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The Psychodynamics of Family Life. Diagnosis and Treatment of Family Relationships
... Several prominent individuals in the field and societal events helped the emergence and spread of family therapy as a m ode of treatment. Nathan Ackerman, an eminent child therapist, began the private practice of treating families and teaching this practice to other professionals in the field in the 1940s (Beels, 2002;Ackerman, 1958;Ackerman & Sobel, 1950). Ackerman wrote multiple books and articles on how to incorporate the family into individual practices and shared successful case examples at professional conferences (Gladding, 2002;Ackerman, 1958;Ackerman & Sobel, 1950). ...
... Nathan Ackerman, an eminent child therapist, began the private practice of treating families and teaching this practice to other professionals in the field in the 1940s (Beels, 2002;Ackerman, 1958;Ackerman & Sobel, 1950). Ackerman wrote multiple books and articles on how to incorporate the family into individual practices and shared successful case examples at professional conferences (Gladding, 2002;Ackerman, 1958;Ackerman & Sobel, 1950). In the mid-1950's, Murray Bowen also established a unit at the National Institute of Mental Health devoted to observing and documenting the familial interactions of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia (Beels, 2002;Bowen, 1959;Bowen, 1965). ...
... Bateson, began to examine the communication patterns between the family members of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia (Beels, 2002;Bateson, Jackson, Haley, & Weakland, 1956 National Council on Family Relations, 2011). The goal of family therapy during this time period was to position "relationships at the center of understanding of human experience…The conceptual shift was from thinking of the family as the sum of individual psyches, to thinking of the family as a system made up of interrelated parts" (Flaskas, 2010, p. 238 Ackerman (1958) argued: "The family is the basic unit of growth and experience, fulfillment or failure. It is also the basic unit of illness and health" (p. ...
Current estimates suggest that 16% to 22% of children and adolescents in the United States are diagnosed with mental health disorders, and nearly six million children and adolescents experience symptoms that interrupt their daily functioning (Chung, Edgar-Smith, Palmer, Bartholomew, & Delambo, 2008). Understanding the functioning of families seeking mental health services is imperative to tailoring services in order to meet their needs. The purpose of the present study was to explore and describe the functioning of families as they initiate outpatient community mental health services in an effort to better understand their needs and ultimately to tailor the services to meet these needs. Two research questions were posed in the present study: 1) What typology of family functioning exists for families initiating outpatient services from a community mental health treatment facility, and 2) In what specific areas of family functioning are families obtaining unhealthy scores most frequently? This study utilized an exploratory analysis, specifically a k-means cluster analysis, in order to identify and describe a typology of family functioning as perceived by families initiating outpatient mental health services. The findings suggest that three clusters emerged from the data including: 1) families who obtained healthy scores on all of the subscales on the measurement used, 2) families who obtained unhealthy scores on all of the subscales, and 3) families who obtained healthy scores on some of the subscales and unhealthy scores on others. Given that this study is a first in the field, the results have both pertinent research and clinical implications.
... To keep one's health, one must continuously share it with other healthy persons. One must find a group climate in which one can continue to grow and actualize one's potentials in healthy human relationships (Ackerman, 1958; VIII; G a n t m a n , 1980). ...
... In the U.S.A., for example, spending many hours each day in front of the TV set is quite normal for young children but may not be 'healthy' as this behaviour has negative consequences for their development. For family therapists, the statistical approach is of little relevance as they rarely refer to empirical research findings (Ackerman, 1958(Ackerman, , 1966Pongratz, due to the pluralism of values. Thus, therapists have to decide which values are 'right' or 'wrong'. ...
... It is important to consider that according to this definition, 'health' often stands for conventionality. Moreover, the family's functions for society like reproduction and socialization are sometimes considered to be of greater importance than the family's and its members' wellbeing (Ackerman, 1958(Ackerman, , 1966Vassiliou, 1967;Rosenbaum, 1974;Watzlawick et al., 1974;Bell, 1975;Pongratz, 1975;Sherman, 1976;Jackson, I 980). ...
