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The social support and health relationship: Is there a gender difference?
Abstract
Tested the hypothesis that employed males benefit from work-based sources of support while employed females rely on family or nonwork sources, while controlling for variables that may be confounded with gender in the workforce. Several health and satisfaction varibles were investigated along with the relationship between gender and amount of social support from various sources among 74 female and 200 male employees from a police department, an electrical contracting firm, and a power plant construction site. Social support was assessed in relation to supervisor, co-workers, and family and friends. Outcome variables included depression, anxiety, job and life satisfaction, and somatic complaints. Findings suggest that social support has various beneficial effects on health outcomes, that gender has little bearing on the amount of support received, and that there are few gender differences in the effects of social support on health. Those differences that were found were in the opposite direction of what was expected, suggesting work-based support is more helpful for women in combating anxiety while nonwork support is more useful for men in combating depression and increasing life satisfaction. (18 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
... Currently, research-generated knowledge of the relationship between social support and healthcare service use among persons with MSI is limited. Much of what is currently known about social support and healthcare service use has been gathered from research conducted within the general population (59)(60)(61)(62), older persons (63) and those with mental illness (64,65). Among these populations, studies have shown mixed results for the role of social support on healthcare service use. ...
... Among these populations, studies have shown mixed results for the role of social support on healthcare service use. Sellars (59) found that social support from family and friends was unrelated to seeking healthcare services. However, three studies involving the general population found that social support can either enhance or reduce reliance on healthcare service use. ...
... In regards to workplace tenure, it is possible that a person with a longer tenure may have stronger relationships with co-workers than someone who is relatively new to the organisation [58,59]. In support, one study in this review which collected information on tenure demonstrated that having a tenure of more than 1 year improves return to work rates by 32 %, after adjusting for social support [29]. ...
Background
Social support has been identified as a key factor in facilitating better health outcomes following injury. However, research has primarily focused on the role of social support from the perspective of the person experiencing an injury. Limited research has examined the experiences of the family members/friends to a person with injury. This study aims to explore the perceptions and experiences of social support and recovery following a transport-related musculoskeletal injury (MSI) in a population of injured persons and their family members/friends.
Methods
This study was conducted using a phenomenology qualitative research design. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten persons with MSI, recruited via the Transport Accident Commission (TAC) in Victoria, Australia. Seven family members/friends were also interviewed. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. The data was analysed using thematic analysis.
Results
Several themes were identified including: (i) key sources of support, (ii) types of support received, (iii) relationship development and (iv) challenges of providing and receiving support. The presence of social support was perceived as fundamental to recovery. Different members of the social network provided different types of support. Iterative changes in relationships and barriers in providing and receiving support following the injury were noted.
Conclusions
This study provides valuable insights into the perceptions and experiences of social support and recovery from MSI. The study revealed complexities in the interactions between persons with MSI and their family members/friends, in particularly related to caregiving demands. The findings of this study have implication for involving and supporting family members/friends in the planning and implementation of treatment plan.
... Gender, race, and socioeconomic status can all be considered social location factors, as each of these categories revolve around issues of equality, power and resource deprivation, and the resultant stress from being disadvantaged. Demographically, women are more likely to exhibit anxiety disorders (NIDA, 2007;Fusilier, Ganster, & Mayes, 1986;Jang & Johnson, 2005;Dalgard et al., 2006) including depression, when reporting cooccurring disorders (NIDA, 2007), than are men, who are more likely to exhibit such mental disorders as antisocial personality disorder (APD) (NIDA, 2007). In addition, though whites report higher levels of comorbidity than minorities, minorities such as African Americans and American Indians report very high numbers of serious mental illness and comorbidity in relation to the percent of the population their individual minority groups represent (Park, 2006). ...
... Social support has been found to effectively reduce the levels of anxiety, depression and somatic symptoms reported by men and women (Fusilier, Ganster, & Mayes, 1986). Social support has also been found to decrease rates of alcohol use and abuse among both men and women (Green, Freeborn, & Polen, 2001). ...
... Social support has also been found to decrease rates of alcohol use and abuse among both men and women (Green, Freeborn, & Polen, 2001). Research has determined that social support from such networks as friends, family and co-workers decreased levels of depression (Dalgard et al., 2006), as well as anxiety and general somatic complaints such as headaches (Fusilier, Ganster, & Mayes, 1986), among both men and women. Interestingly, when Fusilier and associates (1986) conducted a comparison between men and women, they found that social support from friends and family was not significant for women in regards to depression, but was inversely significant for men, indicating that higher amounts of social support were associated with lower levels of depression. ...
... Studies Job satisfaction Aryee and Luk, 1996;Baeriswyl et al., 2016;Caesens et al., 2014;Firth et al., 2004;Fisher, 1985;Fusilier et al., 1986;Hildisch et al., 2015;Korunka et al., 2008;Landsman, 2008;Mansell et al., 2006;Mathieu et al., 2019;Moyle, 1998;Munc et al., 2017;Munn et al., 1996;Lee, 2004;Peterson et al., 2011;Pisanti et al., 2011;Pisarski et al., 2006;Pohl et al., 2016;Rodwell and Munro, 2013;Sawang, 2010;Schirmer and Lopez, 2001;Siu et al., 2015;Sousa-Lima et al., 2013;Stroppa and Spieß, 2011;Tang et al., 2014;Terry et al., 1993;Thompson et al., 2006;Winkler et al., 2015; Perceived organisational support Andiyasari et al., 2017;Dai et al., 2018;Dawley et al., 2010;DeConinck and Johnson, 2009;Eisenberger et al., 2002;Frear et al., 2018;Landsman, 2008;Maertz Jr. et al., 2007;Melián-González, 2016;Newman et al., 2012;Pazy and Ganzach, 2009;Rhoades et al., 2001;Shanock and Eisenberger, 2006;Yoon & Lim, 1999 Team climate Pisarski et al., 2006Pisarski et al., , 2008 Health Psychological health Pisarski et al., 2008 Anxiety and depression Adriaenssens et al., 2011;Fusilier et al., 1986;Gao et al., 2012;Goldberg and Smith, 2013;Moyle, 1998;Sinokki et al., 2009;Terry et al., 1993Antidepressant use Sinokki et al., 2009 Stress/strain ...
