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Studies in the genus Hypericum L. (Guttiferae) 4(2). Section 9. Hypericum sensu lato (part 2): subsection 1. Hypericum series 1. Hypericum
Abstract
Introduction 61
Sect. 9. Hypericum 61
Subdivision 61
Characters and variation 61
Distribution and evolution 62
Sect. 9. Hypericum subsect. 1. Hypericum series 1. Hypericum 62
Characters and variation 62
Hybrids 64
Distribution and evolution 65
Systematic treatment 66
Sect. 9. Hypericum 66
Sect. 9. Hypericum subsect. 1. Hypericum series 1. Hypericum 67
References 119
Systematic index 121
The subdivision of the large sect. 9. Hypericum and four of its segregated sections having been treated in Part 4(1), Part 4(2) is concerned with those members of sect. 9, viz. Hypericum sensu stricto, in which the stem internodes have glandiferous raised lines – subsect. Hypericum series Hypericum. The series comprises 11 species and can be divided into (i) a group centred in Europe and the Mediterranean (4 species) and (ii) one centred in north-east Asia (6 species), one species of which is confined to western North America and another has spread westward into Europe. The remaining species (H. perforatum) is morphologically and geographically intermediate between two taxa, one from each group, and behaves as an allotetraploid hybrid. It is divided into four subspecies: subspp. perforatum, songaricum (Ledeb. ex Rchb.) N. Robson stat. nov., veronense (Schrank) H. Lindb. and chinense N. Robson subsp. nov. The hybrids of H. perforatum are treated in detail and include H. × desetangsii nothosubsp. balcanicum N. Robson, nothosubsp. nov. (H. maculatum subsp. immaculatum × perforatum). Other new hybrids proposed are: H. × laschii nothoforma froelichii N. Robson, nothoforma nov. (H. maculatum subsp. obtusiusculum × tetrapterum), H. undulatum × tetrapterum and H. elegans × perforatum.
... Eight different somatic chromosome numbers were found (2n = 16, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 38). Based on the observed basic (x) chromosome numbers of x = 8, 11,13,14,15,19, this may correspond to diploid (2x), triploid (3x), tetraploid (4x), respectively. Interestingly, we found mixoploidy (3x − 4x) in the root tips of one of the populations. ...
... Hypericum perforatum is widespread across Europe, Asia, North America and consists of four subspecies, including H. perforatum subsp. perforatum (widespread and worldwide invasive) [11], H. perforatum subsp. songaricum (Ledeb. ...
... N. Robson (Asia) [12], H. perforatum subsp. chinenese N. Robson (China) [11] and H. perforatum subsp. veronense (Schrank) H. Lindb. ...
Karyomorphology and genome size of 15 St John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) populations are reported for the first time. Root tips and fresh young leaves were used for karyological studies and flow cytometric (FCM) measurements, respectively. The chromosome types were determined as “m” and the basic chromosome number was x = 8 in all examined populations. Eight different somatic chromosome numbers were found (2n = 16, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 38). Based on the observed basic (x) chromosome numbers of x = 8, 11, 13, 14, 15, 19, this may correspond to diploid (2x), triploid (3x), tetraploid (4x), respectively. Interestingly, we found mixoploidy (3x − 4x) in the root tips of one of the populations. Hybridization, polyploidy and dysploid variation may be the main factors associated with the chromosome number evolution of this species. FCM showed that 2C DNA contents vary from 0.87 to 2.02 pg, showing more than a 2-fold variation. The mean amount of 2C DNA/chromosome and the mean of monoploid genome size were not proportional to ploidy.
... HP is native to Eurasia, it is found in Europe (excluding the extreme north), the "Levant and western Saudi Arabia to NW India (Uttar Pradesh), Transcaucasia, Turkmenistan to Altai, Angara-Sayan and NW Mongolia; China (W. Xinjiang and from Gansu east to Hebei, south to Jiangxi and west to Yunnan)" (Robson, 2002). It is also found in NW Africa, including Canary Islands, Madeira and Azores. ...
... It has been introduced in the American continent, where it can be found from Canada to Argentina, in the Republic of Sudan (Jebel Marra), South Africa, Reunion, Australia, New Zealand, and Japan. Robson (2002) proposed the distinction of four subspecies, based on minor morphological traits and with a well-defined geographical distribution of two of these subspecies, while the two Central/Western subspecies overlap through a large range of their territories (Dauncey et al., 2017). ...
... This tendency, through time, has led to a considerable variability among the morphology of H. perforatum species. The state of current knowledge (Robson, 2002) is that these four subspecies possibly originated from a common ancestor (Western Siberia) which, interbred with other Hypericum species, gave birth to morphologically distinct, but recurring and geographically restricted, hybrids that are now being recognized as subspecies. According to Robson (2002), from the common ancestor first ssp. ...
Background: Saint John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L., HP) is commonly registered in Europe under the THR scheme (Traditional Herbal Registration) or licensed as a medicine. Nonetheless unregulated medical products and food supplements are accessible through the internet which are often of poor quality. The species’ natural distribution stretches through large regions of Europe to China and four subspecies have been distinguished. When compared to the European Pharmacopoeia reference, the presence of additional compounds was linked to so-called Chinese HP.
Aim: In order to obtain an integrated picture of the entire chemoprofile, the chemical composition of HP materia prima was studied using a combination of techniques well-established in the relevant industries. The impact of phytogeographic factors on the materia prima can shed light on whether the variability of the final products is strongly influenced by these factors of whether they relate to poor processing, adulteration, or other factors linked to the processing of the material.
Methods: Eighty-six Hypericum samples (77 H. perforatum) were collected from 14 countries. Most were authenticated and harvested in the wild; others came as roughly ground material from commercial cultivations, markets and pharmacies. The samples were analyzed using HPTLC and ¹H-NMR-based principal component analysis (PCA).
Results and Discussion: Limited chemical variability was found. Nonetheless, the typical fingerprint of Chinese HP was observed in each specimen from China. Additional compounds were also detected in some samples collected in Spain. Rutin is not necessarily present in the crude material. The variability previously found in the marketed products can be ascribed only partially to the geographical origin of harvested material, but mainly to the plant part harvested, closely related to harvesting techniques, processing and probably time of harvest.
Conclusion: HP can be sourced in a consistent composition (and thus quality) from different geographical sources. However, chemical variability needs to be accounted for when evaluating what is considered authentic good material. Therefore, the processing and good practice are all stages of primary importance, calling for a better (self-)regulation and quality assurance along the value chain of an herbal medical product or botanical.
... [12] A full systematic treatment of Hypericum section Hypericum, subsection Hypericum, series Hypericum, is provided by Robson. [16] Hypericum perforatum is placed in series Hypericum, along with the 10 species of Hypericum to which it is most closely related. The 11 species in this series are divided into one group of four species centred in Europe and the Mediterranean, and a group of six species which is centred in north-east Asia, but also has one species that is confined to western North America and another that has spread to westward into Europe. ...
... It has also been introduced into many other parts of the world. [11] Robson [11,16] ...
... Overview Kew's taxonomy represented within the MPNS Resource recognises H. perforatum L. as an accepted name with four accepted subspecies within it, which follows Robson [16] who opted to recognise these four subspecies for practical reasons. As a general rule, rather than an absolute requirement, subspecies form distinct populations with some form of separation, such as in their distribution or flowering time, and have minor morphological differences. ...
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Objectives: To review which names are used to refer to Hypericum perforatum L. in health regulation and medicinal plant references, and the potential for ambiguity or imprecision.
Key findings: Structured searches of Kew's Medicinal Plant Names Services Resource, supplemented with other online bibliographic resources, found that the scientific name Hypericum perforatum L. is used consistently in the literature, but variation between subspecies is rarely considered by researchers. Research is still published using only the common name 'St John's wort' despite it being imprecise; at least 80 other common names are also used for this plant in multiple languages.
Summary: Ambiguous and alternative plant names can lead to ineffective regulation, misinterpretation of literature, substitution of raw material or the failure to locate all published research. Kew's Medicinal Plant Names Services (MPNS) maps all names used for each plant in medicinal plant references onto current taxonomy, thereby providing for disambiguation and comprehensive access to the regulations and references that cite that plant, regardless of the name used. MPNS also supplies the controlled vocabulary for plant names now required for compliance with a new standard (Identification of Medicinal Products, IDMP) adopted by medicines regulators worldwide.
... H. elegans Stephan ex Willd. grows in well-drained stony meadows, whereas its relative H. maculatum Crantz prefers damp grasslands (Robson, 2002). ...
... However, H. dubium is an unaccepted synonymous name of H. maculatum subsp. obtusiusculum (Tourlet) Hayek (Robson, 2002). Additionally, we could not distinguish between H. athoum and H. delphicum, which shared high ITS sequence identity (Table 1) and showed identical cytogenetic markers, including chromosome number, ploidy level (Table 2), and genome size (Fig. 1). ...
In the present study, we performed phytochemical profiling of several under-exploited Hypericum representatives taxonomically belonging to the sections Ascyreia, Androsaemum, Inodora, Hypericum, Coridium, Myriandra, and Adenosepalum. The authenticity of the starting plant material was confirmed using the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer as a molecular marker, DNA content and chromosome number. Phenolic constituents were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography to complement species-specific metabolic profiles. In several Hypericum representatives, the pharmacologically important compounds, including naphthodianthrones; phloroglucinol derivatives; chlorogenic acid; and some classes of flavonoids, particularly the flavonols rutin and hyperoside, flavanol catechin, and flavanones naringenin and naringin, were reported for the first time. Comparative multivariate analysis of chemometric data for seedlings cultured in vitro and acclimated to the outdoor conditions revealed a strong genetically predetermined interspecific variability in phenolic compound content. In addition to hypericins, which are the most abundant chemomarkers for the genus Hypericum, rarely employed phenolic metabolites, including phloroglucinol derivatives, chlorogenic acid, catechin, naringenin, naringin, and kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, were shown to be useful for discriminating between closely related species. Given the increasing interest in natural products of the genus Hypericum, knowledge of the spectrum of phenolic compounds in shoot cultures is a prerequisite for future biotechnological applications. In addition, phytochemical profiling should be considered as an additional part of the integrated plant authentication system, which predominantly relies upon genetic markers.
... The phylogenetic context of a plant provides valuable information about the relationships between target and potential adulterants, particularly the most closely related species. H. perforatum and its closest relatives are members of the Section Hypericum [29]. These "sister" species provide a "worst-case scenario" to test against, based on the presumption that being able to differentiate between the "target" and a "sister" species will be the most challenging objective. ...
... The large number of H. perforatum ITS sequences also allowed consistent sites of intraspecific variation to be identified ( Figure S1) [12]. Four subspecies of H. perforatum are recognized by Robson (perforatum, chinense, veronense and songaricum) [29] but are rarely recorded in the published literature or database accessions [33]. Molecular phylogenetic studies have characterized two distinct gene pools in European H. perforatum populations, though their relationship to the subspecies is not clear [63]. ...
DNA barcoding is a widely accepted technique for the identification of plant materials, and its application to the authentication of commercial medicinal plants has attracted significant attention. The incorporation of DNA-based technologies into the quality testing protocols of international pharmacopoeias represents a step-change in status, requiring the establishment of standardized, reliable and reproducible methods. The process by which this can be achieved for any herbal medicine is described, using Hypericum perforatum L. (St John's Wort) and potential adulterant Hypericum species as a case study. A range of practical issues are considered including quality control of DNA sequences from public repositories and the construction of individual curated databases, choice of DNA barcode region(s) and the identification of informative polymorphic nucleotide sequences. A decision tree informs the structure of the manuscript and provides a template to guide the development of future DNA barcode tests for herbals.