The importance of concepts and hypotheses about ‘healthy’ families for family therapists is stressed. A number of different approaches to defining ‘health’ is described. Concepts and hypotheses of family therapists from different schools are integrated into a more encompassing theory, thereby focusing on statements with respect to personality, cognition, behaviour, communication, relationship, role, family system and network. It is noted that family therapy literature lacks information about ‘healthy’ families. Moreover, nearly all statements are non-scientific and normative as they are not founded on empirical research.
... At a more specific level, however, the four counselors' approaches diverge (Friedlander & Highlen, 1984;Nichols, 1984). Ackerman's (1958) emphasis was psychodynamic, whereas Jackson (1965;Watzlawick, Beavin, & Jackson, 1967) focused on interactional and paradoxical communication. Bowen's (1978) interest lies in historic, multigenerational influences on families, in sharp contrast to Whitaker's here-and-now, symbolic-experiential approach (Whitaker & Keith, 1981). ...
... In some respects, profiles of the distinctive features in these interviews seem consistent with the four counselors' theoretical foci, although, as we noted earlier, these emphases do not reflect discrete schools of thought. Consistent with his psychodynamic emphasis (Ackerman, 1958), almost half of Ackerman's responses were monadic, and in contrast to the other counselors, the children spoke more with Ackerman about (dyadic) parent-child relationships and less about their sibling interactions. Ackerman made somewhat more now, or in-session, comments than his colleagues, and few of his responses were past oriented, despite the traditional psychodynamic interest in family history. ...
Conducted a multidimensional content analysis of 4 expert counselors' (N. Ackerman, M. Bowen, D. Jackson, and C. Whitaker) approaches to family treatment. Data were from the 1969
Hillcrest Families Series (produced by R. Birdwhistell), films of these experts conducting assessment interviews with the same family. The natural language in these interviews reveal that Ss' behaviors both converged and diverged. Although these Ss did not represent separate theoretical schools, the distinctive features in their sessions were consistent with their theoretical emphases. Across interviews, commonalities included (a) the parents as the most active participants; (b) a focus on the parental subsystem; and (c) similar proportions of certain types of counselor responses (e.g., informative directives). A fair proportion of Ss' messages were indirect (addressed to someone other than the target of the communication). Based on these results and an earlier study by the 1st 2 authors (see record
1985-07308-001) of the same interviews, 2 common change factors in family counseling are proposed: disruption of the existing balance of power among family members and education in the nature and strength of family systems. (30 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
... Finally, of the four counselors studied here, Ackerman's (1958) approach to families remained most closely tied to psychoanalytic principles. Working with middleclass families, Ackerman described the primary diagnostic task of the counselor as uncovering conflicts within and between family members (Nichols, 1984). ...
... Although all of them espoused a systems view of family problems, at a less abstract level their orientations differ. The configuration of Ackerman's interview showed elements of his psychodynamic (Ackerman, 1958) focus, especially in the parent-child triangles. Whitaker's ambivalence about the need for an organized family structure (Nichols, 1984) corresponds to the lack of clear subsystems or hierarchy in his map. ...
Compared the interpersonal structure in interviews conducted by 4 founders of the family therapy movement—N. Ackerman, M. Bowen, D. Jackson, and C. Whitaker—with the same family to determine the extent of similarity and identify common features across counselors. Multidimensional scaling provided a spatial representation of the hidden structure in the communication patterns of these interviews. Each of the 4 analyses showed 2 dimensions that explained most of the variance, 72–85%. Correlations among the 4 2-dimensional solutions were high, especially between Ackerman and Whitaker (.75) and Bowen and Jackson (.99), indicating that these counselors' interactions with the family were remarkably similar. The therapists' postinterview impressions of the family suggested a basis for understanding the similarities and variability in the 4 spatial configurations. Interpretation suggested that all the counselors joined the family from a position of power, respecting the parents' distress and the established hierarchy by interacting more with them than with the children. Bowen and Jackson aligned themselves closely with the parents, whereas Ackerman and Whitaker were at the edge of the family. Discussion focuses on common features in counselors' work with families and how multidimensional scaling can chart changes in family structure over the course of counseling. (51 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
... Such perspectives emphasise and confirm how mind and relationships are deeply intertwined, and the family, as the primary context of social learning, is the social system that more strongly creates the models of relational behaviors and, in this way, exerts a special influence on individual thoughts. As well-know and already established by pioneers of family therapy, there is a mutual interdependence between personal and family identity (Ackerman, 1958), and an individual psychotherapy from a systemic-relational perspective focuses on this close relationship, connecting personal thoughts to family belief systems, as well as affect regulation processes and behavior attitudes to interpersonal communication contexts. To some extent, the integration of cognition and affect is isomorphic with the boundaries of interpersonal relationships, where adequate levels of differentiation allow to feel comfortable in being connected with significant others and at the same time having proper spaces of private thinking and action. ...