... Studies Job satisfaction Aryee and Luk, 1996;Baeriswyl et al., 2016;Caesens et al., 2014;Firth et al., 2004;Fisher, 1985;Fusilier et al., 1986;Hildisch et al., 2015;Korunka et al., 2008;Landsman, 2008;Mansell et al., 2006;Mathieu et al., 2019;Moyle, 1998;Munc et al., 2017;Munn et al., 1996;Lee, 2004;Peterson et al., 2011;Pisanti et al., 2011;Pisarski et al., 2006;Pohl et al., 2016;Rodwell and Munro, 2013;Sawang, 2010;Schirmer and Lopez, 2001;Siu et al., 2015;Sousa-Lima et al., 2013;Stroppa and Spieß, 2011;Tang et al., 2014;Terry et al., 1993;Thompson et al., 2006;Winkler et al., 2015; Perceived organisational support Andiyasari et al., 2017;Dai et al., 2018;Dawley et al., 2010;DeConinck and Johnson, 2009;Eisenberger et al., 2002;Frear et al., 2018;Landsman, 2008;Maertz Jr. et al., 2007;Melián-González, 2016;Newman et al., 2012;Pazy and Ganzach, 2009;Rhoades et al., 2001;Shanock and Eisenberger, 2006;Yoon & Lim, 1999 Team climate Pisarski et al., 2006Pisarski et al., , 2008 Health Psychological health Pisarski et al., 2008 Anxiety and depression Adriaenssens et al., 2011;Fusilier et al., 1986;Gao et al., 2012;Goldberg and Smith, 2013;Moyle, 1998;Sinokki et al., 2009;Terry et al., 1993Antidepressant use Sinokki et al., 2009 Stress/strain ...
Previous literature that views social support from a supervisor as a job resource tends to cast employees as passive entities who either receive support or do not. In contrast, literature on proactive employee behaviour views employees as agents who are capable of increasing their own access to supervisor support; however, this literature neglects to consider when such attempts to increase support are unsuccessful. In this chapter, we argue for the importance of integrating both of these perspectives by examining whether or not employees actively seek support from their supervisor, in addition to whether or not the requested support is received. We review the supervisor support literature to understand the wellbeing-related outcomes of receiving support, requesting support, not requesting and receiving support (unsolicited support), and requesting and not receiving support (unanswered support). We conclude by discussing what is currently known about supervisor support, and call for existing theoretical frameworks and future research to adopt this more encompassing conceptualisation of supervisor support.
... study examines data over only a 2-year span, it is possible to compare health prediction of subsequent job type as well as job type prediction of subsequent health. The literature on social support has found that measures of support consistently have direct effects on the experience of occupational stress (Fusilier, Ganster, & Mayes, 1986, 1987. The size and adequacy of one's social support network as well as the particular sources of support may directly influence the occurrence and frequency of stressful work events that may result in the use of health care services. ...
This study investigated the relationship between health care use and (a) stressful work events; (b) strain; (c) social support; (d) type of job and industry; and (e) the individual characteristics of control, commitment, and length of time in position. A sample of 260 individuals (95 men, 165 women) from two different industries was used. Correlational analyses suggested that health care claims and costs were positively related to stressful work events and strain and negatively related to employees’ length of time in position. Industry type also played a role in predicting the health care variables. Multivariate analyses suggested that environmental, stressor, and strain variables accounted for up to 16% of the variance in health care costs and 21.5% of the variance in number of health care claims.
... When examined separately, coworkers seem to be slightly more important than supervisors. For example, Fusilier, Ganster, and Mayes (1986) found a positive relationship with coworker satisfaction, but not with supervisor satisfaction. Similarly, Huffman, Watrous-Rodriguez, and King (2008) showed that coworker support, but not supervisor support, predicted the life satisfaction of gay, lesbian, and bisexual employees. ...
... There are many empirical studies which have established that married people have a better self-reported health status (or self-reported health, subjective wellbeing) and/or a lower mortality than non-married people [47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55]. The current study disagrees with the literature as it revealed that there was no significant statistical difference between the self-reported good health status of married and unmarried men. ...
Since 1988, when Jamaica began collecting data on the living conditions of its people, men have reported seeking less health care than women. Despite this fact, the group has never been studied by researchers. The same is true about the health status of married and non-married men.
The current study will 1) evaluate the changing epidemiological patterns of diseases affecting men in Jamaica; 2) determine factors that correlate with good health status of men; 3) compare and contrast the differences in health status of men, in particular marital status; and 4) determine which marital status has the greater health status.
The data for this research were taken from two secondary cross-sectional surveys. A sample of 8,078 respondents 15 years and older was extracted from the 2002 survey (n=25,018 respondents) and 2,224 respondents from the 2007 sample (n=6,783 respondents). SPSS for Windows 16.0 was used to store, retrieve and analyse the data. Chi-square, analysis of variance, t-test and logistic regression were used in this paper.
Married men are more likely to report an illness than never married (OR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.45-1.95), separated, divorced or widowed men (OR = 2.62, 95% CI = 2.06-3.33). No significant statistical difference existed between the self-rated health status of married and unmarried men.
This study provides a platform upon which future studies can commence as we begin to examine men's health in Jamaica.
... Two sources of social support were measured with four items adopted from Fusilier et al. (1986). Participants responded to four items each for support coming from two sources (i.e., family members and friends). ...
Although there is a consensus in the literature that layoff can be viewed as a form of psychological contract (PC) violation, research is yet to examine how such violation impacts layoff victims' well‐being outcomes including life satisfaction, sleep quality and psychological distress. Integrating psychological contract theory and the conservation of resource theory, we hypothesized a dual‐stage moderated mediation model in which PC violation resulting from layoff is associated with three dimensions of layoff victims' well‐being via worry. This indirect effect is proposed to be conditional on the level of social support received. Based on a sample of 252 layoff victims, we found support for the dual‐stage moderated mediation model in which the association between PC violation and the three dimensions of well‐being via worry was weak for layoff victims reporting high levels of social support. Findings contribute to our understanding of how PC violation is associated with nonwork outcomes.
... Lingkungan kerja yang kondusif berkorelasi dengan kepuasan hidup, dengan peran rekan kerja yang sedikit lebih penting daripada supervisor. Fusilier et al. (1986) menemukan bahwa terdapat hubungan positif antara kepuasan hidup dan hubungan dengan rekan kerja, tetapi tidak berlaku dengan atasan. Simon et al. (2010) menunjukkan bahwa individu dengan tingkat agreeableness yang tinggi cenderung memiliki hubungan dengan rekan kerja dan kepuasan hidup yang lebih kuat dibandingkan dengan kelompok dengan tingkat agreeableness yang rendah. ...
