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Efficacy of ash for controlling infestations of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) in stored cowpeas
Abstract
Storing cowpeas, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walpers, with ash to protect them against Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) is a traditional storage method in northern Cameroon. The amount of ash used and the details of the methodology (i.e. mixing vs layering, the source of ash used) varies among farmers. In experiments designed to simulate traditional ash-storage procedures, it was found that a minimum ratio of 3 parts of ash to 4 parts of cowpeas prevented population growth of C. maculatus and that a 3 cm layer of ash on top of stored seeds prevented infestation by adults.
... Their main advantage is that these materials are cheap and readily available to farmers and small-scale industries in form of crude or partially purified extracts. There are reports on the traditional use of plant powders to control seed beetles attacking stored cowpea seeds [50,72]. It was reported that when mixed with stored grains, leaf, bark, seed powder or oil extracts of plants reduced oviposition rate and suppressed adult emergence of bruchines and also reduced seed damage rate [30,53,61,67]. ...
... Ash is used traditionally to protect the infestation of stored products in Western Africa. Ash originates from cooking fires, or ash is made from animal dung [71,72]. After threshing, seeds are combined with sieved ash and mixed. ...
... The mixture is put into a mud granary or a clay jar, tapped-down to compress the mixture and often covered with an additional layer of ash. Other farmers layer cowpeas and ash within the storage container, finishing with a layer of ash [72]. Wolfson et al. [72] found wood-stove ash preventing adults from leaving their pupal cells via emergence holes, and a decrease in oviposition rates with increasing volume of ash. ...
Farmers in Africa in general have repeatedly prioritized the urgent need for improved methods of storage pest control. Laboratory studies were evaluated on the toxicity of sublethal doses comprising of 25.0 × 103, 10.0 × 103, 20.0 × 103, 30.0 × 103, 40.0 × 103 and 50.0 × 103 ppm (wt/wt) paddy rice husk ash (PRHAP) and false yam Icacina oliviformis leaf powders (FYLP), alone or in combination with enhanced diatomaceous earth (DE) to adult Sitophilus granarius, Tribolium castaneum and Acanthoscelides obtectus in stored grains. Adult mortality was observed up to 7 days, while progeny production was recorded 6–10 weeks. PRHAP was more toxic to the three beetle species than the FYLP, irrespective of dosage or exposure period. Grains treated with 30,000–50,000 ppm (wt/wt) of PRHAP for 5 days killed all T. castaneum and S. granarius ranging from 93 to 100% and A. obtectus in 1 day, respectively, whereas false yam killed 46–73, 33–60 and 33–60 of S. granarius, T. castaneum and A. obtectus, respectively. LT50, LD50 for the adult test insects to the food by-products and diatomaceous earth revealed that A. obtectus was most susceptible towards the botanical by-products (LD50) 308.4639 and 1410.6973 ppm (wt/wt) followed by S. granarius 3708.1338, 22,908.3521 ppm (wt/wt) of FYLP and PRHAP, respectively. Tribolium castaneum was the most tolerant (LD50) 33,240.3851, 2137.8481 ppm (wt/wt) to FYLP, respectively, but were susceptible to PRHAP compared to S. granarius. Fylp did not completely inhibit the progeny production of all the three insects, irrespective of dosage applied compared to Prhap which completely inhibited F1 production of all the three beetles tested irrespective of the dosage applied. Combination of powders of the botanical food by-products and diatomaceous earth controlled the beetles faster compared to the plant products in isolation. LT50 ranged from 13 to 84 h for T. castaneum exposed to doses of 20,000 ppm (wt/wt) PRHAP and 20,000 ppm (wt/wt) DE, and 10,000 ppm (wt/wt) FYLP and 20,000 ppm (wt/wt) DE, respectively. PRHAP alone with a dosage of 20,000 ppm (wt/wt), the LD50 for A. obtectus, S. granarius and T. castaneum ranged from 29, 69 to 115 h, respectively. Botanical powders caused significant reduction of F1 adults compared to the control. Combination of DE and botanical food by-products is promising approach of integrated pest management strategy.
... A major constraint to postharvest preservation of cowpea in the tropics is infestation by the pulse beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.), a cosmopolitan and most destructive pest of stored pulse grains which causes severe post-harvest and economic losses to farmers and traders. This pest is capable of rendering unprotected grains unqualified for food or seed within few months of storage through its post-harvest feeding and reproductive activities [1,2] . Control of this pest is therefore necessary to the increase and sustainable production and preservation of cowpea in the production areas. ...
... Control of this pest is therefore necessary to the increase and sustainable production and preservation of cowpea in the production areas. While there are several synthetic insecticides such as chemical grain protectants and fumigants for the control of C. maculatus in cowpea, their use has not been sustainable owing to their high costs, unavailability in local markets and associated health and environmental risks including insect resistance [1,2] . In order to reduce both over-reliance on chemicals for control, and seed loss due to bruchid attack, the search for host plant resistance in cowpea which is an environmentally safer and cheaper alternative to the killer synthetic insecticides has increasingly become the option of choice in recent years. ...
... However, to be effective, large quantities (20 percent or more by volume) should be added to grain, which should then be shaken or stirred to ensure good mixing. Paddy husk can be used at 5 to 10 percent by volume because its silica content increases its effectiveness [33]. The ashes and sand form a layer over the surface of the grains, which prevents insect attack. ...
... The ashes and sand form a layer over the surface of the grains, which prevents insect attack. They also fill the spaces between grains and act as a physical barrier preventing insect movement and reproduction [33]. Before the grain is used the ash or dust must be removed by sieving, winnowing or washing. ...
Maize (Zea mays L) is an important food crop in Ethiopia and is produced in a number of agro ecologies in the region. Despite the favorable environmental conditions for its production, maize is infected by several insect pests before and after harvest, due to poor pre- and post-harvest practices/handling. Farmers store the produce for two reasons; for home consumption and marketing. They may not accept improvements which incur costs when storing primarily for home consumption. Thus, this review will assess the use of indigenous knowledge and modified storage structures to store maize by controlling postharvest insect pests. The use of indigenous knowledge has been seen by many as an alternative way of promoting development in poor rural communities in many parts of the world. Most developing countries are in the tropics, often in areas of high rainfall and humidity. These conditions are ideal for the development of micro-organisms and insects which cause high levels of deterioration of crops in store. Food losses during storage are the result of biological, chemical or physical damage. In earlier times various indigenous items and methods were used for storage of household items including food items, clothing and bedding etc. The shelf life or storage span of items was increased using readily available and low cost items like mineral substances (ash, sand, table salt, camphor, and inert dust) and other different plant materials and they are the common methods adopted by majority of the rural farmers for storing the grains although majority of them are not aware of the reasons or qualities of these materials and are using them as age old wisdom. Modified storage structures such as hermetic storage, bamboo mat with mud plastering, jute bag with inner plastic lining, metal bins and others are another technique adopted by farmers for maize storage. So it can be concluded that many of the indigenous practices find credibility even in today’s period. Moreover, their user-friendly approach, local availability associated with scientific reasoning provides enjoyment and satisfaction to the users. It must therefore be encouraged to use only those eco-friendly practices that are known to be both safe and effective. These practices must be modified to make them more efficient for further transfer to the end users in the future.
... A major constraint to the sustainable production and postharvest preservation of cowpea in the tropics is infestation by the storage bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.), a cosmopolitan and most destructive pest of stored pulse grains which causes severe economic losses to farmers and traders (Prevett, 1961;Southgate, 1979;Caswell, 1981). This pest is capable of rendering unprotected grains unsuitable for food or seed within 2-4 months of storage (Seck et al., 1991;Wolfson et al., 1991). The control of this pest is crucial to the increased and sustainable production of cowpea in tropical Africa. ...
... The control of this pest is crucial to the increased and sustainable production of cowpea in tropical Africa. While there are several synthetic insecticides such as chemical grain protectants and fumigants for the control of C. maculatus in cowpea, their use has not been sustainable owing to their high costs, unavailability in local markets and associated health and environmental risks (Egwuatu, 1987;Wolfson et al., 1991). ...
Twenty-two cowpea genotypes, comprising eighteen elite lines from the CSIR-Savanna Agricultural Research Institute, and three improved cultivars from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture were evaluated for their susceptibility to infestation and damage by the storage beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus F. The assessment of their relative susceptibilities was based on oviposition, mean developmental period, adult emergence, seed weight loss and growth index. The results showed that the number of eggs laid on the seeds was significantly different among the genotypes. More eggs were laid on seeds of SARC 3-122-2, Marfo-Tuya and SARC 1-119-2, while SARC 1-132-1, SARC 1-91-1 and SARC1-13-2 recorded the least egg load. The mean development period was also significantly higher on SARC 3-122-2, SARC 4-75 and Marfo-Tuya (21.1-21.5 days), and lower on SARC 1-57-2, SARC 1-136-2 and Apabgaala (18.4-18.9 days). A significantly higher number of adults emerged from SARC 1-34-2, SARC 1-136-2 and Apabgaala, while SARC 1-132-1, SARC 3-103-1 and SARC 1-119-2 recorded the least. Moreover, Apabgaala, SARC 1-36-1 and Marfo-Tuya recorded the highest percentage weight loss (24.0-29.4%) while SARC 1-132-1, SARC 3-90-2 and SARC 3-103-1 recorded the least (4.3-9.6%). Overall, SARC 1-132-1, SARC 3-90-2, SARC 1-91-1, SARC 1-13-2 and SARC 3-103-1 consistently demonstrated high tolerance to to infestation by C. maculatus and therefore, should be promoted or incorporated into further breeding programmes to help minimize the high grain losses incurred by farmers during storage.
