professional basketball players participated from 17 professional teams. Participants completed "Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ)" developed by Scheard et al. (2009) and "Emotional Intelligence Scale for use in Sport (EISS)" developed by Let al.t al (2009). One-Way ANOVA test was utilized in order to examine the influence of an independent variable (citizenship) on dependent variables. The relation between emotional intelligence (EI) and mental toughness (MT) was analyzed through Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient technic (p <0.05). According to the results, significant differences were observed between citizenship variable in terms of EI and MT. In addition, a linear positive correlation was found while examining the relationship between the EI and MT subscales, EI social skills subscales and the MT constancy subscales. As a result of research, Turkish athletes have a higher of social skills score in terms of citizenship variables, while American players have better appraisal of others' emotions score. In addition, American citizens showed higher mean in terms of constancy and control subscales. The results also showed that the increase in MT constancy subscale scores causes the increase in EI social skills subscale scores.
... W podłużnym badaniu, przeprowadzonym z udziałem 104 krykiecistów, grających na co dzień w reprezentacjach narodowych, wykazano, że średni poziom inteligencji emocjonalnej (mierzonej testem maksymalnego wykonania) w zespole był związany z obiektywnymi wynikami uzyskiwanymi przez drużynę (Crombie, Lombard, Noakes, 2009). Z kolei w badaniach korelacyjnych, przeprowadzonych na grupach koszykarzy (Zizzi, Deaner, Hirschhorn, 2003) i hokeistów (Perlini, Halverson, 2006), inteligencja emocjonalna (w tym wypadku mierzona metodami samoopisowymi) okazała się związana ze wskaźnikami wykonania zagregowanymi na przestrzeni całego sezonu rozgrywek. Analizy strukturalne przeprowadzone przez Laborde'a, Dosseville'a, Guilléna i Cháveza (2014) wskazują na to, iż mechanizmów pośredniczących pomiędzy poziomem zdolności emocjonalnych a wykonaniem sportowym należy szukać w skuteczniejszych mechanizmach radzenia sobie ze stresem -zawodnicy o wyższym poziomie inteligencji emocjonalnej częściej oceniają stresującą sytuację jako wyzwanie i używają bardziej adaptacyjnych strategii radzenia sobie w odpowiedzi na trudne i nieprzyjemne emocje doświadczane podczas zawodów. ...
SPOSÓB CYTOWANIA: Waleriańczyk, W., Stolarski, M. (2021). Inteligentny sport: o związkach inteligencji z aktywnością fizyczną i poziomem wykonania sportowego. W: M. Zajenkowski (red.), Inteligencja w codziennym życiu (s. 233-257). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri. https://doi.org/10.47943/lib.9788363487515.rozdzial09
... Furthermore, EI has been associated with adaptive psychological states [18] and enhanced executive functions, such as working memory [19] and decision making [20]. Finally, some direct positive associations with sport performance have been found [21,22]. Nonetheless, despite these positive associations between EI and sport performance, one has to keep in mind that EI is one of many factors that influence sport performance [23]. ...
Designing emotional intelligence training programs requires first testing the effectiveness of techniques targeting its main dimensions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a brief slow-paced breathing (SPB) exercise on psychophysiological variables linked to emotion regulation, namely cardiac vagal activity (CVA), as well as perceived stress intensity, emotional arousal, and emotional valence. A total of 61 participants completed a 5-min SPB exercise and a control condition of a 5-min rest measurement. CVA was indexed with the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD). Participants were also asked to rate their perceived stress intensity, emotional arousal, and emotional valence. Results showed that CVA was higher during SPB in comparison to the control condition. Contrary to our hypothesis, perceived stress intensity and emotional arousal increased after SPB, and perceived emotional valence was less positive after SPB. This could be explained by experiencing dyspnea (i.e., breathing discomfort), and the need to get acclimatized to SPB. Consequently, we may conclude that although physiological benefits of SPB on CVA are immediate, training may be required in order to perceive psychological benefits.
