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... Structural presentation of SIs[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. ...
... Inhibitory potency of SIs[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]against -amylase and -glucosidase. Values are expressed as means ± SD of triplicate tests. ...
BACKGROUND: Management of cellular metabolism and blood glucose levels are significant in the treatment of diabetes
mellitus and oxidative diseases. Consequently, steroid and peptide hormone-based drugs such as methylprednisolone and
insulin have been the most effective and safe methods of treatment.
OBJECTIVE: Our study investigated the digestive enzymes and oxidative species inhibitory potentials of seven derived
biologically important steroids.
METHODS: Syntheses of the steroidal inhibitors (SIs) were accomplished by functional group transformations. Characterisation of SIs was achieved by spectroscopic techniques; followed by in-vitro enzyme and oxidative suppression
studies.
RESULTS: NMR data revealed the presence of a steroid backbone, azomethine, carbonyl, and oxymethine peaks while the
vibrational bands were further confirmed by the FTIR. The enzyme suppression activities of the SIs were influenced by the
presence of histidine residue and free proton groups. However, the antioxidant activities were solely dependent on the free
proton groups on the steroid backbone or the number of the histidine side chain. SIs [3, 4, and 6] exhibited a potent inhibitory
effect on the enzyme activities compared to SIs [1, 2, 5, and 7], while a potent antioxidant activity was reported by SI [5].
CONCLUSIONS: Generally, SIs with hydroxyl and -amino acid functionalities have a strong affinity for the enzyme active
site than the substrate; hence, the hydrolysis of the -1,4-glycosidic bonds of saccharide was hindered. In vivo administration
of SIs [3, 4, and 6] should take into cognizance the suppression effect at doses ≤939.49 g/mL as well as the potential to
induce abnormal bacterial fermentation of undigested carbohydrates in the colon at high concentration.
... Halliwell and Gutteridge define antioxidants as substances capable, at relatively low concentrations, of competing with other oxidizable substrates, delaying or inhibiting their oxidation (34). These molecules can neutralize free radicals by donating them an electron (13). ...
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and diffusible reactive species (DRS), under certain concentrations, play an important role at the physiological level. The role of antioxidant molecules, endogenous and exogenous, is to maintain adequate amounts of ROS and RNS. The increase in ROS and RNS due to an overproduction of these species or a decrease in antioxidant molecules leads to the phenomenon called oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is involved in the physiological process of aging but is implicated in pathologies such as some types of tumors, neurodegenerative and autoimmune disorders, male infertility, cardiovascular disorders such as atrial fibrillation, and lung disorders such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders and pulmonary hypertension. This involvement has aroused widespread interest, especially because many studies try to exploit it at a therapeutic level. The purpose of this review is to discuss pathologies in which oxidative stress has an important role and for this reason, it can be targeted for a therapeutic intervention to improve or cure the pathology; sometimes modulation of oxidative stress can be used to improve the effect of the therapy.
... The reaction mixture's enhanced absorbance was a sign of its improved reducing power. 40 Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging activity: 41 The scavenging activity of the extract on hydroxyl radical was determined according to the 2deoxyribose assay reported by Halliwell and Gutteridge. A hydrogen peroxide, EDTA, and Fe3+ascorbate system produced a hydroxyl radical. ...
... The mitochondrial free radical theory of aging (MFRTA), which was introduced 50 years ago suggested that aging is significantly influenced by ROS produced in mitochondria and their biological effects at the cell, tissue, and organism level (Harman, 1972). In addition to their signaling role, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production (mitROSp) is the cause of non-enzymatic chemical modifications (damage) within cells, both to mitochondria and potentially to all types of macromolecules and cellular components (Land, 1990). Loss of proteostasis, genome instability, telomere dysfunction, cell sentence, epigenetic alterations, dysregulated nutrient sensing pathways, apoptotic cell death, and inflammation are some of the biological functions affected by this injury (Berry and Kaeberlein, 2021). ...
Learning and memory storage are the fundamental activities of the brain. Aberrant expression of synaptic molecular markers has been linked to memory impairment in AD. Aging is one of the risk factors linked to gradual memory loss. It is estimated that approximately 13 million people worldwide will have AD by 2050. A massive amount of oxidative stress is kept under control by a complex network of antioxidants, which occasionally fails and results in neuronal oxidative stress. Increasing evidence suggests that ROS may affect many pathological aspects of AD, including Aβ accumulation, tau hyperphosphorylation, synaptic plasticity, and mitochondrial dysfunction, which may collectively result in neurodegeneration in the brain. Further investigation into the relationship between oxidative stress and AD may provide an avenue for effective preservation and pharmacological treatment of this neurodegenerative disease. In this review, we briefly summarize the cellular mechanism underlying Aβ induced synaptic dysfunction. Since oxidative stress is common in the elderly and may contribute to the pathogenesis of AD, we also shed light on the role of antioxidant and inflammatory pathways in oxidative stress adaptation, which has a potential therapeutic target in neurodegenerative diseases.
... MDA is the product of unsaturated fatty acid peroxidation in phospholipids and is the main cause of cell membrane damage (Land, 2009). High-temperature stress can increase MDA content in wheat leaves during the grain-filling stage (Liu et al., 2006). ...
Global warming causes topsoil temperatures to increase, which potentially leads to maize yield loss. We explored the effects of soil warming/cooling on root-shoot growth and maize grain yields by performing pot experiments with a heat-sensitive maize hybrid (HS208) and a normal maize hybrid (SD609) in warm temperate climate in 2019 and 2020. Our results reveal, for the first time, differences in root characteristics, leaf photosynthetic physiology, and yield responses to soil warming and cooling between normal and heat-sensitive maize varieties under a warm temperate climate. Soil warming (+2 and 4 °C) inhibited whole root growth by decreasing root length, volume, and dry mass weight, which indirectly reduced leaf photosynthetic capacity and decreased grain yield/plant by 15.10-24.10% versus control plants exposed to ambient temperature. Soil cooling (-2 °C) promoted root growth and leaf photosynthesis, and significantly increased grain yield of HS208 by 12.61%, although no significant change was found with SD609. It can be seen that under unfavorable conditions of global warming, selection of excellent stress-resistant hybrids plays an important role in alleviating the soil heat stress of maize in warm temperate climate regions.
... A study found that P. kurroa extract could eliminate oxygen free radicals such as superoxides and hydroxyl radicals and stop lipid peroxidation in rat liver homogenate caused by the Fe 2+ ascorbate system [158]. It has been recognized that alloxan exerts its diabetogenic action primarily by producing oxygen-free radicals, thereby harming the pancreas [159]. Serum lipid peroxide levels were reduced in alloxan-induced diabetic rats by P. kurroa and blood urea nitrogen while inhibiting weight loss and leukopenia. ...
Traditional remedies for the treatment of various ailments are gaining popularity. Traditionally, one of the most valuable therapeutic herbs has been Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth. Traditional and folk uses of P. kurroa include chronic constipation, skin-related problems, burning sensation, chronic reoccurring fever, jaundice, heart problems, breathing, digestion, allergy, tuberculosis, blood-related problems, prediabetes and obesity, laxative, cholagogue, and liver stimulatory. Phytoconstituents such as glycosides, alkaloids, cucurbitacins, iridoids, phenolics, and terpenes in P. kurroa have shown promising pharmacological potential. In order to uncover novel compounds that may cure chronic illnesses, such as cardiovascular, diabetes, cancer, respiratory, and hepatoprotective diseases, the screening of P. kurroa is essential. This study comprehensively evaluated the ethnopharmacological efficacy, phytochemistry, pharmacological activity, dose, and toxicity of P. kurroa. This review provides comprehensive insights into this traditional medication for future research and therapeutic application. The purpose of this review article was to determine the pharmacological effects of P. kurroa on a variety of disorders. P. kurroa may be a natural alternative to the standard treatment for eradicating newly evolving diseases. This study is intended as a resource for future fundamental and clinical investigations.