... In its native range, this rhizomatous herbaceous perennial grows in damp to wet habitats, including marshes, streamsides, open ditches, wet meadows, and springs (Robson 2002). Hypericum tetrapterum is most easily distinguished from other North American Hypericum species by its square stem, which is conspicuously winged on the four corners and by its lanceolate sepals (Figures 1-3). ...
... The clasping leaves have translucent dots. Hypericum tetrapterum, also known as St. Peter's Wort, is a common native species in central and southern Europe, western Asia, and northwestern Africa (Robson 2002). It has been introduced into New Zealand (Heenan 2014) and parts of Australia, where it has been declared an invasive weed (Australian Government n.d.). ...
The Eurasian Square-stalked St. John’s-wort (Hypericum tetrapterum Fr.: Hypericaceae) was found growing in an open Eastern White Cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.) swamp in Caledon, Regional Municipality of Peel, Ontario. This is the first record for eastern North America; previous North American occurrences have been on the Pacific coast in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (1991), and in Wahkiakum County, Washington State, USA (2003).
... The most prevalent species is Hypericum perforatum, also known as St. John's wort (SJW), which is one of the most well-known and widely used herbs in the world. The herb has been widely used for therapeutic purposes across the globe [263,264] and has been included into traditional medicine. The aerial parts or flowering tops make up the crude form of SJW medicine, which is employed in multi-ingredient formulations or as a monopreparation (either as is or as an extract) [265]. ...
Background The study of plant-based medications, or phytomedicine, involves a wide spectrum of biological activi-
ties. Due to the existence of secondary metabolites, herbal medicine has been used and practiced throughout history
for the treatment of both acute and chronic conditions. Over the past century or so, numerous novel compounds
with medicinal potential have been derived from plants. In the age of growing super infections and the emergence
of resistant strains, natural medicines are inspiring optimism.
Main body of the abstract The review discusses the role of herbal medicine as antibacterial agents and their use
in wound care and management of wounds and the critical role of secondary metabolites of herbal plants in fight-
ing bacterial infections. Some medicinal plants such as St. John’s wort (SJW) (Hypericum perforatum), Rosemary
(Rosmarinus officinalis), Ginger (Zingiber officinale), and nopal cactus (Opuntia ficusindica (L.)) also possess wide range
of biological activities and can give a synergistic effect if combined with antibiotics. In addition, natural biopolymers
play an important role in the management of wounds as well as the physiological processes of the skin (hemostasis,
inflammation, proliferation, and remodelling).
Method A narrative review of papers relevant to the use of phytomedicine in treating infections was conducted
by using electronic databases PubMed, CrossREF, and Google Scholar.
Short conclusion Phytomedicine is one of the top options for the treatment of chronic illnesses for millions of peo-
ple around the world. To learn about the bioactive components of medicinal plants, their medical benefits, and their
synergistic or additive effects to enhance the action of medications, substantial new studies are still needed.
... In subsp. perforatum capsules valves have narrow linear or punctiform vittae, leaves are (at least in part) petiolate and flat and wide (Robson 2002, Ciccarelli & Garbari 2005, Ciccarelli et al. 2003. ...
Following the publication of the seventh edition of the Nouvelle Flore, in 2023, this contribution provides an overview of nomenclatural and taxonomic changes compared to the previous edition of the Flora, which was published in 2012.
... In South America, Hypericum is represented by 102 species (Nürk et al. 2013), most of them endemic and is a prominent component of the páramo shrub flora, but there are also herbaceous species in Brazil and in lowland regions of temperate South America (Robson 1977). Robson published the most complete taxonomic treatment of Hypericum to date (Robson 1977, Robson 1981, Robson 1985, Robson 1987, Robson 1990, Robson 1996, Robson 2001, Robson 2002, Robson 2006, Robson 2010a, Robson 2010b, Robson 2012. Since then, new species have being described regularly and chorological information has been updated. ...
Knowledge of Carex L. (true sedges) and Hypericum L. (St. John's wort) in the Neotropics is fragmentary.
As a result of a fieldwork campaign in Ecuador and revision of herbarium collections (K, QCA and QCNE), we present here relevant records of twelve Carex (Cyperaceae) and four Hypericum (Hypericaceae) species. Regarding Carex , we present the novel report for South America of C. aztecica , as well as the first Ecuadorian records for C. brehmeri , C. collumanthus , C. fecunda , C. melanocystis and C. punicola . The three later records have additional biogeographical significance, as they represent the new northern limit of these species. We also include observations for another five species included in the Ecuadorian Red List of Endemic Plants. As a result, the list of native Carex reported for Ecuador would now include 52 taxa. With regard to Hypericum , we include the new report of H. sprucei for the province of Bolívar, and the confirmation of the presence of three rare species ( H. acostanum , H. matangense , H. prietoi ) in their type localities, although with extremely low population sizes. We discuss their conservation status and implications.
... Hypericum triquetrifolium is native mainly to the eastern Mediterranean region. In addition, it can be seen in Spain, France, Italy, Malta, Libya, Montenegro, Albania, Greece Cyprus, and Türkiye [6]. The species has recently received much scientific attention as a source of various biologically active compounds such as polyphenols, hyperoside, quercetin, quercitrin, chlorogenic acid, rutin, kaempferol, and flavonoids [7,8]. ...
Epilepsy is a state characterized by sudden, recurrent epileptic seizures that are not initiated by an
identifiable event. There are various studies has been shown that Hypericum species may be used for their anticonvulsant
potentials. Besides, the relationship between anticonvulsant activity and antioxidant effect has already been shown in the
literature. In the current study, H. triquetrifolium was investigated for the first time for its potential antioxidant and
anticonvulsant potential using in vitro and in vivo test models. H. triquetrifolium extracts were tested with DPPH assay,
FRAP assay, copper (II) ion reducing antioxidant capacity assay, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity assay to
understand their antioxidant potential. Especially, methanolic extract of H. triquetrifolium was shown the highest
antioxidant activity. Moreover, a pentylenetetrazole (PTZ, 80 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced seizure model was conducted to
analyze the anticonvulsant activities of H. triquetrifolium extracts in mice. In addition, this study revealed that H.
triquetrifolium decreased the ratio of severe seizures and increased the mean onsite of mortality and survival rate in a
dose-dependent manner. It is thought that the anticonvulsant effect may be either related to the antioxidant potential of
H. triquetrifolium or its interference in the GABAergic system
... Sarı kantaron bitkisi yaklaşık 2000 yıldan fazla süredir geleneksel tıp uygulamalarında önemli bir yere sahip tıbbi bitkiler arasında yer almaktadır [8]. Sarı kantaron bitkisinin kökeninin Avrupa ve Kuzey Amerika'nın kurak bölgeleri olduğu [9] bilinmekle beraber, Avrupa, Kuzey Afrika, Anadolu, Batı Asya ve Amerika'da yayılış göstermektedir. Ülkemizde Marmara, Karadeniz, Ege, Orta ve Doğu Anadolu, Akdeniz ve Güneydoğu Anadolu bölgelerinde yaygın olarak görülmektedir [2;10]. ...
St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) plant is among the medicinal plants used as pharmaceutical raw material with traditional methods for more than 2000 years. St. John's Wort plant and its medicinal oil (maserate) obtained from it, usage area is increasing day by day in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries thanks to the important bioactive components. The pharmacologically important component of the plant is known as hypericin. This study was carried out in Selcuk University, Faculty of Agriculture, Medical and Endemic Plants Training and Research Farm, and examined the effect of different holding environments (sun, shade), harvest periods (25% flowering period, 50% flowering period and full flowering period) and drying methods (wet herb, faded herb and dried herb) on the amount of hypericin in St. John's Wort and its medicinal oil. According to the results of the analysis, the highest amount of hypericin in St. John's Wort herb was determined as 0.32% in full flowering period. The highest amount of hypericin in St. John's Wort oils was determined as 271.92 mg/L in fresh herb during the full flowering period. According to the results of the research, the harvesting periods are effective on the amount of hypericin, and it can be suggested that the wet herb, which is harvested in full bloom and hold, should be macerated with olive oil in the sun to obtain St. John's Wort oil with high hypericin content.
... Firstly, it appeared clear that, although classed as a perennial herb [36], cultivated Hypericum has a limited duration. In general, this was no longer than 2-3 years-although plants grown in pots seemed more suitable for longer stands-and herbal yields tended to thereafter stabilize on lower levels. ...
Hypericum perforatum is an intensively studied medicinal plant, and much experimental activity has been addressed to evaluate its bio-agronomical and phytochemical features as far. In most cases, plant material used for experimental purposes is obtained from wild populations or, alternatively, from individuals grown in vases and/or pots. When Hypericum is addressed to industrial purposes, the most convenient option for achieving satisfactory amounts of plant biomass is field cultivation. Pot cultivation and open field condition, however, are likely to induce different responses on plant’s metabolism, and the obtained yield and composition are not necessarily the same. To compare these management techniques, a 4-year cultivation trial (2013–2016) was performed, using three Hypericum biotypes obtained from different areas in Italy: PFR-TN, from Trento province, Trentino; PFR-SI, from Siena, Tuscany; PFR-AG, from Agrigento province, Sicily. Both managements gave scarce biomass and flower yields at the first year, whereas higher yields were measured at the second year (in open field), and at the third year (in pots). Plant ageing induced significant differences in phytochemical composition, and the total amount of phenolic substances was much higher in 2015 than in 2014. A different performance of genotypes was observed; the local genotype was generally more suitable for field cultivation, whereas the two non-native biotypes performed better in pots. Phytochemical profile of in-pots plants was not always reflecting the actual situation of open field. Consequently, when cultivation is intended for industrial purposes, accurate quality checks of the harvested material are advised.
... The medicinal plant Hypericum perforatum L., commonly called St. John's wort, belongs to a large genus Hypericum, comprised of approximately 469 plant species (Crockett and Robson 2011). This herbaceous, aromatic perennial plant species has a wide geographical distribution; it grows in Europe, Asia, Africa, South America, United States of America, Australia, and New Zealand (Bombardelli and Morazzoni 1995;Robson 2002;Dauncey et al. 2019). Turkish flora is particularly rich in Hypericum species; 96 different species are found, among them 45 species are endemic (Ö zkan and Mat 2013). ...
Six extracts were obtained from plant species Hypericum perforatum L., collected at Samsun in Turkey. The aim of this study was to examine the mechanisms of the anticancer activity of these extracts. Methanol, ethyl-acetate and hexane were used as a solvents for extraction from both branch-body part of the plant (extracts 1, 2 and 3) and from plant flowers (extracts 4, 5 and 6). The cytotoxic effects of the extracts were determined against 2D and 3D cancer cell models. Cell cycle changes of treated HeLa cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. Measurements of gene and microRNA expression levels in treated HeLa cells were done by quantitative real time PCR. Five examined extracts (2–6) exerted selective concentration-dependent cytotoxic effects on HeLa, K562, and A549 cancer cells, while the extract 1 exhibited very weak cytotoxicity. The extract 6 showed the highest intensity of cytotoxic activity. All tested extracts (2–6) demonstrated the ability to induce apoptosis in HeLa cells through activation of caspase-3. These extracts remarkably decreased gene expression levels of MMP2, MMP9, TIMP3, and VEGFA in HeLa cells. Flower extracts might have stronger effects on miR128/193a-5p/335 level changes than branch-body extracts. Hypericum perforatum extracts exerted weaker cytotoxic effects on 3D HeLa spheroids when compared with their effects on 2D monolayer HeLa cells. Taken together, results of our research may suggest the promising anticancer properties of the Hypericum perforatum extracts.