... Many previous studies had investigated EI in individual and team sports. With the exception of a recent study that assessed female soccer players (Rutkowska & Bergier, 2015), the majority of studies have investigated other team sports such as rugby, basketball and cricket (Cowden, 2016;Lane et al., 2010;Zizzi et al., 2003). Because of the soccer-specific physical, physiological and psychological demands, their findings are not generalized with the soccer players. ...
... In this regard, researchers claimed that athletes must be careful about the feelings of other coaching staff, officials, sport administrators, teammates, fans, opponents, as well as their family. They must work and communicate with each other to grasp their best performance (34). Besides, they have to learn to be aware of their own ideals, emotions, and performance states to manage their energy level and achieve the finest performance (35,36). ...
Background. Soccer is a popular sport with a large number of players all over the world. Besides, it has considerable economic and social effects. Thus, it is necessary to find out the factors which influence soccer players’ performance. Objectives. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether there is a significant correlation between intellectual intelligence (I.Q) (Raven’s progressive matrices) and emotional intelligence (EI) (Bar-On emotional intelligence scale) with the performance (Charbonneau sports performance questionnaire), and assess the psychological characteristics of young male soccer players in different playing positions and the descriptive method with a correlation technique was used. Methods. Pearson correlation coefficient was used for questions analysis and One-way ANOVA was used for testing the hypothesizes. 120 young Iranian male soccer players aged 17-19 from different soccer schools participated in the study. The players were divided into four playing positions: forwards, midfielders, defenders, and goalkeepers. Results. The obtained data revealed a positive linear correlation between soccer players’ IQ, EQ, and sports performance. Also, significant differences were observed between Bar-On subscale scores of the players in different playing positions. Conclusion. The obtained outcomes reinforce the hypothesis that positional differences in terms of psychological characteristics exist. In addition, it might be concluded that young soccer players might be differentiated by their psychological skills and their playing positions.
... intensifient, maintiennent ou minimisent) les émotions qu'ils expérimentent. Son rôle central joué dans l'adaptation à l'environnement a conduit à un intérêt particulier pour cette capacité dans le domaine sportif (Christophe et al., 2009;Wagstaff, 2014 (Perlini & Halverson, 2006;Zizzi et al., 2003). D'après la TRCM (Lazarus, 2000), l'IE pourrait notamment avoir une incidence sur l'évaluation cognitive d'une situation à forte valence émotionnelle comme la compétition sportive. ...
Les jeunes athlètes de haut niveau investis dans des centres d’entraînement intensif sont confrontés à un ensemble de contraintes quotidiennes. En permettant l’adaptation à l’environnement, la motivation et les émotions apparaissent comme déterminantes dans un souci de performance et de bien-être pour ces athlètes. L’objectif principal de cette thèse était d’enrichir les connaissances sur les dynamiques motivationnelles et émotionnelles des jeunes sportifs de haut niveau investis en centres d’entraînements intensif. Le premier chapitre consistait à développer le cadrage théorique puis le deuxième chapitre présentait le cadre méthodologique mis en place dans les dix études de cette thèse. Dans le troisième chapitre, une investigation à grande échelle des différents profils motivationnels et émotionnels au cours d’une saison sportive a permis de mettre en lumière l’hétérogénéité et la variabilité des jeunes athlètes dans leurs expériences motivationnelles et émotionnelles. Dans un quatrième chapitre, cette approche a été complétée par un suivi détaillé des relations entre les variables qui composent ces processus psychologiques au cours de la saison sportive. Ce chapitre a permis d’approfondir les antécédents et les conséquences des processus émotionnels et motivationnels. Un cinquième chapitre a été consacré à la construction, à la mise en place et à l’évaluation de deux programmes d’intervention visant à améliorer les états psychologiques. Des interventions centrées sur (a) l’amélioration de l’intelligence émotionnelle de jeunes pongistes d’un niveau national et sur (b) la promotion d’un environnement soutenant les besoins psychologiques fondamentaux de jeunes pongistes d’un niveau international par un protocole de formation des entraîneurs étaient développés. Les résultats ont révélé des effets adaptatifs des programmes sur les compétences émotionnelles des athlètes ainsi que sur les niveaux de satisfaction et de frustration des besoins psychologiques fondamentaux et sur les émotions ressenties au cours de la saison. Enfin, un dernier chapitre proposait une discussion générale afin d’interpréter les apports théoriques, méthodologiques et appliqués des études réalisées. Après avoir présenté les limites et perspectives des recherches entreprises, des pistes de recommandations pratiques à destination des acteurs du sport de performance ont été évoquées.