... Therefore, the O À 2 and H 2 O 2 , produced during storage of meat, create conditions for iron-porphyrin exerting a negative effect. Iron ions peeling off from the porphyrin ring generate hydroxyl radicals (ÁOH) through Fenton reaction, which is the main substance in the chain reaction of fat oxidation (Nyaisaba et al. 2019 (4) (Land 1990). The ÁOH is the most powerful oxidant known and can participate in hydrogen extraction, addition reaction, and electron transfer reaction. ...
Iron-porphyrin is a very important substance in organisms, especially in animals. It is not only the source of iron in human body, but is also the catalytic center of many reactions. Previous studies suggested that adequate intake of iron was important for the health of human, especially for children and pregnant women. However, associated diseases caused by iron over-intake and excessive meat consumption suggested its potential harmfulness for human health. During meat processing, Iron-porphyrin will cause the oxidation of proteins and fatty acids. In the gastrointestinal tract, iron-porphyrin can induce the production of malondialdehyde, fats oxidation, and indirectly cause oxidation of amino acids and nitrates etc. Iron-porphyrin enters the intestinal tract and disturbs the balance of intestinal flora. Finally, some common measures for inhibiting its activity are introduced, including the use of chelating agent, antioxidants, competitive inhibitor, etc., as well as give the hypothesis that sodium chloride increases the catalytic activity of iron-porphyrin. The purpose of this review is to present an overview of current knowledge about the changes of iron-porphyrin in the whole technico- and gastrointesto- processing axis and to provide ideas for further research in meat nutrition.
... 267 As ATP synthesis increases 272 as increased intracellular iron is associated with increased ROS production via iron-facilitated Fenton reactions. 273 Our team has demonstrated that at 1 and 3 days post-injury, there is an increase in H 2 O 2 following a partial optic nerve injury. 265 Nitric oxide ( NO) is enzymatically synthesized by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and reacts with O 2 to produce peroxynitrate (ONOO -). ...
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI) present a significant contribution to the global disease burden. White matter tracts are susceptible to both the physical forces of trauma and cascades of pathological secondary degeneration. Oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cells of the CNS, and their precursors are particularly vulnerable cell populations and their disruption results in a loss of white matter, dysmyelination and poor myelin repair. White matter aberrations in TBI and SCI can be visualised in vivo using a number of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based modalities. Recent advances in diffusion MRI allow researchers to investigate subtle abnormalities in white matter microstructure and connectivity, resting state networks and metabolic perturbations associated with injury. Damage to oligodendroglia underlie white matter aberrations and occur as a result of glutamate excitotoxicity, intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> overload, and oxidative damage to lipids, proteins and DNA. Structural changes to myelin include myelin decompaction, loosening of myelin lamellae and disruption to the node of Ranvier complex. Neuronal and functional loss accompany dysmyelination together with an increase in astro- and microgliosis. Remyelination is often partial, and more work is needed to understand deficits in remyelination post-injury in order to develop strategies to both protect and repair myelin and thereby preserve function. This review covers disruptions to oligodendrocyte function and white matter tract structure in the context of TBI and SCI, with an emphasis on Australian contributions in recognition of the International Neurotrauma Symposium held in Melbourne, Australia in 2020.
... In addition, probiotics promote antioxidant activity for prevention or reduction of oxidative damage caused by free radicals, nullifying the oxidative stress in the host [50]. This oxidative stress arises when antioxidants, such as catalase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzymes are insufficient to neutralize the free oxygen radicals produced by the cells [51]. K. lactis M3 reported in this study showed a high antioxidant capacity, especially ferric reducing power (FRAP assay) when it was compared with a purified strong antioxidant. ...
The aim of this study was to analyze the probiotic potential, fatty acid composition and immunostimulant activities of Kluyveromyces lactis M3 isolated from a hypersaline sediment. For this purpose, K. lactis M3 resistance to different pH, salinities and bile, as well as its antioxidant capability were assayed. Furthermore, total fatty acid composition of the yeast was determined where the dominant fatty acids were palmitic, palmitoleic, oleic and linoleic acids. K. lactis M3 showed no cytotoxic effects on peripheral blood leukocytes. During an in vivo experiment in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), dietary K. lactis M3 supplemented at 0.55 or 1.1% of the basal diet enhanced bactericidal activity against Vibrio parahaemolyticus N16, V. harveyi Lg 16/00, and V. anguillarum CECT 43442 compared to fish fed commercial diet (control group). Finally, nitric oxide production, peroxidase activity and skin mucus lectin union levels strongly increased in fish fed K. lactis M3 with respect to the control group. The results suggested that the yeast K. lactis M3 had exhibited high antioxidant capability, and its dietary administration at 0.55 or 1% basal diet had immunostimulant activity for gilthead seabream. For all these reasons, it should be considered an appropriate probiotic candidate for the aquaculture fish industry.
... and radical scavenging ability [134]. Flavonoids exert their antioxidant activity via different mechanisms such as chelation of trace elements that contribute in free radical generation, ROS scavenging and by upregulation of antioxidant enzymes [135,136]. Flavonoids also inhibit several enzymes that are involved in ROS generation such as glutathione S-transferase, microsomal monooxygenase and NADH oxidase [137]. For example, quercetin exhibits its anti-oxidative property by iron chelation and stabilization [138]; Rutin and epicatechin have demonstrated strong radical scavengers and lipid peroxidation inhibiting ability in vitro [139]. ...
Normal stem cells are known to possess three important characteristics of self-renewal, restriction on stem cell numbers and ability to divide and differentiate. Compared to normal stem cells, the cancer stem cells (CSCs) have no control on the stem cell numbers. CSCs constitute a miniscule number of cells in the tumour and are responsible for tumour growth, recurrence and progression. CSCs play a vital role in drug resistance, EMT and metastasis, which are responsible for approximately 90% of cancer-related deaths. Thus, targeting CSCs has now gained significant importance in the control and treatment of various cancers. Traditional cancer therapy regimens have not been successful against cancer drug resistance and metastasis. In the recent past, numerous dietary compounds derived from natural sources have been found effective in chemoprevention and treatment of various cancers. Flavonoids are one of such naturally occurring polyphenolic compounds that are found abundantly in fruits, vegetables, tea, seeds, grains, nuts and some traditional medicinal herbs. Various flavonoids have also been shown to have an inhibitory effect on the self-renewal potential and survival of cancer stem cells of different origins. The aim of this chapter is to focus on cancer stem cells and their role in tumour progression and drug resistance and how chemoprevention using flavonoids can become an effective tool to control cancer growth.
... ROS is initiated by the activation of NADPH oxidase in the phagolysosome membrane. Activated NADPH reduces O 2 to ROS, and excess ROS can impair mitochondrial membrane permeability, the respiratory chain and induce cell apoptosis (Land, 2009). ...