... 7개 경력성공 차원은 학습과 개발 (learning & development), 창업성공(entrepreneurial success), 일과 삶의 균형(work-life balance), 사회적 영향력(positive impact), 우호적 사회관계(positive relationships), 경제적 안정(financial security), 경제적 성취(financial achievement)이다. 그리고 (Perrone et al., 2005;Rice, McFarlin, Hunt, Near, 1985), 경제적 안정성을 위협하는 실직 상태는 삶의 만족에 부정적인 영향을 미치며 (Luhmann, Eid, 2009), 높은 급 여와 같은 경제적 성취는 삶의 만족에 긍정적이고 (Diener, Oishi, 2000), 동료, 상사와 우호적인 사회 적 관계를 형성하는 것은 삶을 흥미롭게 한다 (Fusilier, Ganster, Mayes, 1986). 또한, 직장과 가정의 균형적인 생활은 삶을 여유롭게 하고 (Martire et al., 2000), 직장에서의 직위 상승을 통한 사회적 영 향력은 삶의 의미를 높이며 (Redman, Snape, 2006), 사업기회를 찾아 성공한 창업자의 경험은 삶에 대한 자부심을 높인다 (Day, Jreige, 2002 (Dries, Pepermans, De Kerpel, 2008 (Briscoe et al., 2014). ...
This study aims to investigate the life satisfaction of Korean workers influenced by the
seven factors of career success: learning & development, entrepreneurial success, work-life
balance, positive impact, positive relationships, financial security, and financial achievement.
260 Korean workers participated in the survey and the polynominal regression analysis was
used to examine the fit relationship of importance and achievement aspects of career success
with life satisfaction. The results reveal that: 1) the importance of career success has a
stronger positive relationship with life satisfaction than the achievement of career success, 2)
the importance and the achievement aspects of ‘learning & development’ and those of
‘work-life balance’ have fit relationships with life satisfaction, and 3) the achievement aspect
of ‘financial achievement’ is positively related to life satisfaction even when the importance
aspect of this factor is low. Based on the results, the academic contribution is suggested for
the field of career and the literature of life satisfaction, followed by the discussion of the
practical implication and the limitation of this study.
... Two sources of social support were measured with four items adopted from Fusilier et al. (1986). Participants responded to four items each for support coming from two sources (i.e., family members and friends). ...
... Regarding the gender difference in the mediational effect of social support, the Hayes process macro model 59 showed that the mediating effect of social support in the relationship between job stress and mental well-being did not differ among men and women. This finding may perhaps be explained by the similar levels of social support that was reported among men and women in Europe, indicating that gender has little impact on the amount of social support that is experienced by a worker [47,67]. Besides, Wang et al. [31] demonstrated that social support at work may be equally important for both men and women in preserving good mental health. ...
Job stress is one of the most common health issues in many organizations, particularly among women. Moreover, an increase in job stress with low social support may have an adverse effect on mental well-being. This study investigated the mediating role of social support in the relationship between job stress and mental well-being among working men and women in Europe. A cross sectional data set from the 2015 6th European Working Conditions Survey on 14,603 men and 15,486 women from 35 countries in Europe was analyzed. The study applied Hayes process macro 4 modelling technique to estimate the direct, indirect, and total effects of job stress on mental well-being among working adults. The study further used the Hayes process macro 59 model to estimate the gender difference in the mediating effect. The results showed that job stress had a direct negative effect on mental well-being among workers in Europe (β=−0.2352,p<0.05). However, there were significant gender differences in the relationship (β=−0.3729,p<0.05), with women having higher effect size than men (men: β=−3.9129,p<0.05 vs. women: β=−4.2858,p<0.05). Furthermore, the indirect effect showed that social support mediated the relationship of job stress on mental well-being (β=−0.0181, CI: −0.0212−0.0153). Nevertheless, the mediating effect of social support did not differ among men and women. This study provides evidence that job stress has a negative impact on mental well-being among working adults, and social support mediates this relationship. The results highlight the importance of the role of support from colleagues and supervisors at the work place, which may help reduce job stress, and improve mental well-being. Sociological and occupational health researchers should not ignore the role of gender when studying work environment and jobs in general.
... Social support can also be defined as a flow of communication between peers and leaders, involving emotional concern, caring, information, and instrumental help (Williams & House, 1985); or the interactions between individuals and their environment aiming to extend or obtain behavioural or emotional assistance (Hobfoll et al., 1990b;Vaux, 1988). A similar description defines the concept as the availability and quality of an employee's relationship with supervisors, co-workers, family and friends, and the amount of positive consideration and task assistance received (Cohen & Willis, 1985;Fusilier, Ganster, & Mayes, 1986;Kottke & Sharafinski, 1988). ...
A series of studies evaluating different applications of solution focused
cognitive behavioural coaching (SFCBC) were performed to explore the feasibility of
methods, designs and the randomised research process. The aim of the main and last
study was to explore if different applications SFCBC could increase psychological and
subjective well-being in a work environment setting. The SFCBC was
delivered face to face, virtually by Skype and in the form of a computerised selfcoaching program, all applications were based on the PRACTICE framework (Palmer,
2011). Virtual coaching solutions could provide cost‐effective ways to reach larger
work populations and potentially lower the threshold for seeking further assistance with
issues at work, issues that if not detected and handled, could lead to decreased wellbeing. Research regarding coaching has taken place primarily face to face, and there is a
lack of studies on the effects of assisted and non-assisted, cognitive behavioural virtual
coaching programs in the workplace.
Design/procedure: A randomised controlled trial design was used, consisting of 86
working adults that were randomly allocated to either one of the three intervention
groups or a waiting list control group. Comparisons were performed between
intervention groups and the control group. The coaching program was used for 8-12
weeks, and online surveys were conducted at three time points, pre-coaching, at the end
of the programme and three months after completion. Primary outcome measures were:
psychological and subjective well-being and secondary outcomes investigated the
coaching applications effects on goal attainment and perceived psychosocial risk/health
factors. The results showed that the PRACTICE framework had a direct effect on
subjective well-being (SWB) through the Skype application. Furthermore, that SFCBC
had mediating effects on the participant’s perceptions of demands (Skype) at work. The
study also gave information about which goals participants chose to work with (like role
ambiguity) to increase their SWB at work, and solutions chosen, to increase, for
example, job clarity through support seeking behaviour and development of cognitive behavioural aspects.