... Based on studies investigating athletes and coaches, it would be logical to surmise that higher levels of EI in referees would lead to greater success. For example, athletes with higher emotional intelligence have higher levels of performance in sports teams, such as cricket (Crombieet al., 2009), hockey (Perlini & Halverson, 2006), and baseball (Zizzi et al., 2003). Others (e.g., Barlow & Banks, 2014;Hemmatinezhad et al., 2012;Laborde et al., 2015;Nicholls et al., 2012) have reported a positive and significant relationship between emotional intelligence and athletic performance. ...
Officiating is a challenging role within sports that requires many psychological skills as well as emotional intelligence, the ability to recognize and moderate personal emotions and the emotions of others, while simultaneously processing the information to make an informed decision about the present situation. Although many studies have investigated these characteristics within athletes and coaches to improve sports performance, officials overseeing these competitive environments have been largely ignored. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the psychological skills and emotional intelligence of national and international taekwondo referees. Participants were 10 international and 10 national referees who completed four measures of psychological skills and emotional intelligence. National referees scored significantly higher on emotional intelligence and most psychological skills. This was surprising, suggesting either national referees feel more emotionally and psychologically competent perhaps from more regular practice and/or international referees are more self-aware of their limitations and less likely to score themselves highly on a self-report measure. Future research should consider comparison of referees across genders, nationality, levels, sport, and other demographics.
... In the 1995s, based on various research results from Psychology and Neurology experts, Daniel Goleman popularized the concept of Emotional Intelligence or popularly known as EQ (Goleman, 2005;Zizzi et al., 2003). This concept states that emotional intelligence is as important as rational or intellectual intelligence; even in social life EQ can play a more important role than IQ. ...
This article discusses Performance and Effectiveness through the development of Emotional Intelligence of workers. Workers ought to have Enthusiastic Insights, Otherworldly Insights and Insights. Emotional Intelligence (EQ) has the potential to influence work inspiration since enthusiastic insights is related to a person's capacity to recognize one's feelings, oversee one's feelings, spur oneself, empathize with, and construct connections with others. Through Spiritual Intelligence, in making strides representative execution with otherworldly quality/insights, a representative will work earnestly, with clean orientation and objectives. Workers are required in their working environment to discover the proper work to do, and center assets and endeavors on them by having the capacity to oversee Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligenc in an adjusted way so that the execution of representatives will be accomplished.
... When the related findings were examined, it was seen that the ability of American athletes to empathize had higher averages than those of Turkish Athletes, but they obtained the opposite result in terms of social skills. In addition, Zizzi et al. (2003) emphasized the importance of the studies that will be made depending on the stress itself or the simulations of the competitive environment which is the natural climate of the competition in the examination of the emotional intelligence concept in sports. He reported that this structure, which has different components, will provide more explanatory findings to the researchers about the relationship between emotional intelligence and performance through experimental studies. ...
Since the 1980s, Gardner has put through to make the definition of “intelligence'' as multidimensional. While the secret of success in life was thought to be realized by the high ''intelligence quotient (IQ)'', this understanding would become a rapidly changing structure, and under the leadership of Goleman, researchers would defend the importance of emotions apart from IQ as a component that could make a difference in success by putting forward the concept of ''emotional intelligence (EI)''. Today, EI has attracted the attention of sports scientists as well as all other fields. The effect of mood on performance changes is frequently seen particularly on athletes. Successful business people who didn’t have a professional athletic career in the sportive development process and those who added to their careers by taking benefit of the emotional gains of sports in the business sector will be addressed. The study will be explained with the case examples of EI, sports career and business life by being supported with the connection between the actual cases and the literature.