... The high percentage mortality recorded for RHA and MSA in C. maculatus may be due to the occlusion of the spiracles of the weevils, thus preventing respiration through the trachea which consolidated the report of De lima [15] and Golob [16] that the traditional use of inert materials, [17,18]. This oviposition inhibitory capacity of RHA can be adduced to the report of Naito [19] that RHA is abrasive and this, according to Wolfson et al. [20], can hinder movement of male weevil from locating female weevil for mating and gaining access to the grain. Consequently, no F 1 adult of C. maculatus emerged from cowpea seed treated with rice husk ash (RHA) at 0.4 g dose of ash and above, which is exactly what was obtained in the standard control. ...
... The reproduction inhibitory ability of RHA and MSA and reduction in adult emergence in RHP and MSP treatments could be due to egg mortality or even reduction in the hatching of the eggs. This study can be related to the findings of Ofuya [23], Wolfson et al. [20], and Chinwada and Giga [24], that mixing cowpea seeds with inert materials like wood ash and sand cause physical impediments to beetle movement, thus inhibiting mating and oviposition. ...
... Insects coated with these dusts show substantial dehydration and, hence, die very soon due to desiccation. Traditionally, six types of inert dusts are used (Wolfson et al., 1991;Fields & Muir, 1996) with little variation in their performance. These include sand and soil components (Golob & Wibley, 1980), diatomaceous earth (Subramanyam & Hagstrum, 1995), silica aerogel (Quarles, 1992), non-silica dusts (Fam et al., 1974;Golob & Wibley, 1980), wood ash (Wolfson et al., 1991) and particle films (Arthur & Puterka, 2002). ...
... Traditionally, six types of inert dusts are used (Wolfson et al., 1991;Fields & Muir, 1996) with little variation in their performance. These include sand and soil components (Golob & Wibley, 1980), diatomaceous earth (Subramanyam & Hagstrum, 1995), silica aerogel (Quarles, 1992), non-silica dusts (Fam et al., 1974;Golob & Wibley, 1980), wood ash (Wolfson et al., 1991) and particle films (Arthur & Puterka, 2002). Alternatively, two kinds of ionising radiations, -and -radiations, are also used to control insect pests in pulse grains. ...
Bruchids (Callosobruchus spp.) are recognised as the most detrimental storage pest of pulses, especially in the tropics and subtropics. They invade matured pods as well as seeds during storage and, to some extent, farming fields, in turn reducing the net yield of the crops. Several approaches including cultural, biological, physical and chemical control measures have been implemented with the aim of managing these pests, but none of these have been successful across time and space. Recently, transgenic- and marker-assisted breeding approaches have appeared as promising tools for the successful management of these pests. Although some efforts have been made on the development of bruchid-resistant transgenic crops, the cultivars developed are yet to be commercialised worldwide because of various limitations. In contrast, marker-assisted breeding involving the identification of DNA-based markers linked to host resistance against bruchids, have shown some success in the quest for the development of bruchid-resistant cultivar(s). DNA markers linked to bruchid resistance have been identified in various grain legumes, particularly in the genus Vigna, and include mung bean (Vigna radiata), azuki bean (Vigna angularis), rice bean (Vigna umbellata), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and black gram (Vigna mungo). After their validation in different genetic backgrounds, these markers could be utilised for marker-assisted selection and breeding ventures to protect pulse crops. The present study discusses the pros and cons of different approaches for the successful management of the bruchid pests in pulses. The review also highlights about the integrative approach aided with molecular interventions to improve productivity by avoiding losses incurred due to bruchids, and to attain sustainable yields for major pulse crops.
... Ash and other chemically inert materials such as sand, kaolin, paddy husk ash, wood ash, and clays, lime, salt and diatomaceous earths (Golob, 1997) or even seed are widely used in different types of traditional storage systems. These control insects by closing the spaces between grains, which prohibits movement, and also by damaging the insect's cuticle, leading to dehydration (Golob et al., 1999) or death by suffocation (Wolfson et al., 1991). Lime is unpalatable to many pests and thus it also acts as a repellent (Smyth, 1991). ...
... Much research has demonstrated the efficacy of these methods, as in the case of cowpeas weevils, which cause 90% of insect damage, mainly in storage, where infestation may reach 100% (Boeke et al., 2004). In northern Cameroon, farmers thresh cowpeas, mix them with ash and place the mixture into a mud granary or clay jar, compress it and then cover it with an additional ash layer, which effectively controls weevils (Wolfson et al., 1991). ...
This volume seeks to advance understanding of indigenous knowledge (IK) in the context of natural resource management. The book links theory and practice in providing an overview of the conceptual issues surrounding IK enquiries in the context of their contributions to sustainable agriculture and environmental conservation. Key themes are addressed via case studies from bioculturally diverse regions of the world. The book has 16 chapters organized in four parts with the following headings: (i) change and dynamism; (ii) diffusion and extension; (iii) conservation and sustainability; and (iv) complexity and variability.
... The steady increase in per cent infestation and seed weight loss due to cumulative effect of each insect generation. The effectiveness of ash in reducing the infestation due to bruchids was also reported by Chiranjeevi (1991) in green gram, Jane et al. (1991) in cowpea. Ash apparently acts as physical barrier hence the adults could not able to make and lay eggs as they were physically normal but functionally dead as per Jane et al. (1991). ...
... The effectiveness of ash in reducing the infestation due to bruchids was also reported by Chiranjeevi (1991) in green gram, Jane et al. (1991) in cowpea. Ash apparently acts as physical barrier hence the adults could not able to make and lay eggs as they were physically normal but functionally dead as per Jane et al. (1991). ...
Present study was conducted to know the effectiveness of botanicals, insecticides, wood ash and sand storage methods against infestation of chick pea seeds by the pulse beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis) during storage at University of Agricultural Sciences (UAS), Bangalore. Among tested treatments, the sand layer storage method found to be most effective in reducing the bruchids infestation. Neem oil and Pongamia oil from botanicals, found to be the effective in reducing the per cent damage, per cent weight loss, minimum number of adult emergence and minimum number of holes and causing the mortality of bruchids and which were on par with the insecticidal treatments (Malathion and Deltamethrin). Looking into the side effects of synthetic insecticides and cost basis, the study demonstrates that botanicals and sand layer storage method can play a major role in protection of chickpea seeds from bruchids infestation during storage.
... Like in other parts of Africa, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) have been identified as one of the major key insect pests of stored grains, including cowpea seeds (Prevett, 1961; Southgate, 1979; Caswell, 1981; Wilfred 1994; Ofuya, 2003; Ojo et al., 2013). Extensive damage to unprotected cowpea grains within a short period due to high weevil infestation have been reported by several researchers (Caswell, 1981; Singh and Jackai, 1985; Wolfson et al., 1991; Tran and Credland, 1995; Ofuya, 2001). Losses of up to 100% on stored cowpea grains in the absence of effective insect pest control have been reported (Tran and Credland, 1995; Anonymous, 1996; Ofuya, 2001; Kossou et al., 2007). ...
... Synthetic insecticides use as promoted by scientists working on storage pests control, in addition to indigenous practices adopted by smallholder and resource-poor farmers has on the whole not been sustainable in managing menaces of cowpea weevil. It has been reported that smallholder and resource-poor farmers find it difficult to adopt synthetic chemical application for storage pest control due to their high costs, unavailability in local markets, skills required for handling and application and, associated health and environmental risks (Egwuatu, 1987; Wolfson et al., 1991; Bekele et al., 1995 ). In order to reduce both overdependence on chemicals for pests control and seed loss due to bruchid attack, the search for a more safer and sustainable means of mitigating the problem has increasingly become important in recent years in sub-Saharan Africa (Schmutterer, 1990; Bekele et al., 1995; Mekuria, 1995; Abraham, 1997; Emana, 1998; Bekele et al., 1997; Dawit, 2005; Araya and Emana, 2009). ...
... The total losses of chickpea produce at the national level during harvest and post-harvest handling was 8.41 per cent, with an estimated monetary loss of Rs. 2453 crore, including 1.18 per cent loss with bruchids (Jha et al., 2015), accounting for the majority of storage losses. Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.) is a cosmopolitan insect pest that can cause significant losses in stored chickpeas, even up to 100% per cent in tropical countries like India, rendering the grain unfit for food or seed within 4-6 months (Wolfson et al., 1991). ...