... This observation accords with previous work (Ren et al. 2000;Wu et al. 2009). The more As-tolerant cultivar B may have maintained greater POD activity under the same level of As stress than the more sensitive cultivar A. The activity of SOD is closely related to that of CAT, which breaks down the H 2 O 2 produced by SOD to H 2 O and O 2 (Halliwell and Gutteridge 1989;Miyake and Asada 1994). In this study, CAT activity in the roots of cultivar A was significantly inhibited under all levels of As stress compared with the control (P < 0.05) (Fig. 6). ...
Agricultural practices and industrial growth have contaminated the environment with heavy metals and many other harmful compounds. Arsenic (As) has been highlighted as a major heavy metal affecting growth and development of plants as well as causing severe human health hazards through food chain contamination. Most studies of heavy metal impacts address only one of these aspects, overlooking the effect of pollution on the plant as a whole. In this work, our objective was to determine the effect of arsenic stress on physiological, biochemical, and morphological characteristics in seedlings of two cultivars of maize with different arsenic tolerance. This study investigated the effects of varying levels of arsenic (As) stress on growth, enzymatic characteristics, and cell ultrastructure in seedlings of As-sensitive and As-tolerant maize cultivars (Shiyu No. 9 and Dongdan90, respectively) grown in hydroponic culture. Compared to Shiyu No. 9 at the same As concentration, Dongdan90 maintained higher values of biomass, shoot length, root length, and activity of superoxide dismutase, peroxidases, and catalase, but had lower malondialdehyde content, As accumulation, and non-protein thiol. High As concentrations inhibited the growth of both cultivars, while lower concentrations stimulated it. The As-tolerant cultivar also maintained the structural integrity of cells and tissues more efficiently under As stress. These findings demonstrate a link between the physiological and physical impacts of heavy metals on crop plants that paves the way for improved interventions to deal with heavy metal pollution.
... Many physiological functions depend on a balance between reactive species (e.g. reactive oxygen and nitrogen compounds) and antioxidant defenses [5] [6]. ...
Abstract
Liver metastasis is a normal result in Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma Cell (EAC) infected mice. A partially
purified protein with Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)-like activity extracted from leaves of
Raphnus sativus was tested for its ability to down regulate liver metastasis of Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma
Cell (EAC) intraperitoneally implanted in albino mice. Sixty albino mice were divided
equally into 4 groups. Group I mice (G1 control) were treated with physiologic saline solution for 7
days. Group 2 mice (G2) were injected with the partially purified protein. Group 3 mice (G3) were
intraperitoneally inoculated with EAC cells and treated with the partially purified protein. Group 4
mice (G4) were inoculated EAC cells and treated with physiologic saline solution. The results
showed a disturbance in liver functions. This disturbance was observed as a reduction in the values
of serum albumin, hemoglobin, total counts of erythrocytes and platelets, total lipids in liver
tissues, erythrocytes SOD activity, serum glucose, reduced glutathione (GSH) and the trace elements
(Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu) contents in liver and spleen tissues as well as the elevation of serum
transaminases activities, the levels of malondialdehyde in blood, DNA and RNA of liver tissues in
the infected mice (G4). On the other hand, in G3, after treatment with the partial purified protein
all these parameters restored their normal values and became near from the normal group (GI).
Moreover, the protein showed no toxicity towards the mice as shown in G2. It could be concludedthat a partially purified protein with Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)-like activity extracted from
leaves of Raphnus sativus as a nature source has a promised future in controlling liver metastasis.
Keywords
Apoptosis, Transformed Cells, Raphnus sativus, SOD-Like Activity, EAC Cells, Liver Metastasis
... In plants, one of the most rapid and earliest cellular responses to plant pathogen infection is the so-called oxidative burst, which involves the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), primarily superoxide (O − 2 ) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), at the site of attempted invasion (Apostol et al., 1989;Land, 1990). Doke (1985) first reported the oxidative burst and demonstrated that potato tuber tissues generated O − 2 that was rapidly transformed into H 2 O 2 following inoculation with Phytophthora infestans. ...
Biotic stressors, especially pathogenic microorganisms, are rather difficult to detect. In plants, one of the earliest cellular responses following pathogen infection is the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, a novel optical device for the early monitoring of Pseudomonas attack was developed; this device measures the ROS level via oxidation-sensitive 2′, 7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA)-mediated fluorescence, which could provide early monitoring of attacks by a range of plant pathogen; ROS bursts were detected in vivo in Arabidopsis thaliana with higher sensitivity and accuracy than those of a commercial luminescence spectrophotometer. Additionally, the DCF fluorescence truly reflected early changes in the ROS level, as indicated by an evaluation of the H2O2 content and the tight association between the ROS and Pseudomonas concentration. Moreover, compared with traditional methods for detecting plant pathogen attacks based on physiological and biochemical measurements, our proposed technique also offers significant advantages, such as low cost, simplicity, convenient operation and quick turnaround. These results therefore suggest that the proposed optical device could be useful for the rapid monitoring of attacks by plant pathogen and yield results considerably earlier than the appearance of visual changes in plant morphology or growth.
... In last few years there has been a growing interest to providing natural antioxidants (Halliwell et al., 1999; Gutteride et al., 1994). Free radical like super oxide ion (O 2 ), Hydroxyl radical (OH) and non free radical compounds can be responsible for lipid peroxidation (deterioration) in foods (Squadriato et al., 1998; Robinson et al., 1997) and for various diseases such as malaria, acquired immune deficiency syndrome. ...
Abstract
Zingiber capitatum Roxb is found in many parts of India and their medicinal function have been broadly
discussed and accepted in many traditional recipes, that traditional use has not been rationalized in the term of its
experimental verification either in vitro or in vivo. The antioxidant, antimicrobial and preliminary phytochemical
analysis were investigated here for the first time. The antioxidant properties of Zingiber capitatum rhizome
extracts were evaluated using different methods (, -Diphenyl--Picryl-hydrazyl,Hydrogen peroxide, Ferric
reducing antioxidant power). Antimicrobial activities were studied by well diffusion method, the minimum
inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were done. Preliminary
phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phytoconstituents. The total amount of ascorbic acid, phenolics,
and flavonoids were estimated. Result indicates rhizomes extracts have antioxidant activity ranging from 32.2 to
63.74% with IC50 value ranging from 8.14 to 8.25 g/ml. The antimicrobial activity showed significant activity
against a range of pathogens the best activity showed by chloroform extract followed by methanolic extract >
hot aqueous extract > acetone extract reported. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of
alkaloid, cardiac glycoside, tannin, saponin and carbohydrates. The total amount of ascorbic acid, phenolics and
flavonoid were estimated. Zingiber capitatum has the traditional use but not been rationalized in the term of its
experimental verification either in vitro or in vivo. The results obtained in this study suggest the potential of
Zingiber capitatum as a source of natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agents. Activity against both gram
positive and gram negative bacteria indicates the presence of broad spectrum antibiotic compound in the plant.
Keywords: Antioxidant; antimicrobial; phytochemical analysis; Zingiber capitatum Roxb; rhizome extracts;
... Oxidative damage to crucial cellular molecules induced by ROS has been implicated as a possible factor in the etiology of several human diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and aging (Halliwel and Gutteridge, 1998). In recent years, there is an increasing interest in finding antioxidant phytochemicals, because they can inhibit the propagation of free radical reactions, protect the human body from diseases and retard lipid oxidative rancidity in foods. ...