Emotional intelligence (EI) has been reported to play a major role in the success and happiness of individuals. Researchers such as Goleman have emphatically stated that it contributed to about eighty percent while the balance could be accounted for by traditional intelligence as conceptualized in literature on intelligence. The present study was carried out to assess the EI of young Indians who were in their twenties. This period was that of transition to adulthood and the emotional capabilities during this stage were hypothesized to play a major role in the life ahead. The EI scale developed by Schutte and her associates in 1998 was used to assess the EI levels of 310 young adults drawn randomly from Delhi, India. The distribution of EI with respect to age, gender and occupational status were analyzed using SPSS 20. The analysis revealed significant variation in EI with respect to age and occupational status. No significant difference was observed on the basis of gender. The findings of the study may be utilized to highlight the emotional caliber of the young Indians. It may also help the policymakers in the educational sector as well as in the industry to develop suitable interventions to hone the emotional quotient of the individuals so that they were better equipped to face the challenges of life and work.
Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the role of age and gender in examining the emotional intelligence levels of athletes.. Methods: The universe of the research consists of licensed athletes in Turkey, and the sample consists of 2736 licensed athletes who continue their active sports life in 2019. As a data collection tool in the research; Voluntary Participation Consent Form and Personal Information Form were used. The "Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale", developed by Schutte et al., (1998), edited by Austin, Saklofske, Huang, and McKenney, (2004), and adapted into Turkish by Tatar, Tok, and Saltukoğlu (2011), was used to measure emotional intelligence. SPSS 25 package program was used for the statistical analysis of the data, and descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA and t-test analyzes were used in the analysis of the data obtained. Results: As a result of the analysis, it was seen that there was no significant difference in the comparison of the emotional intelligence sub-dimensions and the total score according to the type of sport they do (p>0.05). According to the age variable of the athletes, between the emotional intelligence sub-dimensions and the total score; there was a statistically significant difference in optimism/mood regulation, use of emotions sub-dimension and emotional intelligence total score (p<0.05). In the sub-dimension of evaluation of emotions, there was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05). Conclusion: When the emotional intelligence levels of the athletes were examined according to the gender variable, it was observed that there was a significant difference in favor of women in the use of emotions, evaluation of emotions and total emotional intelligence scores (p<0.05). The results were discussed in the light of the relevant literature and suggestions were made for future studies.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between emotional intelligence and mental toughness in athletes in terms of branch type, gender and being national teaam athlete. The research's model was relational screening model and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) technique was used to analyze data. The data were analyzed by type of branch, gender and being national team athlete and t test was used for the analysis. Correlational analysis for the relation and emotional intelligence's indication of mental toughness and ANOVA for multiple groups comparison were used. A total of 496 athletes, aged 18-40 (Meanage=22.50±5.08 yrs), who were either amateurs or professionals participated in the study voluntarily (individual athletes, n=208; team sports athletes, n=288). "Personal Information Form," "Revised Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale" and "The Mental Toughness Questionnaire" were used as data collection tools. As a result of the analysis of the data, the regression coefficient between the emotional intelligence and mental toughness is found to be 0,52 (p<.01). A statistical difference was found by the type of branch, gender and being national team athlete (p<.05). In the sub-dimensions of emotional intelligence, the average score of individual athletes were found to be significantly higher than the avarage score of team athletes in the sub-dimensions of evaluation of emotions and using of emotions. In confidence sub-dimension as to mental toughness, the average score of team athletes was higher than the average score of individual athletes. The emotional intelligence indicated that the mental toughness in individual and team athletes, and emotional intelligence verified mental toughness as a significant and positive factor by explaining 27% of the total variance. As a result, it was determined that emotional intelligence positively predicted mental toughness in individual athletes, but it had no effect on mental toughness in team athletes. It has been determined that some sub-dimensions of emotional intelligence and mental toughness differ according to age groups.