The article discusses the current state of systemic therapies with individuals, identifying the epistemological underpinnings of different approaches, and proposing a possible integration. Systemic-relational models developed from both the studies on communication of the Palo Alto research tradition and the documented experience of clinicians devoted to the treatment of families in mental and general health care. From these roots derived different approaches to family therapy, which are currently undergoing a process of integration as highlighted by surveys on clinical private practice and by research studies. It is widely recognized that such an integration could be of help in expanding the possibilities and potentiating the effects of systemic interventions. Unfortunately, the available literature focuses mainly on couple and family therapy, neglecting the field of systemic interventions for individuals, whose methodological aspects receive little attention and whose potentialities are probably underestimated.
... Psychology has taken a special interest in this subject since the 1950s when family itself became an object of analysis. Curiously, although many different versions of family have been articulated, psychologists have traditionally conceived of family as a reality and have thereby discussed the concept of family as if it was an objectified fact (e.g., Ackerman, 1958). ...
Beginning with an understanding of family as a social construction, this article suggests that people actively make meanings about family during social interchanges. The idea is that family can be conceived as a discursive achievement: Family is defined in terms of what people who are drawing on various available socially produced discourses describe together as family. We propose that different realities regarding family are created via social processes of negotiating meaning in the interactive moment. Therefore, there are many different versions of family, and each of them has diverse implications for the social world. Examples of these implications for psychological theories, research, and family therapy are also presented, in considering how they might be useful in the field of psychology.
... Negli Stati Uniti -intorno agli anni '60 -alcuni clinici precedentemente impegnati nell'ambito della psicoanalisi infantile (Ackerman, 1958), avviano lo studio delle dinamiche familiari associate al disadattamento evolutivo dei figli. Successivamente -negli anni '70 -l'ottica sistemicorelazionale diviene il riferimento teorico di Salvador Minuchin (1974) che formula il Modello Strutturale di Terapia Familiare, applicato principalmente per la terapia con famiglie con un bambino sintomatico. ...
A partire da un lavoro di Fivaz-Depeursinge e collaboratori (Fivaz-Depeursinge, Lopes,
Python e Favez, 2009), il presente studio si propone di operazionalizzare gli stili di coparenting
ed i corrispondenti stili interattivi del bambino in un campione di 52 famiglie e di definire l’emergenza
di diverse tipologie di coalizioni familiari. Le famiglie sono state osservate attraverso la
procedura del Lausanne Trilogue Play clinico (LTPc; Malagoli Togliatti e Mazzoni, 2006). I risultati
evidenziano l’utilità di un approfondimento sistematico delle configurazioni triangolari tra madre,
padre e figlio, al fine di aiutare il clinico ad individuare gli schemi relazionali rigidi caratteristici
delle famiglie disfunzionali e a differenziare i processi interattivi funzionali anche in situazioni di
complessità.
... 21-38;Hannah Arendt, "The crisis in culture: its social and its political significance", en Between Past and Present: Eight Exercises in Political Thought, Nueva York, Penguin Books, 1968, pp. 197-226 1946-1958", en Journal of American History, núm. 79, marzo, 1993, pp. ...
En este artículo analizo la obra capital de Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (1963). Exploro sus descripciones del ama de casa que dedi- ca su trabajo, energía y su vida adulta a su marido, hijos y hogar. El estudio de Friedan sobre la cuestión de la mano de obra doméstica de la esposa se basó en una mezcla de posturas marxistas de la vieja izquierda de la preguerra y la creciente influencia de la ideología liberal dominante antirradical de la década de 1950, conforme acadé- micos y comentaristas sociales contemporáneos habían articulado es- tas visiones. El ensayo examina cómo el enfoque social, psicológico y económico de Friedan subvirtió y validó de manera simultánea a las ciencias sociales y las ideologías rivales de la época. El hecho de cruzar fronteras le permitió a Friedan convertirse en una “figura puen- te transicional” entre generaciones.
