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Tissue biochemical composition in relation to the reproductive cycle of deep-sea decapod Aristeus antennatus in the Portuguese south coast
Abstract
Biochemical changes during the reproductive cycle of Aristeus
antennatus (Crustacea: Decapoda) on the Portuguese south coast were investigated. Proximate chemical composition, lipid classes, fatty acid profiles, glycogen and cholesterol content were determined in the muscle, ovary and hepatopancreas (HP) during a period of one year (October 2000–September 2001). Gonadosomatic index (GSI) increased significantly in June and July and during the maturation process. Hepatosomatic index (HSI) also increased throughout the ovarian maturation. A positive correlation between lipid levels in the ovary and GSI (r=0·53, P<0·05) and HSI (r=0·30, P<0·05) was found. The muscle showed very low lipid levels and higher percentages of polar lipids. Higher proportions of neutral lipids, mainly triacylglycerols, were observed in both ovary and HP. Both ovarian and HP cholesterol increased with maturation. Protein and glycogen content in the muscle, ovary and HP did not vary as a function of ovary maturity stage. From the different tissues analysed, the glycogen is mainly stored in the HP and to a lesser extent in the muscle. In both ovary and HP the major fatty acids were 16:0, 18:1(n-7), 18:1(n-9), 20:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3), and significant increase in the levels of monounsaturated fatty acids were observed in ovary during sexual maturation, which indicates these compounds as the major sources of energy during embryonic and early larval development.
... One of the factors that may affect nutrient allocation to the ovary-and, ultimately, egg and larval quality-is the metabolic use and accumulation of proteins, lipids, and glycogen. Reserve mobilization from somatic tissues to the gonads has been reported for several mollusc species (Martínez et al., 2000b;Dridi et al., 2007) and crustacean species (Rosa and Nunes, 2003;Rodríguez González et al., 2006;Buckup et al., 2008). Indeed, shrimp females may transfer as much as 60% of their lipid reserves in the hepatopancreas to the maturing ovary (Herring, 1973;Palacios et al., 2000). ...
... Tropea and López Greco (2015) have already shown a decrease in lipid and energy contents in reproductive females as compared to virgin females; however, in that study, biochemical composition was determined in whole animals. Even though lipids are mainly stored in the hepatopancreas, which is located in the cephalothorax (Vogt et al., 1985;Muriana et al., 1993;García et al., 2002), and proteins are stored in the muscle, which is mostly located in the pleon (Rosa and Nunes, 2003), the present results show for the first time that the lipids and proteins used by females for vitellogenesis come from both body parts. ...
Maternal provisioning is particularly important in invertebrates with abbreviated development because large energy reserves must be provided for the developing embryo. In this context, the objective of the present study was to analyze in an aquatic invertebrate with direct development the effect of temperature on female biochemical composition and reserve allocation to maturing ovaries, which determine egg quality. A decapod crustacean, the freshwater shrimp Neocaridina davidi, was used as experimental model. Newly hatched juveniles were exposed to 28 °C or 33 °C. Females showed mature ovaries and spawned at 28 °C (control ovigerous females), but no ovigerous female was found at 33 °C. After a 200-day period, half of the females at 33 °C were transferred to 28 °C, where they rapidly showed mature ovaries and spawned (transferred ovigerous females). Ovigerous females and females that did not spawn at 28 °C (control non-ovigerous females) and at 33 °C (high-temperature non-ovigerous females) were sacrificed to determine their biochemical composition. The number, volume, weight, and biochemical composition of the eggs from transferred and control ovigerous females were also analyzed as indicators of their quality. Female biochemical composition was not influenced by temperature, because control and high-temperature non-ovigerous females had similar lipid, protein, and glycogen contents. However, ovarian maturation and spawning were inhibited at 33 °C, which indicates a negative effect of this temperature on nutrient transfer to the oocytes. This effect was rapidly reversed after females were moved to 28 °C; the eggs from control and transferred ovigerous females were of similar quality, except for a lower protein content in the latter. The present results provide valuable information on reserve allocation to reproduction under thermal stress.
... A similar trend of biannual breeding in crustaceans is already on record (Kailoo, 1984;Malik, 2006). A large number of workers have estimated the lipid content of muscles in decapod Crustaceans (Chanmugam et al., 1983;Gopakumar, 1993;Cavalli et al., 2001;Rosa and Nunes, 2003;Biandolino and Prato, 2006;Langer et al., 2008) and have reported the lipid contents to vary between the range of 0.1 to 2.01% in crustaceans. Thus in having lipid content ranging between 0.23±0.11 to 3.83±0.11%, ...
... showed insignificant inverse correlation which suggests transfer of this fuel to gonads mainly from muscles throughout the maturation process and from hepatopancreas in later stages. Several authors have documented mobilization of lipid reserves from storage sites to the gonads for the build up of gametes in other crustacean species like Penaeus kerathurus (Mourente and Rodriguez, 1991), Macrobrachium rosenbergii (Lee and Chang, 1997) Penaeus vannamei (Palacios et al., 2000), Litopenaeus vannamei (Wouters et al., 2001), Macrobrachium rosenbergii (Cavalli et al., 2001), Aristeus antennatus (Rosa and Nunes, 2003), M. idella idella (Dinakaran and Sundarapandian, 2009). ...
The Macrobrachium dayanum, a locally available freshwater prawn of Jammu was sampled regularly for a period of one year to analyze the seasonal variation in the lipid contents of muscles, hepatopancreas and ovary. Remarkable variation in the lipid content in different tissues of M. dayanum has been analyzed during the study period. Changes in the lipid content in all the three tissues were observed to be statistically significant (p<0.05). Lipids in muscles corresponds to 0.23±0.11 and 3.83±0.11%, minimum and maximum value in the month of September and December respectively. In hepatopancreas minimum of 5.05±0.21% in August and maximum of 9.31±0.41% in February have been observed. Mean value of lipid content in the ovaries range from 6.14±0.24% (minima) to 9.76±0.80% (maxima) in July and April respectively. Moreover, maximum numbers of stage IV oocytes are observed in the ovary in the months of March-April and August to October accompanied with increase in the lipid content during these respective months.
... During sexual maturation females need lipids for vitellogenesis (synthesis and uptake of yolk protein during oogenesis) when the weight of the ovaries increases 4-to 8-fold. Sufficient nutrients must be accumulated in the egg yolk to allow the normal development of embryos, and dietary requirements of shrimps are generally higher in sexually maturing adults than in non-reproductive adults and juveniles (Harrison 1990, Wouters et al. 2001, Rosa & Nunes 2003). It is probable that insufficient amounts of storage lipids will influence the viability and development of embryos, due to the demonstrated importance of lipids for vitellogenesis (Mourente & Rodriguez 1991, Pond et al. 1996). ...
... During embryo development UFAs (unsaturated fatty acids) are used to a greater extent than SFA, while MUFAs are utilized to a greater extent than PUFA (Morais et al. 2002, Rosa et al. 2003, 2005). ...
The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of food availability on reproduction by comparing the response of reproductive biomarkers of a deposit-feeding amphipod Monoporeia affinis in 2 Swedish lentic environments (Lake Vanern and Lake Vattern) differing in eutrophication level, during the period between 1995 and 2002. In ultraoligotrophic Lake Vattern, a very low fecundity (living eggs female(-1)) was found and severe embryo aberrations in terms of undifferentiated eggs (% female(-1)), dead eggs (% female(-1)) and the percent of females with dead broods were recorded. A significant negative correlation between fecundity and (1) undifferentiated eggs and (2) dead eggs and broods were obtained in both lakes. Amphipods collected in Lake Vattern in 2001 showed significantly lower concentrations of lipids-mainly triacylglycerols (TAG)-and of fatty acids (FAs) than amphipods collected in the more eutrophic Lake Vanern. Dramatically increased spring bloom diatom abundance in Lake Vattern resulted in increased fecundity and lipid and fatty acid concentrations (namely monounsaturated fatty acids, MUFA) and decreased embryo aberrations. A significant relationship between fecundity and diatom biovolume in Lake Vanern and total algal biovolume in Lake Vattern was found. No other alga taxa influenced the fecundity. In Lake Vattern total algal biovolume was negatively related to undifferentiated eggs. MUFA and saturated fatty acids (SFAs) seem to be important for vitellogenesis and oogenesis and also constitute fuel during embryogenesis. Other environmental variables in bottom waters (i.e. oxygen, pH and temperature) and sediment organic content did not influence the reproduction variables. Our findings strongly suggest a relationship between embryo aberrations (e.g. undifferentiated eggs and dead broods) and low food resources.
... Although protein is the primary component of marine invertebrate eggs (Pond et al., 1996; Holland, 1978), lipids play a central role in embryonic metabolism as they represent the most important energy source and account for at least 60% of the total energy expenditure of developing crustacean embryos (Herring, 1974; Holland, 1978; Amsler and George, 1984 ). In addition to an energy source, lipids are also used as structural components of cell membranes (Rosa and Nunes, 2003). The egg fatty acid content and dynamics provide information of animals' life history traits, feeding ecology and habitat (Rosa et al., 2007). ...
... While the percent water content of decapod eggs generally increases more than 50% during egg development, lipid content decreases (Petersen and Anger, 1997) as this is the major fuel for embryonic development (Clarke et al., 1990). The egg lipid content of Uca rapax decreased significantly (78.4%) through embryogenesis, confirming that lipids constitute an important energy source for embryonic development and are also used as structural components of the cell membranes that are being formed as they growth (Rosa and Nunes, 2003). According to Hines (1989), there is a geographic variation in size at maturity and growth rate in brachyuran crabs populations. ...
We examined potential fertility, egg volume, and water, lipid, and fatty acid content through embryogenesis in a population of female U. rapax from Sebastian Inlet, Florida. Carapace width (CW) ranged from 10.80 to 20.09 mm (N = 184), and each female carried 5000 to 30,000 eggs in the last stage of development. Female CW was found to be a good predictor of the number of eggs in the later stage of development (potential fertility = 7.908 CW2.7655, R2 = 0.749). Egg volume increases (from 0.0079 to 0.0134 mm3) was mildly correlated (r = 0.79) with an increase in egg water content (from 60 to 69%). Egg lipid and fatty acid content decreased through embryogenesis, due to its importance as energy source. The most consumed fatty acids were the monounsaturated (97.81 μg . mg dw−1) followed by the saturated (64.34 μg · mg dw−1) and polyunsaturated (38.69 μg · mg dw−1). Fatty acids 16:0, 18:2n-6, 16:1n-7, and 18:2n-6 are consumed preferentially (39.91, 38.45, 29.4 and 23.93 μg · mg dw−1, respectively), while essential polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3), are conserved. Egg fatty acid profile also reflects diet and habitat of adults. A medium-low EPA/DHA ratio suggests U. rapax occupies a medium trophic level. The low ratio (18:1n-7/18:1n-9) and high percentages of 18:1n-9 fatty acid (18%) and essential C18 and C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids (19-23%) suggests adults are omnivores consuming primary producers (like algae and mangrove leaves) and small invertebrates. The high percentage of odd-numbered fatty acids (above 3-3.5%) also suggests scavenger/detritivore behaviour.
... Although protein is the primary component of marine invertebrate eggs (Pond et al., 1996; Holland, 1978), lipids play a central role in embryonic metabolism as they represent the most important energy source and account for at least 60% of the total energy expenditure of developing crustacean embryos (Herring, 1974; Holland, 1978; Amsler and George, 1984 ). In addition to an energy source, lipids are also used as structural components of cell membranes (Rosa and Nunes, 2003). The egg fatty acid content and dynamics provide information of animals' life history traits, feeding ecology and habitat (Rosa et al., 2007). ...