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of force control and adjustment of dominant hand’s angle to selected psychological traits in athlete and non-athlete students. 120 participants including 99 male and 21 female athlete students (19-29 years old) from different sports and 120 non-athlete students from Tehran university (20 girls, 100 boys) attended in the study. Digital handgrip device and angle joint measurement device were used respectively to assess force reproduction and joint reposition. Profile of Mood States Questionnaire was used to measure mood states and to measure emotional intelligence we used Schutte’s emotional intelligence scale. To evaluate relationship between variables Pearson's correlation coefficient was used. The Z-Fisher was used for investing difference between correlation coefficients. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between POMS’s scores with force control and adjustment of dominant hand’s angle errors in both groups, although the relationship was stronger in nonathletic subjects. The findings indicated that negative mood states can lead to kinesthesis sense errors, but that is less effective in athletes. On the other hand, that there was not significant relationship between EQ’s scores with force control and adjustment of dominant hand’s angle errors in both groups, i.e. kinesthesis sense cannot be affected by cognitive control of emotion and longtime sport participation does not affect on their relationship.
La finalidad de este estudio fue la de intentar describir la relación entre la inteligencia emocional y el rendimiento deportivo de deportistas argentinos de hockey amateur. Para esto, se le han administrado dos cuestionarios de forma virtual, a 30 jugadoras que realizan hockey de manera amateur en distintos clubes del Área Metropolitana de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires (AMBA). De la misma manera, fue pertinente indagar los niveles tanto de inteligencia emocional, como de rendimiento deportivo de las deportistas. Los resultados obtenidos, han brindado la ausencia de una relación entre ambas variables. Además, se concluyó que no necesariamente se requiere de una inteligencia emocional alta para llegar a un rendimiento deportivo alto.
El objetivo de la presente investigación consistió en comprobar
el poder de predicción del apoyo a la autonomía, el estilo
controlador del t cnico deportivo y los mediadores psicológicos
sobre la satisfacción con la vida en practicantes de ejercicio físico saludable. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 104 hombres practicantes de ejercicio físico no competitivo, con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y 70 a os (M = 28.38, DT = 11.66) pertenecientes
a seis centros españoles de wellness. Para la recogida de los datos los practicantes cumplimentaron las escalas validadas al contexto espa ol: de Controlling Coach Behavior Escale (CCBS), la Escala de Apoyo a la Autonomía en Contextos de Ejercicio (PASSES), la Escala de Medición de las Necesidades Psicológicas en el Ejercicio (PNSE) y la escala de satisfacción con la vida (ESDV-5). Los resultados obtenidos, en coherencia con los estudios
considerados, podrían contribuir como guía para la planificación de programas de entrenamiento bajo metodologías que fomenten la autonomía de los practicantes (tareas abiertas, fomento de la iniciativa, elección de actividades, etc.) ya que parecen relacionarse con una consecución de las necesidades psicológicas básicas, así como una mayor satisfacción con la vida.
Bu araştırmanın temel amacı; futbolcularda duygusal zekânın, atletik zihinsel enerji üzerindeki dolaylı etkisinde antrenör – sporcu ilişkisinin aracılık rolünün belirlenmesidir. Araştırma kapsamında, futbolcularda duygusal zekânın, atletik zihinsel enerjiyi etkileyeceği ve antrenör – sporcu ilişkisinin bu ilişkide aracılık rolüne sahip olduğu ileri sürülen teorik bir model kurulmuş ve bu model yapısal eşitlik modellemesi kullanılarak test edilmiştir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu 2019-2020 sezonunda Türkiye profesyonel futbol liglerinde futbol oynayan ve araştırmamıza gönüllü olarak katılan 334 futbolcu oluşturmuştur. Araştırmada sosyo-demografik değişkenler ile ilgili bilgiler, araştırmacı tarafından oluşturulan Kişisel Bilgi Formu ile toplanmıştır. Araştırmanın amacına ulaşmak için Türkçe uyarlaması Adiloğulları ve Görgülü tarafından gerçekleştirilen Lane ve arkadaşlarının “Sporda Duygusal Zekâ Envanteri”, Türkçe uyarlaması