... Nonetheless, a kind of lingua franca exists and a basic vocabulary of family therapy should include familiarity with the following dozen word-fields. This is a personal selection reflecting important figures and contributions to the field, guided by citation analyses of the family therapy literature (L'Abate and Thaxton" 1980;Thaxton and L'Abate, 1982): i) homeostasis (Ackerman, 1958;Dell, 1982a;Jackson, 1957); ii) double bind (Bateson, et al, 1956;Berger, 1978); iii) family of origin (Bowen, 1978;Braverman, 1981Braverman, , 1982Framo, 1976), triangles (Bowen, 1978); iv) family myth (Ferreira 1963(Ferreira , 1964(Ferreira , 1967, family rules (Ford, 1983;Ford and Rarrick, 1974;Satir, 1972); v) boundaries, hierarchies, structural theory (Minuchin, 1974;Minuchin and Fishman, 1981); vi) symmetry and complementarity (Bateson, 1936(Bateson, , 1978aKeeney, 1979), the doll's house marriage (Pittman and Flomenhaft, 1970); vii) circularity (Selvini Palazzoli, et al, 1980), cybernetics, systems theory (Bateson, 1980;Keeney, 1982;Tomm, 1982); viii) family rituals (Selvini Palazzoli, et al, 1977;Wolin and Bennett, 1984); ix) paradox and counterparadox (Selvini Palazzoli, et al, 1978); x) rigid family system ; xi) metaphor — the family drama, the family mask , the family game (Selvini Palazzoli, et al, 1978); xii) cultural costume and camouflage (Friedman, 1982). Gerson and Barsky (1979) provide a useful glossary of 85 terms for family therapy with brief clinically-oriented definitions and references. ...
Family Therapy and Transcultural Psychiatry : An Emerging Synthesis.
Part I : The Conceptual Basis by VINCENZO F. DINICOLA
In: Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review N° 22, 1985
"Family therapy is the starting point for the study of ever wider social units." Selvini Palazzoli (1974)
ContrastIng two fundamentally différent intellectual orientations, Sir Isaiah Berlin (1979) introduced a distinction between the singleminded thinkers of depth who resemble the burrowing hedgehog and the diversified thinkers of breadth who resemble the wide-ranging fox. Using this distinction as a conceptual tool, we can attempt to match the diverse and sometimes contradictory field of transcultural psychiatry with a model of behaviour and culture that resonates with its broad approach. Transcultural psychiatry is like a wide-ranging fox whose alliance with dynamic "depth" psychology has been a misalliance, as it was for anthropology (Favazza and Oman, 1980). It is suggested that the breadth of family therapy makes it a better fit for transcultural psychiatry, as they are two similar maps of the same territory...
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... No claim is made to uniqueness or originality and, indeed, some family therapists may already use an equivalent recording technique. For example, Ackerman (1958), Minuchin (1974), Cormack (1975), and Skynner (1976) utilize diagrams to illustrate aspects of family structure and dynamics, and Walrond-Skinner (1976) presents an example from her own practice of the system discussed in this paper. ...
A diagrammatic technique for recording family sessions is presented. The Interaction Chronogram is a visual display system originally devised for use in group psychotherapy by Cox, but can be modified for work with families. The system permits a family session to be summarized diagrammatically and aids review of a family's treatment. A 'diagnostic' and treatment session with one family is presented to illustrate the system's use.
... The family systems approach has recently emerged as an important development in psychotherapy (e.g. Ackerman, 1958). Family therapy does not focus primarily upon intrapsychic processes in the individual, but it is problem-centred, orientated towards crisis in the present life situation and addresses itself specifically to the immediate socio-ecological context, the family system. ...
This study investigated the use of series of nocturnal dream reports to diagnose patterns of family functioning. Five families (twenty one subjects) collected a total of 126 dreams. A Treatment Group consisted of two families undergoing family therapy whilst a Non-Treatment Group, comprising three families, was drawn from a population ranging from severely disturbed to superior family functioning. The manifest content of the dreams was analysed, qualitatively and quantitatively. The presenting problem, case history, therapeutic processes and outcome were unknown to the dream researcher. The family therapist was blind to the dream content and dream analysis. Each family was independently rated by the therapist and the dream researcher. The agreement between the two assessments was highly significant. In addition, the problem areas, family transactions and treatment outcome were correctly identified by the dream researcher. It was concluded that analyses of dream series reflect the problem areas encountered by a family system. Implications for therapeutic strategies are discussed.