... The Hypericum specimens were compared with the relevant taxonomic literature (Boissier, 1867;Shishkin and Bobrov, 1949;Robson, 1967;Webb, 1968;Robson, 1977Robson, , 1981Robson, , 1985Robson, , 1987Robson, , 1988Robson, , 1990Robson, , 1993Robson, , 1996Dönmez, 2000;Robson, 2001Robson, , 2002Robson, , 2003Robson, , 2006Robson, , 2010aRobson, , 2010bRobson, , 2012). These specimens were examined in the ANK, EGE, GAZI, HUB, NHM, and P herbaria (codes according http:// sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/) ...
Hypericum turcicum (Hypericaceae) is described and illustrated as a new species from Beypazarı in Ankara Province in Northwest Anatolia, Turkey. The new species belongs to the section Oligostema, and it is closely related to H. aucheri. Diagnostic characters, description, detailed illustrations, ecology, and pollen and seed morphology are presented in this study. In addition, this study evaluates H. kazdaghense, which was previously accepted as a synonym of H. aucheri, as a distinct species and discusses the similarities and differences between H. turcicum and H. aucheri.
... Hypericum perforatum L., an invasive perennial herb widely distributed in a variety of habitats, is regarded as a serious weed in many countries (Robson, 2002;Nürk et al., 2013). The mode of reproduction in H. perforatum is highly dynamic, and biotypes span from almost complete sexuality to nearly obligate apomixis (Noack, 1939;Davis, 1967;Mártonfi et al., 1996;Matzk et al., 2001;Barcaccia et al., 2007;Galla et al., 2011Galla et al., , 2015. ...
Hypericum perforatum L. (2n = 4x = 32) is an attractive model system for the study of aposporous apomixis. The earliest phenotypic features of aposporous apomixis in this species are the mitotic formation of unreduced embryo sacs from a somatic cell of the ovule nucellus and the avoidance of meiosis. In this research we addressed gene expression variation in sexual and apomictic plants, by focusing on the ovule nucellus, which is the cellular domain primarily involved into the differentiation of meiocyte precursors and aposporous embryo sacs, at a pre-meiotic developmental stage. Gene expression analyses performed by RNAseq identified 396 differentially expressed genes and 1834 transcripts displaying phenotype-specific expression. Furthermore, the sequencing and assembly of the genome from a diploid sexual accession allowed the annotation of a 50 kb sequence portion located upstream the HAPPY locus and to address the extent to which single transcripts were assembled in multiple variants and their co-expression levels. About one third of identified DEGs and phenotype-specific transcripts were associated to transcript variants with alternative expression patterns. Additionally, considering DEGs and phenotype-specific transcript, the co-expression level was estimated in about two transcripts per locus. Our gene expression study shows massive differences in the expression of several genes encoding for transposable elements. Transcriptional differences in the ovule nucellus and pistil terminal developmental stages were also found for subset of genes encoding for potentially interacting proteins involved in pre-mRNA splicing. Furthermore, the sexual and aposporous ovule transcriptomes were characterized by differential expression in genes operating in RNA silencing, RNA-mediated DNA methylation (RdDM) and histone and chromatin modifications. These findings are consistent with a role of these processes in regulating cell fate determination in the ovule, as indicated by forward genetic studies in sexual model species. The association between aposporous apomixis, pre-mRNA splicing and DNA methylation mediated by sRNAs, which is supported by expression data and by the enrichment in GO terms related to these processes, is consistent with the massive differential expression of multiple transposon-related sequences observed in ovules collected from both sexual and aposporous apomictic accessions. Overall, our data suggest that phenotypic expression of aposporous apomixis is concomitant with the modulation of key genes involved in the two interconnected processes: RNA splicing and RNA-directed DNA methylation.
... Robson (1977) provided a revision of the genus, and proposed a new classification, defining 30 sections. This publication was the first in a series of monographs of subgroups of Hypericum in which detailed information on characters for species descriptions are given (Robson, 1981), as well as the formal taxonomy of sections and species (Robson, 1985(Robson, , 1987(Robson, , 1990(Robson, , 1996(Robson, , 2001(Robson, , 2002(Robson, , 2006(Robson, , 2010a. Thirty-six sections have been to date described and 472 species have been recognized (Table 1). ...
Hypericum is a worldwide‐distributed genus with almost 500 species, including the medically used, facultative apomictic species H. perforatum. It is one of the few large plant genera for which alpha taxonomy has been completed and most species have been described. To conduct a formal cladistic analysis of the genus, we coded 89 morphological characters for all described taxa and analyzed the data for the species using parsimony and Bayesian methods. The obtained trees indicate that Hypericum is monophyletic if the monotypic genus Santomasia is included, and that Lianthus is its sister. The arrangement of the remaining genera of Hypericaceae included in the analysis is in congruence with molecular phylogenies. Within Hypericum the cladistic analysis revealed a basal grade containing Mediterranean species and three big clades containing most of the diversity of the genus. In contrast to earlier assumptions, we found no indication for an African origin of Hypericum, but assume that the genus evolved in what today is the Mediterranean area. Our phylogenies indicate a shrubby habit to be the ancestral state within Hypericum from which species with tree‐like and herbaceous habit evolved, and that apomixis originated at least three times independently within the genus.
... It is mainly distributed in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, but also in high-altitude tropical and subtropical areas, and in a large variety of ecosystems (Meseguer et al. 2013). Robson has prepared a detailed taxonomic treatment of the genus in a series of monographs (Robson 1977(Robson , 1981(Robson , 1985(Robson , 1987(Robson , 1990(Robson , 1996(Robson , 2001(Robson , 2002(Robson , 2006(Robson , 2010a(Robson , b, 2012. In these, the main diagnostic characters for the classification of the genus were identified, numerous new species were described and an infra-generic classification into 36 sections was proposed. ...
Hypericum cycladicum Trigas sp. nov. (Hypericaceae) from the Cyclades Islands (Greece) is described and illustrated. It belongs to H. sect. Drosocarpium and its closest relatives appears to be the Cretan endemic H. trichocaulon and the widespread Mediterranean H. perfoliatum. The new species is currently known from Andros, Paros and Naxos islands, but probably has a wider distribution within the Cyclades island group.
... The revisional studies of the genus at both sectional and species levels were conducted by N.K.B. Robson (1967Robson ( , 1977Robson ( , 1981Robson ( , 1985Robson ( , 1987Robson ( , 1988Robson ( , 1990Robson ( , 1993Robson ( , 1996Robson ( , 2001Robson ( , 2002Robson ( , 2003Robson ( , 2006Robson ( , 2010aRobson ( , 2010bRobson ( , 2012Robson ( , and 2016. The taxonomic (Stevens 2007, Crockett and Robson 2011, Robson 2012, Alonso et al. 2013), morphogenetic (Çırak et al. 2006, Ayan et al. 2007), paleobiologic (Meseguer & Sanmartín 2012), and phylogenetic (Meseguer et al. 2013, Nürk et al. 2013) studies on Hypericum were conducted by different authors. ...
Hypericum bilgehan-bilgilii is here described and illustrated as a new species of section Triadenioides, from the Southern Anatolia, Turkey. Distribution map, habitat and ecology, etymology, the Turkish name for the new species, and dichotomous key are given. The new species is compared with morphologically close species, H. ternatum and H. pallens.
... H. perforatum originates in Europe and Asia, and it has now spread as an inconvenient invader species all over the world, except Antarctica [11,24]. H. perforatum can grow in both natural and semi-natural soils with a wide range of acidity levels, in several different vegetation contexts, and under a variety of topographic conditions, disturbance regimes, and climates [25,26]. ...
The worldwide growing interest in traditional medicines, including herbal medicines and herbal dietary supplements, has recently been accompanied by concerns on quality and safety of this type of health care. The content of nutritional and potentially toxic elements in medicinal plants is of paramount interest as it may vary remarkably according to different environmental and ecophysiological factors. In this study, the concentrations of essential and non-essential trace elements—Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Sr, and Zn—were determined in the roots and aerial parts of the worldwide distributed and economically important medicinal herb Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John’s wort) and in its growing substrate. Most of the analyzed trace elements varied considerably in the plant parts according to edaphic conditions and soil geochemistry. However, uptake and retention in H. perforatum compartments of Co, Cr, and Ni, which markedly differentiated the investigated soils, were controlled by excluding mechanisms of the plant. Despite this, the Ni concentrations in the aerial parts, commonly used in herbal preparations, of H. perforatum plants from serpentine soils were not insignificant in relation to eventual human consumption. Good practice to assure the herbal product quality of H. perforatum collected from the wild cannot ignore the thorough understanding of the geolithological and geochemical features of the harvesting areas.
... Hypericum lancioides Cuatrec. Hyperiaceae Ornamo It has antidepressant effects, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiviral properties [31] . 19 Jamesoniella rubricaulis (Nees) Grolle Jungermaniaceae NC It has antibiotic activity inhibiting the growth of microorganisms [32] . ...
In this research, 64 organic extracts from 37 species, belonging to 23 botanical families of plants used in the folk medicine of southern Ecuador was study. The extracts analysed were obtained with different solvents (methanol, n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate). The antioxidant activity was determined by two methods: DPPH and ABTS .+. The phenolic content of the extracts was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteau colorimetric technique. The species that showed the highest antioxidant activity, according to the IC50 values and the total phenolic content were Hypericum lancioides, Piper pseudochurumayo, Ludwigia peruviana, Sarcorhachis sydowii, Garcinia macrophylla, Clusia alata, Huperzia crassa and Fuchsia hybrida. The results obtained suggest that the good antioxidant activity described for these species could play an important role in the medicinal properties claimed for the plants under study and some of these plants could be useful in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
... However, it was validly published by Linnaeus (1753Linnaeus ( , 1754.The first treatment of the whole genus was done by Choisy (1821), whose synaptic monograph of the "Hypericineae" contained seven genera, of which three (Androsaemum, Ascyrum and Hypericum) together represent Hypericum in its current sense, except that Choisy included the species placed by Robson (1977) in Triadenum. Robson (1977Robson ( , 1981Robson ( , 1985Robson ( , 1987Robson ( , 1990Robson ( , 1996Robson ( , 2001Robson ( , 2002Robson ( , 2010 has published in eight parts the most comprehensive monograph of Hypericum currently available. The monograph includes a revised infrageneric classification and a review of previously published classifications of the genus (Spach, 1836a(Spach, -1836bJaubert & Spach, 1842-1843Keller, 1895Keller, -1925Kimura, 1951). ...
The phylogenetic relationships of Drosanthe section of Hypericum genus (Hypericaceae) were analyzed by using non-coding chloroplast DNA region (trnL 3’-trnF) for 58 individuals. The section is represented by 23 taxa and nine of which are endemic to Turkey. The chloroplast phylogeny suggested that the members of this section belonged to a polyphyletic group, which imply at least two independent origins. The individuals of this section clearly formed two main clades. One clade included all members of this section except H. amblysepalum, H. spectabile, H. lysimachioides var. spathulatum and H. sorgerae. Our current phylogenetic results supported the morphological grouping in the Drosanthe section.
... The differences may result from a high variation of seeds of the species within their geographic ranges, which has not been studied so far. intraspecific variation has been reported for some of the studied species (robson 2002;Mártonfi 2008). our results markedly broaden the available knowledge about variation of the studied structures. ...