Background: Chickpea is one of the most important and nutritionally rich pulse crops widely grown in India. Pulse beetle is a cosmopolitan insect pest that can cause significant losses in stored chickpeas. Host Plant Resistance, one of the most effective methods, being adopted for decades to identify the traits in the host plants that confer resistance against the insect pests. The present study has been undertaken to screen different genotypes of chickpea against pulse beetle and to understand the influence of physico-chemical traits of chickpea genotypes on the population buildup of pulse bruchid. Methods: Twenty chickpea genotypes including thirteen desi and seven kabuli type were screened against pulse beetle through free choice test at Department of Entomology, Agricultural College, Bapatla during 2020-21. Certain physical and biochemical parameters of chickpeas were assessed and the level of their influence on growth and development of pulse bruchid was estimated by correlation and regression analyses. Result: The desi chickpea genotypes viz., NBeG 452, NBeG 1129, ICC 86111, NBeG 49 and NBeG 776 with less oviposition, less number of adults emerged, less grain damage were found relatively with less test weight, total soluble sugars and more seed coat thickness, total phenols and tannins and the kabuli genotypes viz., NBeG 440, NBeG 789 and NBeG 833 with more oviposition, more number of adults emerged, more grain damage were found relatively with more test weight, total soluble sugars and less seed coat thickness, total phenols and tannins. Thus, test weight, total soluble sugars exhibited significant positive correlation with growth and damage parameters of pulse beetle, while the seed coat thickness, total phenols and tannins exhibited significant negative correlation. Despite the fact that the biochemical components of the genotypes of chickpea varied significantly, they had little effect on the development of pulse bruchid.
... One of the most effective traditional seed preservation methods is storing seeds with ash. Burned ash from plant woods and other biological materials, like as cow dung, and has long been thought to be a vital agent in preventing fungal and insect growth in seed storage (Kiruba et al., 2006(Kiruba et al., , 2008.When compared to untreated controls, seeds of various species, including cowpea, maize, melon, and beans, survived better or were less impacted by pests after being treated with ash (Murdock et al., 1997;Oguntade & Adekunle, 2010;Wambugu et al., 2009;Wolfson et al., 1991). Farmers have been using wood/cow dung ash to store seeds for centuries. ...
Himalayan region is one of the oldest agricultural civilization areas and treasure for the food and agricultural crops such as rice, wheat, maize, millets, pulses, oilseeds, fibers, and other economically potential crop species. This region considered for centre of origin for few crops and bestows trait specific valuable genetic resources include the cold tolerance, disease, pest resistant genotypes, plant populations and traditional crop varieties of inter and intra-specific, racial diversity in for future needs. These indigenous crops consists great dietary value and plays a vital role in the sustainable development of aboriginal people nutritional security. Indigenous people management the local crop varieties/landraces which take account of socio-cultural practices of seed selection, production, and traditional storage techniques with their ancestral knowledge systems. Farmer’s have developed many unique structures (made of bamboos, canes, mud, wood, etc.) which are relatively cheap, eco-friendly, climate resistant and impart lofty self-life for safe storage of food grains and seeds from pests/insects and rodents. The seeds are exchanged as gifts, bartered, and purchased from local markets. Conservation of these trait specific traditional landraces at a very low cost using in situ/on farm can be successfully achieved by providing special incentives to farmers/indigenous people, village communities may get the benefits through to identify collection priority areas, explored and unexplored areas with the establishment of community seed/gene banks, field genebanks etc. and also protect human and soil health need to be strengthened to tackle of climate change with the help of this natural wealth.
... Wood ash is mixed in with cowpeas stored in a clay jar or in a mud granary, compacted by tapping the cowpeas down, and may then be enclosed with a final top layer of ash. Ash does not affect the taste of cowpeas or seed propagation if it is washed off before ingestion (Wolfson et al. 1991). Physically, wood ash may clog adult spiracles and tracheae, or dehydrate the eggs and adults of Callosobruchus maculatus, thus triggering asphyxia (Hagstrum & Phillips 2017). ...
Storage grain infestation is a critical problem, with insect pests and rodents causing economic losses and reductions in the quality of food grains and food products. It has been assessed as affecting 9% of goods in developed countries and more than 20% of goods in developing countries. The chemical insecticides used for storing products protect against insect pests, but introduce hazards associated with handling insecticides and the residues on food, which threaten nontarget organisms, and so represent a serious problem to the environment. Biorational methods are low risk, are obtained from animals, plants, bacteria and some minerals, and are segregated into microbial, plant-associated protectant and biochemical substances. This method encompasses temperature management, modified atmospheric storage, ionizing irradiation, the mixing of inert materials, pheromone traps, botanicals, insect growth regulators, entomopathogens and host plant resistance. Biorational methods have emerged as alternative or supplemental pest control methods. Biopesticides would help in preventing the use of large quantities of pesticides across the globe, thus providing residue-free food and a safe environment for living. Further investigation is needed to integrate these elements to enhance the efficacy, minimize the losses and diminish the reliance on pesticides for the preservation of stored commodities.
... Furthermore, it causes significant economic losses in stored legume seeds due to decreased weight and germination (Musa and Adeboye 2017). The most often utilized methods of managing these pest are fumigants and synthetic insecticides (Wolfson et al. 1991). However, chemical pesticides lead to increased risks for human health, chemical residues, insect resistance, and environmental contamination (Rizwan et al. 2019). ...
Background Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is one of the most significant pests infesting leguminous crops since it is found in tropical and subtropical climates, as well as in Turkey. The most often utilized methods of managing these insects are fumigants and synthetic insecticides. However, chemical pesticides lead to increased risks for human health, chemical residues, insect resistance, and environmental contamination. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of entomopathogenic fungi [Beauveria bassiana (Bb) and Trichoderma asperellum (Ta)] individually or in combination with diatomaceous earth (DE) against C. maculatus. The fungi Bb and Ta were applied at 1 × 104, 1 × 106 and 1 × 108 spores/kg of chickpea seeds and mixed with 200, 400, 800 mg/kg of DE. Additionally, the progeny production of the insect on chickpea in the different treatments was evaluated after 40 days of exposure.
Results In all individual treatments, total adult mortality of the insect was accomplished solely by using the highest DE treatment rate (800 mg/kg) after 7 days. The most effective combination that was a mixture at highest application
rate of DE/Bb (800 mg/kg of DE + 1 × 108 spores/kg of Bb) caused 100% mortality after 6 days of exposure and had the lowest LT50 (2.97) and LT90 (5.46) values (days). Although other DE/Bb binary combinations caused 100% mortality of C. maculatus 6 days after treatment, their LT50 and LT90 values were lower. Insect mortalities were 100% in all DE/ Ta binary combinations on days 7 and 8, and the highest application rate (800 mg/kg of DE + 1 × 108 spores/kg of Ta) of this combination had the lowest LT50 (4.14) and LT90 (6.17) values (days). Individual treatments of DE, Bb, Ta and their binary combinations caused significant reduction in progeny production after 40 days of treatment compared with progeny production in the control of C. maculatus. The highest progeny production (88.9%) was observed at the highest treatment rate of DE/Bb combinations (800 mg/kg of DE + 1 × 108 spores/kg of BB).
Conclusions The treatments used in combination of Bb or Ta with DE resulted in increased insecticidal effectiveness against C. maculatus. These natural agents caused considerable decreasing of progeny production of the pest. Even with reduced application rates, the agents with a promising potential against the pest showed acceptable results in binary combinations.
... The seeds are completely hollowed out by larvae, and characteristic emergence holes were evident after the adult emergence. The Pulse beetle has been reported as a serious pest of legumes [19] whose population builds rapidly in storage and damage in terms of holed seeds can render unprotected grains unsuitable for food or seed within 2-4 months of storage [20] . ...
Study on insect pest complex of Flemingia macrophylla (Willd) and Flemingia semialata (Roxb) was carried out in the plots maintained for lac insect conservation under ICAR-Network Project on Conservation of Lac Insect Genetic Resources (NPCLIGR) in the Department of Entomology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat from April to December during two consecutive years viz., 2015 and 2016. The results revealed the occurrence of 15 phytophagous pests namely Hyposidra talaca successaria (Walker), Orgyia sp., Somena scintillans (Walker), Euproctis sp., Archips sp., Omiodes diemenalis (Guenee), Dasychira (Olene) mendosa (Hubner), Monolepta signata (Olivier), Apion clavipes (Gerst), Plannococcus sp., Bemisia tabaci (Genn.), Oxyrachis sp., Aphis craccivora (Koch), Jassids and Callosobruchus chinensis (Linn.), infesting the particular host plants. Out of these 15 species, 7 belonged to the order Lepidoptera, 3 Coleoptera and 5 Hemiptera. These pests were categorized as defoliators (9 species), sucking pests (5 species) and stored grain pest (1 species). Pest incidence was more during July-October and declined subsequently. The pests belonging to the order Lepidoptera were found in abundance dominated by Archips sp. followed by the Hemipterans.
... Haile et al. (2003) stated that the ash dust reduces the relative humidity of the storage condition and dry the grain surface which hampers oviposition and larval development of the beetles. The effectiveness of ash in reducing bruchid infestation was reported by Jane et al. (1991) that a minimum ratio of 3 parts of ash to 4 parts of cowpeas prevented population growth of C. maculatus and a 3 cm layer of ash on top of stored seeds prevented infestation by adults. As it was evident in this study, despite the use of certain methods, Naveena et al. (2016) found that insect infestation still persisted in the samples collected from the 'Soliga' households and maximum infestation was found in grains coated with red earth (56.41%), followed by the use of lakkisoppu (56.07%) and mixing lime powder (47.83%). ...