... Nach einer Versuchsphase begann er, die Familie als angemessene Diagnose-und Behandlungseinheit anzusehen. In den 50er Jahren organisierte er Tagungen über Familiendiagnosen, eröffnete ein Forschungsinstitut und veröffentlichte das erste Buch über Diagnose und Behandlung von Familienbeziehungen: "The Psychodynamics of Family Life" (ACKERMAN, N., 1958). ...
Trier, Universität, Thesis (doctoral), 1993.
In this article, problems of emotional disorders in preschool children are considered. Particular attention is paid to the development of fears, anxiety, aggression at this age stage. Main features of the development of the child at this stage are analyzed, the reasons for the difficulties that arise in the process of raising children, the problems that arise due to the types of incorrect education. On the basis of the diagnostic examination, the author identified a group of children for whom a corrective program was developed aimed at working with fears, anxiety, aggressive behavior, using psycho-technical exercises, game assignments, and also using projective techniques, metaphorical associative maps, techniques-"Expanding the picture", which allows not only to identify the presence of problems in children, but also to adjust their further interaction with children and adults. This technique, combined with the child's play activity, allowed the author to address the psycho traumatic situation, excluding the possibility of repeated or new traumatization, which undoubtedly created the conditions for safe search and modeling of the solution of a particular problem. During the pilot study, the author identified the relationship between the characteristics of family education and the presence of emotional and behavioral disorders in children of this age, and also substantiated the idea that timely detection and impact on the causes leading to possible psychological trauma, the introduction of preschool the establishment of correctional and psycho-prophylactic programs will create conditions for the favorable development and formation of children and the safe preparation for stake. Introduction. In the era of ubiquitous globalization and the integration of all spheres of human knowledge, it is difficult to do the research without psychological knowledge. The future of our children is closely related to the extent to which parents correctly approach their upbringing, and also how timely the
Marital relationship is considered as a positive and life-enriching factor. Nevertheless, there exist disagreements and conflicts in marriage, which could also be serious stressors that affect the lives of the individuals. Effective solutions for prevailing problems ensure the functional continuity of the family. Cognitive-behavioral therapies developed to resolve marital problems were commonly intended to modify the unrealistic expectations, problematic cognitions and behaviors of the spouses and to improve their interaction, using direct skill-based methods such as problem-solving and communication skills. Certain objectives of cognitive-behavioral marital therapy, which focus on the feelings, behaviors, and cognitions of spouses, include decreasing problematic behavioral interactions and increasing mutual emotional support between the spouses. In recent years, cognitive-behavioral marital therapy was adapted to address a wide range of individual, psychological, and medical problems. Cognitive-behavioral marital therapy studies based on marital conflict and individual psychopathologies are expected to be effective both for relationship compliance and for the improvement of psychopathological symptoms of the spouses.
Rationale, aims, and objectives:
Clinical and research evidence suggests that family functioning is an important variable in shaping psychological well-being, despite being often overlooked in the prevailing approaches to mental health. The aim of the present study is to examine the associations between psychological distress and family functioning in a sample of patients accessing a public mental health service.
Method:
CORE-OM and FACES IV questionnaires were administered to 112 patients, and all the correlations between the scales and subscales were calculated. Descriptive statistics concerning family typologies and satisfaction with family communication or relationships were also evaluated.
Results:
The results showed significant associations between family functioning and psychological well-being. Positive aspects of family functioning, such as balanced cohesion and flexibility, were associated with lower distress, while negative aspects such as disengagement were associated with poorer mental health. According to the Circumplex model, most of the families were described as balanced in their functioning; however, the communication and family satisfaction scores revealed that many patients had concerns about their family relationships.
Conclusions:
This study confirms that family functioning is significantly associated with psychological distress, also in the absence of clear and conspicuous signs of structural imbalances within family relationships.