... In a study on university students by Day and Livingstone (2003), women reported higher likelihoods of utilizing family and friend social support networks than males, similarlywomen report more support from parents and friends then male (Ogus, Greenglass, & Burke, 1990;Olsen & Shultz, 1994). Fusilier, Ganster and Mayes (1986), showed that support from family and friends was virtually unrelated to life-satisfaction for women, but showed a positive relationshi p for men Perceived Social Support and Self Esteem Self-esteem as one of the important concepts during adolescence is highly influenced by interaction with other people (Harter, 1993). Self-esteem is a developed attitude about one's personality (Kaya & Sa?kes, 2004) and is an important factor in directing behavior throughout the various aspects of life (Hamarta, 2004). ...
The purpose of the present study was to study the effect of perceived social support on self-esteem and life satisfaction of university students. Gender differences of perceived social support, self-esteem and life satisfaction, among the partici pants were also investigated. The sample for the present study consisted of total of 100 partici pants 50 male and 50 female undergraduate/graduate/postgraduate students from University of Karachi. Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (Zimet et al., 1988), Self-esteem Scale (Rosenberg, M. (1965), and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) by Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin (1985) were administered to the partici pants. Results indicated no significant differences in perceived social support from family gender but a significant difference was found out for the perceived social support from friends. Also, it was found that female university students have a higher satisfaction with life as compared to male university students but self-esteem among the gender has no difference. Finally, the findings revealed that higher the level of perceived social support has higher self-esteem but lower the life satisfaction.These findings will be useful in assisting educators, counselors, psychologist, and researchers to develop strategies to increase perceived social support in the students thereby enhancing their satisfaction with life.
... Previous investigations have provided results that are generally consistent with these arguments (Cohen, 1988;Moyer & Salovey, 1999). For example, in their examination of the effects of support from supervisors, coworkers, and family/friends, Fusilier et al. (1986) showed that support from each of these sources lowered employees' depression and anxiety levels, and increased their general life satisfaction. Thus, we predicted: Hypothesis 1. Employees positive mood states will mediate the relations between support for creativityfrom work and nonwork sources and employees' creative performance. ...
... Research has also shown that demographics like age (Krause, 2005), gender and gendered role (Fusilier, Ganster & Mayes, 1986), or culture (Glazer, 2006) have an impact on the social support that a person receives. From the perspective of PwDs, study by Papakonstantinou & Papadopoulos (2009) found that people with visual impairment felt that they received more positive than negative support at workplace. ...
... A study conducted by Cohen and Wills (Cohen & Wills, 1985) found that perceived support from one's spouse increases well-being, which was also supported by the study done by Smith and Waitzman (Smith & Waitzman, 1994). However, on the other hand Ganster et al. (Ganster, Fusilier, & Mayers, 1986) reported that support from family members and friends was related to low health complaints. Koo, Rie and Park's (Koo, Rie, & Park, 2004) findings revealed that being married was a 'good' cause for an increase in psychological and subjective well-being in old age. ...
... In contrast, other studies suggest few gender differences in the effects of social support on health. 42,43 These mixed findings are likely to reflect differences in the measurement of social support, as the conceptualization and scales used to measure the construct varied considerably between studies. For these reasons, we would highlight that the results of these past studies are not strictly comparable to our study as we used an omnibus measure of social support. ...
Objectives:
Perceived social support is associated with better mental health. There has been limited attention to how these relationships are modified by age and gender. We assessed this topic using 13 years of cohort data.
Study design:
Prospective cohort study.
Methods:
The outcome was the Mental Health Inventory-5 (MHI-5), a reliable and valid screening instrument for mood disorders. The main exposure was a social support scale composed of 10 items. We used longitudinal fixed-effects regression modelling to investigate within-person changes in mental health. Analytic models controlled for within-person sources of bias. We controlled for time-related factors by including them into regression modelling.
Results:
The provision of higher levels of social support was associated with greater improvements in mental health for people aged under 30 years than for older age groups. The mental health of females appeared to benefit slightly more from higher levels of social support than males. Improvements in the MHI-5 were on a scale that could be considered clinically significant.
Conclusions:
The benefits of social support for young people may be connected to age-related transitions in self-identity and peer friendship networks. Results for females may reflect their tendency to place greater emphasis on social networks than males.
... We also found that for both men and women, support from employers was positively associated with RTW, although the association was stronger among women. This is consistent with previous studies which found that men benefit from employment support more than family or friends' support [58] and that women received more support from supervisors than men [59]. Men have a strong attachment to work roles [60] and are more likely to RTW faster than women [61]. ...
Social support can be an important coping resource for persons recovering from injury. In this study, we examined the effects of family structure and sources of social support on physical health, persistent pain and return to work (RTW) outcomes following musculoskeletal injury (MSI) sustained in a transport accident.
Secondary analysis of Transport Accident Commission (TAC) cross-sectional surveys held in 2010 and 2011 was conducted. In total 1649 persons with MSI were identified and included. Family structure was determined by marital status and number of children. Sources of social support were measured as perceived help from family, friends, neighbours and employers. Physical health was measured with the Physical Component Summary (PCS) score of the Short-Form-12 Health Survey Version 2. Persistent pain was defined as self-reported persistent pain experienced in the last 3 months, and RTW was defined as being back at work for ≥3 months at time of interview. Multiple linear and logistic regressions were used for the analyses.
Family and friends' support was associated with better physical health among persons with >1 day hospital stay. Being married or in a de facto relationship was associated with greater PCS score among non-hospitalised persons. Being widowed/separated/divorced was associated with more self-reported persistent pain (odds ratio 1.62 [95 % confidence intervals 1.11-2.37]). Support from family (0.40 [0.24-0.68]), friends (0.29 [0.17-0.47]) and neighbours (0.59 [0.41-0.84]) was associated with less persistent pain. Among women, support from family (0.09 [0.01-0.78]) was negatively associated with RTW, whereas support from friends (3.03 [1.15-8.02]) was positively associated with RTW. These associations were not observed among men. For both men (5.62 [2.77-11.38]) and women (7.22 [2.58-20.20]), support from employers was positively associated with RTW.