Indigenous techniques viz., match boxes @ 10 no, lime powder @ 15 g, camphor @ 1 g, common salt @ 200 g, cow dung ash @ 80 g, buffalo dung ash @ 80 g, cow dung powder @ 100 g, buffalo dung powder @ 100 g, goat pellet powder @ 100 g/kg grain, gunny soaked in cow urine, gunny soaked in buffalo urine were evaluated as grain protectants against pulse beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) in stored black gram at the Post Harvest Technology Centre, Bapatla. There was no adult emergence and grain damage in the treatments of dung powders besides camphor and ash even after six months. Further, the germination of stored seed kept with camphor, dung ashes and powders were good which ranged between 84.33% and 92.33%. A total of 3622.67 adults emerged from the untreated grain in 180 days of storage and caused 57.67% grain damage which resulted in 4.67% germination only. Besides filling up of inter-grain space, keeping a surface layer of 2.5 cm of powdered materials like ash and cattle dung could prevent pulse beetles successfully.
... The use of the following have been shown to prolong the storage; (a) Addition of essential oils such as Syzygium aromaticum, chilli, and ginger (Ngamo et al. 2007b;Pandey et al. 2011), (b) Mixing with extracts of cashew, chilli pepper and leaves of onion (Oparaeke and Bunmi 2006), (c) Mixing of the grain with ash (Wolfson et al. 1991;Baoua et al. 2014) and sand (Linnemann 1987), (d) Solarisation which is usually dependent on location and climatic conditions (Lale and Vidal 2003). The effectiveness of plant oils (such as neem oil, palm oil and groundnut oil) as storage aid to reduce the destructive effects of pests has also been demonstrated and reported (Linnemann 1987). ...
Bambara groundnut is a hard-to-cook underutilised pulse crop that originated from Africa and now domiciled in many parts of the world. The full potential of the crop can only be harnessed when proper post-harvest handling and storage are practiced. In this chapter, some of these post-harvest handling and storage practices which starts from on-farm drying to threshing, winnowing, milling as well as roasting, germination and malting, and fermentation are discussed. These have been documented to affect the final quality of the grain and their by-products as well as their economic benefits and importance. It is recommended that government and agricultural organizations either invest in new equipment or the adaptation of old equipment to help improve efficiencies in these practices for increased productivity in the BGN value chain so that the inherent opportunities that abound in the commercialisation of the crop can be adequately harnessed..
... Due to their hygroscopic nature, they can be used to maintain low seed moisture and prolong the shelf life of seeds (Karthikeyan et al., 2009;Oguntade and Adekunle, 2009;Oyekale et al., 2014;Ashok and Gowda, 2017). Wood charcoal (Karthikeyan et al., 2009;Oyekale et al., 2014;Ashok and Gowda, 2017) and wood-ash were used to keep seeds at low moisture content (Oguntade and Adekule, Njie et al. / HortiS (2021) 38(2):94-100 2009) and to deter without to the deleterious effects of storage pests (Wolfson et al. 1991;Gumaa and Elamin, 2015) during storage. ...
This research was conducted to investigate the efficacy of charcoal and ash in maintaining the quality of lettuce, cabbage, onion, pepper and carrot seeds during storage. The seeds were stored over charcoal and ash at a seed/material ratio of 1:1 and stored at room temperature (20°C) and at 35°C for 24 months. The control seeds were dried to between 5-6% seed moisture content and stored in hermetic packets at -20°C. Samples were collected from storage after 6, 12, 18, and 24 months and subjected to a germination test and ageing test at 45°C for 72 hours using 72% saturated sodium chloride (NaCl) solution. There was no difference between the seed viability for the controls and treatments after 6-12 months at 20 and 35°C between the two storage methods. However, seed quality declined at 18 months and 24 months. This was seen in lettuce, onion and carrot seeds more than pepper and cabbage at both storage temperatures. Similarly, seed vigour also reduced with extended storage to 18 and 24 months. Results showed ash and charcoal can be used to maintain seed quality over 12 months even at 35°C.
... Application of various bio-substances have been used and recorded as protectant against crop destruction especially in storage. A further submission by Wolfson et al. (1991) present wood ash as been more effective than most bio-substances used as protectant in grain storage, this has been proofed in the data presented in Table 2 and 4, indicating no weevil entrance, hence no population of S. zeamais was recorded for wood ash treatment. Result obtained in Table 5 indicates that the weight of 100 grains of maize was reduced at the end of 4 Weeks of Storage. ...
An experiment to evaluate the effect of wood ash, river sand, mineral oil and dry pepper (Capcium spp) dust on the population (control) of Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky, 1855) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) (maize weevil) was conducted. The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of five (5) treatments; 0g, 5g river sand, 5g dry pepper dust, 5g wood ash and 5g mineral oil. All treatment were replicated three times. Data were taken on the number of population of Sitophilus zeamais emerging from individual treatments. Herein, weight loss on grain maize was taken for S. zeamais infestation. The effect of the various treatments on maize seed with S. zeamais was not significant (P>0.05), although the highest population numbers of the weevil was recorded in the control (0g). Zero population of S. zeamais was recorded in wood ash treatment at 5g, which significantly (P<0.05) protected the grains over the control. Significant (higher) weight loss was recorded in the control since no treatment was applied. All treatments except the control indicate the potential of reducing (controlling) weevil numbers. Data obtained in these experiments reveal that wood ash, pepper dust and river sand produced the most protective/control effect on the population of the weevil over the control. Result of the study show that river sand, pepper World News of Natural Sciences 18(2) (2018) 241-251-242-dust, wood ash and mineral oil (vegetable oil) performed positively, and hence, exert protectant properties on maize grains.
... Many research findings had shown reduced life span and oviposition of insects in grains treated with botanical powders [11,5]. Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as reported by Naito [11] is abrasive thus can hinder movement of male weevil to mate the female consequently inhibiting oviposition and infestation of the maize [12]. ...
World’s calories supply from maize accounts for 20% but global postharvest grain loss caused by insect pests was estimated to be 10%. Control is mostly by synthetic insecticides with consequences such as insect resurgence and resistance and negative effect on non- target organisms. Maize grain losses to weevils are so enormous that effective local solution has to be sought. Thus this research aimed at assessing the effectiveness of powders and ash of rice husk and melon shell in controlling Sitophillus zeamais (Mots) in stored maize. Four treatments, Rice husk powder (RHP), Rice husk ash (RHA), Melon shell powder (MSP) and Melon shell ash (MSA) were applied at eight levels of 0 - 2.0 g 20 g-1 maize grain in three replicates. Five pairs (males and females) of freshly emerged S. zeamais were introduced into each treatment. Mortality test was carried out on the insects at 48 and 96 hours after introduction. Germination test was conducted on ten randomly selected grains after weevil emergence. Significantly higher (p≤0.05) mortality was recorded in treated seeds than the control. Virtually 100% mortality of S. zeamais was attained in both RHA and MSA treated maize in 96hrs at all application rates. Mean adult emergence in maize treated with both RHA and MSA were zero, with no weight loss like those of grains treated with standard control of P. guinensis. Also maize grain treated with Rice husk ash (RHA) and Melon shell ash (MSA) recorded a mean WPI of zero irrespective of application rates as in P. guinensis. The mean percentage germination of maize grain was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in P. guinensis than those recorded on treatments, while germination of treated maize is higher than the control. Thus rice husk and melon shell are effective alternatives to insecticides against S. zeamais in stored maize.
... Besides, ash is a fine powder chemically inactive but with insecticidal power. In Cameroon, some farmers dusted their cowpeas lightly with ash; others used a large amount of ash over the grains while still others used alternate layers of cowpeas and ash [83]. This has led to varied and sometimes contradictory reports on the effectiveness of ash during storage. ...
Maize is the primary staple crop grown, nearly in all agro-ecological zones of Ethiopia. Despite the steady production of maize, post-harvest losses of maize remained a serious challenge. In Ethiopia, traditionally farmers use different storages structure for their grain. Gombisa is one of above ground storage structure used by most of farmers. However, those traditional storage structures were not effective in protecting the grain from insect, microbial infestation and environmental factors. Farmers have indigenous knowledge of storage management practices to cop up with this post-harvest loss. The traditional wisdom and methods of storage can protect commodities from insect infestation for substantially longer periods. Among the farmers' practices; sun drying, use of botanicals, hanging over fire, mixing with wood ash, mixing with partially ground chillies (hot pepper), and storing unshelled maize were some of the storage practice proven effective in minimizing storage infestation. Some of these practices were also effective in controlling mould development that leads to the occurrence of aflatoxin. This review suggested that, modifying traditional storage structure and providing improved storage systems that are affordable for smallholder farmers, could be a possible option to mitigate post-harvest loss.
... The ashes of E. grandis and O. gratissimum at the rate of 0.25 g/25 g grains significantly reduced the number of emerged weevils. Wolfson et al. (1991) found that a minimum ratio of 3 parts of wood ash to 4 parts of cowpeas prevented population growth of C. maculatus. Testing the effect of ashes of different plant species on stored product pests may lead to identification of more effective ashes (Jean et al., 2015). ...