The methanolic extract of Ipomoea carnea Jacq. was dissolved in distilled water and partitioned with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol successively. The antioxidant potential of all these fractions and remaining aqueous fraction was evaluated by four methods: DPPH free radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant activity, FRAP assay and ferric thiocyanate assay and total phonolics were also determined. All the fractions showed significant antioxidant potential. The results revealed that n-butanol fraction showed highest value of % inhibition of DPPH radical (91.11% ± 0.68), IC 50 of n-butanol fraction was 74.65 ± 1.4 µg/ml, relative to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), having IC 50 of 12.1 ± 0.92 µ µ µ µg/mL. The chloroform soluble fraction showed highest total antioxidant activity (0.9096 ± 0.1) and highest total phenolic contents (113.05 ± 1.2 mg of gallic acid equivalents) as compared to other fractions. The ethyl acetate soluble fraction exhibited highest FRAP value (511.99 ± 1.8 µg of trolox equivalents) as well as highest value of inhibition of lipid peroxidation (61.87% ± 1.2) as compared to other fractions.
... Increased production of ROS that cannot be handled by the cells is called oxidative stress [10]. This can damage the DNA and is therefore believed to play a role in both cardiovascular disease and several cancers [12]. Antioxidants can eliminate free radicals and other reactive oxygen and nitrogen species [8,13]. ...
Fruit and vegetable intake has been found to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, certain types of cancer and diabetes mellitus. It is possible that antioxidants play a large part in this protective effect. However, which foods account for the variation in antioxidant intake in a population is not very clear. We used food frequency data from a population-based sample of women to identify the food items that contributed most to the variation in antioxidant intake in Norwegian diet.
We used data from a study conducted among participants in the Norwegian Breast Cancer Screening Program (NBCSP), the national program which invites women aged 50-69 years to mammographic screening every 2 years. A subset of 6514 women who attended the screening in 2006/2007 completed a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Daily intake of energy, nutrients and antioxidant intake were estimated. We used multiple linear regression analysis to capture the variation in antioxidant intake.
The mean (SD) antioxidant intake was 23.0 (8.5) mmol/day. Coffee consumption explained 54 % of the variation in antioxidant intake, while fruits and vegetables explained 22 %. The twenty food items that contributed most to the total variation in antioxidant intake explained 98 % of the variation in intake. These included different types of coffee, tea, red wine, blueberries, walnuts, oranges, cinnamon and broccoli.
In this study we identified a list of food items which capture the variation in antioxidant intake among these women. The major contributors to dietary total antioxidant intake were coffee, tea, red wine, blueberries, walnuts, oranges, cinnamon and broccoli. These items should be assessed in as much detail as possible in studies that wish to capture the variation in antioxidant intake.
... Oxidative stress has been linked to cancer, aging, ischemic injury, inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical, peroxyl radical and nitric oxide radical attack biological molecules such as lipids, proteins, enzymes, DNA and RNA, leading to cell or tissue injury associated with aging, antherosclerosis, carcinogenesis and may lead to the development of chronic diseases related to the cardio and cerebrovascular systems (Chen et al., 2005; Halliwell and Gutteridge, 1986). ...
This paper has reported the preliminary phytochemical screening, HPTLC analysis of
phytocompounds and in vitro antioxidant activities of ethanol extract of Eugenia floccosa leaves.
This is the first report on the antioxidant activity of this plant. The preliminary phytochemical
analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, coumarin, catechin, steroids, flavonoids, saponins,
phenols, glycosides and terpenoids. HPTLC analysis also confirmed the presence of alkaloids,
steroids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, glycosides and terpenoids. The antioxidant activities of the
leaves in ethanol extract are assessed using different models like DPPH, superoxide radical, hydroxyl
radical and ABTS+
cation radical and reducing power at different concentrations. The ethanol extract
at 800µg/ml showed maximum scavenging activity. Results obtained revealed that, ethanol extract
of leaves of E. floccosa possess highly antioxidant activity. Thus his study suggests that, E. floccosa
plant can be used as a potent source of natural antioxidant.
Key words: E. floccosa, HPTLC analysis, antioxidant activity, DPPH, reducing power.
... Superoxide ion radical (O2·−), hydroxyl radical (OH.), peroxyl (ROO.) and alkoxyl radicals (RO.), and one form of singlet oxygen (1O2) are among the species classified into the radical group because they contain at least 1 unpaired electron in the shells around the atomic nucleus and are capable of independent existence. The nonradical group of oxygen derivatives contains a large variety of molecules, which include the hypochlorous acid (HClO), ozone (O3), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and organic peroxides [6, 7]. ...
NADPH oxidase (Nox) is a unique, multi-protein, electron transport system that produces large amounts of superoxide via the reduction of molecular oxygen. Nox-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) are known to be involved in a variety of physiological processes, including host defense
and signal transduction. However, over the past decade, the involvement of (Nox)-dependent oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of several neurodegenerative diseases has been increasingly recognized. ROS produced by Nox proteins contribute to neurodegenerative diseases through distinct
mechanisms, such as oxidation of DNA, proteins, lipids, amino acids and metals, in addition to activation of redoxsensitive signaling pathways. In this review, we discuss the recent literature on Nox involvement in neurodegeneration, focusing on Parkinson and Alzheimer diseases.
... Herein, treatment of infected mice with QN or HF alone did not produce any significant change in hepatic antioxidant enzymes or in serum ALT and albumin levels vs those of uninfected group. Similarly, Corrêa Soares et al. [46] reported no changes in malondialdehyde levels in S. mansoni-infected mice treated with QN, which may be attributed to the increased expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ADH) gene, which encodes an enzyme involved in detoxification of lipid peroxidation products such as reactive malondialdehyde and hydroxynonenal [64]. On the other hand, Farombi et al. [65,66] reported a decrease in GSH contents and an elevation of malondialdehyde levels upon HF treatment in rat liver microsomes. ...
The fear that schistosomes will become resistant to praziquantel (PZQ) motivates the search for alternatives to treat schistosomiasis. The antimalarials quinine (QN) and halofantrine (HF) possess moderate antischistosomal properties. The major metabolic pathway of QN and HF is through cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4. Accordingly, this study investigates the effects of CYP3A4 inhibitor, ketoconazole (KTZ), on the antischistosomal potential of these quinolines against Schistosoma mansoni infection by evaluating parasitological, histopathological, and biochemical parameters. Mice were classified into 7 groups: uninfected untreated (I), infected untreated (II), infected treated orally with PZQ (1,000 mg/kg) (III), QN (400 mg/kg) (IV), KTZ (10 mg/kg)+QN as group IV (V), HF (400 mg/kg) (VI), and KTZ (as group V)+HF (as group VI) (VII). KTZ plus QN or HF produced more inhibition (P<0.05) in hepatic CYP450 (85.7% and 83.8%) and CYT b5 (75.5% and 73.5%) activities, respectively, than in groups treated with QN or HF alone. This was accompanied with more reduction in female (89.0% and 79.3%), total worms (81.4% and 70.3%), and eggs burden (hepatic; 83.8%, 66.0% and intestinal; 68%, 64.5%), respectively, and encountering the granulomatous reaction to parasite eggs trapped in the liver. QN and HF significantly (P<0.05) elevated malondialdehyde levels when used alone or with KTZ. Meanwhile, KTZ plus QN or HF restored serum levels of ALT, albumin, and reduced hepatic glutathione (KTZ+HF) to their control values. KTZ enhanced the therapeutic antischistosomal potential of QN and HF over each drug alone. Moreover, the effect of KTZ+QN was more evident than KTZ+HF.