Eight Hypericum species are native to Poland: H. elegans Stephan ex Willd., H. hirsutum L., H. humifusum L., H. maculatum Crantz, H. montanum L., H. perforatum L., H. pulchrum L., and H. tetrapterum Fr. Only seeds of H. elegans were investigated in detail in Poland before, so here we present results of qualitative and quantitative analyses of seed morphology of the other 7 species, based on characters like seed length, width, and shape, seed coat sculpture, shape of epidermal cells of the testa, and number of epidermal cells along the seed axis. The results show that seeds of the studied species are small, 0.56-1.15 mm long and 0.26-0.49 mm wide. In SEM images, seed coat sculpture is reticulate in 5 species, papillate in H. hirsutum, and cup-shaped in H. pulchrum. The differences are caused by the varied final development of the testa epidermis, which constitutes the outer layer of the seed coat. The mean number of epidermal cells along the seed axis ranges from 22 to 33. Results of cluster analysis, based on the agglomeration method and including also published data on seeds of H. elegans, show that the variation in the investigated characters of seeds is reflected in the taxonomic division of the genus into sections.
... Herbs from each section of the genus comprise typical types of phloroglucinols and let Norman Robson inter alia classify the plants respectively (Robson 1977;Robson 2002). As an example, herbs from sections 14 and 15 accumulate only acylphloroglucinols, which can be described as monocyclic O-glycosides, while section 10 has only O-prenylated or geranylated compounds; and species from section 13 form polycyclic compounds of undefined type. ...
Genus Hypericum belongs to family Hypericaceae and comprises about 450 species. British botanist Norman Robson divided the herbs of the genus into 30 sections according to morphological, geographical and phylogenetical principles. Hypericum triquetrifolium TURRA, investigated and studied in course of the present work belongs to section 9, along with the most famous representative of the genus, Hypericum perforatum. H. triquetrifolium is used in traditional medicine of different peoples in Mediterranean region since ancient times; however it has been well studied only on its essential oil composition. The aim of the current work was to broaden the knowledge of the herb's secondary metabolites spectrum, especially on its acylphloroglucinol derivatives, to test the isolated compounds in vitro on neurotoxicity and neuroprotection, as well as to confirm the chemotaxonomic bonds between relative species.
As such, with the help of NMR-guided fractionation strategy, as well as CPC, Flash chromatography on Si-gel and RP-18 material and preparative RP-HPLC, 20 different compounds were isolated. Their structures were elucidated with 1D- and 2D-NMR and confirmed with MS. They were additionally characterised by UV, specific rotation and CD spectra. Isolated compounds include 10 new previously unknown prenylated acylphloroglucinols of different types, yezo'otogirin C, a separate class of possible hyperforin analogues, called triquetriirinons, as well as two fatty acids and three flavonoids. In this work the presence of Type B acylphloroglucinol derivative in Hypericum from section 9 is reported for the first time. Confirmed is the proposed theory of yezo'otogirin C biosynthesis pathway. Discovered and described is an unusual side aliphatic chain, named "evgenyl". Plausible biosynthetic pathway for epoxy derivative triquetribavarin is proposed. Isolated in sufficient quantity chemicals were tested on HT-22 cells in MTT assay on neurotoxicity and neuroprotection, however, they didn't exhibit any promising results.
... Hypericum perforatum is an invasive perennial herb that is widely distributed in a variety of habitats and is regarded as a serious weed in many countries (Robson, 2002;Nürk et al., 2013). In recent years, H. perforatum has been studied to identify potential genes involved in the biosynthesis of active metabolites (He et al., 2012;Hofrichter et al., 2013). ...
Unlike sexual reproduction, apomixis encompasses a number of reproductive strategies, which permit maternal genome inheritance without genetic recombination and syngamy. The key biological features of apomixis are the circumvention of meiosis (i.e., apomeiosis), the differentiation of unreduced embryo sacs and egg cells, and their autonomous development in functional embryos through parthenogenesis, and the formation of viable endosperm either via fertilization-independent means or following fertilization with a sperm cell. Despite the importance of apomixis for breeding of crop plants and although much research has been conducted to study this process, the genetic control of apomixis is still not well understood. Hypericum perforatum is becoming an attractive model system for the study of aposporous apomixis. Here we report results from a global gene expression analysis of H. perforatum pistils collected from sexual and aposporous plant accessions for the purpose of identifying genes, biological processes and molecular functions associated with the aposporous apomixis pathway. Across two developmental stages corresponding to the expression of aposporous apomeiosis and parthenogenesis in ovules, a total of 224 and 973 unigenes were found to be significantly up- and down-regulated with a fold change ≥ 2 in at least one comparison, respectively. Differentially expressed genes were enriched for multiple gene ontology (GO) terms, including cell cycle, DNA metabolic process, and single-organism cellular process. For molecular functions, the highest scores were recorded for GO terms associated with DNA binding, DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase activity and heterocyclic compound binding. As deregulation of single components of the sexual developmental pathway is believed to be a trigger of the apomictic reproductive program, all genes involved in sporogenesis, gametogenesis and response to hormonal stimuli were analyzed in great detail. Overall, our data suggest that phenotypic expression of apospory is concomitant with the modulation of key genes involved in the sexual reproductive pathway. Furthermore, based on gene annotation and co-expression, we underline a putative role of hormones and key actors playing in the RNA-directed DNA methylation pathway in regulating the developmental changes occurring during aposporous apomixis in H. perforatum.
... Systematical research of the Hypericum species growing in Europe was carried out by several authors. In some more recent and comprehensive investigations of taxonomy of Hypericum (Robson, 1996(Robson, , 2001(Robson, , 2002, this genus is divided into 30 sections. In flora of Serbia, 19 species are present (Stjepanovic-Veselicic, 1972). ...
... On the basis of morphology and biogeography, the genus Hypericum is represented by 484 species with 36 taxonomic sections. Hypericum gaitti is widely known because of its remarkable pharmaceutical properties [2] . Out of 484 species, about 29 species evolved in India [3] . ...
Abstract
Aim: To identify the hypericin content in Hypericum gaitii Haines through HPTLC & FTIR, an
endangered medicinal plant and potential for curing many diseases like cancer, AIDS, tumour etc.
Methods: Methanolic extract of leaves derived from in vitro raised plants were used in the mobile phase
of Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Formic acid (10:8:3) and scanned under UV at 254nm and 366 nm and under
visible light. Dried extract powered from leaves were encapsulated in 100 mg of KBr pellet in order to
prepare translucent sample discs prepared through applying pressure for FTIR analysis. The data of
infrared transmittance was collected over a wave number ranged from 500 to 4000 cm−1.
Results: The HPTLC analysis of the methanolic extract has shown several peaks with different Rf
values. Five microliter concentrations leaf extract provide 12 spots with hypericin content having Rf
value range from 0.65 to 0.68.
Conclusion: Both HPTLC and FTIR methods could be used for qualitative and quantitative
determination, identification and authentication purposes in order to prevent adulteration in herbal
medicines.
Hypericum liboense M.T.An & T.R.Wu, sp. nov. (Hypericaceae) is a newly described species found in the Maolan National Nature Reserve of Guizhou Province, where it grows in rocky habitats without soil on karst mountain tops. In this study, key morphological characters were compared between the new species and the other known Hypericum species of Hypericaceae. DNA sequences were extracted from the leaves of the new species, with nuclear gene sequences (ITS) generated to reconstruct phylogenetic trees and describe its phylogenetic position in relation to other species of Hypericum . Our results show that the proposed new species has the typical characteristics of the genus Hypericum in morphology being similar to Hypericum monogynum , but differing in its sessile and semi-clasped leaves, long elliptical to long circular leaf blades, thickly papery to thinly leathery, with entire and wavy leaf margins. The abaxial side of the leaves is covered with white powder, giving them a grey-white appearance. The main lateral veins of the leaves are 8–15-paired, and the midvein on both sides is convex. The main lateral veins and midvein branch are conspicuous, with tertiary venation forming a network on the leaf surface and appearing prominently sunken. The inflorescences are 1–3-flowered, with a large calyx and conspicuous veins. The molecular phylogenetic analysis (PP = 1.00) provided substantial evidence for the proposition of H. liboense as a new species within Hypericum . Morphological and molecular evidence is presented, corroborating the proposition of the new species, including a comprehensive account of the distinctive morphological attributes of H. liboense , along with its key distinguishing features from similar species.
The seed morphology of 40 taxa within the genus Hypericum (Hypericaceae) from China, representing 9 sections of the genus, was examined using both Light and Scanning Electron Microscopy to evaluate the taxonomic relevance of macro‐ and micro‐morphological features. Details articulating variation in seed size, color, shape, appendages, and seed coat ornamentation are described, illustrated, and compared, and their taxonomic importance is discussed. Seeds were generally brown in color and cylindric‐ellipsoid to prolonged cylindric in shape. Seed size displayed wide variation, ranging from 0.37–1.91 mm in length and 0.12–0.75 mm in width. Seed appendages were observed as a characteristic morphological feature. Seed surface ornamentation has high phenotypic plasticity, and four types (reticulate, foveolate, papillose, and ribbed) can be recognized. In general, seed color and shape have limited taxonomic significance. However, some other features represent informative characters that can be used efficiently in distinguishing the studied taxa at the section and/or species levels. The findings illustrate that considerable taxonomic knowledge can be obtained by investigating the seed features of Hypericum , and the use of Scanning Electron Microscopy can reveal inconspicuous morphological affinities among species and play a role in taxonomic and systematic studies of the genus Hypericum .
Research Highlights
Macro‐ and micro‐morphological features of seeds of 40 Hypericum taxa from China were examined using Light and Scanning Electron Microscopy, providing the first broad study regarding seed morphology for Hypericum from China.
Details and variations of seed size, shape, color, surface ornamentation, and appendages are fully presented.
Seed features and their variation have important taxonomic significance at the section and/or species levels within Hypericum .
Bu çalışmada ülkemizin biyolojik zenginliklerinin önemli bir parçası olan ve doğal habitatlarından toplanan Hypericum L. cinsine ait Hypericum uniglandosum Hausskn. ex Bornm., Hypericum microcalycinum Boiss. & Heldr. ve Hypericum scabroides N. Robson & Poulter türleri uçucu yağ bileşenleri yönünden araştırılmıştır. Bu türlerden Hypericum uniglandosum ve Hypericum scabroides türleri endemik türdür. Çalışmada kullanılan bitkiler temmuz- ağustos ayında çiçekli dönemde iken toplanarak uçucu yağ bileşenleri yönünden araştırılmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre 14 farklı bileşen tespit edilmiştir. Bitki örnekleri ile yapılan analiz sonuçlarına göre en çok bulunan bileşen; H. uniglandosum’ da; % 90.25, H. microcalycinum’ da; % 91.46 ve H. scabroides’te; % 91.77 olarak alpha-pinene olmuştur. Bu bileşenden başka değişik oranlar olmakla birlikte beta-pinene, beta-myrcene, limonene, cymene gibi çeşitli bileşenler de analiz sonuçlarına göre rapor edilmiştir. Çalışma materyalimizi oluşturan bitkiler üzerinde farklı oranlarda, farklı bileşenler tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca çalışmamızı oluşturan H. uniglandosum ve H. scabroides türleri endemik tür olduğu için uçucu yağ analizlerinin belirlenmesinin önem arz ettiği düşünülmektedir.