... While the percent water content of decapod eggs generally increases more than 50% during egg development, lipid content decreases (Petersen and Anger, 1997) as this is the major fuel for embryonic development (Clarke et al., 1990). The egg lipid content of Uca rapax decreased significantly (78.4%) through embryogenesis, confirming that lipids constitute an important energy source for embryonic development and are also used as structural components of the cell membranes that are being formed as they growth (Rosa and Nunes, 2003). According to Hines (1989), there is a geographic variation in size at maturity and growth rate in brachyuran crabs populations. ...
Fatty-acid and energy content of Maja brachydactyla eggs at different developmental stages (recently spawned, half-developed and ready to hatch) were analysed in order to understand what is being consumed and produced during the embryonic development. Egg volume increased during development (34%, 0.187 to 0.285 mm3, N = 270) and was negatively correlated with egg energy and fatty-acid content (r = −0.80 and r = −0.46, respectively), which decreased through embryogenesis. The most consumed fatty acids were the PUFA (21.2 μg · mg dw−1), followed by the SFA (18.8 μg · mg dw−1) and MUFA (14.9 μg · mg dw−1). Palmitic (16:0), oleic (18:1n-9) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5n-3) acids were preferentially consumed (13.14, 9.21 and 8.67 μg · mg dw−1, respectively). The fatty acid composition found in M. brachydactyla eggs reflected the habitat and omnivorous and detritivorous scanvenger diet of the adults, although the consumption of algae was more important than previously thought, at least in the area where these adults were captured. Pre-hatching eggs have a high PUFA content (64.5 μg · mg dw−1 or 46.3% of the egg fatty-acid content). We conclude that larvae of this species might need a diet rich in PUFA, particularly EPA and DHA, for successful development. From the culture perspective, live preys commonly used in aquaculture will likely require to be enriched with DHA.
... It is also a useful method for examining the biochemical changes in marine invertebrates linked to their reproductive cycle. The link between the fatty acid signature of the gonad and the reproductive cycle has been demonstrated for the bivalves Pecten maximus (Pazos et al. 1997), Crassostrea gigas (Soudant et al. 1999), Ruditapes decussates (Ojea et al. 2004), the cephlapods Octopus vulgaris and O. defilippi (Rosa et al. 2004a), Eledone cirrhosa and E. moschata (Rosa et al. 2004b), and the crustaceans Nephrops norvegicus (Rosa and Nunes 2002) and Aristeus antennatus (Rosa and Nunes 2003). These studies have shown that there are major changes in the fatty acid signatures of the gonads during sexual maturation, and that two fatty acids, 20:5(nÀ3) and 22:6(nÀ3), are particularly important in this maturation cycle. ...
... There were distinct changes in the fatty acid composition of gonads with increased maturity stage. PUFAs have been associated with reproductive capac- ity in shrimps (Rosa and Nunes 2003) and more specifically with structural elements in the phospholipid membranes that have been shown to be prominent components in spermatozoa of marine invertebrates (Cook and Gabbott 1972). PUFAs were found at higher levels in the gonad of male limpets compared to the females as also reported in the current study. ...
Fatty acid analyses are emerging as a powerful technique to probe trophic interactions between organisms. In this paper, the
application of both this procedure and gonad index (GI) determination on two populations (intertidal and subtidal) of the
echinoid Psammechinus miliaris is reported. The investigation spanned the 3-month spawning period of Scottish west coast populations. In both populations
a progressive decrease in the GI was found, coupled with an increasing maturity stage (from mature to spent). Sexual maturation
and decrease in GI was synchronous between the two populations. In conjunction, there were distinct changes in gonad biochemistry.
Differences in the fatty acid composition of the gonad reflected the changes in sexual maturation. Mature males and females
had significant differences in the fatty acid composition of their gonads, whereas post-spawned individuals showed no gender
differences. Male urchins had higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) compared to females, and there was a dramatic
reduction in the fatty acids 22:6(n−3) and 20:5(n−3) with increasing maturity stage. Using multivariate statistical techniques, these changes in the fatty acid composition
of the sea urchin gonad were linked to habitat related diet differences combined with gender differences. These changes in
the fatty acid signatures clearly reflect the dual function of the gonad as both a nutrient store and a reproductive organ.
... Gender in crustaceans can also contribute to variations in biochemical composition and fatty acid composition, as females require more energy for the development of oocytes, incubation, egg-laying, and parental care (Rosa and Nunes 2003;Wu et al. 2010;Tufan 2022). Sun et al. (2023)found that males had significantly higher meat yield and lower crude fat content in the abdomen compared to females. ...
This study aims to investigate the metal content, fatty acid composition, lipid quality, and potential health risks of Pontastacus leptodactylus crayfish inhabiting Atikhisar Dam Lake. The research covers a 12-month period and includes both male and female individuals. The study investigated the metal content of crayfish specimens. In female individuals, the metal concentrations were ranked as Fe > Zn > Al > Cu > Mn > Se > As > Hg > Cd > Pb, while in male individuals, the ranking was Fe > Al > Zn > Cu > Mn > Se > As > Hg > Pb > Cd. The results demonstrate that Atherogenicity Index (AI) values for both genders range between 0.21 and 0.31, and Thrombogenicity Index (TI) values fall within 0.14 and 0.20. This indicates that crayfish meat is composed of healthy and high-quality fatty acids. In male individuals, omega-3 values range from 25.28 ± 0.380% to 28.34 ± 0.430%, and in female individuals, they vary from 22.98 ± 0.195% to 28.73 ± 0.871%. These findings underscore the absence of significant health risks associated with mercury levels in crayfish meat. Monthly meal calculations reveal that consuming female crayfish at an average of 4.35 servings per month for adults and 2.24 servings per month for children presents no health hazards. Similarly, the consumption of crayfish meat at an average of 5.29 servings per month for adult males and 2.72 servings per month for male children is deemed safe for health. Based on these results, the lipid quality of both male and female individuals from this species is found to be beneficial, as confirmed by risk–benefit assessments.
... The energy content in the hepatopancreas and in the ovary of nonovigerous females and in the eggs of ovigerous females sampled at the spawning moments was estimated adding the energy provided by the total proteins, total lipids, and glycogen present in each (Rosa and Nunes, 2003;Tropea and López Greco, 2015). To obtain enough critical mass to perform the biochemical determinations of these compounds, the hepatopancreas and ovaries of five females (with GSI greater than 6) were weighed and pooled, forming a total of six pools of each tissue for each sampling day. ...
At the south of its geographical distribution, the fiddler crab Leptuca uruguayensis shows two population spawning events, with more than 65% of the females being ovigerous. The aim of this study was to assess the energy dynamics in L. uruguayensis females to estimate how they mix the capital and the income breeding strategies in the first and second spawns of the short reproductive season. The relationship between the hepatosomatic (HIS) and gonadosomatic (GSI) indices was used to assess the contribution of the hepatopancreas to ovary maturation, as indicative of the capital breeding strategy, whereas the feeding rate and the energy available in the food resource (sediment) were estimated to assess the importance of energy intake in ovary maturation, as indicative of the income breeding strategy. Before the first spawn, a significant negative relationship between the HSI and GSI (p< 0.001) and an increase of 28.2% in the feeding rate were recorded. This suggests that the first spawn was mainly supported by energy reserves in the hepatopancreas, indicating that females used mostly the capital breeding strategy. After the first spawn, total lipid content in the hepatopancreas decreased by 33%. On the days before the second spawn, the relationship between the HSI and GSI showed a negative but not significant (p= 0.125) trend, whereas the feeding rate increased even more. This suggests that the intense feeding activity provided the most important energetic source for ovary re-maturation, indicating that females used mostly the income breeding strategy. Also, in the second spawn, the GSI was 24.1% smaller, a fact that affected female fecundity and weight of the egg clutches, which were respectively 12% and 11% lower than in the first spawn. However, the energy supply allocated to each embryo was equivalent in both spawns. This study shows how L. uruguayensis females mixed the capital and income breeding strategies to take advantage of all available resources to produce two spawns in a short reproductive season.
... While cnidaria prefer WE/ST as storage lipids, deep-sea sponges use both TGs and WE/ST to store their energy 2 . Interestingly, TGs together with phospholipids (PLs) also provide the most common source of energy storage in the gametes and reproductive organs of terrestrial [123][124][125][126] and many marine invertebrates 18,[127][128][129][130] . This supports our hypothesis for the role of TGs in yolk storage in the oocytes of P. ventilabrum. ...
Sponges contain an astounding diversity of lipids that serve in several biological functions, including yolk formation in their oocytes and embryos. The study of lipid metabolism during reproduction can provide information on food-web dynamics and energetic needs of the populations in their habitats, however, there are no studies focusing on the lipid metabolism of sponges during their seasonal reproduction. In this study, we used histology, lipidome profiling (UHPLC-MS), and transcriptomic analysis (RNA-seq) on the deep-sea sponge Phakellia ventilabrum (Demospongiae, Bubarida), a key species of North-Atlantic sponge grounds, with the goal to (i) assess the reproductive strategy and seasonality of this species, (ii) examine the relative changes in the lipidome signal and the gene expression patterns of the enzymes participating in lipid metabolism during oogenesis. Phakellia ventilabrum is an oviparous and most certainly gonochoristic species, reproducing in May and September in the different studied areas. Half of the specimens were reproducing, generating two to five oocytes per mm ² . Oocytes accumulated lipid droplets and as oogenesis progressed, the signal of most of the unsaturated and monounsaturated triacylglycerides increased, as well as of a few other phospholipids. In parallel, we detected upregulation of genes in female tissues related to triacylglyceride biosynthesis and others related to fatty acid beta-oxidation. Triacylglycerides are likely the main type of lipid forming the yolk in P. ventilabrum since this lipid category has the most marked changes. In parallel, other lipid categories were engaged in fatty acid beta-oxidation to cover the energy requirements of female individuals during oogenesis. In this study, the reproductive activity of the sponge P. ventilabrum was studied for the first time uncovering their seasonality and revealing 759 lipids, including 155 triacylglycerides. Our study has ecological and evolutionary implications providing essential information for understanding the molecular basis of reproduction and the origins and formation of lipid yolk in early-branching metazoans.
... While cnidaria prefer WE/ST as storage lipids, deep-sea sponges use both TGs and WE/ST to store their energy(2). Interestingly, in the gametes and reproductive organs, so of terrestrial(106)(107)(108)(109) as also of many marine invertebrates(18,(110)(111)(112)(113), TGs together with phospholipids (PLs) also provide the most common source of energy storage. This supports our hypothesis for the role of TGs in yolk storage in the oocytes of P. ventilabrum.SFA and MFA TGs, e.g. ...
Background Sponges contain an astounding diversity of lipids which serve in several biological functions, including yolk formation in their oocytes and the embryos. On animal reproduction, lipids constitute one of the main energy storage forms for the adult and the offspring. The study of lipid metabolism during reproduction can provide information on food-web dynamics and energetic needs of the populations in their habitats, however, there are no studies focusing on the lipid metabolism of sponges during seasonal reproduction. The deep-sea sponge Phakellia ventilabrum (Demospongiae, Bubarida) is a key species of North-Atlantic sponge grounds, but its reproductive biology is not known. In this study, we used histological sections, lipidome profiling (UHPLC-MS), and transcriptomic analysis (RNA-seq) with goal to i. assess the reproductive strategy and seasonality of this species, ii. examine the relative changes in the lipidome signal, and the gene expression patterns (RNA-seq) of enzymes participating in lipid metabolism in female specimens during gametogenesis.
Results P. ventilabrum is an oviparous and most certainly gonochoristic species, reproducing in May and September in the different studied areas. Half of specimens were reproducing, generating two to five oocytes per mm². Oocytes accumulated both protein and lipid droplets. As oogenesis progressed, the signal of most of the unsaturated and monounsaturated triacylglycerides increased, as well as of few other phospholipids. Most of the other lipids and especially those with > 3 unsaturations showed a decrease in signal during the oocyte maturation. In parallel, we detected upregulated genes in female tissues related to triacylglyceride biosynthesis and others related to fatty acid beta-oxidation.