... The large array of products formed from the oxidation of biomolecules is dependent on the nature of the damaged biomolecule , the oxidant and the biological environment. Briefly, the oxidation of polysaccharides results in their depolymerisation or fragmentation [7], whereas continued oxidation of glycated proteins promotes the formation of advanced-glycated end products (AGEs) and the ability to interact with the receptor for AGEs and enhance the oxidative burden upon nearby molecules [8]. Also worth consideration is the effect of oxidants on the sugars of nucleotides that lead to their carbonylation, ability to bind iron and to intensify the Fenton reaction. ...
... Although some of them may function as important signaling molecules that alter gene expression and modulate the activity of specific defense proteins (Alscher et al., 2002) most ROS can be extremely harmful to organism at high concentration. ROS can oxidize proteins, pigments, lipids, and nucleic acids, often leading to alterations in cell structure and mutagenesis (Helliwel et al., 1999). Ultimately plant growth and development such as root/shoot elongation and biomass accumulation is affected. ...
Cadmium (Cd) is deleterious to all forms of life which in plants has competition with iron (Fe) for root uptake. This study investigated the protective role of iron (Fe) and its interaction with cadmium (Cd) in leaves of Vigna radiata L. (Green gram). To characterize the significance of Fe nutrition under Cd exposure, biochemical and gel based proteomic analysis was performed in the leaves of Vigna radiata exposed to Fe and Cd combined treatments: Fe-sufficient (+Fe/-Cd), and Fe-deficient (-Fe/-Cd) soils by comparing them with -Fe/+Cd treated plants and with non Cd exposed (+Fe/-Cd) plants. –Fe/-Cd led to an elevation in lipid peroxidation (TBARS) which was further increased in –Fe/+Cd plants. However, in +Fe/+Cd plants oxidative stress in terms of TBARS was minimized by 30%. Biochemical parameters such as total chlorophyll, total ascorbate and glutathione concentration reduced in –Fe/-Cd plants which was more reduced in -Fe/+Cd plants, whereas increased in +Fe/+Cd plants. Enzymatic activities such as APX, SOD, CAT, and GR activities were reduced in –Fe/-Cd plants which was more severe in –Fe/+Cd plants and in –Fe/+Cd enzyme assays were increased. Furthermore, proteomic analysis revealed 238 spots were reproducibly detected on 2D gels of all the four treatments among which 40 proteins were differentially expressed. Eight proteins of interest from differentially expressed proteins were identified and were classified as photosynthetic pigments, chloroplast precursor, stress responsive proteins, protein destination and secondary metabolism. These results indicate that Fe nutrition is involved in alleviating oxidative stress and expression of stress responsive proteins under Cd-stress.
The purpose of this research work is to investigate the nephroprotective efficacy of Wedelia chinensis leaf extracts against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity for in vitro, in silico, and in vivo techniques. The extracts of Wedelia chinensis leaf rich in flavonoids were subjected to an in silico method for ligands and target proteins. The results of the in vitro antioxidant study of extracts were tested for cytoprotective MTT assay and anti-inflammatory efficacy by protein denaturation assay using Human Embryonic Kidney cells (HEK293). The in vivo nephroprotective potential of the extract was evaluated with the two doses of 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg body weight in gentamicin nephrotoxicity in rats. The biochemical parameters observed for changes in the histopathology of the kidney. While comparing with other extracts of Wedelia chinensis Hydroalcoholic Extract (WCHAE) shows great binding affinity with bonding interactions of flavonoids and phenolics-based ligands observed with the target proteins that provided early information. The in vitro cell lines study revealed no cytotoxicity and better anti-inflammatory effect on HEK293 cells with cytoprotective and nephroprotective efficacy of WCHAE. The in vivo nephroprotective activity improved at a dose of 500mg/kg of WCHAE than Wedelia chinensis Ethanolic Extract (WCEE). The histopathological findings revealed the improvement in gentamicin-induced renal toxicity by the WCHAE orally treated group compared to normal and negative control groups. These results of WCHAE are more satisfactorily effective than WCEE with marked in vitro antioxidant, and cytoprotective effects in HEK293 cells. In in silico docking, it shows good interaction scores of ligands for target proteins like (kidney injury molecule) KIM-1 and Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NAGAL) that helps to correlate nephroprotective potential benefits of antioxidants in plant extracts against gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in rats.
With rapid growth of population, global food demand and environmental stressors such as heavy metal contamination are threatening task for researchers. However, advent of nanotechnology in recent years has emerged as a promising solution to these challenges. The present study aimed was to investigated the effect of biosynthesized Fe2O3-NPs in the mitigation of Cr stress on Triticum aestivum. Phyto-Synthesized Fe2O3-NPs were prepared and confirmed by Ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectra at peak at 299 nm. Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) results showed presence of Fe–O. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed a round with irregular patterns of Fe2O3-NPs. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed a crystalline rhombohedral structure. The zeta potential (ZP) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements of Fe2O3-NPs with values of −20.6 mV, suggesting appropriate physical stability. Morphological analysis of Triticum aestivum in presence of Fe2O3-NPs showed a significant decrease in shoot, root length 18% and 24% respectively and weight 18% and 26% under stress of 350 ppm concentration of Cr. On contrary, Fe2O3-NPs showed an increase in root and shoot length of 8% and 12% and weight 19% and 30% respectively. Fe2O3-NPs improved antioxidant enzyme activities like Superoxide dismutase, Peroxidase, Catalase, and Ascorbate Peroxidase by reducing the effect of Cr. Histochemical analysis also showed an improvement in the viability and permeability of cells on Fe2O3-NPs application. In conclusion, this study confirmed the potential of Fe2O3-NPs to improve the performance of T. aestivum under Cr stress by enhancing the antioxidant enzyme activities.
Since generating toxic reactive oxygen (ROS) is largely dependent on oxygen, bacteria infected wounds hypoxia significantly inhibits photodynamic therapy’s (PDT) antibacterial efficiency. Therefore, a novel therapeutic method for eradicating multidrug-resistant bacteria is developed based on the light-activated alkyl free radical generation (that is oxygen-independent). According to the polydopamine coated carboxyl graphene (PDA@CG), an initiator-loaded and pH-sensitive heat-producible hybrid of bactericides was synthesized. According to fluorescence/thermal imaging, under the low pH of the bacterial infection sites, this platform turned positively charged, which allows their accumulation in local infection site. The plasmonic heating effects of PDA@CG can make the initiator decomposed to generate alkyl radical (R•) under the followed near-infrared light (NIR) irradiation. As a result, oxidative-stress (OS) can be elevated, DNA damages in bacteria can be caused, and finally the bacteria even the multidrug-resistance death can be caused under different oxygen tensions. Moreover, our bactericidal could promote wound healing in vivo and negligible toxicity in vivo and in vitro and eliminate abscess. Accordingly, the researcher proves that combination oxygen-independent free radical based therapy along with a stimulus-responsiveness moiety not only can be used as an effective treatment of the multidrug-resistant bacteria infection, but also creates a use of a variety of free radicals for multidrug-resistant bacteria infection wounds treatment.
Background:
Visible light-based stimulation using low-intensity lasers, LEDs, and broadband visible light devices has been recently introduced for therapy of human tissues in the absence of exogenous photosensitizers. Nitric oxide (NO) formation might be a potential mechanism for photobiomodulation because it is synthesized in cells by nitric oxide synthase (NOS), which contains both flavin and heme groups that absorb visible light. NO synthesis may also result from increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are found in various cell cultures following visible light illumination. NO is mainly known for inducing blood vessel dilation by endothelial cells, and in sperm cells NO is considered as an important agent in acrosome reaction and capacitation process, which are essential for successful fertilization.