In this review we summarize the current knowledge about the changes in Hypericum secondary metabolism induced by biotic/abiotic stressors. It is known that the extreme environmental conditions activate signaling pathways leading to triggering of enzymatic and non-enzymatic defense systems, which stimulate production of secondary metabolites with antioxidant and protective effects. Due to several groups of bioactive compounds including naphthodianthrones, acylphloroglucinols, flavonoids, and phenylpropanes, the world-wide Hypericum perforatum represents a high-value medicinal crop of Hypericum genus, which belongs to the most diverse genera within flowering plants. The summary of the up-to-date knowledge reveals a relationship between the level of defense-related phenolic compounds and interspecific differences in the stress tolerance. The chlorogenic acid, and flavonoids, namely the amentoflavone, quercetin or kaempferol glycosides have been reported as the most defense-related metabolites associated with plant tolerance against stressful environment including temperature, light, and drought, in association with the biotic stimuli resulting from plant-microbe interactions. As an example, the species-specific cold-induced phenolics profiles of 10 Hypericum representatives of different provenances cultured in vitro are illustrated in the case-study. Principal component analysis revealed a relationship between the level of defense-related phenolic compounds and interspecific differences in the stress tolerance indicating a link between the provenance of Hypericum species and inherent mechanisms of cold tolerance. The underlying metabolome alterations along with the changes in the activities of ROS-scavenging enzymes, and non-enzymatic physiological markers are discussed. Given these data it can be anticipated that some Hypericum species native to divergent habitats, with interesting high-value secondary metabolite composition and predicted high tolerance to biotic/abiotic stresses would attract the attention as valuable sources of bioactive compounds for many medicinal purposes.
This datasheet on Hypericum perforatum covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Hosts/Species Affected, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Environmental Requirements, Natural Enemies, Impacts, Uses, Prevention/Control, Further Information.
Red list of Austrian vascular plants.
Plant-derived health products are increasingly used in the Global North and remain a primary source of health care for millions in the Global South. These products include herbal drugs, traditional remedies, 'dietary supplements', and other manufactured products containing herbal ingredients, teas and other products.Effective regulation and quality control, meaningful research and adverse reaction records require us to refer to these products, and the plants used, precisely and unambiguously. Vernacular, pharmaceutical and trade names are employed inconsistently, geographically and between disciplines. The same pharmaceutical term can occur in different pharmacopoeias referring to different substances and plants. Examples illustrate the consequences for health and pharmacovigilance arising from such confusion.Scientific botanical names refer unambiguously to specific plant species: the meaning of each scientific name does not change. Nonetheless, use of botanical nomenclature is not straightforward. Challenges complicate the appropriate use and interpretation of scientific names: synonyms and homonyms exist; the preferred names for plants change as our understanding of plant relationships advance; alternative botanical references offer conflicting opinions. These challenges and their implications are explored.The Medicinal Plant Names Services (MPNS) tracks over 500,000 alternative vernacular, pharmaceutical and scientific names used in health legislation and research. The MPNS portal and data services enable users to communicate with one another despite differing use of names. Users can also search online data resources such as PubMed, employing all scientific synonyms simultaneously to retrieve comprehensive results.This chapter illustrates and discusses these issues and offers best practice guidelines for using scientific names both to communicate with others and to retrieve information from literature, regulations, and databases.
Hypericum perforatum L. (Hypericaceae) is one of the medicinal plants whose value has increased rapidly in recent years. It is especially popular for its use in the treatment of mild and moderate depression, as well as for the treatment of skin diseases, internal and external inflammatory wounds, neurological disorders, and the metabolism-disrupting effects of free radicals. Besides, it shows inhibitory effects against different kinds of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungus, and protozoa. Antimicrobial biofilms generated by the plant are its most potent output, unlike its essential oil which does not have much value in itself as much as its ingredients that can be converted into more valuable products. Its usage as a folk remedy has a wide application area in various cultures. It is thought that compiling studies on various aspects of this plant will benefit future studies. The present paper reports on studies on the antibacterial, antioxidant, and therapeutic properties of Hypericum perforatum, as well as on the composition of its essential oil.
Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra is an ecologically, medicinally and economically important species in Tunisia. Thirty-six Hypericum individuals sampled from 6 northern Tunisian locations were investigated for their diversity and relationships using 10 inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers and 10 morphological features at vegetative stage. The phylogenetic analysis, using 308 bp of sequenced ITS1 region, identified the Hypericum individuals as H. triquetrifolium that clustered with members of genus Hypericum section 9, 9a, 9b and 27, in agreement with the previous molecular classification of the genus. Among the 10 ISSR markers tested, 7 were scorable and yielded 91 loci with 94.5% of polymorphism. UBC848 and UBC836 were the most polymorphic ISSR markers. The level of genetic diversity (HT = 0.247) and gene flow between the six populations (Nm = 1.169) were moderate. The structure analysis revealed three genetic subpopulations: individuals of Le Krib location formed a subpopulation divergent from two other subpopulations, probably due to its northwestern and high-altitude geographic barriers, and its sub-humid microclimate. Zaghouan, northeastern location in the lower semi-arid, with the highest genetic (I = 0.370) and morphological (I = 0.631) Shannon’s information indices and, regrouping two out of the three genetic subpopulations, is the most probable zone of origin for H. triquetrifolium. In addition, morphological data showed higher diversity than ISSR data; however, no evidence of correlation between genetic and morphologic traits could be suggested in this study. These results on the genetic diversity and phylogenetic analysis will contribute to the conservation of the gene pool of H. triquetrifolium in Tunisia.
St. John Wort (Hypercum perforatum L., Hypericaceae) has been used as a medicinal plant for a long period of time as this plant is characterized by a diversity of bioactive constituents which possess well documented pharmacological activities including antiviral, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective and anti-tumoral activity. Nowadays, special interest is put on its essential oil as some experimental studies showed great biological and pharmacological potential. According this, the main goal of this study was GC/MS analysis of the essential oil, aroma components as well as n-hexane extracts of Hypericum perforatum that grows in Western region in R. Macedonia. GC/FID/MS analyses of the isolated essential oils from leaf, flower and herb resulted in the identification of 84 compounds. The fraction of sesquiterpenes was dominated in all examined oils and the main constituents were germacrene D (17.77-39.03%), E-caryophyllene (11.37-25.71%) and β-selinene (0.69-4.77%). GC/HS/MS analyses of the aroma components resulted in the identification of 23 compounds. Among them, isononane was identified as main aroma component (up to 75%). GC/FID/MS analyses of the n-hexane extracts resulted in the identification of 60 compounds which were characterized by the presence of terpenoid (mono- and sesquiterpene) components and non-terpenoid constituents mainly consisted of hydrocarbons and their oxygenate derivatives and related components. The non-terpenoid fraction represented the largest part of the analysed extracts. The most abundant were nonacosane (15.45-49.28%), octacosane (1.33-40.05%) and pentacosane (1.68-9.04%). The aerial parts of H. perforatum collected from Western part of R. Macedonia could be considered as a good source of essential oil with specific chemical profile as well as aroma components and high lipophilic compounds, but further investigation should be done in accordance to their possible commercial or medicinal use. Keywords: Hypericum perforatum, essential oil, aroma components, n-hexane extract, GC-MS
Hypericum L. belongs to the Clusiaceae (= Guttiferae) family. There are 98 species or 119 taxa of Hypericum, 49 of which are endemic in Turkey Flora, and the endemism ratio is 41.18%. Some of these species are used in various diseases externally/internally in the form of infusion, decoction, oleate or ointment in traditional treatment in Turkey. H. heteropyhllum is an endemic species that grows in arid, stony or rocky calcareous areas. In our study, the average plant height and number of branches were determined as 52.48±10.65 cm and 7.85±3.01, respectively in full flowering stage. The average length and width of the oval shaped seeds was 2.3220±0.1524 mm and 0.7933±0.0755 mm, respectively. Seeds of the plant is very small and average seed weight of 1000 seeds is 0.75975±0.0300 g. The highest fresh herb weight (587±251.91 g/plant) was obtained from plants collected at full flowering. The wide variation was observed especially in plant height and number of main branches in the measurements made on plants in the natural area.
An integrated approach to the study of taxa of the genus Hypericum occurring in Sicily is proposed. The results of
morphological, biochemical, and molecular analyses are combined to better assess the relationships between the species investigated and
test the suitability of DNA barcoding technique in the discrimination of these taxa. For the name Hypericum aegypticum subsp. webbii
(Spach) N. Robson a lectotype is designated. For Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra a lectotype and a supporting epitype are designated.
The presence of Hypericum perforatum L. subsp. perforatum is excluded from Sicily and the previous reports have to be referred to H.
perforatum subsp. veronense (Schrank) Ces. Hypericum perfoliatum L. and H. pubescens Boiss. are close morphologically and chemically,
as well as based on the results from rcbL marker, although belonging to different sections. Biochemical analyses confirmed the relevant
amounts in bioactive metabolites of the studied taxa. Hypericum perfoliatum L. is proposed as a valid alternative to H. perforatum L. for
cultivation with phytotherapic purposes.
Plants of the genus Hypericum (Hypericaceae) are used in folk medicine all over the world, H. perforatum being the most well-known species. Standardized extracts of this plant are commercially-available to treat mild to moderate depression cases. The present review summarizes the literature published up to 2016 concerning the phloroglucinol derivatives isolated from Hypericum species, together with their structural features and biological activities. These phytochemical studies led to the isolation of 101 prenylated phloroglucinols, chromanes and chromenes, 35 dimeric acylphloroglucinols, 235 polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols, 25 simple benzophenones and 33 phloroglucinol-terpene adducts. These compounds show a diverse range of biological activities, such as antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antinociceptive and antidepressant-like effects.
Many national and international projects to prepare floristic treatments for Asian countries are in progress throughout the world. Amongst these are a number of projects focusing on the Himalayan region. The Flora of Bhutan, of which the first part was published in 1983, was completed when volume 3, part 2, dealing with the Orchidaceae, was published in 2002. The completion of the Flora of Bhutan marked the start of a new epoch in floristic research on the Himalayan region following the last major work for the area, Hooker’s The Flora of British India (1872–1897). This major achievement was brought about by the late Andrew J. C. Grierson and his successor, David G. Long, of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, and other botanists. In Sikkim, now a part of India, a flora project was begun by the Botanical Survey of India after the establishment of the Sikkim Himalayan Circle of the Botanical Survey of India at Gangtok in 1979. In 1996, the first volume of that flora was published. For the western Himalaya, Karakorum and Kashmir have been treated as a part of the Flora of Pakistan compiled first by E. Nasir and S.I. Ali, and later by S.I. Ali and M. Qaiser since 1970.
Completion of a detailed monograph of Hypericum using traditional methods has stimulated the publication of phylogenetic treatments of the genus using molecular methods. The relationships thereby revealed differ from those of the traditional account in several ways that are discussed here. A key point of conflict concerns taxa that share a specific set of morphological characters, i.e. the ‘Elodes’ syndrome (pseudotubular corolla, sterile stamen fascicles, stamen filaments ± united in the fascicle and sometimes petal appendages), which was found to be paraphyletic in each molecular study. The various groups with this syndrome were shown to have arisen from various parts of Hypericum, apparently suddenly, probably as the result of a genetic switch, the action of which can also be reversed. The formerly segregated genera with this floral syndrome should therefore all be re-incorporated in Hypericum. This necessitates the re-establishment of one section, namely Hypericum sect. Elodea, and recognition of two new sections within Hypericum, namely Hypericum sect. Lianthus and Hypericum sect. Thornea, which are proposed here. The remaining species have resolved in various places in recent molecular phylogenetic trees that differ from each other and from the classification adopted in the monograph. In particular, in molecular results the herbaceous species with ‘3’ (i.e. 2+2+1) stamen fascicles all form a single clade; whereas, in the traditional treatment adopted in the monograph, they form three distinct, distantly related groups. In light of recent molecular studies, Hypericum is now interpreted to comprise two distinct groups (respectively mainly Old World and mainly New World) that differ in the presence or absence of dark (hypericin-containing) glands and in the arrangement of the stamen fascicles. These two clades are described as subgenera, with the New World clade named Hypericum subgenus Brathys. By drawing attention to this grouping, the molecular work has improved on the monograph.