Family structure and sources of social support had a positive impact on physical health, persistent pain and RTW following MSI. This study highlights the importance of identifying people who have limited access to a social support network. Those with limited access to social support after a transport accident could potentially benefit from the provision of formal sources of practical and psychological support.
... In a sample of young male firefighters, physiological recovery from stressors was more rapid in those who reported high levels of social support 94 . Supervisor social support received at work for example, has been related to lower levels of distress and several health domains and psychological dysfunction at work 112,34,38,66,118 . Social support was not related to psychological distress in firefighters 87 following a t errorist attack, perhaps indicating the resilience and preparation of the individual and the response of the community to such a public event. ...
Based on this article, it is clear that experiencing life-threatening events outside the normal range of human behavior can lead to serious psychologic and behavioral consequences. Studies suggest that transportation accident survivors may have considerable risk to their mental health so that anywhere from 13% to 23% may develop severe short- and long-term symptoms of psychologic distress. Research also suggests that not all individuals develop severe psychologic symptoms of distress following exposure to a traumatic event. It may be possible to screen those individuals who have various risk characteristics and apply differential interventions in those with a higher risk for developing symptoms of severe psychologic distress. Advancements in the theoretical understanding of the development of PTSD may also lead to the identification of risk factors and treatment interventions. Currently, there are a number of effective treatments for psychologic distress following trauma. Questions remain, however, as to the effectiveness of psychologic debriefing techniques. The literature shows that the effects of brief post-trauma debriefings can have mixed and sometimes negative results, and that the essential components of those interventions are not well established. Therefore, additional research designed to identify persons most likely to benefit from the essential components or "best practices" with which to respond to traumatic or critical incidents would be beneficial.
... Previous investigations have provided results that are generally consistent with these arguments (Cohen, 1988;Moyer & Salovey, 1999). For example, in their examination of the effects of support from supervisors, coworkers, and family/friends, Fusilier et al. (1986) showed that support from each of these sources lowered employees' depression and anxiety levels, and increased their general life satisfaction. Thus, we predicted: Hypothesis 1. Employees positive mood states will mediate the relations between support for creativityfrom work and nonwork sources and employees' creative performance. ...
We examined relations between creative performance and the extent to which employees received support for creativity from both work (supervisors/coworkers) and nonwork (family/friends) sources. We also examined whether (1) employees' mood states mediated the support-creativity relations and (2) creative personality characteristics moderated these relations. Results demonstrated that work and nonwork support made significant, independent contributions to creative performance. Positive mood mediated these relations, and employees with less creative personalities responded most positively to nonwork support.
... This was also found in earlier studies by Smith and Waitzman (31) and Lillard and Panis (34). Cohen and Wills (36) found that perceived support from one's spouse increased wellbeing, while Ganster et al. (37) reported that support from supervisors, family members and friends was related to low health complaints. Another study found that being married was a 'good' cause for an increase in psychological and subjective well-being in old age (38). ...
AIM: To provide pertinent information on the upper class in regards to their general health status, illnesses, typology of illnesses, health care seeking behaviours and factors which determine their (1) moderate-to-very good health status, (2) illness, and (3) health care seeking behaviour in order to make available to policy specialists and public health practitioners information on this group, to be used as a guide in their decision making policies. METHOD: A sample of 2,734 respondents from the wealthiest 20% and second wealthy social hierarchies was extracted from a cross-sectional survey of 6,783 respondents. An administered questionnaire was used to collect the data, which were stored and analyzed using SPSS for Windows 16.0. The questionnaire was modelled on the World Bank's Living Standards Measurement Study household survey. RESULTS: The majority of the sample stated at least good health status (83.3%), with 0.5% indicating very poor health status, and 15.3% who indicated an illness in the last 4-week period. Four variables emerged as statistically correlated with moderate-to-very good health status of those in the upper class (i.e. second wealthy and wealthiest 20%). The model explained 33.2% of the variance in moderate-to-very good health status, and that the model is a good fit for the data.Three variables emerged as statistically correlated with self-reported illness. The significant variables (i.e. health care-seeking behaviour, good health status, and marital status) accounted for 72.4% of the variability in self-reported illness. Three variables emerged as statistically significant predictors of health care-seekers - Model fit. The statistically significant predictors (i.e. good health status, selfreported illness, marital status) accounted for 76.4% of the variance in health care-seeking behaviour of the upper class. CONCLUSION: Rural residents continue to have lower moderate-to-very good health status when compared to the general population, and the second wealthy and the wealthiest 20% in Jamaica. Although only 4 percent of the upper social hierarchy utilizes the public health care system, there is still a demand for public health services for this group, and it must be taken into account as a part of the general planning for the health care system of the country.
... If women must work harder than men, they may also experience greater stress, exhaustion, and burnout. The findings of a few studies are consistent with this conjecture (Day and Livingstone 2003;Fusilier, Ganster, and Mayes 1986), but research on gender differences in these outcomes has been limited. 11 Researchers could also profitably explore the extent to which women's required work effort affects family well-being, as it is well known that stress, exhaustion, and burnout can spill over into family life. ...
Across three decades in both Britain and the United States, surveys indicate that women must work harder than men do. Using data from the 1997 Skills Survey of the Employed British Workforce (U.K.) and the 1997 National Study of the Changing Workforce (U.S.), the authors investigate two possible explanations for this gap in reports of required effort: gender differences in job characteristics and family responsibilities. In multivariate ordered logistic regressions, extensive measures of job characteristics do not explain the difference between women and men. Family obligations, as well, account for little or none of the gap. The authors argue that the association between gender and reported required work effort is best interpreted as reflecting stricter performance standards imposed on women, even when women and men hold the same jobs. The authors discuss alternative interpretations and implications for research.
... A study conducted by Cohen and Wills (Cohen & Wills, 1985) found that perceived support from one's spouse increases well-being, which was also supported by the study done by Smith and Waitzman (Smith & Waitzman, 1994). However, on the other hand Ganster et al. (Ganster, Fusilier, & Mayers, 1986) reported that support from family members and friends was related to low health complaints. Koo, Rie and Park's (Koo, Rie, & Park, 2004) findings revealed that being married was a 'good' cause for an increase in psychological and subjective well-being in old age. ...