... Callosobruchus sp (Bruchidae: Coleoptera) commonly designated as seed weevils/bruchids are the major insect-pests associated with stored pulses [4] . The Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) is a cosmopolitan pest that can cause substantial losses in stored chickpeas [5] , even up to 100 per cent as reported in tropical countries like India [6] and render the grain unsuitable for food or seed within 4-6 months [7] . These insects multiply at a rapid rate in suitable environmental conditions such as high humidity and optimum temperature conditions [8] . ...
... While there are several synthetic insecticides for the control of this pest, their use has not been sustainable owing to their high costs, and associated health and environmental risks (Wolfson et al. 1991). One of the most well-studied alternatives to traditional neurotoxic grain protection is the use of diatomaceous earth (DE) (Fields and Korunic 2000;Subramanyam and Roesli 2000;Mewis and Ulrichs 2001;Athanassiou et al. 2005a;Kavallieratos et al. 2005;El-Wakeil and Saleh 2009;Iatrou et al. 2010;Athanassiou et al. 2011;Kavallieratos et al. 2012). ...
The pulse beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus F. is a key pest to stored Kersting's groundnut, Macrotyloma geocarpum Harms. There are many reports evaluating various diatomaceous earths (DEs) against stored product pests, but there is limited information on the efficacy of these materials against C. maculatus and none on Kerstings groundnut. Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the DEs, Diatomenerde, Probe-A, Fossil shield, and Damol-D1 against C. maculatus in seeds of M. geocarpum. Each DE was applied at 0.50, 1.00, 1.50, and 2.00 g kg-1 , and each treatment infested with newly emerged C. maculatus in petri dishes. The set up was maintained at 50 and 80 % RH regimes at ambient temperature. Data were collected on adult mortality (at 24 h, 48 h, 7 days, and 14 days), oviposition, and progeny emergence of the beetles, and their effects on weight loss and viability of seeds. Probe-A proved the most effective against the beetle, followed by Damol-D1 and Fossil shield. Adult mortality increased progressively with the increasing dosage of DE and exposure time. Seeds treated at 2.00 or 1.50 g kg-1 recorded significantly lower number of eggs and F1 emergence compared with the lower dosages in all DEs. Increased DE concentration consistently decreased seed weight loss due to low beetle infestation, but there was no significant effect on seed viability. DEs were more effective at 50 % RH than at 80 % RH. Probe-A or Damol-D1 applied at 1.50 or 2.00 g kg-1 at 50 % RH is a viable alternative for preventing C. maculatus infestation in stored Kersting's groundnut.
... Among the insects of grain legumes, Callosobruchus spp. (Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae: Coleoptera) are very serious pests both in the field and in storage that can cause considerable economic losses in stored chickpeas (Srinivasan et al., 2008), even up to 100 per cent and render the grain unsuitable for food or seed within 4e6 months (Wolfson et al., 1991). They multiply rapidly in suitable environmental conditions such as high humidity and optimum temperature (Appleby and Credland, 2004). ...
A total of nine promising varieties including five desi type and four kabuli type of chickpeas were screened against pulse bruchid under free-choice conditions at Post Harvest Technology Centre, Bapatla. The chickpeas were studied for their physical characters and biochemical constituents, and the extent of influence on insect preference and development was established through correlation and regression analyses. The varieties; NBeG 511, JAKI 9218 and JG 11 which had less numbers of eggs and adult emergence, with low per cent grain damage were found to be desi type and possessed less test weight with higher seed coat thickness. Similarly the varieties; NBeG 458, NBeG 471 and KAK 2 which recorded higher oviposition, adult emergence and grain damage were found to have thin seed coat and larger seed size. Thus, test weight of the grains showed significant positive correlation to adult emergence and grain damage while seed coat thickness showed the negative correlation. Chickpea grains with higher sugar and lower phenol contents were found to be more susceptible to bruchids. Though there were significant differences in the contents of biochemical constituents of chickpeas of these cultivated varieties, they could not exert significant influence on bruchid development.
... Infestation on stored grains may reach 50% within 3-4 months of storage (Pascual-Villalobos and Ballesta-Acosta, 2003.).This pest is capable of (Secket at al., 1991;Wolfson et al., 1991). C. maculatus infestation of cowpea seeds starts with the females laying eggs on ripening cowpea pods in the field, the larvae burrow through the chorion of the egg directly into the pod wall, and then into the seed, where the larvae develop and pupate (Singh et al, 1997). ...
The organic farming is characterized by high variance in abundance of soil nutrients and subsequent crop output. This high heterogeneity challenges the ability to locate lacks and surpluses of soil nutrients in the agricultural plots using the conventional analytical tools. In order to define these areas, we have used spatial tools based on kriging interpolation that allow constructing value maps of soil minerals and crop factors based on limited samples. We applied this advanced methodology to an organic greenhouse of cherry tomatoes Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme and to a conventional greenhouse nearby that served as a control. Using these tools we defined the spatial patterns of the organic greenhouse area and succeeded in locating
areas of lacks and excesses of nitrates. Overlapping the soil's nitrate values all over the tested area with the cherry tomatoes' growth, yield and physical parameters of the tested plot led to identification of plant-soil interactions that were defined, till implementation of this methodology, only by the conventional analysis methods (based on 'Random Blocks'). The high confidence of the results together with the compatibility to those documented in former studies indicated the validity of the applied spatial evaluation methods for studying the organic practice patterns.
... FAO (1985) reported that in Africa alone the post-harvest losses due to the cowpea weevil ranged between 20 and 100% (FAO, 1985;Seck, 1993;Olubayo and Port, 1997;Azeez and Pitan, 2014). Egwuatu (1987) and Wolfson et al. (1991) noted that the control of this pest is done primarily using synthetic insecticides (Swella and Mushobozy, 2009). However, in an effort to minimize the reliance on synthetic insecticides and to reduce seed loss due to C. maculatus infestations, alternative measures such as the development of resistant cultivars can provide a viable solution, while safeguarding human and environmental health (Uddin and Adesiyun, 2012). ...
Pigeonpea, Cajanus cajan, is a rich source of human dietary protein and carbohydrate as well as an income generator for farmers especially in developing countries. However, a major limiting factor to the viable production and post-harvest preservation of pigeonpea is infestation by the cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus. An experiment to screen for resistance in 14 newly developed C. cajan cultivars from The University of the West Indies (UWI) was conducted. The experiment compared oviposition preference based on eight parameters, namely, testa thickness, testa hardness, seed sphericity, surface area, total adult emergence, larval þ pupal mortality, seed hardness and surface roughness. Four of the pigeon pea cultivars screened were resistant and could be ranked in the order of decreasing resistance as: A16 ¼ A66PL1> A112 > A196PL2. Seed surface roughness, seed testa hardness and seed grain hardness were all found to play a major role in oviposition deterrence with seed roughness being the most effective deterrent. The results suggest that breeding for pigeonpea cultivars with rougher seed coats, harder seed testa and harder grains could enhance pigeonpea seed resistance to C. maculatus by reducing infestation and damage while in storage.
... However, farmers differed widely in the way they use ash, especially in the proportions of ash to grain. Some dusted their cowpeas lightly with ash, others used a large excess of ash over the grain, while still others used alternate layers of cowpeas and ash (Wolfson et al., 1991). ...
Cowpea [ In northern Ghana, cowpea is the second most important crop after groundnut and a ch protein in the diet, hence it is critical to improve production of the crop. This study assessed the demography, Multi-stage random sampling technique wa and 21 agriculture extension officers in five cowpea growing districts involving closed and opened ended questions. Majority of the farmers (60.9 %) were males between the ages of 21 and 60 (85.5 %), who had no formal education (63.1 %). The agricultural extension officers (AEOs) involved in the study were all males, ranging from 21 years to 56 years, with Higher National Diploma (HND) (47.6 %). In all, 79 % of the cowpea farmers had average cowpea farm cowpea cultivation in the region is on small scale, mostly by subsistent farmers. The level of cowpea cultivation is probably on the increase in the region due to recent access to improved seed and ready market. Farmers cowpea. Weed control on cowpea farms is mostly by the traditional weeding using the hoe and cutlass and the use of herbicides. The mode of conservation of cowpea grains inc (42.9 %), insecticides (23.8 %) and plant extracts (9.5 %), involving dried powdered neem tree leaves. On the whole, cowpea is a promising economic crop towards food security and income generation but farm sizes are small. for farmers to expand their farms to increase productivity.
... Kittur (1990) found that cow dung ash was good in controlling C. chinensis activities in red gram seeds. maculatus and 3 cm layer of ash on top of stored seeds prevented infestation by adults (Wolfson et al., 1991). ...
... Kittur (1990) found that cow dung ash was good in controlling C. chinensis activities in red gram seeds. maculatus and 3 cm layer of ash on top of stored seeds prevented infestation by adults (Wolfson et al., 1991). ...
... The farmers will readily accept a concept or technology that builds up or improves one which they are used to rather than one which imposes a totally new idea. There are reports on the traditional use of plant powders to control seed beetles attacking stored cowpea seeds (Ofuya 1986;Wolfson et al. 1991;Apuuli and Villet 1996;Adarkwah et al. 2016). Therefore, there may be justification for its traditional use by farmers for storing legume seeds and other stored grain cereals. ...