Conclusions Triacylglycerides are probably the main type of lipid forming the yolk since this lipid category has the most marked changes, while some other phospholipids may also have a role in oogenesis. In parallel, other lipid categories were oxidized, leading to fatty acid beta-oxidation to cover the energy requirements of female individuals during oogenesis. Variations in the signal of most lipids between the different locations and months suggest that sponges, apart from their own mechanisms of lipid biosynthesis, exploit the food availability in their surroundings to cover the energetic demands in their physiological processes.
... Actually, for crustaceans, there are three patterns for the correlation between GSI and HSI during ovarian development: I. Negative correlation, e.g., Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis (Wu et al. 2017) and blue swimmer crab Portunus pelagicus (Liu et al. 2014); II. Positive correlation, e.g., red shrimp, Aristeus antennatus (Rosa and Nunes 2003); III. No significant correlation, freshwater giant prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (Cavalli et al. 2001); these different patterns for correlation between GSI and HSI are species-specific, which may be related to long-term evolution, environmental adaptation and their genetic differences (Wu et al. 2017, Subramoniam 2011. ...
The ridgetail white prawn Exopalaemon carinicauda has the potential to be used as a model organism in crustacean research because it has a transparent body, available draft genome, and short life cycle. However, their ovarian development pattern remains unclear under laboratory culture conditions. This study investigated the changes of ovarian external feature, ovarian histology, gonadosomatic index (GSI), and hepatosomatic index (HSI), as well as the expression and localization of vitellogenin in the ovary and the hepatopancreas during the first ovarian development cycle of E. carinicauda under laboratory-reared condition. The results demonstrated that (1) the first ovarian development cycle of E. carinicauda could be divided into 5 different stages in which the ovary changes its color from white to yellow during the vitellogenesis process in parallel with increasing GSI. (2) After pubertal molt, most females reached ovarian stage II while the females reached stage V after premating molt. (3) During the ovarian development, GSI increased smoothly and HSI relatively stable during the period of stages I to IV, while GSI increased but HSI decreased significantly from stages IV to V. (4) In situ hybridization (ISH) revealed that EcVg was slightly expressed in the oocyte cytoplasm of previtellogenic oocytes. The positive signal was mainly detected in hepatopancreatic fibrillar cells, and a strong signal was found in the hepatopancreas at stage IV. Moreover, the expression level of EcVg-mRNA in the hepatopancreas is stage-specific, and the hepatopancreas contributes majority of vitellin precursor protein to support the ovarian development of E. carinicauda.
... Glycogen content. Glycogen content was determined based on the method of [16]. 50 mg of chopped marinated green mussels were boiled for 20 min with 400 µl of 33% KOH, cooled down, and 700 µl of 96% ethanol was added. ...
Marinating is a traditional technology to improve the shelf - life and quality of products. Enriched Viet- namese tamarind fish sauce was prepared and used to marinate green mussels. Subjects of this research were: green mussels (C1), marinated green mussels (C2), and marinated green mussels packaged in modified atmosphere (M1, M2, and M3). A percentage of O :CO :N was 5:50:45 for M1, 5:70:25 for M2, and 5:90:5 for M3. Microbiological,
2 2 2
chemical, and sensory qualities of the samples were analyzed during storage at 4°C for 30 days. The results indicate
that glycogen, iron, and zinc contents as well as pH values decreased in all the cases during storage. In addition, TVB-N and TBARS values as well as mesophilic and lactic acid bacteria increased with time in all the samples. The number of psychrophilic bacteria in marinated samples was small or not detected at all. Escherichia coli, Staphylo- coccus aureus, Salmonella spp. and Vibrio cholera were below standard values. Based on sensory acceptability, the shelf-life of C1, C2, M1, M2, and M3 samples was 12, 18, 24, 24, and 27 days, respectively.
... There are numerous such studies of pelagic and demersal fishes (Lloret & Planes 2003, Lloret et al. 2005. A few studies of A. anten na tus (Rosa & Nunes 2003, Carbonell et al. 2008) have already analyzed the relationship of shrimp energetic status to habitat conditions as they affect progress through the life history. But even these studies lack analysis over long intervals of the physiological responses of the species to the variation of ecosystem conditions. ...
Changes in the physiological condition (represented by Kn = body weight/lengthpredicted weight) of the deep-sea shrimp Aristeus antennatus associated with the warming and rising salinity trends in the western Mediterranean were analyzed to explore how deep-sea populations can reconfigure their biology to match the changes in ocean conditions. Two slope areas around the Balearic Islands (Western Mediterranean Sea) were analyzed using sampling data and generalized additive models. The 23 yr time series of monthly Kn estimates shows 2 different aspects of the life history of A. antennatus, corresponding to 2 different seasonal periods. The Kn series from June through September reflects the shrimps' reproductive condition to the north of the Islands, while samples from October through May represent a period of low gonad weight and high hepatosomatic indices to the south of the Islands. Oceanographic variables used to construct models and seek relationships with changes in Kn were salinity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen in the Levantine Intermediate Water and Western Mediterranean Deep Water layers, and chlorophyll a satellite imagery data. The North Atlantic Oscillation and the Eastern Atlantic index were used as climatic indicators. Physiologic condition during the winter fattening periods decreased over the time series and was negatively correlated with increasing salinity. During the summer reproductive periods, the best-fitting models show a year-on-year effect and a significant probability of effects on condition from oligotrophication. These results suggest that increasing salinity at depth, which ultimately increases oligotrophy, may cause changes in physiological condition.
... The result showed a higher level than Portunus pelagicus (Yongxu cheng et al., 2010), Maja brachytactyla (Antonio marques et al., 2010) and lower level than the Carcinus mediterraneus claw meat (Salim Cherif et al., 2008). The nutrition composition of edible tissues generally reflects their physiological functions, metabolic needs and available diet (Rosa and Nunes, 2003). ...
In the present study, nutritional quality (protein, carbohydrate, lipid, amino acids and fatty acids) of edible crabs (Charybdis natator, Charybdis feriata, Charybdis lucifera and Charybdis reversendersoni) were studied. According to the results protein and carbohydrate (%) were found to be higher in C. lucifera than that of other three species of crabs, as well as lipid contents were highly observed in C. feriata. Totally 20 amino acids were found in both species. Among these, 10 were essential amino acids and the remaining non-essential amino acids. C. lucifera contributed maximum amount of essential amino acids (9.13 g/100g) followed by C. feriata and C. natator. On the other hand lower amount of essential and non essential amino acids were seen in C. reversendersoni (7.17 and 6.22 g/100g). The fatty acid profile of the crabs showed the presence of high PUFA and MUFA. C. lucifera and C. reversendersoni showed the highest PUFA followed by other species. Fatty acids compositions were compared and the results showed C. lucifera had high amount of mono unsaturated fatty acid and poly unsaturated fatty acids than the other three types of crabs. The ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid showed higher ratio in C. natator and C. feriata. The results obtained from the present study indicate that C. lucifera showed higher nutritional value for healthy diet.
... Subsequently, 100 µl of sample solution was incubated at 90˚C in 2 ml of anthrone reagent (38 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid was added to 15 ml of distilled water and 0.075 g of anthrone) for 20 min in dark and the absorbance was read at 620 nm. Glycogen concentration was calculated from standard curve using glycogen from oyster (II) as standard [18]. ...
... A number of studies have shown that GPx is critical for preventing auto-oxidation of lipid storage in lipid rich tissues (Wdzieczak, Zalesna, and Peres 1982;Malik, Tones, and Connock 1987;Jagneshwar, Gagan, and Anardhana 2000) such as the ovarian tissue. Further studies showed that ovarian lipid storage, which is a major source of energy during embryonic and early larval development (Rosa and Nunes 2003;Rosa et al. 2005;Kandemir et al. 2011), and the characteristically high metabolic activity associated with ovarian development (Palacios, Ibarra, and Racotta 2000;Izquierdo, Fernandez-Palacios, and Tacon 2001;Palace and Werner 2006) increase the likelihood of the peroxidative tissue damage thus justifying the increased activity of GPx. More importantly, the insignificant difference (p > 0.05) between MDA levels in ovarian tissues of crabs from polluted and reference sites suggests that the peroxidative damage to ovarian tissues of crabs from the polluted environment is still within the adaptive limits of the species. ...
Trace metal residues (Zn, Pb, Cd and Cu) and antioxidant enzyme activity (superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase, reduced glutathione and malondialdehyde and total protein) were measured across seasons in the ovarian tissue of blue crabs Callinectes amnicola from the Lagos lagoon areas receiving industrial discharges and from the unpolluted mid-lagoon (reference site). The independent t-test showed higher concentrations (p p C. amnicola in similarly polluted areas of the Lagos lagoon.
... Lipid content ranged from 0.9 to 1.6% in muscle, showing that all species were considered as lean. Our results are in agreement with previously given content for crustacean species by Saglik and Imre [14], Rosa and Nunes [30], Oksuz et al. [31], Tsape et al. [8], Turan et al. [18]. ...
The effects of seasons on the lipid content and fatty acid compositions of five different shrimp and prawn species (green tiger prawn – Penaeus semisulcatus, kuruma prawn – Marsupenaeus japonicus, caramote prawn – Melicertus kerathurus, deepwater pink shrimp – Parapenaeus longirostris, speckled shrimp – Metapenaeus monoceros) were evaluated. Results showed that lipid content ranged from 0.89 to 1.55% in muscle, showing that all species were considered as lean. There were significant differences (p<0.05) in the levels of saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in terms of season and species. They were rich in n-3 fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The highest proportions of EPA were obtained from kuruma prawn (180.9 mg/100 g) in spring and deepwater pink shrimp (173.2 mg/100 g) and caramote prawn (146.3 mg/100 g) in summer. Kuruma prawn had the highest DHA in spring (140.8 mg/100 g) followed by deepwater pink shrimp (132.2 mg/100 g) and caramote prawn (129.6 mg/100 g) in summer. The results also showed that the seasons affected lipid content and the fatty acid composition of shrimp and prawn species.
Practical Application: The beneficial effect of seafood consumption on human health has been related to the high content of n-3 fatty acids, especially EPA (20:5n-3) and DHA (22:6n-3). The ratios of n-6/n-3, PUFA/SFA and EPA + DHA are considered as useful criteria for comparing relative nutritional and oxidation values of marine oils. In the current study, the influence of seasonality on the lipid content and the fatty acid compositions of shrimp and prawn were investigated in order to find the best source of n-3 fatty acids during the year.
... Such differences might be related with the tissue function, as muscle is a structural tissue with a more stable chemical composition, mostly composed by proteins and structural lipids, whereas brown meat combines mainly two important organs, hepatopancreas and gonads, that are rich in storage lipids required for the animal physiological needs (Striket, Benjakul, Visessanguan & Kijroongrojona, 2007). Similar variations among tissues and seasons were also found in previous reports regarding crustaceans' chemical composition such as the pink and red shrimps (Parapenaeus longirostris and Aristeus antennatus; Rosa & Nunes, 2003) and Atlantic spider crab (Maja brachydactyla; Marques et al., 2010). ...
Edible crab (Cancer pagurus) is one of the most important crustaceans consumed in Southern European countries, either as boiled or steamed cooked product. So far, the majority of studies assessing health benefits and risks associated to seafood consumption have been carried out in raw products, despite being generally cooked before consumption, and mostly in muscle tissue. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of steaming and boiling on the chemical safety and nutritional value of C. pagurus caught in spring and summer. Generally, chemical and elemental composition of brown meat (tissue in the body cavity comprising mainly gonads and hepatopancreas) differed significantly from muscle (white meat in claws and legs). Additionally, the same tissue revealed differences in chemical and elemental composition of raw and cooked C. pagurus, likely due to water leaching. In contrast, few variations between seasons were observed. The results revealed that the consumption of cooked edible crab muscle should be promoted, whereas brown meat ingestion should be done parsimoniously.