... A study conducted by Cohen and Wills (Cohen & Wills, 1985) found that perceived support from one's spouse increases well-being, which was also supported by the study done by Smith and Waitzman (Smith & Waitzman, 1994). However, on the other hand Ganster et al. (Ganster, Fusilier, & Mayers, 1986) reported that support from family members and friends was related to low health complaints. Koo, Rie and Park's (Koo, Rie, & Park, 2004) findings revealed that being married was a 'good' cause for an increase in psychological and subjective well-being in old age. ...
... A study conducted by Cohen and Wills (Cohen & Wills, 1985) found that perceived support from one's spouse increases well-being, which was also supported by the study done by Smith and Waitzman (Smith & Waitzman, 1994). However, on the other hand Ganster et al. (Ganster, Fusilier, & Mayers, 1986) reported that support from family members and friends was related to low health complaints. Koo, Rie and Park's (Koo, Rie, & Park, 2004) findings revealed that being married was a 'good' cause for an increase in psychological and subjective well-being in old age. ...
Introduction: Like medicine, public health practitioners seek to understand causes of mortality, practices of humans and issues that can change population conditions, in order to preserve and care for life. The murder pandemic has been such in Jamaica that the World Bank sponsored a qualitative study on crime in urban areas in Jamaica in the late 1990s to provide a platform to guide policy intervention and programmes. As a result this study will fill the gap in the literature by providing the evidence to support that divorce and marriage are public health concerns from the perspective of murders. Objective: To evaluate the role of divorce and marital relationships on murders. Materials and methods: The data for this study are taken from various Jamaica Government Publications. The period for this work is from 1950 through 2013. Data were recorded, stored and retrieved using the Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows, Version 21.0. The level of significance that is used to determine statistical significance is less than 5% (0.05). Ordinary least square (OLS) regression analyses and curve estimations were used to determine models and best fitted models. Results: On average, annually, 523 Jamaicans are murdered (± 484), with there being 9,531 marriages (±22,747) and 904 divorces (±468). Logged marriage rate and divorce rate are factors of murder rate, with both independent factors accounting for 82.2% of the variability in the murder rate. Both factors are positively correlated with the murder rate, with the divorce rate accounting for most of the variance in the murder rate (R2 = 79.2%). Conclusion: Death can be extremely devasting to families, however, murder among married couples can severely disrupt the lives of both families along with any children from such relationship.
... The variables of QWL presented in the study was to a greater extent akin to the study conducted by Ramstad (2009). The findings of the study that social support as an important QWL factor in reducing stress and enhancing quality life is in line with the findings of Blau (1981), Cohen and Wills (1985), Ganster et al (1986), Carlson and Perrewe, (1999), Etzion, (1984) and Thomas and Ganster (1995). ...
The presence of Quality of work life (QWL) in the industrial units is beneficial to both employers and employees. There is an impressive contribution by Small scale industrial units to the economy of our nation. The presence of QWL at Small scale industrial units is of national priority. The study aims to determine the existence of QWL in Small scale industrial units as per the view of employers and employees. The sample consists of 317 employers and employees of various Small scale industrial units in Chennai, Coimbatore and Madurai cities in Tamil Nadu, India. The list of industrial units was acquired from District Industrial Centre of these cities and units were chosen at random. The questionnaire was designed based on the attributes and variables of QWL reviews and questionnaire from previous studies. The constituted variables of the questionnaire were subjected to construct validity and discriminant validity. The study reveals that employer perceives more, the existence of QWL than employees. The study concludes by identifying the important QWL factors in the organisation, in the perspective of employers and employees.
... Gender differences in the relationship between the receipt of social support and health has also been examined (Fusilier, Ganster, & Mayes, 1986). Counter to expectations, both men and women benefited similarly from co-worker support in terms of life satisfaction and depression. ...
This monograph reviews 190 work–family studies published in IO/OB journals from 1980 to 2002. The results of a content analysis are presented which catalog these articles with respect to the study focus, nature and direction of the proposed effects, and predictor, criterion, and mediator variables examined. Then a narrative review of the articles is presented, organized in terms of the following topical areas: (1) work–family conflict, (2) work role stress, (3) work–family assistance, (4) work schedules, (5) job-related relocation, (6) career and job-related outcomes, (7) gender and the relationship between work and family domains, (8) dual-earner couples, and (9) relationships among life domains. The review concludes with a discussion of recurring themes in the literature and the identification of blind spots in the IO/OB perspective on work and family. Specific suggestions for future research are also provided.
... When examined separately, coworkers seem to be slightly more important than supervisors. For example, Fusilier, Ganster, and Mayes (1986) found a positive relationship with coworker satisfaction, but not with supervisor satisfaction. Similarly, Huffman, Watrous-Rodriguez, and King (2008) showed that coworker support, but not supervisor support, predicted the life satisfaction of gay, lesbian, and bisexual employees. ...
Life satisfaction is a key indicator of subjective well-being. This article is a review of the multidisciplinary literature on the relationship between life satisfaction and the work domain. A discussion of top-down and bottom-up theories of life satisfaction is included, and the literatures on work-related antecedents of life satisfaction, the proximal mediators (quality of work life, quality of nonwork life, and feelings of self-worth), and consequences of life satisfaction were reviewed. A meta-analysis of life satisfaction with respect to career satisfaction, job performance, turnover intentions, and organizational commitment was performed. Each major section of the article concludes with a future opportunities subsection where gaps in the research are discussed.
... Moreover, research has identified supervisors as an important source of support for dealing with stress at work; thus the supervisor is important in influencing employee attitudes and job performance. (e.g., Fusilier, Ganster, & Mayes, 1986). Finally, spousal support in particular has been identified as critical (e.g., Tung, 1981) due to the spill-over effect that family support can have on work outcomes (e.g., Brett & Werbel, 1980). ...
In this study the mediating effects of expatriates' operational capability on the success of expatriation were examined. The moderating effects of social support were also tested in this study. Two hundred and twenty-two expatriates of Taiwanese multinational companies (MNCs) participated in the survey. Results reveal that expatriates' personality has direct effects on perceived adjustment and operational capability. The expatriates' operational capability was found to be a mediating variable for both expatriates' personality and adjustment on performance. Moreover, social support moderated the effects of expatriate personality on perceived adjustment, operational capability, and performance. The practical implications as well as academic contributions of the research are presented.