Summed frequency data of apomictic taxa derived from vegetation relevees from Central Europe were correlated with ecological traits - water content of soil, calcium and magnesium content of soil or water, nutrient content of soil or water, environmental dynamics, hemeroby, frequency of stress-tolerant species, salt tolerance, altitude, height, and frequency of annual taxa - of alliances of the Central European vegetation. The partly problematic identification of taxa where apomixis is important for seed production was based on a literature review. In Central Europe, high altitudes favour apomictic taxa. Otherwise, no correlations between ecological factors attributed to the alliances of the European phytosociological system and frequencies of apomictic taxa in the alliances of the European phytosociological system were found. Analyses could not confirm theories on ecological preferences of apomictic taxa; e.g., that competition penalizes apomicts, apomicts have better colonizing abilities than sexual plants, or apomicts have larger ranges than their sexual relatives could not be confirmed.
Part 5(1) of this monographic series of papers on the genus Hypericum contains treatments of Section 10. Olympia and its relatives (Sections 11. Campylopus-16. Crossophyllum), which form a Euro-Mediterranean group centred in southwestern Turkey and extending in area from the Caucasus to Macaronesia, north to Scotland, Denmark and southern Sweden, east to Belarus and the Ukraine and south to north-west Africa and Israel. Section 15. Thasia has been included in Section 16. Crossophyllum. Two new species are described in Section 12. Origanifolium (H. laxiflorum N. Robson, sp. nov. and H. ichelense N. Robson, sp. nov.) and five changes of rank are made; in Section 10. Olympia: H. lycium( N. Robson & Hub.-Mor.) N. Robson, stat. nov. and H. auriculatum (N. Robson & Hub.-Mor.) N.Robson, stat. et nom. nov.; in Section 12. Origanifolia: H. origanifolium var. depilatum (Freyn & Bornm.) N. Robson, stat. nov., H. bourgaei (Boiss.) N. Robson, stat. nov. and H. albiflorum (Hub.-Mor.) N. Robson, stat. nov. In addition, in Section 14. Oligostema, Druce's name for the hybrid H. linariifolium x humifusum has been validated (H. x caesariense Druce ex N. Robson, hybr. nov.); and H. leprosiforme O.Schwartz has been moved from Section 12. Origanifolia to Section 27. Adenosepalum.
Riassunto-Hypericum perforatum L. (Clusiaceae) in Italia: alcune precisazioni tassonomiche. L'analisi morfologica delle popolazioni italiane di Hypericum perforatum s. 1. effettuata sia su campioni vivi sia su exsiccata ha portato a ridefinire la nomenclatura e la tassonomia delle due seguenti uniti: H. pel;-foratum subsp. perforatum e H. perforatum subsp. veronense. E stata effettuata la tipificazione di H. veronense Schrank (neotipo) e di H. perforatum var. alpinum Parlatore (lectotipo). Parole chiave-Hypericum perforatum, H. veronense, H. per-foratum var. alpinum, nomenclatura, tassonomia. Abstract-Morphological analyses of Italian populations of Hypericum perforatum s. 1. were carried out on living plants and exsiccata specimens. The results allowed the authors to define the nomenclature and the taxonomy of the following two units: H. perforatum subsp. perforatum and H. perforatum subsp. vero-nense. The nomenclatural types of H. veronense Schrank (neo-type) and H. perforatum var. alpinum Parlatore (lectotype) are also designated.
Hypericum triquetrifolium is described as a geophyte with shoot bearing roots. Compared with the related Hypericum perforatum, this growth form and other morphological characters are explained as an adaption to the special edaphic and climatic factors in the semiarid East Mediterranean and Oriental landscapes. In the genus Hypericum with many meso-hygrophilous representatives H. triquetrifolium may be regarded as a derived xerophilous species.
L'étude caryologique de dix-sept espèces du genre Hypericum L., en Turquie, a permis à l'auteur de déterminer quatorze nombres chromosomiques nouveaux et de confirmer trois nombres déjà connus.Pour la première fois sont cités les nombres chromosomiques de: H. pallens Banks et Sol. (2n = l6), H. heterophyllum Vent. (2n = 18), H. scabrum L. (2n = 24), H kotschyanum Boiss. (2n = 18), H. confertum Choisy (2n = 18), H. saxifragum Robson (2n = 18), H. lanuginosum Lam. (2n = 16), H. atomarium Boiss. (2n = 16), H. montbretii Spach (2n = 14), H. bithynicum Boiss. (2n = 14), H. aucheri Jaub. et Spach (2n = 16), H. polyphyllum Boiss. (2n = 18), H. aviculariifolium Jaub. et Spach (2n = 18), H. triquetrifolium Turra (2n = 16).Les nombres chromosomiques suivants ont été confirmés: H. olympicum L. (2n = 18), H. origanifolium Willd. (2n = 18) et H. perforatum L. (2n = 32).SummaryThe caryologic study of seventeen turkish species of the genus Hypericum L., had allowed the author to establish fourteen chromosome numbers and to confirm three numbers.The chromosome numbers of following taxa are new: H. pallens Banks et Sol. (2n = 16), H. heterophyllum Vent. (2n = 18), H. scabrum L. (2n = 24), H. kotschyanum Boiss. (2n = 18), H. confertum Choisy (2n = 18), H. saxifragum Robson (2n = 18), H. lanuginosum Lam. (2n = 16), H. atomarium Boiss. (2n = 16), H. montbretii Spach (2n = 14), H. bithynicum Boiss. (2n = 14), H. aucheri Jaub. et Spach (2n = 16), H. polyphyllum Boiss. (2n = 18), H. aviculariifolium Jaub. et Spach (2n = 18), H. triquetrifolium Turra (2n = 16).The chromosome numbers of following taxa have been confirmed: H. olympicum L. (2n = 18), H. origanifolium Willd (2n = 18) and H. perforatum L. (2n = 32).
The principles of long distance dispersal of plant propagules by man, air, birds and mammals are discussed. The manner by which the boreal, Afro-montane and Saharo-montane elements of the upland flora together with the flora of the gallery forests could have arrived on Jebel Marra are examined. The propagules of the upland floristic elements are noticeably small and dry; berries and drupes are conspicuous by their absence, with the exception of Olea laperrinei. By contrast, the flora of the gallery forests contain a high proportion of species bearing berries or drupes; the gallery forest represents a relic of a more extensive riverine forest during a period when the climate was wetter than it is today. Long distance dispersal is suggested to account for the presence of the boreal and Afro-montane elements, while short-distance dispersal during a more humid period could have been responsible for the Saharomontane element.
Native British vascular plants which do not occur in Ireland were assessed by examining all those which occur in eight selected areas: St David·s. Ueyn. West Anglesey. Isle of Man. Mull of Galloway, Mull of Kintyre, Arran and Islay. The 58 candidate species which emerged were analysed in relation 10 their distribution in Britain and Europe and their hiogeographical elements. their hahitats. Quaternary history and ability to become established in Ireland or elsewhere beyond their native range. This analysis reduced the list to 22 species which fell into two distinct groups: 17 of woodlands and v\oodland margins. and live of dry. open grassland or cliffs. It is argued that thesc species. nearly all of which arc thernwphiloU5, and helong to Continental or Continental Southern elements in the British flora, did not arrivc in Britain until the climatic amelioration of the Bore.rl period of the Flandrian po;,t-glacial. ahout 9.000 BP. bv which time the land bridge 10 Ireland had already gone, or would have gone, before these slow-moving forest species reached the co:!,!. The small number of the candidate species is compared with other similar situation> in Britain. KEYWORDS: biogeographv. noral historv·. plant distribution.
... behavior. The present article deals with the meiotic behavior, chromosome counts , etc., of other species of Hypericum found growing, for the most part, in New England and other portions of northeastern United States. For ...
Reproduction of natural hybrid H. x desetangsii nothosubsp. carinthiacum(H. perforatum L. x H. maculatum Crantz subsp. maculatum) of three different ploidy levels was studied. Facultative and pseudogamous apomixis is known in H. perforatum that represents mother plant of the hybrid studied. Selfing, backcrossing of the hybrid as well as crossings with other taxa were carried out. Chromosome numbers of the offspring obtained after the performed pollinations were counted in order to explain its origin. Presented results confirmed the occurrence of facultative apomixis with pseudogamy in the hybrid studied. Various ploidy levels from triploid to heptaploid ones as well as aneuploids and mixoploids were found among the progeny.
(1Kit 6 Textfiguren) (Eingegangen am 9. Mai 1932) Vor kurzem hat Correns (1931) ~iber einen st. paralbomaculatus yon Hypericum per[oratum beriehtet, der in verschiedener Hinsicht die Aufmerksamkeit auf sich zieht. Im Aussehen gleicht diese Form weitgehend dem st. albomaculatus bei anderen Pflanzen. Ihre Bl~ttter sind bis in die Bliitenregion griinwei6 gescheckt und diese Erscheinung tritt bei den bunten Pflanzen jedes Jahr von neuem auf. Vom st. albomaculatus unterscheidet sich die Form nut dadurch, dab die Panaschtire auch durch den Pollen an die Nachkommen weitergegeben wird, und hierin wieder zeigt sie (~bereinstimmung mit dem st. albotunicatus, wie er yon Pelargonien und anderen Pflanzenarten bekannt ist. Der st. paralbomacalatus stellt also eine Ubergangsform zwischen den beiden genannten Zust~inden der Buntblattrigkeit dar. ~J~ber das Zustandekommen dieser Form der Pan~chiire auBert.sich Correns noch nicht. Die groBe Ahnlichkeit mit dem Verhalten der albotunicaten Pelargonien legt es jedoch nahe, auch hier die I Dinge mit I-Iilfe der Plastidentheorie zu erkl~iren, also durch die Annahme selbstandiger Plastidensorten, ubertragung v~tterlicher Plastiden mit dem 3-Sexualkern in die Eizelle, und vegetativer Entmischung der vaterlichen und mtitterliehen Plastiden bei den Zellteilungen. Im Zusammenhang mit dem bunten H. pertoratum weist Correns auf die bnnten Artbastarde in dieser Gattung hin, die yon Farenholtz (1.927) und mir (1931) gefunden worden sind, und erinnert daran, dab R e n n e r (1929) auf Grund seiner Erfahrungen mit ()notheren das Zustandekommen der Farenholtzschen Schecken eben
Records for Hyp ericum x desetangsii nm. desetangsii for Y orkshire are given, with an account of the distribution of theparentai species, H.perforitumL.andH. maculatumCrantz,inthecounty. InYorkshire,thehvbridhas almosf always been found in the absence of both parental species and only occasionally with H. perforatum L. The hybrid is very variable, particularly in the case of populations on railways_sites. A hybrid indcx has been uscd tt assess thedegree of hybridity in individual plants. 'fhe distribution of the hvbrid and its backcrosses_is discussed. The introduction oi the hybrid onto railway sites may have been followed by backcrossing with H. perforatum and in the course of time some taxa may have been lost.
The chromosome numbers of 58 Canadian weeds are reported. Counts obtained on material of Ambrosia psilostachya DC. and Epilobium angustifolium L. differ from those obtained by other workers. The chromosome numbers of the following species had not previously been reported: Silene cserei Baumg. 2n = 24; Axyris amaranthoides L. 2n = 18; Erigeron philadelphicus L. 2n = 18; Lepidium ramosissimum Nels. 2n = 64; Dracocephalum parviflorum Nutt. 2n = 14; Rumex fennicus Murb. 2n = 40; R. occidentalis Wats. 2n = ca. 140; R. stenophyllus Ledeb. 2n = 60. The significance of some of these chromosome numbers is discussed.