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... The percentage of total lipids in the hepatopancreas did not show differences between locations. Our results differ from those previously reported for red shrimp in Atlantic waters (Rosa and Nunes, 2003). According to these authors, energy requirements of the developing ovary seem to be more dependent on the ingestion of dietary lipids than on hepatopancreas reserves. ...
The red shrimp Aristeus antennatus is one of the target species of the bottom trawl fishery of the Balearic Islands. The objective of the present paper is to study the short spatial and temporal differences of this important economic resource between two different locations off Mallorca (Cabrera: CA; Sóller: SO), where a fleet mobility pattern has been detected, and to study the influence of environmental conditions on this species. Six simultaneous bottom-trawl and oceanographic surveys were carried out at these two locations in order to collect data from the demersal species, hydrography (temperature and salinity), trophic resources and sediment characteristics. The commercial fleet from both locations was monitored by monthly on-board sampling, log-books and daily landings obtained from sales slips. Additional data was obtained from other fishing surveys. Short spatial and temporal differences have been detected between both locations. The population at CA was more demographically homogeneous, while that at SO showed important variations, like high abundance of juveniles recruiting to fishing grounds in autumn–winter and high abundance of large females during summer. Several differences have also been found in the biology of the species between locations, such as males were more abundant in SO than in CA. Also, the reproductive period started sooner in SO than in CA, and the condition of pre-spawning females was better in SO. The percentage of total lipids in the hepatopancreas was minimal during the spawning period, showing their importance as a reserve of energy for the ovary ripening. Water masses could play an important role in these differences, the characteristics of water masses being more stable in CA than in SO. Red shrimp adult females seemed to be more correlated with the warmer and more saline Levantine Intermediate Waters, while juveniles (males and females) and adult males were more correlated with the colder Western Mediterranean Deep Waters, detected only in SO during autumn–winter. Two different hypothesis of mobility patterns for the species are discussed in relation to these observed differences.
... Apart from spatial differences, the condition index also showed seasonal differences for both P. heterocarpus and P. martia that could be related to the reproductive period, at least in the second case. The reproductive cycle has been found to affect the biochemistry and condition of decapods (Rosa and Nunes, 2003;Bayhan et al., 2005;Carbonell et al., 2008;Guijarro et al., 2008), although a general trend of life-history adaptation with depth has been described not only for pandalid shrimps (Company and Sardà, 1997) but also for decapod crustaceans in general (Company et al., 2003). An increase in seasonality in reproductive periods was observed from the shallowest (P. ...
... Furthermore, changes in size and stock composition are due to mating, spawning and recruitment events (Demestre, 1995;Carbonell, 2005). Differences in lipid composition and in ovary weight increments have been observed during these reproductive phases (Rosa and Nunes, 2003). The red shrimp is a synchronous spawner and the reproductive period occurs during spring and summer with peaks in June, July and August (Relini-Orsi and Pestarino, 1981;Demestre and Fortuño, 1992;Carbonell et al., Fig. 1. ...
This study evaluates the reproductive potential and condition of the red shrimp (Aristeus antennatus) population inhabiting the waters around the Balearic Islands (Northwestern Mediterranean Sea), between 1991 and 2004. Red shrimp is one of the most valuable exploited demersal fishery resources in the western Mediterranean. To assess the condition of this species, we use two indices based on weight and length data, one including the gonad weight and another excluding it. Different biological parameters of the population dynamics and reproductive biology, such as sex-ratio, maturity, gonadosomatic index and presence of the spermatophore in females have also been analysed. A negative relationship was found between the gonadosomatic index and the condition of red shrimp, indicating that energy reserves are transferred from the body to the gonad during the reproductive period. The condition of adults reached minimum values during the maturation and spawning period after mating, when the gonadosomatic index, the spermatophore presence in females and the proportion of females in the population were highest. The relationship between the condition of adults during the months prior to spawning and the number of recruits in the following year was significant and positive. This relationship was stronger when only male condition was considered, suggesting that males have an important role on the reproductive potential of this species. Overall, our results suggest that condition of red shrimp, particularly males, is an important aspect for the reproductive and recruitment success of this species. The observed decreasing trend in male condition over years may raise concern on the future reproductive potential of that population.
... More recently, studies have been conducted to determine the biochemical changes that take place during the reproductive cycle. Rosa & Nunes (2003), found a significant correlation between lipid levels and the gonadosomatic and hepatopancreatic index, and also with an increase in levels of monounsaturated fatty acids in the ovary during sexual maturation; the latter observation indicates these compounds play an important role in the reproductive process and in embryonic as well as in early larval development. ...
The present work reviews the previous reproductive studies on red shrimp, Aristeus antennatus, and is initially based on those. Subsequently, we propose a reduction in the number of stages distinguished in macroscopic gonadal classification, in an attempt to correlate the microscopic characteristics observed with each macroscopic stage recognized. Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the stages of ovarian maturity of the red shrimp are reported, with special attention to the relationship between the general appearance of the ovary and the histology of ovarian tissues. Six different stages of ovarian development can be defined according to the relationship between the general appearance of the ovary, the histology of the ovarian tissues, and the gonadosomatic index. They constitute a reliable guide for judging maturation stages. Previtellogenic oocytes correspond to nucleolar and perinuclear chromatin oocytes. Endogenous vitellogenesis starts on perinuclear oocytes, in cysts located at the periphery of the ovarian lobe. Exogenous vitellogenesis starts just after the onset of folliculogenesis, the coloration appearing when follicle cells surround the oocytes. Following initial oocyte growth, follicle cells move from the germinal epithelium into the growth zone, attach to the periphery of each oocyte, and surround it. The final stage of the ripe ovary shows that developing oocytes mature synchronously, with only one spawning event for each individual shrimp taking place in each reproductive season. The exogenous vitellogenesis process of ovarian maturation seems to be induced by spermatophore attachment, since gonad weight increases after a spermatophore is attached. Only a few individuals with spent ovaries were detected and this may indicate that females move to other zones or even to deeper waters just before spawning. Variability in the onset and the duration of the reproductive cycle has been recorded between reproductive years, to account for environmental variability.
Spanish
El presente estudio revisa los estudios reproductivos realizados anteriormente sobre la gamba rosada, Aristeus antennatus, y se basa inicialmente en ellos. Se propone una reducción en el número de estadios de maduración de la clasificación macroscópica gonadal, intentando sintetizar las características microscópicas de cada etapa macroscópica. Las características macroscópicas y microscópicas de los estadios de maduración ovárica se analizan poniendo especial atención en la relación entre el aspecto general del ovario y la histología de los tejidos ováricos. Seis etapas de desarrollo ovárico se pueden definir según la relación entre el aspecto general del ovario, la histología de los tejidos ováricos y el índice gonadosomático. Estos estadios de maduración son una guía útil para determinar la maduración ovárica. Los oocitos previtelogénicos corresponden a oocitos cromatin nuclear y cromatin perinuclear. La vitelogénesis endógena comienza en oocitos perinucleares, en lóbulos situados en la periferia del ovario. La vitelogénesis exógena comienza inmediatamente después del inicio de la foliculogénesis y la coloración aparece cuando las células foliculares rodean los oocitos. Después del crecimiento inicial del oocito, las células del folículo se mueven desde el epitelio germinal en la zona de crecimiento hacia la periferia del oocito y lo rodean. En la etapa final de maduración los oocitos que maduran sincrónicamente producen un único acontecimiento de puesta para cada individuo por periodo reproductivo. El proceso de vitelogénesis exógena parece ser inducido por la deposición del espermatóforo, observándose un aumento del peso de la gónada después de que tenga lugar la colocación del espermatóforo. Solamente se detectaron algunos individuos con los ovarios en estado de postpuesta indicando que las hembras se trasladan a otras zonas más profundas momentos antes de la puesta. Se dio variabilidad del inicio y duración del ciclo reproductivo entre los años debido a variabilidad ambiental.
... Although protein is the main constituent of marine invertebrate eggs (Pond et al. 1996; Holland 1978), lipids play a central role in embryonic metabolism as the most important energy source and provide at least 60% of the total energy expenditure of the developing crustacean embryo (Herring 1974; Holland 1978; Amsler and George 1984). Besides an energy source, lipids are used as structural components of cell membranes (Rosa and Nunes 2003 ). Previous studies have revealed that fatty acid content and dynamics of eggs provide information on crustacean life history traits, feeding ecologies and habitats (Rosa et al. 2007). ...
The present work is a comprehensive study of reproduction and embryonic development of Armases cinereum. Ovigerous A. cinereum (Bosc, 1802) females from Sebastian Inlet, Florida (9.88–19.4mm CW) lay 2,000–12,000 eggs per brood, depending on their
CW (mm): fecundity=24.662CW1.9432. A. cinereum displayed significant brood loss through development (ca. 500 eggs per brood) independently from their CW (no senescence).
However, since smaller females lay fewer eggs than larger ones, the percentage of eggs lost during embryonic development is
greater in smaller females. The number of eggs carried on a later stage of development (potential fertility=5.5593CW2.4417) is a more accurate estimate of the reproductive output and subsequent recruitment. Egg volume increased during development
(64%, 0.025–0.041mm3 or 0.36–0.43mm of diameter, N=270) and was strongly correlated with egg water content increase (19.21%, r=0.89). Lipids, particularly fatty acids, seem to be the major energy source for embryonic development, decreasing 56.31
and 37.08% (respectively) during embryonic development; both are negatively correlated with egg volume (r=−0.90). The utilization of fatty acids through the different developmental stages of A. cinereum is presented. The most consumed fatty acids are the monounsatured (43.33μgmg−1dw), followed by the saturated (29.91μgmg−1dw) and polyunsaturated (24.03μgmg−1). Palmitic (16:0) and linoleic (18:2n-6) acids are preferentially consumed (19.5 and 17.9μgmg−1dw, respectively). The high proportion of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids of C18 and C20 reflects the consumption of primary producers such as mangrove leaves. EPA/DHA ratio (2.85–3.84) and low DHA content indicated
that this species appears in a medium-low level of the trophic chain. The low ratio of 18:1n-7/18:1n-9 and high percentage of 18:1n-9 (marker of carnivory) may be a sign of the consumption of juvenile invertebrates. The high
percentage of odd-numbered FA indicated the occurrence of detritivores/scavenger behaviours. The fatty acid composition of
the eggs reflects adult feeding ecology (omnivorous) and habitat.
... Embryo FA reserves were signiWcantly correlated with embryo size (r 2 = 0.68, P < 0.001). The quantitatively Fig. 1 Map of the Portuguese continental and Madeira Island coasts with sampling areas (rectangle marks) of: 1—Polybius henslowii (present study); 2—Palaemon elegans, Palaemon serratus (adapted from Morais et al. 2002), and Lysmata seticaudata (adapted from Calado et al. 2005); 3—Plesionika martia martia (adapted from Morais et al. 2002), Nephrops norvegicus (adapted from Rosa et al. 2003), and Homarus gammarus (adapted from Rosa et al. 2005); 4—Cholorotus crassicornis, P. martia martia, and Macropipus tuberculatus (present study); 5—Plesionika narval (present study) ...
Variations in embryo size and fatty acid (FA) dynamics during embryogenesis were evaluated in deep-sea pandalids and portunid
swimming crabs from the Portuguese continental margin and Madeira Island slope and compared with previous data on neritic
and deep-sea lobsters and shrimps (collected between February 2001 and March 2004). Inter-specific variations in embryo size
seem to be dictated primarily by phylogeny rather than by differences in reproductive or early life history traits. FA reserves
were significantly correlated with embryo size (P<0.001). Principal component analysis revealed differences among three groups (1—neritic caridean shrimps, 2—deep-sea pandalids
of the genus Plesionika, and lobsters, 3—portunid crabs and the deep-sea pandalid Chlorotocus crassicornis, Costa 1871). Group 1 was clearly separated by PC1 mainly due to the higher percentage of essential C18 (linoleic and linolenic acids) and C20 (namely eicosapentaenoic) polyunsaturated FA (specific markers of primary producers). PC2 separated Group 2 from Group 3
due to differences in the percentage of several saturated FA (including odd-numbered FA—bacterial markers) and C18 monounsaturated FA (namely 18:1n−9, a general marker of carnivory). Therefore, these differences among groups seem to result from distinctions in diet and
ecological niche. Intra-specific differences in FA composition between western and southern Plesionika martia martia (A. Milne-Edwards, 1883) populations may reflect higher water temperatures on the south sub-tropical coast. Lobster embryonic
development was more demanding of lipid energy than that of the other decapod species, which may reflect an evolutionary trend
in decapod taxa related to an increasing degree of lecithotrophy. However, a lower FA catabolism can be interpreted as an
enhanced independence of the newly hatched larvae from external energy sources. Higher FA content at hatching and, as a consequence,
a greater independence from the external environment should increase the chances of larval survival.