The popular history and the grand narratives of the partition of India are
constructed mainly around the communal riots, violence, and the deeply rooted
animosity between Hindus and Muslims. This animosity is seen as one of the
main reasons for the partition. The popular history and the grand narratives of
the partition mainly constructed to serve the nationalistic purposes of the two
countries, India and Pakistan. Therefore, it is evident that the popular history
and the narratives are serving the purpose of the majority population of the
respective counties, Hindus and Muslims. But in British India, besides these
two major religious communities, there were also other religious and ethnic
minority communities. The voice of these communities is muted and marginalized in the state-endorsed official history and the grand narratives of the partition. The Sikhs and the Parsis are two such communities along with many
others. Bapsi Sidhwa, in her novel Ice-Candy-Man (1988), has tried to project
the voice and anguishes of these two religious minority communities. In light
of Ice-Candy-Man, this paper examines the involvement of the Parsi and the
Sikh communities in the dynamics of the partition, and how their voice is disregarded and marginalized in the partition process.
This study aimed to investigate the level of perceived social support in people with mild to moderate form of dementia in residential care settings. Also, the aim of this study was to investigate the level of perceived social support from different sources in the social surrounding of people with dementia. The sample consisted of 29 participants diagnosed with mild to moderate form of dementia. The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) was used for the purpose of evaluating the level of perceived social support. Participants rated the perceived social support fairly high. There were no significant differences in social support pertaining to gender and education. Furthermore, participants stated that they have significantly more social support from family, compared to friends and other significant persons. These findings are an important start of research addressing the quality of life in people with dementia with the aim of improving the existing social support mechanisms in Serbia.
In this exploratory study, we investigated the relationship between office design and employee perception of its contribution to job satisfaction, comfort, and performance. The study includes 4,352 employees in seven different office designs. Associations between workspace satisfaction and perceived access to supportive facilities (ancillary spaces for concentrated work and for different meetings) were also investigated since these factors may be related to employees' workspace satisfaction. Multivariate linear and logistic regression analyses were performed separately for men and women with adjustments for age and education. Supplementary correlation analyses were performed between workspace satisfaction and perceived access to supportive facilities. Results showed differences between employees' workspace satisfaction in studied office designs. Those with the lowest ratings of access to supportive facilities reported the lowest degree of satisfaction. The best results were found in cell-offices and the worst ones in hot-desking offices. Gender differences were also observed.
In this exploratory study, we investigated the relationship between office design and employee perception of its contribution to job satisfaction, comfort, and performance. The study includes 4,352 employees in seven different office designs. Associations between workspace satisfaction and perceived access to supportive facilities (ancillary spaces for concentrated work and for different meetings) were also investigated since these factors may be related to employees’ workspace satisfaction. Multivariate linear and logistic regression analyses were performed separately for men and women with adjustments for age and education. Supplementary correlation analyses were performed between workspace satisfaction and perceived access to supportive facilities. Results showed differences between employees’ workspace satisfaction in studied office designs. Those with the lowest ratings of access to supportive facilities reported the lowest degree of satisfaction. The best results were found in cell-offices and the worst ones in hot-desking offices. Gender differences were also observed.
Workplace support has been consistently identified as an important factor shaping the well-being of workers. This study adds to the existing literature by considering how three central facets of workplace support—coworker support, supervisor support, and organizational support—relate to the life satisfaction of US workers. Additionally, we examine whether work-to-family conflict and poor mental health mediate the relationships between the three aspects of workplace support and life satisfaction. The research questions are addressed using data from the 2008 National Study of the Changing Workforce (N = 2594). Our findings indicate that all three types of workplace support have direct effects on life satisfaction. Results also show that work-to-family conflict fully mediates the effect of organizational support on life satisfaction, and partially mediates the effect of supervisor support on life satisfaction. Moreover, poor mental health fully mediates the effects of both organizational and supervisor support on life satisfaction. Coworker support, however, is not mediated by either variable. Overall, we make a contribution to the literature by examining how all three forms of workplace support relate to life satisfaction, with findings emphasizing the centrality of workplace support to the life satisfaction of US workers. We also deepen the understanding of these issues by highlighting the mediating roles of poor mental health and work-to-family conflict.
Richard just started his job at a new multinational company. Although he has prior experience in his field, he has not worked at a global company before, particularly one so large. In addition his new organization utilizes a lot of teamwork, which is new to him because in his previous job he was very independent and had little contact with coworkers. He is relieved to find that his onboarding experience is pleasant, with people in his workplace being generally warm and supportive. His coworkers extend frequent invitations lor him to join them for lunch and even for drinks afler work, and his supervisor stops frequently to discuss how Richard is adjusting to his new job. The support that his coworkers and supervisor provide makes Richard feel welcome, and he finds that his transition to his new organization is going much better than expected.
The data of the monitoring of the birth defects of the neural tube for 1985-2007 years from Crimean Republic Medical Genetic Center has been analyzed. The group of comparison: 127 cases of the neural tube defects. The control group: 127 cases of birth of healthy children closest by the time and place of birth (for each case from comparison group). By the method of superposed epochs the weekly values of the hellogeophysical indices (Ap index of geomagnetic activity, Wolf Numbers - index of Solar activity, interplanetary magnetic field polarity) during the gametogenesis and embryo period of prenatal development. The statistical significance of the values of heliogeophysical Indices in the comparison and control groups was calculated using the statistical Wilcoxon criterion for the independent groups. It was founded that during 12-18 days of embryogenesis embryos with neural tube defects the increased geomagnetic activity is probable, comparing with the control group. Since the forming of the major part of the neural tube defects takes place during 2-3 weeks of embryo growth, the increase of geomagnetic activity during or before this stage may be one of the ecological risk factors for this pathology.
Our study of 120 partners in dual-earner relationships (sixty couples with data collected from both partners) examined the impact of two independent variables - differentials in support and magnitude of support provision - on quality of life and marital conflict. We also investigated the role of individuals' normative beliefs about career priorities in dual-earner relationships on the support -> well being relationship. Our results supported our hypotheses that the magnitude of tangible and emotional support provision would be negatively related to marital conflict and positively related to quality of life. We also found that emotional support differentials related to elevated marital conflict, and that tangible support differentials contributed to decreased life quality. Finally, our data indicated that normative beliefs about career priorities moderated relationships between tangible support differentials and marital conflict, and magnitude of emotional support and quality of life.