New or confirmatory chromosome counts for 16 taxa ofHypericum in Britain, one of northwest Africa, and 24 of North and Central America are reported. First records for any member of the
genusVisma (n = 10) are also included. The counts are discussed with respect to those previously reported forHypericum and related genera. Some of this chromosomal information is incorporated in a diagram showing suggested evolutionary trends
withinHypericum. There appears to be a descending series of basic numbers (x = 12, 10, 9, 8, 7), of which all but the last have been recorded in polyploid, as well as diploid, form. Observations of
chromosome morphology suggest thatHypericum is cytologically relatively unspecialized. Studies of chromosome morphology, therefore, are not likely to yield much information
about the evolutionary history of the genus. It is suggested that the basic number forAllanblackia andPentadesma is 7 or 14, whereas inCalophyllum andMesua it is probably 8 or 16. Known gametic chromosome numbers inMammea (n = 16, 18) andGarcinia (n = 24, ca. 27, ca. 29, ca. 38, ca. 40, and 48) do not indicate an obvious basic number for these genera, although x = 8,
9, and 16 might be involved. Ring-formation of theOenothera-type, possibly indicative of structural hybridity, is reported for the first time inHypericum mitchellianum Rydb., a close relative ofHypericum punctatum Lam., which was previously shown to possess this anomalous chromo some condition.
Chromosome numbers were determined in 226 collections ofHypericum of Japan, representing nine species and one interspecific hybrid. These included the first cytological records forH. erectum var.caespitosum, H. samaniense, H. hakonense, H. sikokumontanum, H. kamtschaticum var.kamtschaticum, H. kamtschaticum var.hondoense, H. pseudopetiolatum, H. yojiroanum andH. tosaense. Counts of 2n=16 were made throughout for collections of six species, and those of 2n=18 forH. ascyron. Intraspecific polyploidy was found inH. samaniense (2x and 3x, x=8) andH. pseudopetiolatum (2x and 4x, x=8). Results of the karyotype analysis showed that three different karyotypes could be recognized, and they
were parallel to the subdivision ofHypericum by Kimura (1951). The chromosomes were very small and mostly median centromeric. It was suggested that the role of polyploidy
in the evolutionary differentiation ofHypericum in Japan might have been rather limited.
Thèse--Université de Montpellier. "Bibliographie": p. 159-170.
Stem lines (at least) with black glands, principal lines always present; petal margin usually distally black-glandular-crenate 11 Stem lines eglandular or very rarely with a few reddish glands
- Long........................................................................................................................................ Or
mm or more long................................... 10 10(9) Stem lines (at least) with black glands, principal lines always present; petal margin usually distally black-glandular-crenate........................................................................................................ 11 Stem lines eglandular or very rarely with a few reddish glands, principal lines rarely absent (i.e. rarely terete);
3: t. 83 f. 1 (1785) pro parte, excl. syn. H. androsaemifolium Vill
- Allioni
Allioni, Fl. pedem. 2: 45 (1785), 3: t. 83 f. 1 (1785) pro parte, excl. syn. H. androsaemifolium Vill.; Schinz & Keller, Fl. Schweiz, 3rd ed., 1: 358 (1909);
); in Wisskirchen & Haeupler, Standardliste Farn-u Type: Austria, 'alpen', 1760 (fl)
- N Robson In Cullen
N. Robson in Cullen et al., Europ. Gdn Fl. 4: 60 (1995); in Wisskirchen & Haeupler, Standardliste Farn-u. Blütenpfl. Deutschl.: 269 (1998). Type: Austria, 'alpen', 1760 (fl), Breÿn in Crantz 828 (BP!-lectotype, N. Robson, selected here).
Type as for H. quadrangulum var. immaculatum Murb. Fig. 6, Map 1. H. quadrangulum var. immaculatum Murb Type: Bosnia, Hercegovina
- Stjep
Stjep.-Vesel. in Josifovic, Fl. Srbije 3: 116 (1972). Type as for H. quadrangulum var. immaculatum Murb. Fig. 6, Map 1. H. quadrangulum var. immaculatum Murb. in Acta Univ. Lund. 27(5): 152 (1891); Beck in Ann. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus. 10: 182 (1895). Type: Bosnia, Hercegovina, Velez v planina, c. 1500 m, 27 July 1889, Murbeck s.n. (LD!-lectotype, selected here).
immaculatum (Murb.) Wettst., Beitr. Fl. Alban.: 36 (1892) Type as for H. quadrangulum var
- H Quadrangulum
H. quadrangulum subsp. immaculatum (Murb.) Wettst., Beitr. Fl. Alban.: 36 (1892). Type as for H. quadrangulum var. immaculatum Murb. H. immaculatum (Murb.) Vierh. in Mitt. Naturwiss. Vereins Univ.
Type: not seen, no specimen cited. H. maculatum subsp. immaculatum var. epunctatum A Type: not seen, no specimen cited. H. maculatum var. immaculatum (Murb.) Gus . & Nyár
- H Maculatum
H. maculatum subsp. immaculatum var. punctatum A. Fröhl. in Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Math. Naturwiss. Kl. 120(1): 549 (1911). Type: not seen, no specimen cited. H. maculatum subsp. immaculatum var. epunctatum A. Fröhl. in Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 120(1): 549 (1911). Type: not seen, no specimen cited. H. maculatum var. immaculatum (Murb.) Gus. & Nyár. in Sa v vul., Fl. R. P. Roman. 4: 33 (1956);
sub subsp. quadrangulum, pro parte excl. typum. Type as for H. quadrangulum auct. non L., i.e. H. maculatum Crantz. H. quadrangulum var
- Jordanov
- Koz
Jordanov & Koz (1905) sub subsp. quadrangulum, pro parte excl. typum. Type as for H. quadrangulum auct. non L., i.e. H. maculatum Crantz. H. quadrangulum var. punctatum Schinz in Bull. Herb. Boissier II, 3: 20, 22 (1902), in Vierteljahrsschr. Naturf. Ges. Zürich 49: 240, 241 (1905) sub subsp. quadrangulum. Type: Switzerland, Graubünden, Oberengadin, Fornogletscher, Hegi s.n. (BR?-holotype).
Hayek cited 'H. quadrangulum Tourlet', i.e. H. maculatum Crantz not H. quadrangulum L. H. quadrangulum subsp. maculatum (Crantz) Goday & Carbonell in Anales Inst
- H Maculatum
H. maculatum subsp. quadrangulum sensu Hayek, Prodr. Fl. Pen. balc. 1: 534 (1925). Hayek cited 'H. quadrangulum Tourlet', i.e. H. maculatum Crantz not H. quadrangulum L. H. quadrangulum subsp. maculatum (Crantz) Goday & Carbonell in Anales Inst. bot. Cavanilles 19: 380 (1961).
) pro parte, quoad descr. Schwarz cited 'H. quadrangulare L. (1776)' as basionym. H. maculatum subsp. maculatum forma punctatum (Schinz) Stjep.-Vesel
- H Fallax
H. fallax subsp. fallax var. quadrangulare sensu O. Schwarz in Drudea 5: 63 (1965) pro parte, quoad descr. Schwarz cited 'H. quadrangulare L. (1776)' as basionym. H. maculatum subsp. maculatum forma punctatum (Schinz) Stjep.-Vesel. in Josifovic, Fl. Srbije 3: 116 (1972).
Westerness: Sunart, Strontian Cannon & Kendrick s.n. (BM) Mackechnie s.n. (BM) Lanark: Glenhove near Airdrie Mid Perth: between Lawers and Fearnan
- Nw
Distribution of the species except for lowland NW Europe (but with enclaves in the Ardennes and western and central Scotland) and valleys of the Alps east to Styria. SCOTLAND. W. Ross: Ullapool, by Ullapool R., 16 August 1996 (fl & e.fr), Kitchener s.n. (BM). Westerness: Sunart, Strontian, 13 July 1966 (bud), Cannon & Kendrick s.n. (BM). Argyll: Dunadd area, between Lochgilphead and Kilmartin, July 1958 (fl), Kenneth s.n. (K). Arran: Lamlash, 10 August 1937, Mackechnie s.n. (BM). Lanark: Glenhove near Airdrie, 22 August 1951 (fl), Mackechnie s.n. (BM). Mid Perth: between Lawers and Fearnan, 3 September 1913 (fr), Marshall in B.E.C. 3787 (BM, K). S. Aberdeen: Aboyne, 9 August 1968 (fl), Robson s.n. (BM).
Vosges: Ventron, Gerbamont Doubs: Mont d'Or Haute-Savoie: Vallée de l'Arve, Vallon de Flaine/Cluses Hautes-Alpes: Lauteret Alpes-de-Haute-Provence: Goudéissant, près Barcelonnette
- France Ardennes
FRANCE. Ardennes: près de Hulle, rive gauche de la Hulle, 14 August 1970 (fl), Duvigneaud 70 F 41 (H). Vosges: Ventron, Gerbamont, August 1880 (l. fl), Pierrat (BM, K). Doubs: Mont d'Or, 6 August 1851 (fl), Grenier s.n. (BM). Jura: Noirmont, près de Rousses, 6 August 1856 (fl), Michalet fam. 2, 67 (K). Haute-Savoie: Vallée de l'Arve, Vallon de Flaine/Cluses, 1700 m, 16 July 1964 (fl), F. & J.-D. Bersier 517 (G*, H). Savoie: Lanslebourg, 9 July 1884 (fl), Willmott (K). Isère: L'Oursière, près de Uriage, 1500–1600 m, 26 August 1880 (fl), Tillet (BM). Hautes-Alpes: Lauteret, 18 July 1931 (fl), Pugsley s.n. (BM). Alpes-de-Haute-Provence: Goudéissant, près Barcelonnette, 11 August 1854 (fl), Willmott s.n. (K). Loire: Mont Pilat, 1400 m, 14 July 1881 (fr), Glastien s.n. (BM). Puy-de-Dôme: le Mont-Doré, plateau de Durbise, 20 August 1928 (fl), Fiton in Duffour 5662 (BM).
Pyrénées-Orientales: Mont-Louis, Ostrand der Wald
- Ariège
Ariège: Ax, chemin d'Orgeix, n.d. (fl), de Martrin s.n. (K). Pyrénées-Orientales: Mont-Louis, Ostrand der Wald von Font-Romeu, 7 August 1926 (fl), Ronniger s.n. (W). Hautes-Pyrénées: Gavarnie, 1350–1500 m, 30 August 1932 (fl), Meinertzhagen s.n. (BM).
Gerona: [Santuario de] Nuria, Via Crucis
- Andorra ) Ordinobm
- Spain
ANDORRA. Ordino, 1250 m, 14 July 1962 (fl), Edwards & Perry 9 (BM). SPAIN. Gerona: [Santuario de] Nuria, Via Crucis, 3 August 1934 (fl), Dauder Rodés s.n. (BM). Lérida: Gorges de Llo, 1450 m, 29 August 1929 (fr), Sennen s.n. (BM). Teruel: Bronchales, Sierra Alta, 11 June 1962 (st), Kjellqvist & Löve N588 (RNG).