Purpose:
To study NO formation in endothelial and sperm cells following visible light irradiation.
Materials and methods:
Sperm and endothelial cells were illuminated with broadband visible light, 400-800 nm, 130 mW/cm(2), for 5 minutes. During illumination, the endothelial cells were incubated in PBS free of Ca(+2) and Mg(+2), and the sperm cells were incubated in NKM buffer, to induce "stress conditions." NO production was quantified by using the Griess reagent which reacts with nitrite in the medium to yield an Azo compound which has an absorption band at 540 nm.
Results:
Visible light illumination increased NO concentration both in sperm and endothelial cells. Blue light was more effective than red. Light-induced NO occurred only when endothelial cells were incubated in PBS free of Ca(+2) and Mg(+2), and in sperm cells, only when incubated in NKM.
Conclusion:
Light induces NO formation in endothelial and sperm cells. In endothelial cells, NO formation may explain previous results demonstrating enhanced wound healing and pain relief following illumination. In illuminated sperm cells, NO formation may account for the enhanced fertilization rate.
The destruction of trichloroethylene (TCE) and perchloroethylene (PCE) dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) using catalyzed H 2 O 2 propagations (CHP), an in situ chemical oxidation process based on Fenton's reagent, was investigated in batch, bench scale reactors. TCE and PCE masses were quantified over time in DNAPLs, aqueous phases, and off gasses, and the rate of DNAPL destruction was compared to the corresponding rate of gas purge dissolution. TCE and PCE DNAPLs were rapidly destroyed by CHP at 1.7 and 4.4 times the rate of gas purge dissolution, respectively. Use of reactions in which a single reactive oxygen species was generated demonstrated that both hydroxyl radical and superoxide were involved in TCE and PCE DNAPL destruction, with superoxide having the major role in the destruction of the DNAPLs. These results show that DNAPLs composed of contaminants highly reactive with hydroxyl radical, such as TCE and PCE, are destroyed primarily through reaction with superoxide.
Oxidative stress plays important role in diabetic complications. Thus the present investigation was undertaken to evaluate antioxidant effect of the methanol extract of Diospyros peregrina fruits on alloxan induced diabetic rats. Experimental diabetic rats were treated with methanol extract at the dose of 150 and 300 mg/kg body weight p. o. daily for two weeks. The diabetic rats showed lower activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and reduced glutathione content in hepatic and renal tissues as compared with normal rats. The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and reduced glutathione were found to be increased in extract treated diabetic rats in selected tissues. The increased levels of lipid peroxidation in term of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and hydroperoxides level in diabetic rats were also found to be reverted back to near normal status in extract treated groups. It was found that the extract is more effective at the dose of 300 mg/kg body weight and this effect is almost comparable to that of standard glibenclamide.
Background
The study focused to long-term effect of aspartame on membrane bound enzymes, oxidative stress markers and histopathology in brain regions of Wistar albino rats. Hence it is essential to observe whether the chronic aspartame administration (75 mg/kg b. wt) could release methanol and induce oxidative stress in the rat brain. Many reports are available on the use of aspartame as it releases methanol during metabolism.
Methods
To mimic the human methanol metabolism the methotrexate treated rats were included to study the aspartame effects and the gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, NO, H2O2 and the membrane bound enzymes were observed in brain discrete regions.
Results
There was a significant increase in all the parameters except with a significant decrease in membrane bound ATPases and creatine kinase. Luxol fast blue (LFB) staining were performed on brain cerebellum region which showed histopathological changes in aspartame treated MTX animals which showed a marked decrease in the density of white matter, intensity of staining and no. of stained neuron cells when compared to control and MTX control animals.
Conclusion
Moreover, the increases in some of these enzymes were due to methanol per se and its metabolite may be responsible for the generation of oxidative stress and histopathology in brain regions.
Free radicals derived from oxygen metabolism are called reactive oxygen
species (ROS). In physiological concentrations these metabolites play a key
role in regulating the functional activity of sperm. The balance between
physiological and pathological concentrations is maintained through an
enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant cellular system defense. However,
when there is an excessive generation of ROS and/or a deficiency in the
cellular defense system, a framework of oxidative stress is established. As a
result, a process of peroxidation of membranes polyunsaturated fatty acids is
started. This process is called lipid peroxidation. The plasma membrane of
mammalian sperm is formed by high concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty
acids, a fact that makes it susceptible to lipid peroxidation process, leading to
irreversible cell damage, and may even result in infertility. So, the aim of this
review is to demonstrate the role of ROS and antioxidant cellular defense
mechanism of mammalian semen.
There is no doubt that diet is one of the main modifiable risk factors for many degenerative diseases, including cancer. More than 30% of adult cancers can be prevented or delayed by diet, being physically active and having a healthy body weight. Plant-based foods, including fruit, vegetables, and whole grains, a favorable omega-6/omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio, and fish consumption have a protective effect against cancer. On the contrary, a low intake of fruit and vegetables, high intake of red and processed meat, high intake of sodium, alcohol consumption, a diet rich in refined carbohydrates, and a high intake of total fat may increase risk of cancer. Furthermore, calorie restriction and having a body/mass index on the lower end of the normal range can significantly decrease or delay the onset of cancers. Most studies were performed on adults and thus the role of diet in childhood cancer is less well-understood. In the past, diet was not considered to play any role in its etiology in children. However, nowadays there is a growing body of evidence that prolonged and frequent breastfeeding, the maternal diet during pregnancy and vitamin intake during pregnancy, may impart benefit for reduced cancer risk in children. Usually, decades of healthy dietary habits are needed to see significant difference in cancer risk. Therefore, diet choices and diet preparation starting early in life deserve more attention. Here we review data focusing on which dietary factors, including food-borne carcinogens, affect the onset of cancers in adults and stress out the potential role of diet in childhood cancer prevention.
Objectives:
Copper (Cu) is widely used in industry for the manufacture of a vast range of goods including Cu-intrauterine devices (IUDs), electronic products, agrochemicals, and many others. It is also one of the trace elements essential to human health in the right measure and is used as a parenteral supplement in patients unable to ingest food. Elevated Cu levels have been found in the plasma of women using Cu-IUDs and in farmers working with Cu-based pesticides. However, possible alterations due to Cu overload in the brain have been poorly studied. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Cu administration on rat brain in Cu-sufficient and Cu-deficient animals fed on semi-synthetic diets with different doses of Cu (7 or 35 ppm).
Methods:
We aimed to investigate the effects of Cu administration using two routes of administration: oral and intraperitoneal (IP). Male Wistar rats were feeding (one month) a complete (7 ppm) or a deficient (traces) Cu diets subdivided into three categories oral-, intraperitoneal- (or both) supplemented with copper carbonate (7 to 35 ppm). Cu content in plasma, brain zones (cortex and hippocampus), antioxidant enzyme activities, and protease systems involved in programmed cell death were determined.
Results:
The results show that Cu levels and the concentration of Cu in plasma and brain were dose-dependent and administration route-dependent and demonstrated a prooxidative effect in plasma and brain homogenates. Oxidative stress biomarkers and antioxidative enzyme activity both increased under Cu overload, these effects being more noticeable when Cu was administered IP. Concomitantly, brain lipids from cortex and hippocampus were strongly modified, reflecting Cu-induced prooxidative damage. A significant increase in the activities of calpain (milli- and micro-) and caspase-3 activity also was observed as a function of dose and administration route.
Conclusion:
The findings of this study could be important in evaluating the role of Cu in brain metabolism and neuronal survival.