There is a dearth of knowledge on the available sources of botanical products for smallholder farmers in Africa and their bioactivity against stored-product pests. Many locally available plants across Africa exhibit both promising insecticidal, medicinal activity and are nutrient rich yet remain underutilized. Laboratory studies on toxicity of powders of Senna siamea and Piper guineense alone or combined with diatomaceous earth (DE) to adult Sitophilus granarius, Tribolium castaneum and Acanthoscelides obtectus were conducted in stored grains. Adult mortality was observed up to 7 d while progeny production was recorded 6–10 weeks. Adult A. obtectus were most susceptible (LD50 0.0084% and 0.0696% wt/wt for S. siamea and P. guineense, respectively), followed by S. granarius. T. castaneum was most tolerant (LD50 0.6589% and 0.6829% wt/wt for S. siamea and P. guineense, respectively). Combination of plant powders and DE controlled the beetles faster compared to the plant powders alone. LT50 ranged from 20 h to 101 h for T. castaneum exposed to 1.0% S. siamea and 1.0% DE, and 0.5% P. guineense and 1.0% DE, respectively. Botanicals caused significant reduction of F1 adults compared to the control. The potential of using botanicals combined with DE to control stored-product insects is discussed.
... To address this problem researchers have tested and come up with several non-chemical approaches, which include (i) heating the grain to a temperature hot enough to kill the insects and the insect eggs using a solar heater; (ii) triple bagging the grain in plastic sacks (hermetic sealing), (iii) mixing ash with the grain in storage containers, (iv) treating the grain with botanicals such as neem, (v) storage in sealed containers and (vi) the use of resistant cultivars. These techniques have been developed and well-recognized among the scientific community for a long time (Dales, 1996;Ilesanmi & Gungula, 2010;Kitch, Ntoukam, Shade, Wolfson, & Murdock, 1992;Murdock, Seck, Ntoukam, Kitch, & Shade, 2003;Sanon, Dabiré-Binso, & Ba, 2011;Seck, Longnay, Haubruge, Marlier, & Gaspar, 1996;Wolfson, Shade, Mentzer, & Murdock, 1991). For example, the triple bagging technology of cowpea storage was developed by Purdue scientists through USAID funded Bean/ Cowpea Collaborative Research Support Program (CRSP) in the 1990s and efforts have been invested in recent years to disseminate this technology through special donorfunded projects (e.g. the Purdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS) project funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation) (Dabire, Sanon, Ba, Yelemu, & Baributsa, 2014;Murdock & Baoua, 2014). ...
2017): Can mobile phone-based animated videos induce learning and technology adoption among low-literate farmers? A field experiment in Burkina Faso, Information Technology for Development, ABSTRACT This article explores an innovative approach to deliver information about new agricultural technology that combines a versatile and potentially lower cost method of developing animated videos with another low-cost method of sharing it on mobile devices (i.e. mobile phone). It describes a randomized controlled field experiment conducted in Burkina Faso to evaluate the effectiveness of animated videos shown on mobile phone compared with the traditional extension method (live demonstration) in inducing learning and adoption of two post-harvest technologies among low-literate farmers. Results suggest that video-based training was as effective as the traditional method in inducing learning and understanding. For technologies that farmers were already aware of animated video shown on the mobile phone was also as effective as live demonstration in inducing adoption. However, in transferring new technologies, the traditional method was more effective in inducing adoption at p < .10, but not at p < .05. Potential role of mobile phone-based videos as part of the agricultural extension system is discussed.
... To address this problem researchers have tested and come up with several non-chemical approaches, which include (i) heating the grain to a temperature hot enough to kill the insects and the insect eggs using a solar heater; (ii) triple bagging the grain in plastic sacks (hermetic sealing), (iii) mixing ash with the grain in storage containers, (iv) treating the grain with botanicals such as neem, (v) storage in sealed containers and (vi) the use of resistant cultivars. These techniques have been developed and well-recognized among the scientific community for a long time (Dales, 1996;Ilesanmi & Gungula, 2010;Kitch, Ntoukam, Shade, Wolfson, & Murdock, 1992;Murdock, Seck, Ntoukam, Kitch, & Shade, 2003;Sanon, Dabiré-Binso, & Ba, 2011;Seck, Longnay, Haubruge, Marlier, & Gaspar, 1996;Wolfson, Shade, Mentzer, & Murdock, 1991). For example, the triple bagging technology of cowpea storage was developed by Purdue scientists through USAID funded Bean/ Cowpea Collaborative Research Support Program (CRSP) in the 1990s and efforts have been invested in recent years to disseminate this technology through special donorfunded projects (e.g. the Purdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS) project funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation) (Dabire, Sanon, Ba, Yelemu, & Baributsa, 2014;Murdock & Baoua, 2014). ...
This article explores an innovative approach to deliver information about new agricultural technology that combines a versatile and potentially lower cost method of developing animated videos with another low-cost method of sharing it on mobile devices (i.e. mobile phone). It describes a randomized controlled field experiment conducted in Burkina Faso to evaluate the effectiveness of animated videos shown on mobile phone compared with the traditional extension method (live demonstration) in inducing learning and adoption of two post-harvest technologies among low-literate farmers. Results suggest that video-based training was as effective as the traditional method in inducing learning and understanding. For technologies that farmers were already aware of animated video shown on the mobile phone was also as effective as live demonstration in inducing adoption. However, in transferring new technologies, the traditional method was more effective in inducing adoption at p < .10, but not at p < .05. Potential role of mobile phone-based videos as part of the agricultural extension system is discussed.
... Cowpeas are traditionally mixed with ash, stored in a mud granary or a clay jar, compressed by tapping down, and may then be covered with a final top layer of ash (149). A minimum of three parts ash to four parts cowpeas has been used to prevent population growth of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.), and a 3-cm layer of ash on top of stored seeds prevents infestation by adults. ...
Traditional methods of stored-product pest control were initially passed from generation to generation. Ancient literature and archaeology reveal hermetic sealing, burning sulfur, desiccant dusts, and toxic botanicals as early control methods. Whereas traditional nonchemical methods were subsequently replaced by synthetic chemicals, other traditional methods were improved and integrated with key modern pesticides. Modern stored-product integrated pest management (IPM) makes decisions using knowledge of population dynamics and threshold insect densities. IPM programs are now being fine-tuned to meet regulatory and market standards. Better sampling methods and insights from life histories and ecological studies have been used to optimize the timing of pest management. Over the past 100 years, research on stored-product insects has shifted from being largely concentrated within 10 countries to being distributed across 65 countries. Although the components of IPM programs have been well researched, more research is needed on how these components can be combined to improve effectiveness and assure the security of postharvest food as the human population increases.
... The control of S. oryza is crucial to safe preservation and sustainable production of NERICA in sub-Saharan Africa. While there are several synthetic insecticides such as chemical grain protectants and fumigants for the control of this pest, their use has not been sustainable owing to their high cost, unavailability in local markets, and associated health and environmental risks (Wolfson et al., 1991). The need to reduce over-reliance on synthetic insecticides for pest control in rice has called for a search for resistant strains against S. oryzae. ...
... The use of wood ash in preventing storage insect pests attack is a common practice. This technique has also been used for preventing cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculates) attack (Wolfson et al, 1991). Koona et al (2007) used an aqueous plant extract of Chenopodium arnbrosioides and Lantana camara to control stored insect pests in cowpea. ...
Kersting's groundnut (Macrotyloma geocarpum) is a rare and underexploited leguminous crop cultivated in parts of West Africa, which now faces extinction. A study was conducted in northern Ghana, which falls within the Guinea Savannah ecological zone, to establish the status of the crop, its production constraints and prospects for its future development or improvement. Sixteen types of Kersting's groundnut were collected which could be distinguished by three seed colours. It is predominantly grown on a small scale (0.1-0.5 acre) as a sole crop, but is often intercropped with other food crops. Pest and disease are not a significant constraint in the cultivation of Kersting's groundnut. Over-tasked farmers harvest it late when the soil has hardened, and this has been the main constraint to its large-scale production. Variation in seed size exists and could be used for crop improvement.
... If the adult insects move over or through the ash, their bodies (De Groot, 1991), especially the layer of chitin on the adults' abdomen are grazed. This result in clogging of insect spiracles and tracheae (Wolfson et al., 1991) or blocking of the lateral stigmates, all essential for respiration, cause suffocation of the adult and enhance mortality (De Groot, 1997). The result of the current investigation also comply with that of (Hampanna et al., 2006) who reported that cow dung ash (2.0%) and dry cow dung powder (20.0%) were effective in reducing weight loss, seed damage and population build up of rice weevil and pulse beetle. ...
Callosobruchus chinensis is one of the major insect pest of chickpea and other stored legume which is known to cause significant yield loss both quantitatively and qualitatively. This investigation was done to study the efficacy of leaf powders of basil (Ocimu basilica L.) and neem (Azadirachta indica), cow dung ash and Malathion dust against bruchid on two chickpea varieties namely Desi (local) and Habru (improved Kabuli). Levels of infestation, weight loss, germination capacity (delete) and germination of the seeds were evaluated monthly up to six months. In the bruchid infested treatment (control), hundred seeds weight, seed germination decreased through time while levels of infestation and weight loss increased. All the tested locally available treatments (cow dung ash, leaf powder of neem and leaf powder of basil) were found to be effective in reducing the damage inflicted by bruchid compared to the control. Malathion dust was observed to be the most effective of all treatment in this study. However, looking in to the side effects of synthetic pesticides, we suggest that the locally available plant powders and cow dung ash which is cheap, ecologically friendly and non-hazardous to human health can play an important role in protection of chickpea during storage against invasion by bruchid.