Conducted a multidimensional content analysis of 4 expert counselors' (N. Ackerman, M. Bowen, D. Jackson, and C. Whitaker) approaches to family treatment. Data were from the 1969 Hillcrest Families Series (produced by R. Birdwhistell), films of these experts conducting assessment interviews with the same family. The natural language in these interviews reveal that Ss' behaviors both converged and diverged. Although these Ss did not represent separate theoretical schools, the distinctive features in their sessions were consistent with their theoretical emphases. Across interviews, commonalities included (a) the parents as the most active participants; (b) a focus on the parental subsystem; and (c) similar proportions of certain types of counselor responses (e.g., informative directives). A fair proportion of Ss' messages were indirect (addressed to someone other than the target of the communication). Based on these results and an earlier study by the 1st 2 authors (see record 1985-07308-001) of the same interviews, 2 common change factors in family counseling are proposed: disruption of the existing balance of power among family members and education in the nature and strength of family systems. (30 ref)
My approach to family therapy emerged gradually after my beginnings in 1951 (Bell, 1961). To this day it continues to shift, though now in less dramatic ways. Starting without precedents I had the opportunity, without any input from other therapists, to devise a method that worked for me. Accordingly, the methods will not necessarily be functional for others whose personalities, family backgrounds, developmental experiences, and exposures to varieties of family therapy direct them to make their own different approaches to families.
The introduction of a new way of thinking about and treating psychiatric problems is fraught with difficulties and resistances. A profession becomes wedded to one approach, and the tendency is to stay with that one. For a member of a profession to consider and accept new ideas might undermine long-established and cherished beliefs and practices. These new ideas could represent a threat to what the individual has been doing all along. This is not very attractive to those who have devoted lifetimes to the acquisition of concepts and therapeutic techniques whose prior assumptions are now being questioned. As a psychiatrist colleague said, “Let’s face it, I have too much at stake in this thing to change now. I have helped a lot of people over the years, so I must have been doing something right.”
Learning to do effective clinical work with families is a process that evolves slowly. It requires much more than the initial enthusiasm that may follow a few successfully managed and lively family interviews. Some early experiences of that kind are essential for developing a belief in the value of the modality, but the ability to hang in with difficult families over a period of time requires a considerable depth of clinical wisdom. That kind of wisdom about families accumulates slowly and builds out of a combination of substantial theoretical comprehension and wide ranging clinical experience including trial and error, success and failure.
Family therapy was initially defined as any psychotherapeutic endeavor that explicitly focused on altering the interactions between or among family members, and sought to improve the functioning of the family as a unit, or its subsystems, and/or the functioning of the individual members of the family (Gurman et al. 1986). With time, the working definition of “family” has changed substantially. Family therapy (or, more appropriately, systemic therapy) usually refers to the inclusion in treatment of people who have a significant relationship to the individual concerned, not necessarily bounded by biological, legal, or household designations. The “system” of treatment is now seen as including those who have a part in the concern about the problems and those who could provide resources and support for change, i.e., the system includes the therapy team.
Wherever human societies have existed, there have been those who have theorized about the individual self and about the dynamic interaction between each person and his culture. While it was not practical to attempt an examination in this book of all theories of the individual and society, it is crucial to note that there seems to be an evolution of thought in the direction of viewing man as a set of systems within larger systems.
With the evolution of the self and the growing dependency of each individual self system on other self systems, the human animal is enmeshed in patterns of relationships. These patterns are the center of his existence and, from birth to death, each person is engaged in a cybernetic system of information processing that validates his existence and adds to his illusion of autonomy.
The brain is continually involved in secretory activity— producing transmitters, enzymes and other hormonal substances. The interaction or equilibrium of those chemical substances is the cauldron from which the behavioral readout emanates. We may say that the brain, in conjunction with all other organ systems in the body, secretes behavior. This is analagous to the secretory activity of the kidney the enzyme activity of which, in conjunction with various chemical agents in the perfusing blood flow, results in the output of urine. The secretion (or perhaps excretion) of the brain depends on informational input as well as chemical activity.