Altıntaş ve arkadaşları tarafından gerçekleştirilen Jowett ve Ntoumanis’ in “Antrenör – Sporcu İlişkisi Envanteri”, Türkçe uyarlaması Yıldız ve arkadaşları tarafından gerçekleştirilen Lu ve arkadaşlarının “Atletik Zihinsel Enerji Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır.Araştırma sonucunda duygusal zekânın, atletik zihinsel enerji ve antrenör – sporcu ilişkisini etkilediği; antrenör – sporcu ilişkisinin ise atletik zihinsel enerjiyi etkilediği ve duygusal zekâ ile atletik zihinsel enerji arasındaki dolaylı ilişkide aracılık rolü üstlendiği tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak önerilen teorik model doğrulanmıştır. / The main purpose of this study is to determine the mediator role of the coach-athlete relationship in the indirect effect of emotional intelligence on athletic mental energy in football players. Within the scope of the research, a theoretical model has been established which suggests that emotional intelligence affects athletic mental energy and that the coach-athlete relationship played a mediator role in this relationship. This model has been tested using structural equation modeling. The study group of the research consists of 334 football players playing in Turkish Professional Football Leagues in the 2019-2020 season. In the study, information about socio-demographic variables were collected with a Personal Information Form created by the researcher. To achieve the purpose of the study, Lane et al’s “Emotional Intelligence Inventory in Sports”, adapted to Turkish by Adiloğulları and Görgülü; Jowett and Ntoumanis’s “Trainer – Athlete Relationship Inventory”, adapted to Turkish by Altıntaş et al; Lu et al’s “Athletic Mental Energy Scale”, adapted to Turkish by Yıldız et al were used. As a result of the research, it was determined that emotional intelligence affects athletic mental energy and the coach-athlete relationship. Also, it was determined that the coach-athlete relationship affects athletic mental energy and played a mediator role in the indirect relationship between emotional intelligence and athletic mental energy. Consequently, the proposed theoretical model has been confirmed.
El presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar el papel del deporte dentro de la Educación Física como estrategia para el desarrollo de competencias socioemocionales en adolescentes con discapacidad intelectual leve. Este se derivada del proceso de investigación en curso denominado “Propuesta pedagógica Iocus Emotio para el desarrollo de competencias socioemocionales en estudiantes adolescentes con discapacidad intelectual leve”. Se revisarán las competencias de conciencia, regulación y autonomía emocional como categorías de análisis que dan fundamento al marco teórico. Esta investigación responde a una metodología cualitativa de tipo investigación acción educativa, en la que se indaga a través de encuestas tipo Likert y entrevistas semiestructuradas mediadas por juego, formuladas a partir de las tres categorías anteriormente nombradas. Parcialmente se concluye que el deporte se asocia al desarrollo de CSE ya que permite regular y gestionar emociones en los diferentes entornos y situaciones de juego y como un proceso madurativo de crecimiento e incremento de autonomía, mejorando la conducta adaptativa.
Worldwide sports are known as bringing people together, regardless, age, gender, race, and social status. The purpose of this study was to investigate how to impact the socio-economic status and emotional intelligence on sports achievements among college-level track and field athletes. The sample of the study consisted of two hundred and eleven (N = 211) female athletes who were selected from the colleges excelling in track and field athletics under the different universities in Kerala, India. In this study, a standardized questionnaire was used for assessing the socio-economic status and emotional intelligence of women track and field athletes. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, Pearson product movement correlation, one-way and two-way ANOVA, and Chi-square test. The result of the study showed that there was a significant difference between the level of achievement in socio-economic status and emotional intelligence and also found to be significantly correlated with emotional intelligence but not in socio-economic status with the accomplishments of the athletes. The study concluded that emotional intelligence and socio-economic status are highest for international athletes.