The search for novel drugs from higher plants led to the analysis of a novel plant source
Rhynchosia capitata for its phytoconstituents. GC/MS study confirm the presence of oleic acid, octadecanoic acid, phytol, hexadecanoic acid, E-11-hexadecenoic acid, Z,Z,Z-4,6,9-nonadecatriene, tetradecanoic acid, 5-azulenemethanol and1-butanol. A highly sensitive reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic analysis is carried out to detect the presence of five plant phenolics namely gallic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, rutin and quercetin. Antioxidant activity is tested via DPPH assay and antimicrobial activity for the human pathogenic strains Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is also carried out. A comparison of the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the ethanol extract revealed antioxidant behavior to be dominant.
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a leading cause of death in the western world. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of mortality and is responsible for one-third of all global death India, for example, approximately 53% of CVD deaths are in people younger than 70 years of age: in china the corresponding figure is 35%. The majority of the estimated 32 million heart attacks and strokes that occur every year are caused by one or more cardiovascular risk factors – hypertension, diabetes and etc. Our review article mainly focused on role of antioxidants and oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases. We developed a search strategy to find publications about CVD and its Oxidative stress management. So, we searched Science Direct, Medline and PubMed bibliographic databases using the key phrases causes of CVD, antioxidants, oxidative stress, management of CVD and drugs under clinical trials. Our review article results, list out of clinical research studies done in Oxidative stress and antioxidant status in cardiovascular patients during 1999-2009. It has been concluded that, evidences suggesting increase intake of antioxidants to be protective in cardiovascular diseases. However, irrational and non judicial use of antioxidants can also increase the risk of potential toxicity. In spite of best recommended action is to increase the intake of natural dietary antioxidant vitamins are good for health.
Introduction: The objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the antidiabetic and hypolipidemic activity of petroleum ether extract of Citrus medica Linn. seeds in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic model in rats. Methods: The study was carried out using albino rats of either sex weighing 150–200 gm. One group was selected as control group (buffer alone) and four groups of STZ induced diabetic rats (n = 5 in each group) were administered vehicle (1% tween 80), seed extract (200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) of C. medica Linn. and standard drug glibenclamide (5 mg/ kg) for 15 days after 10 days of single dose of STZ (60 mg/kg) intraperitoneal administration. Blood samples were collected by retro-orbital puncture and were analyzed for blood glucose, serum cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL and VLDL on days 0, 3, 10 and 25 by using diagnostic kit. Results: The petroleum ether extract of C. medica Linn. seeds (200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) induced significant reduction (p < 0.05) of fasting blood glucose, serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, LDL and VLDL in dose dependent manner after 15 days of drug administration. Though 200 mg/kg/day seed extract for 15 days was not showing any change in HDL level, while 400 mg/kg/day dose significantly increased HDL level in diabetic rats. Conclusion: So it is concluded that C. medica Linn. seeds have significant antidiabetic, hypocholesterolemic and hypolipidemic activity.
Human diploid fibroblasts (HDFs) undergo a limited number of cellular divisions in culture and progressively reach a state of irreversible growth arrest, a process termed cellular ageing. Even though beneficial effects of Piper betle, Chlorella vulgaris and tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) have been reported, ongoing studies in relation to ageing is of interest to determine possible protective effects that may reverse the effect of ageing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of P. betle, C. vulgaris and TRF in preventing cellular ageing of HDFs by determining the activity of antioxidant enzymes viz.; catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase.
Different passages of HDFs were treated with P. betle, C. vulgaris and TRF for 24 h prior to enzymes activity determination. Senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA beta-gal) expression was assayed to validate cellular ageing.
In cellular ageing of HDFs, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities were reduced, but SOD activity was heightened during pre-senescence. P. betle exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity by reducing SA beta-gal expression, catalase activities in all age groups, and SOD activity. TRF exhibited a strong antioxidant activity by reducing SA beta-gal expression, and SOD activity in senescent HDFs. C. vulgaris extract managed to reduce SOD activity in senescent HDFs.
P. betle, C. vulgaris, and TRF have the potential as anti-ageing entities which compensated the role of antioxidant enzymes in cellular ageing of HDFs.
The occurrence of the natural antioxidant gadusol (3,5,6-trihydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methoxycyclohex-2-en-1-one) was quantified in fish roes of three species from Argentine Sea: argentine hake (Merluccius hubbsi), brazilian sandperch (Pinguipes brasilianus) and argentinian sandperch (Pseudopercis semifasciata). Significant yields of the compound were found in the sandperchs. The antioxidant activity of the isolated metabolite in aqueous solution was assessed by ORAC and ABTS assays and compared with that of other known natural antioxidants. The results indicate that gadusol is a good breaker of chain reactions carried by peroxyl radicals. Besides, its ability to reduce radicals is comparable to that of ascorbic acid. On this basis, fish roes from brazilian and argentinian sandpearchs are proposed as useful sources of antioxidants for human consumption.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can attack a diverse range of targets to exert antimicrobial activity, which accounts for their versatility in mediating host defense against a broad range of pathogens. Most ROS are formed by the partial reduction of molecular oxygen. Four major ROS are recognized comprising: superoxide (O2 •(-) ), hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), hydroxyl radical ((•) OH), and singlet oxygen ((1) O2 ), but they display very different kinetics and levels of activity. The effects of O2 •(-) and H2 O2 are less acute than those of (•) OH and (1) O2 , since the former are much less reactive and can be detoxified by endogenous antioxidants (both enzymatic and non-enzymatic) that are induced by oxidative stress. In contrast, no enzyme can detoxify (•) OH or (1) O2 , making them extremely toxic and acutely lethal. The present review will highlight the various methods of ROS formation and their mechanism of action. Antioxidant defenses against ROS in microbial cells and the use of ROS by antimicrobial host defense systems are covered. Antimicrobial approaches primarily utilizing ROS comprise both bactericidal antibiotics, and non-pharmacological methods such as photodynamic therapy, titanium dioxide photocatalysis, cold plasma and medicinal honey. A brief final section covers, reactive nitrogen species, and related therapeutics, such as acidified nitrite and nitric oxide releasing nanoparticles. One sentence summary. Reactive oxygen species are involved in cell signaling and disease causing damages, and in the antimicrobial arena mediate killing via bactericidal antibiotics, photodynamic inactivation, titania photocatalysis, cold plasma, medicinal honey, and nitric oxide releasing nanoparticles. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Especies reativas de oxigenio sao formadas durante o metabolismo aerobico e podem danificar lipidios, proteinas, carboidratos e o DNA. Essa reacoes, potencialmente deleterias, sao controladas por um sistema de antioxidantes enzimaticos e nao enzimaticos, que eliminam os pro-oxidantes e "varrem" os radicais livres. Esta revisao mostra o papel de alguns nutrientes na peroxidacao lipidica e no sistema de defesa antioxidante. Enfatizam-se os mecanismos que levam ao dano oxidativo e sua protecao, assim como as implicacoes na saude humana.(AU)
Pathogenic role of free radicals are well known in various metabolic diseases. They originate from internal and external sources of body. Essential roles of antioxidant defense system for cellular redox regulation and free radical scavenging activity were described in this study. Many in vitro investigations have shown that turmeric (TE) and carrot seed extract (CSE) exhibits to possess antioxidant activities. In this study, we evaluated the antioxidant potentials of ethanolic TE and CSE based on in vivo experiment in the rats.