... Lipids have an important role in these cycles, and lipid biomarkers indicate different biological strategies for mesopelagic fauna (Ju and Harvey, 2004) and for deep-sea benthos, depending on the nature of lipids accumulated by each species (Ginger et al., 2001). Fluctuations in the lipid content in muscle, ovary and hepatopancreas have been reported for A. antennatus (Rosa and Nunes, 2003a,b; Guijarro et al., 2008), with shifts probably linked to its non-continuous reproductive cycle (Arrobas and Ribeiro-Cascalho, 1987; Demestre and Fortuño, 1992 ). The beginning of gonad development in prereproductive females occurs in May with a peak in summer (Demestre and Fortuño, 1992) in the Balearic Basin. ...
Spatio-temporal variation of feeding intensity and diet in the red shrimp Aristeus antennatus was studied at two locations around the island of Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Western Mediterraean) in August, September, and November 2003, and in February, April and June 2004 at depths between 550 and 750 m. The two areas, with different oceanographic conditions, were respectively located in the northwest (Sóller) and the south (Cabrera) of Mallorca. Off Sóller, feeding intensity of A. antennatus showed a significant increase from February to April and June 2004 in all the three size-classes studied (small shrimps: CL < 30 mm; medium: CL between 30 and 40 mm; large: CL ⩾ 40 mm). Off Cabrera, the highest fullness was recorded in November 2003 among small and medium shrimp, while only large specimens showed patterns similar to that found off Sóller. Off Sóller, the diet of both small (CL < 34 mm) and large (CL ⩾ 34 mm) A. antennatus was mainly influenced by season, with three dietary groups corresponding to August–September 2003, to November 2003/February 2004, and to hauls from April to June 2004. Off Cabrera, hauls (representing diets) were grouped by depth, never by season. The most remarkable seasonal shift in the diet of A. antennatus off Sóller was the increase of mesopelagic prey in April–June relative to other months. In all size categories there was an increase off Sóller in the energy intake of prey ingested from February to June 2004, an increase not found off Cabrera. Degree of digestion of mesopelagic prey indicated nocturnal feeding on mesopelagic fauna. These prey probably have a shallower depth distribution at night than found in our daylight sampling, and possible migratory movements among prey and A. antennatus at night would explain the lack of correlation between prey abundance in guts and in the environment found during daylight periods for most micronekton mesopelagic prey (euphausiids, myctophids and sergestids). Off Sóller, fullness and diet were significantly linked to temporal changes in water column productivity (e.g., Chl a readings, fluorescence) and to changes in the shrimp biology (lipid content of hepatopancreas, Gonado-somatic Index, GSI). Off Cabrera, we found a higher dependence of fullness and diet with T and S, both variables in turn related to depth. The increase of stomach fullness and dietary energy intake in pre-reproductive females from February to April–June 2004 found off Sóller, coupled with the consumption of mesopelagic prey, was parallel to a significant increase of the gonad weight (GSI, fecundity) in June. Most individuals attain gonad development in the period May–June, after two months of the peak of primary production at the surface. The strong link found between pelagic resources and reproductive processes in a deep-sea species such as the shrimp Aristeus antennatus, situated near the top of the trophic web, suggests a rapid energy flow via mesopelagic fauna between surface primary production and bathyal megabenthic communities at oligotrophic insular areas. In contrast to mainland areas off the Catalan coasts submitted to the influence of submarine canyons, around the island of Mallorca the empoverishment of benthos biomass may enhance consumption of micronektonic prey and a possible accumulation of pre-reproductive females of A. antennatus in areas (e.g., steep slopes and persistent frontal systems found off Sóller) with high zooplankton aggregations.
... Generally, energy reserves strongly affect fecundity and reproduction in fishes (e.g. Lloret et al., 2005) and have been also observed in deep-water decapods (Rosa and Nunes, 2003;Fanelli and Cartes, 2008). During winter both sexes of A. antennatus in Greek Ionian Sea consume an increased number of prey items, having as a result the highest stomach fullness, but of decreased quality. ...
The feeding habits of the deep-sea blue–red shrimp Aristeus antennatus were determined based on the analysis of 1047 stomach contents, sampled in the Greek Ionian Sea (E. Mediterranean). The diet of this economically and biologically important decapod was studied in relation to the season, size class and sex. The diet of A. antennatus consisted of 54 different prey categories, and belonged mainly to smaller crustaceans (e.g. natantian decapods, euphausiids, tanaidaceans), molluscs, polychaetes, chaetognaths and, to a lesser extent, fishes. The above prey categories consisted of 71–82% of the relative abundance and total occurrence for males and 61–81% for females. Females seemed to be better fed than males (stomach fullness, food quality). A. antennatus displayed a highly diversified diet and the different feeding patterns were discussed. Diet composition showed slight seasonal fluctuations. The observed slight differences on A. antennatus diet among the western, central and eastern Mediterranean could be attributed to the more oligotrophic character of the eastern part of the basin. The principal factors driving the changes in the feeding strategy of this decapod among the seasons are the increased energy demands related to sexual requirements and the food availability in the marine environment. The ontogenetic changes in the shrimp's diet were relatively clear. Larger individuals exhibited selecting prey with a good swimming capacity (e.g. fishes), while the smaller individuals consumed prey with low mobility (e.g. copepods, ostracods).
... Generally, energy reserves strongly affect fecundity and reproduction in fishes (e.g. Lloret et al., 2005) and have been also observed in deep-water decapods (Rosa and Nunes, 2003; Fanelli and Cartes, 2008). ...
The feeding habits of the deep-sea blue–red shrimp Aristeus antennatus were determined based on the
analysis of 1047 stomach contents, sampled in the Greek Ionian Sea (E. Mediterranean). The diet of this
economically and biologically important decapod was studied in relation to the season, size class and sex. The
diet of A. antennatus consisted of 54 different prey categories, and belonged mainly to smaller crustaceans
(e.g. natantian decapods, euphausiids, tanaidaceans), molluscs, polychaetes, chaetognaths and, to a lesser
extent, fishes. The above prey categories consisted of 71–82% of the relative abundance and total occurrence
for males and 61–81% for females. Females seemed to be better fed than males (stomach fullness, food
quality). A. antennatus displayed a highly diversified diet and the different feeding patterns were discussed.
Diet composition showed slight seasonal fluctuations. The observed slight differences on A. antennatus diet
among the western, central and eastern Mediterranean could be attributed to the more oligotrophic character
of the eastern part of the basin. The principal factors driving the changes in the feeding strategy of this
decapod among the seasons are the increased energy demands related to sexual requirements and the food
availability in the marine environment. The ontogenetic changes in the shrimp's diet were relatively clear.
Larger individuals exhibited selecting prey with a good swimming capacity (e.g. fishes), while the smaller
individuals consumed prey with low mobility (e.g. copepods, ostracods).
... Although in decapod crustaceans muscle is the major site of protein storage and hepatopancreas that of fat and cholesterol, these results indicate that ovaries become an additional center for protein, fat, and cholesterol metabolism during maturation (21). Protein and amino acid variations may indicate an increase in the biosynthesis of various proteins, including hormones, enzymes, and lipoproteins involved in mating, fertilization, gonad maturation, spawning, and normal development of embryo in decapods (22). An optimum protein to energy ratio is essential for efficient nutrient deposition, where available protein is used primarily for gonad development, with energy requirements being satisfied by lipids and, to a lesser extent, by carbohydrates (23). ...
Cancer pagurus is most appreciated in southern Europe for its muscle and brown meat content. In Portugal, consumption occurs mostly in summer and at Christmas. In this study the seasonal nutritional quality of edible tissues of female and male C. pagurus was determined. Tissue composition was affected by season and sex. All tissues had a well-balanced essential amino acid composition. Muscle and gonads of females had n-3/n-6 ratios in the range of the usual recommended values, and all tissues had PUFA/SFA above the recommended level. Autumn was the season with the highest brown meat yield, total essential amino acids (muscle), taurine (all tissues), EPA (male gonads), and n-3/n-6 ratio (gonads). However, it was also the season with the highest fat content and cholesterol concentration in ovaries. Therefore, people with restricted diets should moderate the consumption of ovaries in autumn. The remaining tissues pose no risks with respect to their proximate chemical composition.
This paper reports on the real-time imaging and developmental biochemistry of the freshwater caridean shrimp, Caridina pseudogracilirostris. The complete time-lapse development of a single embryo was recorded in an artificial mold, developed in our lab, and imaged under a stereomicroscope. It took 8 days to complete the 5 stages of embryonic development (1 cleavage stage, 2 gastrulation stage, 3 nauplius stage, 4 prehatching embryo, and 5 zoea stages). As the decapod eggs are enriched with dense yolk, biochemical determination of the major components was made to evaluate the yolk utilization during embryogenesis. The concentration of protein, lipid, and carbohydrate declined drastically from Stage I (cleavage) to Stage IV (Zoea), reflecting sustained yolk utilization during embryogenesis. The increase in the size of the embryo correlates with changes in water content. Lipids, being the principal organic substrate, changes in the fatty acid (FA) composition of embryos during development were determined by GC. The FA composition was observed within the range of 25%–60.87% for saturated, 22.57%–56.45% for monounsaturated, and 5.64%–18.51% for total polyunsaturated FAs. The essential polyunsaturated fatty acid were higher in Stages I, IV, and V, suggesting a major role in embryogenesis. The cellular proliferation and organogenesis as visualized in the real-time imaging correlate well with the biochemical variations observed in C. pseudogracilirostris.
HIGHLIGHTS
• Time-lapse imaging of Caridina pseudogracilirostris embryos during five developmental stages; a new method of in situ embryo culture.
• Changes in the fatty acid composition during embryonic development were evaluated.
• Real-time imaging of embryogenesis related to biochemical variation during five stages of development.
Most marine crustacean eggs contain a full complement of nutritional resources that fuel the growth and metabolic processes over the course of their development. In terms of biochemical constituents, lipids and proteins play pivotal and central roles in these processes and, accordingly, have been studied extensively in crustaceans. Given the propensity of some ovigerous (egg-bearing) American lobsters ( Homarus americanus ) to undergo seasonal inshore-to-offshore migrations, thereby exposing their eggs to varying thermal regimes, this study’s goal was to assess egg quality over their course of development by documenting changes in total lipids, proteins, and egg size (volume) in lobsters subjected to one of three simulated thermal regimes (inshore, offshore, constant (12°C), N = 5/trt, 15 total) in the laboratory and sampled at five discrete time intervals. Total egg lipids showed a marked decrease over time (r ² adj = 0.85, P < 0.0001), early in the fall (average = -26%) and late spring (-62%), compared with stark increases in proteins over the same period (r ² adj = 0.63, P < 0.0001, averages = 60%, 34%, fall and spring). Although there were no significant differences in total lipid or protein values (or egg sizes) between eggs exposed to inshore and offshore temperatures ( P > 0.05), differences occurred in eggs exposed to a constant temperature, and they hatched almost three months sooner than inshore or offshore ones. Seasonal temperature fluctuations also appear to control the rates of biochemical processes in lobster eggs but may be confounded by other variables.