The aim of this study is to examine the association of adolescents self rated behavioral problems with the family, functioning. parental attitudes. and self-esteem. The sample is consisted of 153 adolescents from a public high school. the age range is between 14 and 17 (M = 15.09. S.D. = 1.01). Participants completed Me Master Family Assessment Device (FAD). Parental Altitude Research Instrumental (PARI). Rosenberg ,, Self-Esteem Scale. Youth Self Report (YSR) and a demographic information form. Low self-esteem has been found to be associated with the adolescents' total problem behavior, and internalizing and externalizing problem Concerning, the family functioning styles. (deficits and Conflicts ill general functioning affective responsiveness. problem solving. and role assignments were found it) he significantly associated(l with the adolescents behavioral problems. Among parental attitudes. excessively democratic. friendly parenting attitudes and rejection of strict discipline were found to be significant associates of externalizing problems of the adolescents. The findings were discussed in relation to the relevant literature.
The aim of this study in to examine the association of adolescents' self rated behavioral problems with the family functioning, parental attitudes, and self-esteem. The sample is consisted of 153 adolescents from a public high school, the age range is between 14 and 17 (M = 15.09. S.D. = 1.01). Participants completed Mc Master Family Assessment Device (FAD). Parental Attitude Research Instrument (PARI). Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Youth Self Report (YSR) and a demographic information form. Low self-esteem has been found to be associated with the adolescents' total problem behavior, and internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors. Concerning the family functioning styles, deficits and conflicts in general functioning, affective responsiveness, problem solving, and role assignments were found to be significantly associated with the adolescents behavioral problems. Among parental attitudes, excessively democratic, friendly parenting altitudes and rejection of strict discipline were found to be significant associates of externalizing problems of the adolescents. The findings were discussed in relation to the relevant literature.
Double Bind Theory has long been discredited as a viable theoretical framework to understand the relationship between schizophrenia and family interaction. Since research continues to indicate that the family environment plays a crucial role in the development and/or maintenance of the disorder, a reconsideration of the status of Double Bind is both necessary and timely. This paper utilizes a Nonlinear Dynamical Systems framework to bring the theory up to date with current dynamical thinking, and renames the resulting model N-Bind theory. The premises of N-Bind theory are discussed, and the symptoms of schizophrenia are described in light of the theory. The compatibility of N-Bind theory with the Vulnerability-Stress model is discussed, and a procedure is proposed to test the two hypotheses which postulate on different levels of analysis that Binds are more likely to occur in families with than without a schizophrenic member. Some of the implications for treatment and prevention are considered, should the theory be supported by empirical evidence.
This chapter refers briefly to some of the psychotherapeutic approaches available in treating patients with neurological disorders.
Often, an appropriate mix of individual, family, and group therapies is required to provide the patient with maximum benefit.
Mention is also made of therapy programs that address pain management and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A detailed
presentation is beyond the scope of this book. The reader is referred to citations in the text for further information.
This paper provides an introduction to a new approach to the practice of family therapy called object relations family therapy. It is viewed as especially appropriate for social work practice due to its ability to combine individual, couple and family modalities. In addition it permits work on multiple levels of latent and manifest content. Its derivatives in the work of the objects relations theorists, Klein, Fairbairn, Guntrip, Winnicott and Bion are described. Illustrative case examples are provided.
Three groups of mother-son dyads interacted with the Interpersonal Game Test. Each group consisted of 10 dyads in which the sons had been designated as aggressive, withdrawn, or controls on the basis of therapists' ratings and scores on a behavioral checklist. Various patterns of interacting were identified (e.g., competitive, dominant-submissive) and some differences in mother-son interactions seemed related to aggression/withdrawal in children. The potential advantages of a procedure such as the Interpersonal Game Test over more conventional procedures for assessing family interactions were discussed.