Storage grain infestation is a critical problem, with insect pests and rodents causing economic losses and reductions in the quality of food grains and food products. It has been assessed as affecting 9% of goods in developed countries and more than 20% of goods in developing countries. The chemical insecticides used for storing products protect against insect pests, but introduce hazards associated with handling insecticides and the residues on food, which threaten nontarget organisms, and so represent a serious problem to the environment. Biorational methods are low risk, are obtained from animals, plants, bacteria and some minerals, and are segregated into microbial, plant‐associated protectant and biochemical substances. This method encompasses temperature management, modified atmospheric storage, ionizing irradiation, the mixing of inert materials, pheromone traps, botanicals, insect growth regulators, entomopathogens and host plant resistance. Biorational methods have emerged as alternative or supplemental pest control methods. Biopesticides would help in preventing the use of large quantities of pesticides across the globe, thus providing residue‐free food and a safe environment for living. Further investigation is needed to integrate these elements to enhance the efficacy, minimize the losses and diminish the reliance on pesticides for the preservation of stored commodities.
Esber, R. 2023. Toxicity of Some Inert Dusts and Ash Against Rice Weevil, Sitophilus oryzae L. Under Laboratory Conditions. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 41(4): 398-405. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-41.4.398405 A study was carried out to assess the toxicity of kaolin, silica and apple ash against adults of rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae L. (Curculionidae: Coleoptera) using three concentrations: 2, 4 and 8 g inert material/100 g of wheat grains. Insect mortality was assessed 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 10 days after treatment, and corrected mortality rate was calculated, as well as the LC50 and LC90, and the LT50 and LT90 values. The results obtained showed an increase in the mean of corrected mortality rate with increasing concentration and treatment time, whereas mortality rates reached at the concentration of 8g/100g grains after 10 days of treatment with kaolin, silica and apple ash 93, 48.15 and 100%, respectively, with significant superiority of apple ash over each of kaolin and silica. The LC50 and LC90 values 10 days after treatment were as follows: 1.68 and 6.26 g/100 g for kaolin, 8.69 and 24.55 g/100 g for silica, and 0.95 and 2.92 g/100 g for apple ash, respectively. Whereas, the values of LT50 and LT90 for kaolin were 2.72 and 4.89 days, 6.09 and 10.68 days for silica, and 2.81 and 4.17 days for apple ash, respectively, at 8g/100g seeds. The results obtained showed that kaolin had the highest toxicity three days after treatment, and the values were close to that of apple ash at 4 and 6 days after treatment, with significant difference with silica dusts, whereas apple ash achieved the highest toxicity with a significant difference compared with both kaolin and silica dusts, 10 days after treatment. Keywords: Toxicity, powder, inert dusts, ash, kaolin, silica, apple ash, rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae
Ethanolic extracts of peels from grape (Citrus paradisi), lemon (C. limon), lime (C. aurantifolia), sweet orange (C. sinensis) and tangerine (C. reticulata) were investigated for their insecticidal efficacy against Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius, a cosmopolitan field-to-storage insect pest of cowpea. The insect was exposed to 3% of each extract admixed with 50 g of cowpea. The setup was a Completely Randomized Design in four replications. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance and where F-test was significant, means were separated using Student Newman Keul's test (α = 0.05). Pearson's correlation analysis was also carried out to show the association between C. maculatus mortality, infestation, seed damage and germination variables. Bioassay results showed significant insecticidal activity of all the tested Citrus peel extracts against C. maculatus life stages and a significant reduction in cowpea seed damage. Adult bruchid mortality caused by the extracts exceeded 90% at 120h post-treatment, with C. limon and C. aurantifolia extracts causing 100% of adult bruchid mortality in the same period. About 62.3-76.4% reduction in the insect's egg production was observed with the use of the extracts. The perforation index obtained from all the treated seeds was below 50%, and it showed a positive protective potential of the extracts against C. maculatus. The loss in seed weight was significantly lower (<10%) in treated seed compared with the control (>20%). Cowpea seed germination was not impaired by any of the extracts, rather germination increased significantly and seeds treated with C. limon and C. aurantifolia had higher viability (>45.5%) compared with the control. Therefore, ethanolic extracts of peels from the five Citrus species could be a potent pest control option against C. maculatus infestation.
Bruchid (Callosobruchus spp.) are the most destructive, notorious storage pest of pulses in the tropical and sub-tropical region. The yield losses are higher than half of the expected yield with in the short period of time. Bruchid initial infestation started in the field and shortly builds up during storage time and cause severe seed damage up to 100 per cent. Bruchid infestation ranges from 60 to 100% within two to three months of storage period. Among the different bruchid species, cowpea weevils (C. maculatus F.) and azuki bean weevils (Callosobruchus chinensis L.) are the most destructive storage pest of pulses. Though several options are now available to identify the elite genotypes against bruchid infestation, still the development of genotypes with sufficient level of host plant resistance is not achieved. In this pursuit, the present article has given a detailed review of the major species of bruchid, insect life style, management practices, screening technique, sources of resistance, novel breeding strategies and recent advancements including use of molecular markers in marker aided selection and QTL studies for bruchid resistance.
This study was conducted under ambient laboratory conditions of the Research Laboratory, Department of Crop, Soil and Pest Management, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria, to evaluate the lethality of rice husk ash (RHA) of six rice varieties from different geographical areas in Nigeria to the cowpea seed beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius and the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky in relation to the silica content. RHA was produced and the silica content determined using standard methods. The lethality of the RHAs was tested at 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 g/20 g of grain dosages against 10 adult beetles. The silica content ranged from 54.65% to 90.45% being highest for Jemila variety RHA and lowest with Igbemo RHA. Irrespective of dosage and duration of exposure, all the RHAs generally produced significant mortality of C. maculatus and S. zeamais in comparison with the control. The Jemila variety RHA was most lethal to the two storage beetles followed by the FARO 44 and Kilaki RHAs. RHA lethality to the two beetles was significantly positively correlated with silica content. RHA with high silica content is suited for inclusion in insecticidal botanical cocktails and integrated stored grain protection.
Key words— Rice husk ash, silica content, Callosobruchus maculatus, Sitophilus zeamais, mortality.
Worldwide, stored products are attacked by a large number of pests resulting in significant economic losses. Among these stored grain pests, khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium (Everts) (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) is one of the top ranked pests that has ability to survive under diverse climate conditions. The management of this pest is mainly done by using synthetic chemicals which have side effects on consumers, ecosystem and non-target organisms. However, phyto-derivatives were found to be the effective environment friendly alternatives against T. granarium. Therefore, in this review, success of phyto-derivatives against khapra beetle from conventional means to modern research has been critically analyzed, summarized and discussed. In context, the different life stages of the insect starting from egg laying to adult development have been briefly explained. The review focuses upon recent research conducted on the evaluation of dozens of phyto-derivatives. In addition, the article has also highlighted some limitations of plant derived compounds and concludes via hoping that the future formulated pesticides will be safer, economical, least toxic to human and our planet ecosystem.
The Effectiveness of three types of ashes, apple, grape and olive, was tested against adults of cowpea seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera, Bruchidae) using five concentrations: 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 g/kg cowpea seeds. The study was carried out in an incubator with constant temperature and humidity at the Biotechnology Research Center, Al-Baath University, Homs. Syria. Effectiveness of mortality increase rates was calculated for adults 72 hours after treatment and Effectiveness in reducing seed weight loss, damage rate and the reduction of adult emergence numbers was determined. The results obtained showed that the effectiveness of the three ashes in increasing mortality rates with superiority of apple ash with significant (P=0.01) increase of 85.43%, compared with both grape ash 85.09% and olive ash 84.94%. Effectiveness was also increased with increasing concentration, where the maximum value reached 85.72% at concentration of 80 g/kg and the lowest value was 82.89% for the concentration of 5 g/kg. The relationship was positive between increasing concentration and increasing effectiveness of ashes in reducing seed loss, damage rate and adults emergence rate. The effectiveness at concentration 5 g/kg was 86.26, 87.68 and 88.01%, respectively, and the effectiveness increased at concentration 80 g/kg to 98.76, 98.70 and 98.80%, respectively. Apple ash was superior to that of grape and olive, where effectiveness of apple ash in reducing weight loss, damage and adult emergence reached 93.96, 94.35 and 93.80%, respectively, whereas it reached 91.21, 91.41 and 91.41%, respectively, in case of olive ash. The results of the study showed that the three ash types were effective against cowpea seed beetle, with the apple ash being superior over the other two ashes.
The study aimed to test the effectiveness of six different wood
ashes (figs, mulberry, Straw, olive, grape and apple) against the
Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera, Bruchidae) at
concentration: 5g/kg cowpea seeds. The study was carried out in
incubator with fixed temperature 27±1 and humidity 60±5 at
Biotechnology Research Center, Al-baath University.Homs, Syria.