Most marine crustacean eggs contain a full complement of nutritional resources that fuel the growth and metabolic processes over the course of their development. In terms of biochemical constituents, lipids and proteins play pivotal and central roles in these processes and, accordingly, have been studied extensively in crustaceans. Given the propensity of some ovigerous (egg-bearing) American lobsters ( Homarus americanus ) to undergo seasonal inshore-to-offshore migrations, thereby exposing their eggs to varying thermal regimes, this study’s goal was to assess egg quality over their course of development by documenting changes in total lipids, proteins, and egg size (volume) in lobsters subjected to one of three simulated thermal regimes (inshore, offshore, constant (12°C), N = 5/trt, 15 total) in the laboratory and sampled at five discrete time intervals. Total egg lipids showed a marked decrease over time (r ² adj = 0.85, P < 0.0001), early in the fall (average = -26%) and late spring (-62%), compared with stark increases in proteins over the same period (r ² adj = 0.63, P < 0.0001, averages = 60%, 34%, fall and spring). Although there were no significant differences in total lipid or protein values (or egg sizes) between eggs exposed to inshore and offshore temperatures ( P > 0.05), differences occurred in eggs exposed to a constant temperature, and they hatched almost three months sooner than inshore or offshore ones. Seasonal temperature fluctuations also appear to control the rates of biochemical processes in lobster eggs but may be confounded by other variables.
Most marine crustacean eggs contain the full complement of nutritional resources required to fuel their growth and development. Given the propensity of many ovigerous (egg-bearing) American lobsters ( Homarus americanus ) to undergo seasonal inshore-to-offshore migrations, thereby potentially exposing their eggs to varying thermal regimes, the goal of this study was to determine the impact of water temperature on egg quality over their course of development. This was accomplished by documenting changes in total lipids, proteins, and size (volume) of eggs subjected to one of three thermal regimes: inshore, offshore, and constant (16 °C) conditions. Total egg lipids showed a marked decrease over time, while protein levels increased over the same period. Although there were no significant differences in total lipids, proteins, or egg sizes between eggs exposed to inshore and offshore temperatures, they differed from values for eggs exposed to a constant temperature, which also hatched almost three months sooner. This is most likely due to the fact that eggs held at a constant temperature did not experience a period of slow development during the colder months from November to March that are important for synchronizing egg hatch and may be compromised by elevated seawater temperatures.
By combining the current yields (in the order of several thousands tons by year) and the corresponding high unit values (up 80, for the 1st grade specimens, and 200 euro /kg during holydays), Aristeus antennatus (Risso, 1816), herein VP, and Aristaeomorpha foliacea (Risso, 1827), herein RP, likely represent the most valuable demersal stocks for the Mediterranean bottom trawl fisheries. These species (herein Reds) have also acctracted the interest and attention of many researchers, not only among the fisheries biologists, but also among scientists involved in genetic and climatic studies. Countless publications have been recently realized within both the official (i.e. ISI Journals) and gray (i.e. technical and internal / project reports) scientific literature. In spite of the impressive improvement in the knowledge level concerning Reds, the scientific name to be used, the lack of cryptic species (at least within the Mediterranean Sea), and the negligible (almost null) estimated gross catch fraction returned to the sea (a.k.a. discard), likely represent the only items about which scientists fully agree. Controversies range from the simple choice of the most pertinent colloquial name (Blue and red shrimp, Blue shrimp, Giant red shrimp, King shrimp, Bathyal shrimp, Deep water red shrimp, Red shrimp, Rose shrimp, Pink shrimp, Violet shrimp, Red prawns etc) to the more critical choice between few widespread geographical instead of many small scattered stock (stocklet). Actually, whichever the Reds life history trait is considered, the pertinent literature show uncertainty at least with the past (for example, e.g., the reported life span from 3-5 up 9-12 years), conflicts in the interpretations (“clear evident unidirectional”, “parabolic concave down” or “not at all” depth - size relationship), contrasting sentences (discrete vs continuous spawning, recruitment, nurseries areas), confusion about the most influent abiotic parameters (LIW i.e. Levantine Intermediate Seawater temperature and salinity, “cascade” effects or even the damming of the Nile river). No clear and universal proofs of the validity of the various proposed explanatory variables (e.g. the strong association with the bamboo coral Isidella elongata) can be currently found. The most critical item in Reds studies is represented by the “single compartment syndrome”, i.e. each (or few) biological parameter(s) is/are discussed without any critical consideration about the match-mismatch with all the other parameters available. For example, in both Reds, females are almost universally considered more robust and better growth performant than males, reaching a much larger size and living longer than males. Both sexes occur in the same (RP) or different (VP) depth interval; consequently, females should be expected to suffer a lower (RP) and higher (VP) total mortality (Z) than males in exploited stock. However, the overall current sex ratio is reported as balanced or even in favor of males in RP and females in VP, without any specific comments about the different effects of fishing mortality. In the present contribution, papers and reports published between 1885 and 2018, directly or indirectly related to Reds, were reviewed in order to attempt a synoptic comparison of the gray sides in the level of agreement about the distribution and life cycle of such as important crustaceans. The outputs of the present review were organized in 3 sections: A) Introduction, B) Material, methods (and some remarks), and C) 19 basic questions (such as “How many Reds’ poulations within the Mediterranean Sea?”). The corresponding answers were presented as Thesis, Antithesis and (most plausible) Synthesis. Finally, in the last section (D – Bibliography), the interested reader will be able to find an exstended list of references, considering not only the titles quoted in the contribution.
The relationship between parental mass and female reproductive output, as well as offspring quality, was studied in the red cherry shrimp (Neocaridina davidi (Bouvier, 1904)) under controlled laboratory conditions. Adult males and females of the same age were paired combining different shrimp masses. The number of hatched juveniles from large females was higher than that from small ones, but no influence of paternal mass was detected on this variable. Both the mass of newly hatched juveniles and their growth increment during a 60-day period were similar for all parental masses. Shrimps reached sexual maturity at the end of the growth period in all treatments, and their biochemical reserves (glycogen, lipid, and protein concentrations) were not associated with maternal and paternal masses. However, lipid concentration was higher in female offspring than in male offspring. The present results show that, unlike maternal mass, paternal mass had no effect on female reproductive output and offspring quality, suggesting that the contribution of males to offspring development was adequate regardless of male size.
This study analyzed the quality of recently spawned eggs and of juveniles over five and six consecutive spawns, respectively, in a caridean shrimp Neocaridina davidi with direct development. The potential energetic antagonism between reproduction and somatic growth was also evaluated. The number of eggs per spawn per female was highest in the first spawn, while the number of recently hatched juveniles per spawn per female declined in the sixth spawn. Lower lipid concentration and energy content were detected in eggs of the fourth and fifth spawns, which may indicate for the first time a decrease in maternal provisioning as a result of multiple spawning in a decapod with direct development. This result had no effect on the size of eggs or of recently hatched juveniles, nor on the growth performance of juveniles during a 30-day period following hatching. Lipids were the most abundant biochemical component of eggs, followed by proteins and glycogen; the relative proportion of each component was probably related to embryonic development type. Egg volume was unsuitable as an indicator of nutrient content, as no correlation was found between these variables. The physiological costs of reproduction were evident from the lower energy content of females that reproduced versus females that remained virgin. The lower body weight of the reproductive females at the end of the experiment showed that allocation of resources to reproduction occurred at the expense of somatic growth. To our knowledge, this is the first empirical demonstration of a decapod with direct development.
The objective of the study was to characterize the effects of sex on lipid peroxidation (as malondialdehyde, MDA), antioxidant defence system (as glutathione peroxidase, GSH-Px) in the hepatopancreas, gonad and muscle tissues of freshwater crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus, in culture condition. The crayfish used in the present study was provided from Keban Dam Lake population of A. leptodactylus. 34 males and 30 females crayfish in different size were hold in stock ponds (6 x 6 x 0.5 m). This study was carried out between June 18, 2004 and December 1, 2004 at the crayfish reproduction unit of Aquaculture Faculty of Firat University, Elazig, Turkey. Plastic pipes (20 cm in length and 7 cm in diameter) were provided as shelters for the crayfish. Crayfish were fed 2 % of their total wet weight daily with prepared ration. Crayfish were exposed to natural photoperiod. During the study, the mean water temperature, dissolved oxygen and mean pH were 4ºC, 6.28±0.32 mg L-1 and 7.82±0.17, respectively. MDA and GSH-Px levels according to sex and tissue-species were determined. MDA level in the hepatopancreas and gonad of females were higher than males, except muscle tissue (P<0.001). However, the GSH-Px activities in the hepatopancreas and gonad of males were higher than females, except muscle tissue (P<0.001). As a result, MDA and GSH-Px levels in the hepatopancreas, gonad and muscle tissues of freshwater crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus, in culture condition changed both tissues and sex.
During the course of present study, various nutritional aspects viz. protein, glycogen, lipid,
moisture and ash of the body meat of a local freshwater crab, Paratelphusa masoniana has
been investigated in both male and female crabs and marked seasonal variations were
observed during an year long investigation. Lipid and water contents were inversely
related, maximum lipid levels being recorded during the pre-spawning months and
minimum during post-spawning. The relationship between lipid and protein was a direct
one. Pre-spawning period witnessed high energy values and muscle glycogen witnessing a
direct correlation with feeding and spawning activity. Nutritive value of P. masoniana is
well comparable to other edible species of decapod crustaceans like prawns and shrimps
thereby ensuring its potential as an edible and potential culture candidate species.
Despite its importance as an ecological engineer, little is known about the feeding ecology of the widespread reef framework-forming cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa. This is the first study to compare lipid signatures of L. pertusa from different areas in the North Atlantic using samples from 2 sites in the eastern Atlantic and 2 seamounts in the western Atlantic. Lipid samples were collected in February, May, July and November from the Mingulay reef complex off western Scotland, but no clear seasonal pattern was observed. High lipid content and large wax ester fractions were recorded from all sites, with the highest values recorded at the shallowest site (Mingulay). Here the prevalence of copepod lipid biomarkers-monounsaturated fatty acids 20: 1 (n-9) and 22:1 (n-11) and their fatty alcohols-indicates L. pertusa feeds predominantly on calanoid copepods. At deeper offshore sites, the abundance of the fatty acid 18:1(n-9) and fatty alcohol 16:0 suggest a significant dietary input from non-calanoid copepods. Our results imply that the shallow Mingulay site is likely to receive a greater input of fresh surficial material and a higher abundance of herbivorous calanoid copepods, while at the deeper sites, carnivorous or omnivorous non-calanoid copepods are likely to be more abundant. L. pertusa therefore appears to be an opportunistic feeder capable of taking a variety of zooplankton prey. Further investigation is required to assess site-specific dependence on prey sources.
Portugal has one of the highest seafood consumptions in the EU. Among seafood crustaceans are
most appreciated particularly if maintained alive until the culinary preparation as a guarantee of
freshness. Nowadays, most live crustaceans are imported consequently the trade chain is long
and, the logistics complex. In this context, it is predictable that from fishing grounds to Portuguese
restaurants, crustaceans face several stressors that can lead to mortality and economical losses.
However, there are no known reports of both mortality and its extension during the live trade of
crustaceans. Therefore, a survey was elaborated and personal interviews were made to the main
national traders. It was concluded that the edible crab, Cancer pagurus and the European clawed
lobster, Homarus gammarus are the most imported live species, mainly from the UK. Prices are
much variable between species, as lobsters are more expensive than crabs and usually more
carefully handled. Also, edible crabs captured off the English Channel (EC) are more expensive
than those captured off the Scottish coast (SC). In all national facilities, most crab species had
higher rates of mortality (up to 60 %) than lobsters (~10 %).