Bolzano: Pusteria med., 1860–1950 m, 29 August 1871 (e. fr), Huter s.n. (BM) Treviso: Bosco Cansiglio (?), 1000 m Fiori Fl Bern: Mürren, 1590 m Appenzell: am Gäbris ob Gais
- Italy Val
- Ferret
- Mont Se
- Blanc
ITALY. Val d'Aosta: Val Ferret, SE of Mont Blanc, 12 July 1854 (fl), Hort s.n. (BM). Novara: Val Formazza, Discesa da C. Cavala e S. Michele, 1827– 1250 m, 3 August 1918 (fl), Boggiani s.n. (BM). Verona: Monte Baldo, 1000 m, June 1902 (fl), Rigo s.n. (H). Bolzano: Pusteria med., 1860–1950 m, 29 August 1871 (e. fr), Huter s.n. (BM). Treviso: Bosco Cansiglio (?), 1000 m, 10 July 1922 (fl), Fiori Fl. Ital. Exs. III 2664 (BM, K). SWITZERLAND. Vaud: Alpen über Bex, 1832 (fl), Thomas in Reichenbach 1500 (BM, H, JE, WAG). Valais: Col du Lein, 1720 m, 29 July 1979 (fl), Lawalrée 21846 (BM, BR*). Bern: Mürren, 1590 m, 2 September 1923 (fr), Lester Garland s.n. (K). Graubünden: Tachitta Valley, near Preda, Albula, 20 July 1928 (fl), Pugsley s.n. (BM). Glarus: Glärnisch Mtn, Glüterbach, 1150 m, 19 September 1963 (fr), Robson 1826 (BM). Appenzell: am Gäbris ob Gais, July–August (fl), Schneider s.n. (BM). AUSTRIA. Vorarlberg: Rätikon, 19 July 1952 (fl), Jacobs 3577 (L).
Kerner in Fl Salzburg: Radstadter Tauernpasshöhe, 1700–1300 m Hübl s.n. (BM) Kärnten: Weissenfels Krain
- H Tirolbm
- K Je
Tirol: prope Trins in valle Gschnitz, c. 1100 m, n.d. (fl), Kerner in Fl. Exs. Austr.-Hung. 3647 (BM, H, JE, K). Salzburg: Radstadter Tauernpasshöhe, 1700–1300 m, 13 August 1932 (fl), Hübl s.n. (BM). Kärnten: Weissenfels Krain, September 1913 (st), Meebold s.n. (K). Steiermark: Schladming, 750 m, 3 July 1994 (fl), Townsend 94/34 (K). Niederösterreich: Montes Rax in valle Höllenthal, 600 m, August 1953 (fl), Patzak s.n. (H, W*). GERMANY. Bayern: Kampenwald, above Steinlinghütte, 26 July 1934 (fl), Willmott s.n. (BM);
Collector?) (FR) Brandenburg: fide Ascherson (1864: 113) Berlin: Spandau, Finkelhang
- Magdeburg
- Werningerode
Magdeburg, Werningerode, July 1860 (fl), (Collector?) (FR). Brandenburg: fide Ascherson (1864: 113). Berlin: Spandau, Finkelhang, 28 July 1867 (l. fl) Wagner s.n. (K). Mecklenburg-West Pomerania: Schwerin, prope Gustrowiam, 1830, Jahn? s.n. (JE);
Young 4482 (BM) Sjaelland: Dyrhavn
- Fyn
Fyn: Dyreborg Skov, Faaborg, 24 July 1952 (fl), Young 4482 (BM). Sjaelland: Dyrhavn, Klampenborg, 15 August 1947 (fl), Price 307(?) (K).
NORWAY. Akershus: As, near Ski, c. 48 km S. of Oslo
- Faeroe Islands
- Streymoy
- Vágar
FAEROE ISLANDS. Streymoy, Vágar (fide Jóhansen, 2000). NORWAY. Akershus: As, near Ski, c. 48 km S. of Oslo, 29 July 1961 (fl), Goodfellow 61.1600 (BM, LIV*).
SWEDEN. Blekinge: Rödeby, Rödebyholm Hult s.n. (H) Gotland: Öland I., Bredsätra sn Kronsberg: Söraby s. n. ö. om Stavsåkra Saarsoo 7684 (H) Jönköping: Korsberga, Mölebo Ålvsborg: Skene, c. 700 m, nördlich Berghem station
- Lofoten Is Svolvaer
- Svolvaergjeita
Lofoten Is., Svolvaer, Svolvaergjeita, 27 July 1939 (fl), Blakelock 73 (K). SWEDEN. Blekinge: Rödeby, Rödebyholm, 11 July 1989 (fl), Hult s.n. (H). Gotland: Öland I., Bredsätra sn., Bredsätra by, 15 August 1957 (fl), Saarsoo 7684 (H). Kronsberg: Söraby s. n. ö. om Stavsåkra, 4 August 1957 (fl), Saarsoo 7684 (H). Jönköping: Korsberga, Mölebo, 3 August 1908 (fl), Stalin s.n. (H). Skaraborg: Skara, 15 July 1908 (fl), Jacob & Jacobson s.n. (BM). Ålvsborg: Skene, c. 700 m, nördlich Berghem station, 13 August 1965, Buttler & Gaubl 7941 (FR). Örebro: Närke, Svennevad, Gropen, c. 75 m, 4 August 1950 (fl), Kjellmart s.n. (H). Stockholm: Stockholm, 23 July 1858 (fl), Nyman s.n. (BM). Uppsala: prope Upsaliem, July 1869 (fl), Ahlberg s.n. (BM).
Fridell s.n. (H) Kopparberg: Leksands sn., Björkberg
- Arboga
- Hamnen
Vastmanland: Arboga, Hamnen, 19 July 1951 (fl), Fridell s.n. (H). Kopparberg: Leksands sn., Björkberg, 17 September 1956 (fl & fr), Norrman s.n. (BM). Gävleborg: Gävle, Lovudden, 20 August 1964 (fl & fr), Nannfeldt s.n. (BM).
Valovirta s.n. (H) Kuopio: Savonia borealis, Iisalmi, Iimäki Tallgrén s.n. (BM). Pohjois-Karjala?: Karelia austr., par. Vehkalahti, Pyhältö
- Keski-Suomi Laukaa
- Leppa
Keski-Suomi: Laukaa, Leppa v vesi Linnasaari, 30 July 1965 (fl), Valovirta s.n. (H). Kuopio: Savonia borealis, Iisalmi, Iimäki, 6 August 1975 (fl), Tallgrén s.n. (BM). Pohjois-Karjala?: Karelia austr., par. Vehkalahti, Pyhältö, 7 July 1961 (fl), Fagerström s.n. (BM). Turku Pori: Turku, Ruissalo, Laurila, 18 July 1968 (fl), Tallgrén s.n. (BM).
Nepli 18 (K) Dvina-Pechora: Archangelsk, Beresink, 1919 (fl), Grantham s.n. (BM) Upper Volga: Prov. Mosqua, prope urbe Noginsk
- Russia Ladoga-Ilmen
RUSSIA. Ladoga-Ilmen: Leningradsky obl., Lupskiy r-n., Merabush-Lupesíka, 13 July 1969 (fl), Nepli 18 (K). Dvina-Pechora: Archangelsk, Beresink, 1919 (fl), Grantham s.n. (BM). Upper Volga: Prov. Mosqua, prope urbe Noginsk, 30 June 1968 (fl), Samozvon 158A (H). Volga-Kama: Prov.
Köhler & Zippold s.n. (JE) Walbrzych: Sla c sk Dolny, Spalona pow Kionka s.n. (JE) Bielsko Biala: distr. Wadowice, infra cas
- Poland Jelenia
- Wroclaw
POLAND. Jelenia Góra: Sudet, Hirschberg, 1 July 1958, Köhler & Zippold s.n. (JE). Walbrzych: Sla c sk Dolny, Spalona pow. Bystrzyca Kl /, 25 July 1958 (fl), 157 (H). Wroclaw?: Breslau, Strachate, 28 July 1888, Kionka s.n. (JE). Bielsko Biala: distr. Wadowice, infra cas. Potrójna, 24 July 1938 (fl), in Pl. Pol. Exs. 329a (BM, K). Tatry: Tatra, Zakopane, Dol. Maty Zaly, 11 July 1958, Köhler & Zippold s.n. (JE).
Hostic v ka s.n. (H); *distr. Cheb, in valle R. Libocký potock sub vico Opatov, ad Dolni mlýn, c. 560 m Klášterský in PR 165161 (PR). Moravia: Weisskirchen bei Hrubuska
- Czech Republic Bohemia
CZECH REPUBLIC. Bohemia: Montes Šumava, p. p. Hamny, 3 August 1962 (fl), Hostic v ka s.n. (H); *distr. Cheb, in valle R. Libocký potock sub vico Opatov, ad Dolni mlýn, c. 560 m, 18 September 1950, Klášterský in PR 165161 (PR). Moravia: Weisskirchen bei Hrubuska, July 1911 (fl), Petrak 1142 (BM); *chalet Bunc v near Salaš, 6 July 1987, Mártonfi 459 (KO).
Vihorlat, oberhalb Remetske Hamre, c. 500 m
- Slovakia Michalovce
SLOVAKIA. Michalovce, Vihorlat, oberhalb Remetske Hamre, c. 500 m, 23 July 1974 (fl), F.K. & J. Meyer 11006 (JE);
Mártonfi 2022 (KO); *pasture 'Voniarky' near Dobšiná, c. 915 m
- Bukovské
- Mts
*Bukovské vrchy Mts, near Runina, 31 July 1995, Mártonfi 2022 (KO); *pasture 'Voniarky' near Dobšiná, c. 915 m, 13 August 1991, Mártonfi 976 (KO).
Leathes s.n. (BM) CROATIA. Widespread (Schlosser & Vukotinovi, 1869: 382). SERBIA. North: Fruška Gora. Central: Suva planina, Stara planina ROMANIA. Transsilvania: Cris , Bihor, ad Balneas Stâna de Vale, c. 1100 m
- Hungary Absent
- Slovenia
- K Bledh
HUNGARY. Absent? SLOVENIA. Bled [Veldes], 1924 (fl), Leathes s.n. (BM). CROATIA. Widespread (Schlosser & Vukotinovi, 1869: 382). SERBIA. North: Fruška Gora. Central: Suva planina, Stara planina, Tara planina, Zlatibor, Kopaonik (Stjepanovi-Veselichi, 1972). ROMANIA. Transsilvania: Cris, Bihor, ad Balneas Stâna de Vale, c. 1100 m, July 1936 (fl), Borza in Pl. Exs. Rom. 1520c (H, K);
Moldavia: Comm. Da ∪ rma ∪ nes , monte Nemira, c
- Munt
*Munt, ii Bihorlui Mts., above Sca v ris, c. 1400 m, 16 July 1995, Mártonfi 1985 (KO). Moldavia: Comm. Da ∪ rma ∪ nes, monte Nemira, c. 1500 m, 14 July 1970 (fl), Barabas & S ¸ova 158 (H);
Walachia: Oltenia, distr. Gilort, mont. Paring. ad Mu¸ ∪ toiu, c. 1540 m: 260) record var. maculatum from N. and W. Stara planina, the Znepolski region
- Distr
- Valea Turda-Aries
- Oppid Morii
- Cluj
*Distr. Turda-Aries, Valea Morii prope oppid. Cluj, c. 600–650 m, 28 July 1923, E.I. Nyárády in CL 444000 (CL). Walachia: Oltenia, distr. Gilort, mont. Paring. ad Mu¸ ∪ toiu, c. 1540 m, 30 September 1960 (e. fr), Buia et al. in Fl. Olten. Exs. 52 (BM, H). BULGARIA. Jordanov & Kozhukharov (1970: 260) record var. maculatum from N. and W. Stara planina, the Znepolski region (Golo birdo), W. Granichni planina, the Vitoša region (Vitoša), Slavianka and Rila. 1c. Hypericum maculatum subsp. obtusiusculum (Tourlet) Hayek, Sched. fl. stiriac. 23–24: 27 (1912);