The results showed that all ashes tested were effective against C.
maculatus and the highest mortality rate was observed in apple and
grape treatements (84.11 and 83.95 % after 72 hours respectively).
Apple ashe was the best in its effectivenst on the reduction of new
adult emergence (88.38%), weight loss (86.08 %) and damge
reduction (88.74 %) in comparison with other ashes.
Ash toxicity of burning pruning residues of three plant species i.e. apple, grape and olive was tested against adults of cowpea seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera, Bruchidae) using the following concentrations: (5, 10, 20, 40 and 80) g/kg of cowpea seed. The study was carried out in incubator at fixed temperature and humidity at Biotechnology Research Center, Al-baath University. Readings were taken after (24, 48 and 72) h of treatment, and corrected mortality rates were calculated and values of LC50, LC90, LT50 and LT90. Results showed
that mean of corrected mortality rate after 24 hours was (18.47, 36.45, 44.60, 49.64, 53.71) % at concentrations of (5, 10, 20, 40 and 80) g/kg respectively with significant difference (P≥0.01), and (45.04, 40.29 and 36.40)% for apple, grape and olive ashes, respectively with significant difference. The values of LC50 and LC90 were (1.251 and 11.520) g/kg for apple ash, (2.154 and 12.490) g/kg for grape ash and (2.631 and 18.492) g/kg for olive ash after 48h. The values of LT50 and LT90 were (22.941 and 35.262) h for apple ash, (24.377 and 37.306) h for grape ash and (26.305 and 40.242) h for olive ash when the concentration 40 g/kg. As a result, apple ash showed higher toxicity and minimal mortality time.
Ash from bulbs of garlic (Allium sativum L.) and onion (Allium cepa L.) were tested for fumigant action against adult emergence of Callosobruchus muculatus (Fabricius), a major pest of stored cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.), in fumigation cups. Adult emergence was completely prevented from freshly laid C. maculatus eggs on cowpea seeds that were fumigated with 6.0g of ash from bulbs of garlic (A. sativum). No emergence hole was noticed on the affected cowpea seeds. Other treatments involving A. sativum (garlic) ash, tested at 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0g also significantly reduced adult emergence of C. maculatus from fumigated cowpea seeds, compared with the control. Seed holing under the various fumigation levels, was also significantly reduced compared with the control. Ash of garlic (A. sativum) was ineffective in preventing adult emergence from treated C. maculatus larvae in seeds. Ash of onion (A. cepa) was generally less effective in the control of C maculatus compared with that of garlic (A. sativum). Results therefore indicate that there is good prospect in using bulbs ash of garlic (A. sativum) as fumigant for the control of C maculatus in stored cowpea seeds.
Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) is a serious pest of stored grains, worldwide. In an attempt to find natural and cheaper methods of control of stored product pests some traditionally useful materials have been evaluated for their pesticidal properties. Biopesticidal efficacy of Datura inoxia (Miller) and Dodonaea viscosa Linnaeus (Jacquin) in acetone and methanol extracts have been tested on C.maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) fed on cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (W) seeds. All the concentrations viz. 5, 10 and 20% of the acetone and methanol extracts were found to be effective in controlling the pest C. maculatus. The extracts were effective in increasing mortality, decreasing the oviposition and F1 adult emergence of the insect pest. Thus, the botanicals acted as insect antifeedant and the order of toxicity of various treatments on cowpea weevil was:
Inert dusts toxicity of kaolin, silica and zeolite were tested against adults of cowpea seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera, Bruchidae) using five concentrations 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 g/kg of cowpea seed. The study was carried out in an incubator at fixed temperature and humidity at the Biotechnology Research Center, Al-Baath University. Readings were taken 24, 48 and 72 h after treatment, and corrected mortality rates and LC 50 , LC 90 , LT 50 and LT 90 values were calculated. Results showed that mean of corrected mortality rate after 24 hours at concentrations of 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 g/kg of seed were 11.34, 35.73, 42.45, 47.72 and 53.71%, respectively, with significant difference at P=0.01. Mortality rates for kaolin, silica and zeolite powders were 46.18, 38.46, 29.93%, respectively, with significant differences at P=0.01. The LC 50 and LC 90 values were 3.285 and 7.303 g/kg for Kaolin, 7.607 and 25.176 g/kg for Silica and 8.909 and 151.902 g/kg for Zeolite 48 h after treatment. The LT50 and LT90 values were 23.03 and 30.43 h for kaolin, 24.00 and 40.37 h for silica and 31.23 and 68.04 h for zeolite at 40 g/kg. Kaolin powder showed higher toxicity and minimal mortality time compared to the other products.
Efficacy of dichloromethane and methanol extract of Acorus calamus, Cyperus rotundus, Creteva adalsonii, Arfocarpus heterophyllus and Cassia siamea were studied at 0.5, 1, 2.5 and 5% concentrations against Callosobruchus maculafus. Maximum oviposition deterrent activity was recorded in higher concentration (5%) of all the plants. The percentage of reduction in oviposition was comparatively higher in dichloromethane extract than methanol extract. Out of all the plants tested, dichloromethane and methanol extract of A. calamus showed significant oviposition deterrent activity (86.5% and 65.08%) followed by dichloromethane extract of A. heterophyllus (59.19%). The percentage of FT adult emergence was significantly reduced in dichloromethane extract of A. calamus followed by A. heterophyllus and Cyperus rotundus. The remaining plants tested showed nearly 50% of reduction in F1 adult emergence.
Laboratory and field studies were conducted with stored maize in western Ethiopia, against storage pests using the diatomaceous earth SilicoSec® (SS), pirimiphos-methyl (PMM) and a range of plant powders, oils, wood ash and other inert materials. In the laboratory, the effects of the substances were tested on Sitophilus zeamais. Fresh powder of Chenopodium ambrosioides (MTP) at 20 % w/w killed 100 % of maize weevils within 6 days, at 2.5 % within 8 days. Powders of leaves (NLP) (20 % w/w) and kernels (NSP) (3 % w/w) of Azadirachta indica (neem) exerted a weevil mortality of about 90 % after 12 days. Progeny emergence was delayed in NLP, and suppressed by NSP. Wood ash at 5 and 10 % w/w induced 100 % mortality of weevils within 15 days in the laboratory, and there was no progeny. These effects lasted for > 300 days, in the laboratory. Admixing sand at 50 % and tef at 70 % w/w induced weevil mortalities of about 90 % after 4 weeks, with a lowered progeny production. Treatments of maize with oils of neem, sunflower, maize, sesame and of Guizotia abbyssinica at 10 ml kg -1 exerted a mortality and reduction of progeny of 100 %, for 318 days. But the germination of maize seeds was reduced. In traditional field stores, four substances were tested. Wood ash (at 5 % w/w) and tef (at 33 % w/w) performed worse than in the laboratory, effects lasting for 14 weeks, only, in contrast to SS and PMM. The mechanisms and prospects of the observed effects are discussed.
In this study, ash has been proposed for desiccant drying of grains. The process of drying has been found to be a very slow one being more or less a diffusion process. Equilibrium moisture contents of a given variety of grains have been observed to be affected by ash-grain ratio (by weight). An appropriate drying rate model has been found to describe adequately the whole range of any set of data under given test conditions. Both the drying and the so-called experimental constants have been related empirically to the ash-grain ratio (by weight) for a given grain variety. These constants have been shown to be dependent upon the grain variety. A new empirical relationship has been established between the drying and the experimental constants.
Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) is a very serious pest of cow pea in storage in Nigeria and many other oountries (Singh, 1977; Tindall, 1983). Damaged seeds are riddled with emergence holes, defaced with egg covers and have reduced viability. Heavy attack causes severe powdering and weight loss. In Nigeria, about 30–60% loss in cow pea is attributed to infestation and damage by bruchid beetles over a 3- to 6-month storage period, of which over 90% is caused by C. maculatus alone (Caswell, 1981).(Received April 12 1986)(Revised April 12 1986)
Preservation of Postharvest Cowpeas by Subsistence Farmers in Cameroon
- J L Wolfson
- L L Murdock
- L L Kitch
- R E Shade
- G Ntoukam
Wolfson J. L., Murdock L. L., Kitch L. L., Shade R. E. and Ntoukam G. (1990) Preservation of Postharvest Cowpeas by Subsistence Farmers in Cameroon. Bean/Cowpea CRSP Cameroon Project Annual Report, East Lansing, Mich.
The Accessible General Linear Modeling Package Abacus Concepts Holzaschen als wirksames Mittel zur Bekaempfung von Callosobruchus macularus in traditionellen Bohnenlagern Westafrikas
- Superanova
SuperANOVA (1989) The Accessible General Linear Modeling Package. Abacus Concepts, Berkeley, Calif. Wegmann E. (1983) Holzaschen als wirksames Mittel zur Bekaempfung von Callosobruchus macularus in traditionellen Bohnenlagern Westafrikas. Gesunde Pjanzen 9, 229-234.
Holzaschen als wirksames Mittel zur Bekaempfung von Callosobruchus maculatus in traditionellen Bohnenlagern Westafrikas
- Wegmann