Describes the case of Seamus, a 45-year old male suffering from multiple sclerosis (MS). Early family therapy writings focused on how overwhelming emotions were defended against by families through adoption of sequences of behavioral interactions among family members. Indeed, the cycle of altercations between Seamus and his caregiving wife and daughter presented problems of both family structure and emotional pain. There was no mistaking that the struggle between husband and wife, the coalition between mother and daughter, and the intense conflict between daughter and father constituted a classic dysfunctional pyramid. In therapy, once the subject of Seamus' impending death was brought to light, all signs of their pyramid of defensive interactions were gradually levelled. Seamus and his family had wasted years because of their fear of death. Now they were sharing small enjoyments, however much longer MS tested them. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Transgenerational Family TherapyPsychoanalytic Family TherapyAttachment-Based TherapiesExperiential Family TherapyMultisystemic Family TherapyPsychoeducational Family TherapyClosing CommentsGlossaryFurther Reading
The authors cite clinical literature attesting to the importance of recognizing the family, rather than the individual, as the proper locus of conceptualizing, diagnosing, and treating mental illnesses. Specifically with regard to severe psychiatric illnesses, in particular schizophrenia, family dysfunction contributes to the emergence of the illness, significantly affects its course, and strongly influences the achievement and maintenance of treatment gains. Currently, a movement is afoot to limit sharply the amount and kind of treatment offered to schizophrenic patients and their families. Rooted in a “medical model” or “biogenic” view of the etiology of schizophrenia, this school of thought prescribes psychoeducation as the family treatment of choice. The present article looks at some misconceptions regarding treatment that prompted a widespread turning away from psychoanalytically oriented family psychotherapy for schizophrenic patients and their families, examines the reductionism (biological and behavioral) inhering in the exclusive use of psychoeducation, and looks at the clinical dangers of such reductionism. Finally, it proposes that family psycho-therapists should not abandon a concern with the inner lives of severely ill patients and their families in the face of spuriously generalized claims made by reductionist researchers.
The Family Task Interview (FTI) is a multiple task interview administered by tape recorder and designed to elicit clinically relevant family interaction. The FTI has been designed to improve on previous similar instruments and a series of studies to evaluate its validity, reliability, and acceptability have been carried out. Further psychometric and practical evaluation is necessary, but results so far suggest that the FTI is a well standardized and easily administered instrument which is useful for research where assessment of family interaction using direct observation is required.
The importance of the family system as, in recent years, been de-emphasized in the planning and delivery of mental health services. A sample of the psychiatric nursing literature over the last 4 decades is reviewed to reveal that this is not a new phenomenon with regard to psychiatric nursing practice. The shortcomings of such a de-emphasis are discussed, some exceptions to the rule are described and some suggestions for future development of family interventions by mental health nurses are made.
This article examines and clarifies controversies about the concept of illness in the field of family therapy. We contend that illness, as traditionally understood in all cultures, is a relational, transactional concept that is highly congruent with core principles of present-day family theories. Family therapists need not buy into a biotechnical, reductionistic reframing of illness as disease. Rather, it is more appropriate to conceptualize and work with illness as a narrative placed in a biopsychosocial context. Such a narrative includes how shared responsibility for coping and for finding solutions can take place, without becoming involved in disputes about causal models.
This paper describes the various forces that influence the field of adolescent group psychotherapy; some of which include theoretical ideas and trends, scientific findings from neurosciences, political and economical factors and data from clinical research on adolescent groups. These factors, interacting with current social changes, have been influencing the development, training, and clinical practice of adolescent groups. A better understanding of these forces will enable group therapists to forsee and influence the future development of adolescent groups.
In response to a growing diversity of opinion regarding educational models and essential content in clinical social work education,
this paper offers a perspective concerning graduate clinical curricula. Part I, the foundational piece of the paper, discusses
the definition of clinical social work, social work’s core orientation and values, and influential contextual issues. The
interrelated core orientations guiding knowledge and skill development are identified as the person-in-situation perspective and the concept of relationship. Based on this foundation, Part II identifies elements of a contemporary biopsychosocial knowledge base and essential clinical
skills. This paper is intended to stimulate dialogue about a topic of importance to the profession and the clients it serves.
Artificial insemination (donor) [A.I.D.] in humans is a medical procedure that has been carried out for roughly 50 years. Its legal status has not yet been established; its moral implications are still hotly contested, and its psychological and psychiatric implications are only now coming under scientific scrutiny.The use of this procedure in couples who are psychologically unsuited for it can have unfortunate consequences. The obstetrician should seek the assistance of a dynamically oriented psychiatrist in screening couples who ask for artificial insemination (donor).Parenthood, in line with psychoanalytic ego psychology, is seen as a phase of ego development. The potential for mothering and fathering children is a later stage in growth than the capacity to conceive and sire them. It is the psychiatrist's role to assess the couple's motivation for A.I.D. in the light of the extent to which they have achieved this degree of ego development.
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