ANIMALS WERE ASSIGNED TO SIX GROUPS: the 1st and 2nd groups were control groups and 2nd group received 0.2 ml dimethyl sulphoxide as vehicle treated group; other four experimental groups received different doses of TE (100, 200 mg/kg b.w.) and CSE (200, 400 mg/kg b.w.) by gavages, respectively for a period of one month. The indicators of oxidative stress, lipids peroxidation, markers of hepatocyte injury and biliary function markers were measured.
The levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase were significantly stimulated in the hepatic tissue of treatment groups. The malondialdehyde contents of liver tissue were significantly reduced in the groups fed with TE and CSE. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase, in treated groups were found to be significantly decreased, whereas albumin and total protein increased as compared to the control groups (P<0.05).
this study showed that the regular intake of TE and CSE through the diet can improve antioxidant status and inhibit peroxidation activity in the liver tissue so that using these extracts may protect tissue oxidative stress.
Herein we describe our results on the synthesis and antioxidant properties of 4-arylchalcogenyl-7-chloroquinolines. This new class of compounds has been synthesized in high yields by the reaction of 4,7-dichloroquinoline with diaryl dichalcogenides using KOH as base, DMSO as solvent at 100 C under air atmosphere and tolerates a range of substituents in the arylchalcogenyl moiety. The obtained compounds 3a and 3j were screened for in vitro antioxidant activity and the results demonstrated that compound 3j presented a potent antioxidant effect when compared to compound 3a.
In the present study methanolic extracts of Persicaria hydropiper (MEPH), Andrographis paniculata (MEAP), Hemidesmus indicus (MEHI) and Myristica fragrans (MEEMF for endocarp & MESMF for seeds) were evaluated using various in vitro antioxidant assays including nitric oxide scavenging capacity, total antioxidant activity and measurement of reducing power through ferric & cupric reducing antioxidant capacity. The total phenolic and flavonoids content were also determined by Folin–Ciocalteu Reagent and aluminum chloride colorimetric method respectively. The most prominent antioxidant activity was observed with the MEPH in the NO scavenging assay with an IC 50 value of 0.560 ± 0.060 µg/ml as opposed to that of standard ascorbic acid (IC 50 value of 0.617 ± 0.534 µg/ml). In total antioxidant capacity method, MESMF showed the highest activity (105.80 mg ascorbic acid/g). MESMF along with MEEMF were also found to exhibit significant (p<0.01) and paramount cupric and ferric reducing capacity respectively in a dose dependent manner. The highest total phenols & total flavonoids content were found to be in MEPH & MEEMF with the value of 964.23 mg gallic acid/g & 46.81 mg quercetin/g, respectively. Comparison of different plant extracts in various tested models showed wide variations in phenolic content and varying degrees of radical scavenging & reductive capacity. The order of the observed antioxidant potential of crude extracts was highly dependent on the type of method used. Furthermore no correlation was found between phenolic contents & any of the studied tests. These results indicate that the investigated plants could be potential sources of natural antioxidants.
Objective: To analyze oxidative stress markers and seminal standard parameters after using resveratrol (0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 mM), an important antioxidant, in the cryopreservation of human semen. Design: In vitro prospective study. Setting: Institutional study. Patient(s): Infertile and fertile men. Intervention(s): None. Main Outcome Measure(s): Levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive species (TBARS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities and spermatozoa concentration, motility, and morphology. Result(s): Increased TBARS levels were observed in the post-thawing semen in both fertile and infertile men. Infertile men had lower CAT and SOD activities in prefreezing and post-thawing samples when compared with fertile men. The addition of resveratrol in all the concentrations assayed was able to prevent post-thawing lipoper-oxidation in both fertile and infertile men. However, this effect was not dose dependent. The cryopreservation pro-cess was not able to change sperm concentration or morphology. However, a decrease in sperm motility was observed in both the fertile and infertile men. The addition of resveratrol was not able to prevent this effect. Conclusion(s): Resveratrol avoids oxidative damages induced by the cryopreservation of human semen, but it is not able to restore the decrease in sperm motility. Although spermatozoa were the first type of cells to be cryopre-served (1), improvements in cryopreservation are still of great inter-est for several reasons: [1] the outcome of the procedure in infertile men and patients with cancer often results in a low sperm survival rate; [2] the selection of anonymous donors for sperm banks is done under pressure to invest in donors with high semen quality; and [3] the growing threat of HIV has limited the use of donor fresh semen (2). Studies have demonstrated that the cryopreservation of human semen produces reactive oxygen species (ROS), which cause important sperm damage (3–7). The lipid peroxidation damage is initiated when ROS attack polyunsaturated fatty acids in the sperm cell membrane (8). Spermatozoa are particularly susceptible to oxidative attack because they contain high concentrations of poly-unsaturated fatty acids (8) and have limited repair mechanisms (9). As a consequence of lipid peroxidation, the plasma membrane loses the fluidity and integrity it requires for participating in the membrane fusion events associated with fertilization (10, 11). In addition to membrane effects, several researchers have reported DNA damage in human spermatozoa associated with membrane lipid peroxidation (12–14) and oxidative stress (13, 15, 16). There are few antioxidants in sperm cytoplasm; fortunately, the seminal plasma contains a variety of antioxidants that counteract the damaging effects of ROS. The main antioxidant enzymes present in the seminal plasma are superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1), which is responsible for the dismutation of the superoxide radical, producing hydrogen peroxide and molecular oxygen, and catalase (CAT; EC 1.11.1.6), which acts on the detoxification of hydrogen peroxide into water and O 2 (7). Many clinical trials have been performed to examine the potential of oral therapies with antioxidants to improve semen quality, mainly in infertile men (17). Despite some promising data, the cost and possible side effects and/or toxicity of these compounds should be taken into account. Recently, it was shown that the addition of vita-min E to the cryopreservation medium improved the post-thaw motility of human sperm, however, neither vitality nor sperm DNA fragmentation were altered (18). Resveratrol (3,5,4 0 -trihydroxystilbene)—a known antioxidant— is one of the most important polyphenols found in red wine. It is as-sociated with many health benefits, most notably the mitigation of age-related diseases, including neurodegeneration, carcinogenesis, and atherosclerosis (19). Owing to the enormous detrimental effects of ROS during cryo-preservation of human sperm, the purpose of this study was to eval-uate the effects of resveratrol addition before the cryopreservation process on oxidative stress, concentration, motility, and morphology of sperm from fertile and infertile men.
The hepatoprotective potential of the ethanolic extract of a wild edible mushroom (Russula albonigra) was studied in
vivo in mice carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity. Alteration in the levels of biochemical markers of
hepatic damage like serum glutamate pyruvate tranaminase (SGPT), serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase
(SGOT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin were tested in both treated and untreated groups. Carbon tetrachloride
has enhanced the SGPT, SGOT, ALP and bilirubin levels, reflecting the liver injury caused by CCl4. Treatment with
ethanolic extract of Russula albonigra at a dose of 150 mg/kg once daily has brought back the altered levels of
biochemical markers to the near normal levels. Silymarin was used as standard reference drug. The hepatic antioxidant
status such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were reduced in the
CCl4 alone treated animals with subsequent increase in lipid peroxidation. Administration of the extract challenge
restored the hepatic antioxidant status. The hepatoprotective activity was also supported by histopathological studies of
liver tissue. The findings thus suggested ethanolic extract of Russula albonigra afford significant protection against
CCl4 induced hepatocellular injury in mice by restoring the liver antioxidant status.
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