Scholars have identified an association between one's own work-family conflict and health. Yet the study of work-family intersections implicitly calls into question the roles played by multiple members in the family system. A contagion model is used to examine health behaviors and work-to-family conflict among dual-earner parents of young children—for whom role obligations are high and competing. Controlling for workplace characteristics, perceptions of both spouses' work-to-family conflict are considered. For mothers, their own work-to-family conflict was significantly and negatively associated with health behaviors until the perception of their spouse's work-to-family conflict was considered. For fathers, their own job pressure was negatively associated with health behaviors. Thus, it appears wives may be responding to what they perceive as the interference of husbands' work lives by reducing their own personal health behaviors, such as sleeping and taking time to relax, but fathers are not responding in kind.
This study developed and tested a longitudinal multivariate model of the stress process using an intensive structural equations modeling (SEM) approach. The use of latent variables permits a powerful test of the causal relationships between stress process constructs. Anderson and Gerbing's (1988) two-stage process of analysis was followed: A measurement model was examined in Stage One of the analysis; structural verification of the proposed stress process model using a panel design was tested in Stage Two. Findings from both stages contribute to our understanding of stress by uncovering some dynamic components underlying the stress process. This study offered a sophisticated methodological examination into the complexity inherent in uncovering the dynamics of the stress process.
In the last decade a great deal of research has been devoted to the question whether social support has a favorable impact on the maintenance of physical health and on coping with illness. It is claimed that social support can either generally prevent negative health consequences or can serve as a buffer in specific stress situations. The literature, however, yields inconsistent findings. We have compiled 55 studies on this topic including a total sample size of N=32,739 subjects. Forty one of the studies were published after 1981. A total of 83 effect sizes (correlations), based on independent samples, were identified. The correlations between social support and poor health (including mortality) ranged from r=-0.60 to +0.23. The meta-analysis focussed on several data subsets generated by potential moderators such as gender, kind of support, and specific health variables.
The potential differing effects of coping on work-related outcomes for men and women were investigated. Participants were recruited from night classes in psychology and business and asked to complete an 113-item questionnaire. Of the 400 questionnaires distributed, 181 fully completed questionnaires (56 men and 125 women) were returned within 1 week to the respective instructors and thus were included in the analyses. All participants were working full time (< 35 hours per week). The results indicated that men and women differed on few coping responses. However, multiple regression analyses did suggest different trends on the effectiveness of coping for men and women. These results are discussed in terms of men and women's differing responses to stress in the workplace
This study examines the predictors of two measures of anxiety, viz. free-floating anxiety and somatic anxiety (Crown & Crisp, 1979), in (a) male and female money market dealers, and (b) money market dealers working in organizations of differing national ownership, in the City of London. Previous research suggests that differences in anxiety may be sex-based, and also that takeovers and mergers, particularly by foreign-based organizations, result in particular anxieties. Following interviews, 225 questionnaires were completed by dealers in the City of London. Analysis of questionnaire data indicates that the sources of anxiety are different for the sexes; and that the sources of anxiety are different for dealers working in U.K.-owned and U.S.-owned financial institutions. The implications of the results and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Zusammenfassung: Es wurde zum einen die Annahme überprüft, daß Frauen seltener als Männer eine Promotion in Angriff nehmen. Zum anderen wurde im Sinne des Handlungsphasenmodells von Heckhausen (1989) und Gollwitzer (1991) untersucht, inwieweit Geschlechtsunterschiede in der Promotionsabsicht auf Unterschiede in der erwarteten Realisierbarkeit (Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung; erwartete soziale Unterstützung) und Wünschbarkeit einer Promotion (erwartete Folgen der Promotion für die Selbstbewertung, die Fremdbewertung, die Verbesserung der Arbeitsmarktchancen; Anreize dieser Folgen; Tätigkeitsanreize) zurückgeführt werden können. Die Untersuchung wurde mit 99 Studierenden (47 Frauen und 52 Männer) höherer Semester in den Fächern Mathematik und Biologie durchgeführt, denen ein entsprechender Fragebogen zur Bearbeitung vorgelegt wurde. Die Promotionsabsicht war bei Frauen geringer ausgeprägt als bei Männern, was auf eine geringere Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung, auf die Erwartung einer weniger positiven Fremdbewertung der Promotion sowie auf eine geringere Attraktivität einer Universitätstätigkeit zurückgeführt werden konnte. Im Fach Mathematik, in dem der Frauenanteil an den Promovent/innen besonders niedrig ist, waren die Geschlechtsunterschiede deutlich stärker ausgeprägt als im Fach Biologie.
This article explores the nature and scope of support groups that focus on job and career issues. A review and analysis of such groups in single organizations, on the Internet, and in other venues is presented, as well as related writings drawn from both the support group and career development literature. Implications for career development practice and research are then offered. Although the purposes, structure, formats, and outcomes of these groups vary, when viewed collectively, they represent potentially helpful adjunctive support for clients who are receiving assistance from professional career counselors and developers.
The purposes of this study were to assess the relationships of functional limitations, pain and well being to social support (emotional, tangible, informational and integrative) and to assess gender differences in these relationships. Except for integrative support, significant positive relationships were found between types of functional limitations and specific types of social supports among 15 men and 15 women (M = 67 years) with end stage joint disease. Pain was not significantly associated with any social support, but well being was related to informational and emotional supports. As compared to men, the relationships of tangible and integrative supports to well being, pain and functional impairment were signficantly greater for women as was the association of emotional support to limitations in mobility and physical activity. In contrast, women had signif~cantlys maller relationships of emotional support to limitations in ADL and household activities.
This paper presents the results from two independent studies investigating social support among correctional inmates focusing on the relationship between social support and psychological well-being. One study is based on males at a maximum security prison, while the other is based on females at a high medium security prison. The female inmates were found to have higher levels of social support than the sample of male inmates. It was also found that there is a relationship between social support and psychological well-being for the incarcerated women, but was not found to exist for the male inmates. These findings are consistent with the social support literature which identifies gender differences in non-institutionalized populations.
This paper reports the findings of a study that examined gender differences of local community drug-prevention workers (CDPW) regarding client participation, coping and job satisfaction, and the correlation between them. The data yielded an overall difference between men and women for job satisfaction relating to 4 coping techniques: emotion-focused, problem-focused, denial and an overall tendency to seek social support. The female workers reported the use of two techniques (emotion-focused, and seeking social support) at a higher level than their male counterparts. No significant difference was found between the genders regarding client participation. The effects of coping techniques and client participation on job satisfaction, as well as the correlation between them, show a complex picture in which there is considerable difference between the genders.
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