Most problems pointed out in the interviews that might contribute to mortality were observed in situ
during a consignment of C. pagurus from England to Portugal and were mainly: a) poor handling;
b) periods of aerial exposure; c) poor water quality during transport (low oxygen, high ammonia and
nitrites); d) variations in temperature and e) high animal densities. These stressors were correlated
to changes in haemolymph parameters (D-glucose, L-lactate, pH and haemocyanine) and it was
concluded that immersed transport elicited anaerobic metabolism.
Once in Portugal, edible crab must be redistributed to wholesalers and retailers, thus suffering an
extra transport with mortality reaching 40 to 60 %. To test alternatives to the present transport
conditions, experiments were carried out simulating national transport in seawater and in semi-dry
environment with and without an anaesthetic. It was concluded that semi-dry transport at low
temperatures (~ 8 ºC) can be an efficient alternative as long as traders implement adequate
procedures that are discussed.
The huge effort and logistics required to import and maintain live crustaceans has the purpose of
supplying high quality fresh animals to demanding consumers. However, a live animal is not
necessarily synonymous of a product with high quality. In this context, the nutritional quality of the
edible tissues (i.e. muscle, hepatopancreas and gonads) of males and females C. pagurus, H.
gammarus and H. americanus was characterized. In the case of C. pagurus, the seasonal
variations and differences between populations (crabs captured off the Scottish coast vs. crabs
captured in the English Channel) were also evaluated.
It was concluded that muscle of edible crab and homarids is a typical seafood product i.e. low in fat
and cholesterol, a good source of high quality protein, polyunsaturated fatty acids and essential
elements in the range of daily recommended intakes, or even above. However, generalizations
about seafood nutritional quality cannot be assumed for all edible tissues. In fact, homarids and
edible crab showed great diversity in the nutritional quality of muscle, hepatopancreas and gonads.
Hepatopancreas is a moderate to high fat tissue, rich in saturated fatty acids and macro and trace
elements including cadmium, with higher indexes of atherogenicity (IA) and thrombogenecity (IT)
comparatively to muscle. In general, the hepatopancreas of homarids is fattier, with proportionally
more saturated fatty acids (SFA), IA and IT, but lower cadmium concentration than the edible crab.
Gonads showed great variations between sexes as ovaries have more protein, amino acids as well
as fat and cholesterol than testis. In general, all edible tissues of homarids and C. pagurus are
excellent sources of most essential elements and the only limiting elements were Mg, K and Mn.
Differences between the two populations of C. pagurus were mainly observed in the elemental
composition as crabs harvested in the SC were better sources of most elements than animals from
the EC. Also, the fatty acids profile of crabs’ muscle from the SC had higher proportion of 14:0,
18:1n-9 and 18:2n-6, and lower 18:1n-7 and 16:4n-3 than those of the EC.
Seasonal differences observed in the edible tissues of C. pagurus were more pronounced in
hepatopancreas and gonads and less in muscle. From a consumer perspective, autumn is the best
season to eat edible crab, particularly females, considering the higher brown meat yield (i.e.
gonads and hepatopancreas) but also the high taurine concentration, Fe, Ca and Zn content.
However, autumn is also the season when the hepatopancreas is fattier but with less n-3 fatty
acids and when values of IA, IT and cholesterol are higher in both hepatopancreas and ovaries.
Moreover, Cd in hepatopancreas, and Hg in both hepatopancreas and muscle were above the
established levels set by international regulation agencies.
The only tissue in all three species that can pose risks to human health is hepatopancreas due to
the high cadmium content. Therefore, consumption moderation of brown meat is advised in all
seasons but, particularly in autumn and mainly of female edible crabs.
This research made available important information that fills a gap in the knowledge of live trade of
crustaceans in Portugal and the nutritional composition of homarids and C. pagurus. The data
compiled and the recommendations given can be used by all stakeholders including: a) the
industry; b) nutritionists; c) regulation agencies and organizations that regulate maximum toxicity
levels in food and that can advance further recommendations and research areas. These data are
also important for the consumer who can be better informed and therefore be able to make choices
and more reliable decisions.
In this paper, the potential improvement of size-selectivity by increasing codend mesh size and changing twine type is addressed for the main commercial species exploited by crustacean trawlers in waters off the Portuguese south coast. Three cruises were conducted between autumn 1998 and summer 1999 onboard the F/V “Porto Bravo”, resulting in a total of 93 valid hauls using 3 different sizes of diamond mesh in the codend
(stretched nominal sizes of 55, 70 and 80 mm) and 2 types of twine, polyamide and polyethylene. A non-linear mixed-effects model was employed to include the effect of covariates and between-haul variation in the estimation of codend selectivity parameters for the main target species in this fishery, Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus (L.), rose shrimp, Parapenaeus longirostris (Lucas 1846), and ‘blue and red’ shrimp, Aristeus
antennatus (Risso, 1816). The chosen selectivity model found a significant (p < 0.001) linear effect of mesh size for all three target species, and a significant effect of cruise for Norway lobster (p < 0.05) and rose shrimp (p < 0.001). The cruise effect was due to a difference between the autumn 1998 cruise and the two latter cruises. This effect coincides with a change from polyamide twine in the autumn cruise to the use of polyethylene twine in the latter cruises. Other covariates, such as depth, codend-catch weight and species catch weight did not show any systematic effect on selectivity and thus were not included in the final models. The retention of a high number of undersized (or immature) individuals, while using the legal minimum mesh sizes, suggests the need for a change in the status quo fishing pattern.
A comparative study of the feeding ecology of Nephrops norvegicus was carried out on a seasonal basis simultaneously in seven locations in the Eastern and Western Mediterranean and the adjacent Atlantic: the south coast of Portugal, Faro; the Alboran Sea, Malaga; the Catalan Sea, Barcelona; the Ligurian Sea, Genoa; theTyrrhenian Sea, Pisa; the Adriatic Sea, Ancona and the Aegean Sea, Gulf of Euboikos, The major groups observed (frequency of occurrence method) in the stomachs of Nephrops norvegicus were decapod crustaceans, other crustaceans (euphausids and peracarids) and fish. The results obtained showed no significant differences between sites or seasons, and can be considered very consistent. All major taxa were present in the diet at all sites and for all seasons, a fact that can be explained by the great similarity of the bathyal fauna in all sites, which provide a major trophic resource for N. norvegicus. The percentage of fullness was also estimated per site and season, and we registered a clear decrease of this value during the summer period for all sites, except the Tyrrheanian Sea, where the lowest value was found in autumn. PCA - analysis did not clearly separate the regions (sites). The Shannon-Weaver (H'), index of diversity, was also determined per site and season, and we found a significant difference between the values of the Atlantic coast and the Western Mediterranean when compared with those of the Eastern Mediterranean.
Nephrops norvegicus exposed to starvation and hypoxia in the field as well as in the laboratory exhibited marked differences in glycogen reserves, haemolymph haemocyanin concentrations, and tissue copper and manganese contents. Muscle glycogen concentration was reduced by ca 50 % in lobsters collected from hypoxic field conditions. Glycogen concentrations were reduced to ca 3 % of initial values in muscle and 10 % in midgut gland following 7 mo starvation in the laboratory. Haemolymph haemocyanin concentration was markedly reduced in N. norvegicus exposed to severely hypoxic conditions although haemolymph copper concentration remained virtually unchanged. Starvation resulted in a slower reduction of haemocyanin concentration than was associated with hypoxia. Starvation resulted in a net loss of copper after 7 mo. Experimental exposures to moderate or severe hypoxia were not associated with net losses of copper, although in long-term moderate hypoxia the whole body copper load was redistributed, especially to the midgut gland increasing the concentration there 4 times. Redistribution of copper to the midgut gland did not occur in N. norvegicus exposed to severe hypoxia in the field. Three- to four-fold lower copper concentrations were found in the midgut glands of hypoxic lobsters (compared to controls from normoxic areas). As well as low copper concentrations, these lobsters had 2 to 4 times higher manganese concentrations in internal tissues. In the absence of sediment, manganese concentrations and contents were not influenced by laboratory exposure to hypoxia.
Changes in the biochemical composition of the ovary of Nephrops norvegicus (L.) were examined throughout maturation at stations with fast and slow growing individuals in Scottish waters and in the
Mediterranean. Ovary index (ovary wt:total body wt) increased significantly with maturation. Lipid, protein and water content
of the ovary increased with maturation, while carbohydrate content decreased. Similar changes were also identified in the
hepatopancreas. Significant spatial differences in ovary and hepatopancreas composition were identified, which may be related
to whole-body growth rate. The ovary maturation scale commonly used for N. norvegicus was shown to reflect biochemically distinct stages in ovary development.
Between June 1989 and May 1990 a 1 year programme based on commercial samples and statistics was carried out to assess Parapenaeus longirostris in the Sicilian Channel (Central Mediterranean), since most trawl-fishing occurs outside the area currently covered by trawl surveys of the National Research Council Institute based in Mazara del Vallo.Fishing takes place on three distinct grounds, where three different sub-stocks belonging to the same population could be identified based on length and maturity data.Length-based methods allowed calculation of all parameters needed to fit Beverton and Holt's (1957) and Thompson and Bell's (1934) models, while natural mortality could be estimated by regressing area-specific total mortalities vs. area-specific targeted effort (as total fishing days) for the three sub-stocks.Based on the models some management proposals were formulated, within the limits imposed by the assumptions and the present management framework in Italy.
Conventional techniques for the determination of fatty acid composition of lipids require solvent extraction, purification, hydrolysis, and derivatization procedures that are both lengthy and cumbersome. A 1-hr direct transesterification procedure carried out in methanol-benzene 4:1 with acetyl chloride circumvented all these steps and was applicable for analysis of both simple (triglycerides) and complex lipids (cholesteryl esters, phospholipids, and sphingomyelin). Recoveries (greater than 95%) of standards unaffected by the presence of 5% water and 200 mg of silica suggested that the technique could be used for the quantitative analysis of total fatty acids as well as of fatty acids in classes of lipids separated on silica from biological samples. When compared to the Folch procedure, the technique led to a 20.1% increase in total fatty acids for plasma, 3.9% for feces, 7.4% for bile, and 9.7% for rat liver. We therefore conclude that this one-step direct transesterification procedure is superior to currently used methods, not only because of its simplicity and speed, but also because of its added precision.
Double tracer experiment using radioactive fatty acids was conducted in order to verify the transfer of lipid reserves to the ovaries during the ovarian maturation of the prawn Penaeus japonicus. The prawns were fed with a diet containing both palmitic acid (16:0)-3H and linolenic acid (18:3ω3)-14C, held for 1 day, and then maintained for 5 days with and without destalking. One day after feeding of the diet, both lipids-3H and lipids-14C were mainly distributed in the hepatopancreas as phosphatidylcholines (PC) and free fatty acids (FA) and in the muscle as PC. Bilateral destalk-ing resulted in the induction of ovarian maturation and also the increase in ovarian radioactive triglycerides (TG) and PC with a concomitant decrease in hepatopancreatic radioactive TG and PC. Thus, the destalking enhanced a transfer of body lipid reserves, particularly hepatopancreatic lipids, to the ovaries which accumulated TG and PC as the major lipid classes. From the 3H/14C ratios of ovarian PC and TG, it is likely that the major ovarian PC accumulated during the induced ovarian maturation are rich in ω3-fatty acids, possibly 18:30, 20:5ω3, 22:6ω3, etc., rather than 16:0 and its metabolites, whereas the major ovarian TG consist of 16:0 and its metabolites rather than ω3-fatty acids as acyl groups.
Lipid decomposition studies in frozen fish have led to the development of a simple and rapid method for the extraction and purification of lipids from biological materials. The entire procedure can be carried out in approximately 10 minutes; it is efficient, reproducible, and free from deleterious manipulations. The wet tissue is homogenized with a mixture of chloroform and methanol in such proportions that a miscible system is formed with the water in the tissue. Dilution with chloroform and water separates the homogenate into two layers, the chloroform layer containing all the lipids and the methanolic layer containing all the non-lipids. A purified lipid extract is obtained merely by isolating the chloroform layer. The method has been applied to fish muscle and may easily be adapted to use with other tissues.