Sport coaches are critical human resources in sport organizations. Thus factors such as leadership style and mental and performance properties of the coaches play important role in athletes’ success. The objective of the present study was to determine the relation between emotional intelligence and leadership style with mediating role of efficacy among female coaches participating in female college Olympiad. The required data were collected by questionnaires of emotional intelligence (Shout, 1998), coaching efficacy (Myers et al, 2011) and leadership style (Chelladurai and Saleh, 1980) submitted to 90 female coaches participating in sport Olympiad. Although reliability and validity of these questionnaires had been already confirmed in many studies; their facial and content validity was approved by many university professors and their reliability was calculated by Cronbach’s alpha as 0.84, 0.77 and 0.91. Data were analyzed using multiple and double regression methods based on four-step model proposed by Baron and Kenny (1986). Results indicated that perceived ability of coaches regarding emotional intelligence including evaluation and exact monitoring of excitement changes during training and match time and the ability for optimal control and regulation of these excitements have positive influence on coaching confidence and their efficacy beliefs; and this relation results in taking a leadership style and behavior proportional to match and athlete’s condition and hence, enhances effectiveness of total coaching process. Moreover, this interaction can also promote athlete’s attitude and relation with his/her coach and thus their learning and performance.
Reports the results of meta-analytic integration of the relation between group cohesiveness and performance. Overall, the cohesive–performance effect was highly significant and of small magnitude. The effect was stronger in correlational studies than in experimental studies. The effect was also stronger in smaller groups than in larger groups and stronger among real groups than among artificial groups. The cohesive–performance effect is due primarily to commitment to task rather than interpersonal attraction or group pride. A meta-analytic cross-lagged panel correlation analysis suggested that the most direct effect might be from performance to cohesiveness rather than from cohesiveness to performance. Discussion considers the implications of these results for future research on group cohesiveness and performance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Emotionally intelligent people are defined in part as those who regulate their emotions according to a logically consistent model of emotional functioning. We indentify and compare several models of emotion regulation; for example, one internally consistent model includes tenets such as “happiness should be optimized over the lifetime.” Next, we apply that internally consistent model to the way a person can intervene in mood construction and regulation at non-, low-, and high-conscious levels of experience. Research related to the construction and regulation of emotion at each of these levels is reviewed. Finally, we connect our concept of emotionally intelligent regulation to its potential applications to personality and clinical psychology.
Are the moods and subjective performances of professional sports players associated with the ongoing collective moods of their teammates? Players from 2 professional cricket teams used pocket computers to provide ratings of their moods and performances 3 times a day for 4 days during a competitive match between the teams. Pooled time-series analysis showed significant associations between the average of teammates' happy moods and the players' own moods and subjective performances; the associations were independent of hassles and favorable standing in the match. Mood linkage was greater when players were happier and engaged in collective activity. An intraperson analysis of data from these teams and 2 other teams showed that mood linkage was also greater for players who were older, more committed to the team, and more susceptible to emotional contagion. The results support and extend previous findings concerning mood linkage.
This article presents a framework for emotional intelligence, a set of skills hypothesized to contribute to the accurate appraisal and expression of emotion in oneself and in others, the effective regulation of emotion in self and others, and the use of feelings to motivate, plan, and achieve in one's life. We start by reviewing the debate about the adaptive versus maladaptive qualities of emotion. We then explore the literature on intelligence, and especially social intelligence, to examine the place of emotion in traditional intelligence conceptions. A framework for integrating the research on emotion-related skills is then described. Next, we review the components of emotional intelligence. To conclude the review, the role of emotional intelligence in mental health is discussed and avenues for further investigation are suggested.
This series of studies describes the development of a measure of emotional intelligence based on the model of emotional intelligence developed by Salovey and Mayer [Salovey, P. & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9, 185–211.]. A pool of 62 items represented the different dimensions of the model. A factor analysis of the responses of 346 participants suggested the creation of a 33-item scale. Additional studies showed the 33-item measure to have good internal consistency and testretest reliability. Validation studies showed that scores on the 33-item measure 1.(a) correlated with eight of nine theoretically related constructs, including alexithymia, attention to feelings, clarity of feelings, mood repair, optimism and impulse control;2.(b) predicted first-year college grades;3.(c) were significantly higher for therapists than for therapy clients or for prisoners;4.(d) were significantly higher for females than males, consistent with prior findings in studies of emotional skills;5.(e) were not related to cognitive ability and6.(f) were associated with the openness to experience trait of the big five personality dimensions.