The present study deals with the in vivo conversion of cholesterol-14C to steroid hormones in the spiny lobster, Panulirus japonica. Two days after injection of cholesterol-14C to the spiny lobster, the separation of bioconversion products was carried out about the hepatopancreas, ovaries, and blood. As the bioconversion products, the radioactive progesterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, and-rostenedione, and testosterone were identified from the hepatopancreas, ovaries, and blood. Moreover, from the hepatopancreas, deoxycorticosterone and corticosterone were detected. From these results, it is suggested that the spiny lobster, Panulirus japonica, may possess the enzyme systems catalyzing the conversion of cholesterol to steroid hormones.
This paper presents the variation in lipid compositions during the ovarian maturation of the prawn Penaeus japonicus. The ovarian lipid concentrations increased during the slight mature and yellow ovarian periods, remained at roughly constant levels during the subsequent ovarian period to spawning, and then decreased to low levels at the spent ovaries. The hepatopancreatic lipid concentrations increased with increasing maturity of the ovaries, reached a maximum level at the yellow period of ovaries, and then decreased during the subsequent period to spawning. These results suggest the possible movement of hepatopancreatic lipids to the ovaries during the ovarian maturation. Both triglycerides and phospholipids were responsible for the increase in ovarian lipid concentrations during the sexual maturation. The fatty acid composition of lipids, trigly-cerides, and phospholipids of the ovaries did not vary markedly during the ovarian maturation.
The present study furnishes data concerning changes in biochemical constituents of midgut gland and ovary of Parapenaeopsis hardwickii associated with ovarian development. The ovarian index (0I) increased as the ovary developed from stage I (0I = 2.80 ± 0.32) to stage IV (0I = 5.85 ± 0.38) and then decreased suddenly in stage V (0I = 1.20 ± 0.45) following spawning. Associated biochemical parameters (protein, glycogen and fat) show remarkable variation. There was a continuous decline in these parameters in the midgut gland during ovarian development and a similar increase in their concentration in the ovary. The physiological significance of these findings is discussed briefly.
The distribution patterns and feeding habits of 4 deep-water decapod species were investigated from samples collected in experimental trawl surveys carried out along the continental slope of Crete (Eastern Mediterranean) in 1994 to 1995, at depths between 100 and 1000 m. Despite their distribution overlap, the differences in the distribution patterns of the species along the depth gradient were clear, with Plesionika ensis and Polycheles typhlops occurring at greater depths than Parapenaeus longirostris and Plesionika heterocarpus. Stomach content analysis revealed that all species were active predators of benthic invertebrates, while scavenging activity became more important at depths below 500 m. The species exhibited highly diverse diets, but dietary diversity was higher for those inhabiting shallower depths. Ontogenetic dietary shifts were pronounced, although dietary patterns were also significantly affected by season and depth. Interspecific dietary overlap was less than intraspecific overlap between size classes and between months. Feeding intensity was associated with the distribution patterns of the species and decreased with depth, thus it was significantly lower for the species at the deepest depths, P. typhlops and P. ensis. Dietary patterns of the species examined were quite similar and differences noted were more consistent with depth-related changes in available food resources than with changes in the position of the species in the food web. Since dietary overlap among the species when they co-occur was high, it is possible that competitive trophic interactions accounted for the low overlap in the bathymetrical distribution of the species examined. Such interactions may be of fundamental importance on the deep-sea bottoms in the Eastern Mediterranean since environmental parameters such as temperature and salinity are rather constant.
1.1. Absolute changes in body composition (mass, water, protein, lipid, ash, energy) during the moult cycle and ovarian development were expressed in terms of a standard prawn of given length.2.2. During postmoult (A-B) the water content remains approximately constant but increases significantly to reach a maximum at stage D2. Water is lost with increasing ovary maturation.3.3. Changes in fresh mass, protein and lipid follow a similar pattern during the moult cycle but during ovary development, due to water loss, the fresh mass declines while the mass of the organic body constituents increase.4.4. The inorganic body constituents rise sharply from stage A to B of the moult cycle and then remain constant but do not change during ovary development.
1.1. Lipids (TL) were extracted from the ovary and hepatopancreas of prawns, Penaeus japonicus, with varying degrees of ovarian maturation and were analysed for lipid class composition, fatty acid composition of triglycerides (TG) and phosphatidylcholine (PC), and possible fatty acid combination of PC and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE).2.2. The concentrations (% of fresh wt) and quantities (mg/prawn) of ovarian TL increased slightly and drastically, respectively, with increasing maturity in terms of gonadosomatic index (GSI). TG, PC and PE were the major lipid classes responsible for increases in the quantity of ovarian TL during maturation.3.3. In the ovary and hepatopancreas, as ovarian maturation proceeded, TG showed increases in the proportion of monoene fatty acids such as 16:1 and 18:1, whereas PC exhibited increases in the proportion of highly unsaturated fatty acids such as 20:5ω3 and 22:6ω3 with a concomitant decrease in 16:0 and 16:1.4.4. No marked variation was found in the proportion of the possible fatty acid combinations, in terms of carbon numbers, of both ovarian PC and PE during maturation.
1.1. The variations in the biochemical composition, lipid classes and fatty acids of the digestive gland were studied in sexually immature females of the shrimp Pleoticus muelleri during the molting cycle.2.2. The values of the digestive gland index did not change significantly from Stage B to D1.3.3. Neutral lipid constituted the main organic reserve of the digestive gland during the molting cycle. Neutral lipid content increased at early premolt (Stages D0–D1) and decreased at mid-premolt (Stage D2), when the shrimp began the pre-ecdysial fasting.4.4. Triacylglycerols and free fatty acids were the major lipid classes followed by alkyldiacylglycerol-like components, partial glycerols, free sterols and pigments. Triacylglycerols were accumulated during Stages D0 and D1 whereas free fatty acids increased at Stages C and D1. The sum triacylglycerols plus free fatty acids reached 76% of neutral lipids at Stage D1 and fell to 54% at Stage D2 with suggestion of their consumption as a source of energy.5.5. Polar lipids constituted a minor fraction and included mainly phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and an unidentified glycolipid.6.6. The major fatty acids of neutral lipids were 16:1, 16:0, 18:1 and 14:0. Fatty acids 14:0, 16:0 and 16:1 varied with a similar pattern throughout the molting cycle, whilst acid 18:1 and polyenoic acids varied inversely as respects the formers. The digestive gland appeared to selectively use acids 14:0, 16:0 and 16:1 as a source of energy during the fasting period.7.7. The major fatty acids of polar lipids were 16:0, 16:1, 18:1 and 20:5n — 3. A marked increase of acid 16:0 at Stages C and D1 was observed.
Vitellogenesis in the female crab Pachygrapsus marmoratus induces important variations in all lipid classes of the whole animal, the hepatopancreas, hemolymph and ovary. Exuviation (moulting), which happens during the reproductive cycle of Pachygrapsus marmoratus, reduces the mobilization of the lipids in the hepatopancreas and their transfer via the hemolymph to the ovary. All lipid fractions decrease after egg laying. Eggs are rich in phospholipids which are essential constituents of embryonic membranes and in triglycerides which serve as nutrients. The polyunsaturated fatty acids increase during the ovocyte maturation and are transported to the eggs.
An icosatetraenoic fatty acid, though to be allcis-5,8,11,14-icosatetraenoic acid (arachidonic acid), was isolated from shrimp total lipid. The acid was subjected to partial
reduction with hydrazine hydrate, with subsequent isolation of the monoenoic reaction products which were shown to becis in structure. These were then cleaved by periodate-permanganate oxidation and the resulting mono-and dicarboxylic acid were
converted to methyl esters. Identification of the resulting mono- and dicarboxylic acids indicated that the original icosatetraenoic
acid had the allcis-5,8,11,14 pattern of double bonds, and it was thus identified as arachidonic acid. Experiments were also performed to study
the synthesis of arachidonic acid 20∶4(5,8,11,14) from linoleic acid, 18∶2(9,12) in microsomes prepared from shrimp hepatopancreas
and tail muscle tissue. Each step of the pathway 18∶2(9,12)→18∶3(6,9,12)→20∶3(8,11,14)→20∶4(5,8,11, 14) was assayed separately,
and the level of activity of each enzyme was expressed as percentage conversion of substrate to product. It was found that,
in each step of the sequence, the enzyme activity in the shrimp tissue was very low compared to the activity found in rats.
These and previous observations seem to indicate that the arachidonic acid in shrimp tissue originates mostly in the diet.
Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) populations were sampled by trawling over the Catalan Sea (NW Mediterranean) continental shelf and slope, covering the whole depth range for the species in the area studied (about 100–700 m). Sediment samples were collected and analysed to characterise the substrate of this burrowing decapod crustacean. Univariate and multivariate statistical methods were employed to study some biological parameters of the Nephrops populations and their relationship to environmental parameters. Cluster analysis of sediments indicated two main substrate environments in the study area: shelf and slope. Statistical analysis of Nephrops morphometrical and population data showed that Norway lobsters dwelling on the shelf differed significantly from slope-dwelling individuals in morphometrical measurements, relative growth and female sexual maturity. Canonical correlation analysis allowed us to establish a correspondence between these biological differences and some variables of the sediment, grain size and redox potential. It is argued that grain size and, to a lesser extent, redox potential determine relative growth and morphometrical differences in NW Mediterranean Nephrops populations. Temperature differences play a minor role, explaining only the advancement of sexual maturation in female individuals of the slope.
The fatty acid profile of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) larvae grown under hatchery conditions was studied during development from larval stage I to IX. The larvae were reared under a ‘modified static green water’ system with a modification in which the tanks were not seeded by green water at the beginning of culture period. Feeding with newly hatched Artemia nauplii started at stage II with five or six Artemia per larva, which was then gradually increased to 60 organisms per larva at stage IX when the study was terminated. In general, fatty acid composition changed during larval development, with the greatest variations observed from stage I to stage III. Monounsaturated fatty acids constituted the major moiety of fatty acids of stage I whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids were the dominant fatty acid class in later developmental stages. Moreover, polyunsaturated fatty acids were dominated by n-6 series in stage I and by n-3 series for the rest of the larval stages. The major fatty acids of the stage I larvae were palmitic (16:0), oleic/vaccenic (18:1) and linoleic (18:2n-6) acids, whereas for the rest of the larval stages, palmitic (16:0), stearic (18:0), oleic/vaccenic (18:1), linolenic (18:3n-3) and eicosapentaenoic (20:5n-3) acids were the prominent fatty acids. Although decreases in total saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids were observed, polyunsaturated fatty acids tended to increase during larval development. Unlike penaeid larvae, M. rosenbergii larvae appeared to have sufficient capability to convert palmitic (16:0) acid to stearic (18:0) acid. Moreover, dietary linoleic (18:2n-6) and linolenic (18:3n-3) acids appeared to be converted to arachidonic (20:4n-6) and eicosapentaenoic (20:5n-3) acids to meet larval demand for such highly unsaturated fatty acids respectively.
1.1. In the present study, the sterol-synthesizing abilities of the lobster, Panulirus japonica, the prawn, Penaeus japonicus, and the crab, Portunus trituberculatus, were investigated by using acetate-1-14C.2.2. It was found that the three species of marine crustaceans are capable of synthesizing fatty acids and some non-saponifiable materials. However, under the present experimental conditions, these animals did not incorporate acetate-1-14C into sterols.
The role of the digestive (mid-gut) gland in absorption, distribution, and utilization of lipids was investigated in Norwegian lobsters, Nephrops norvegicus (L.) during summer. Glycerol tri[1-14C]palmitate was incorporated into food pellets and the subsequent distribution of label followed throughout the body. Digestion and absorption from the foregut was completed 8–12 h after ingestion, but label began leaving the digestive gland after only 4 h and became distributed in tissues and organs in direct proportion to their lipid content, there being no evidence that lipid was accumulated in the digestive gland in preference to other tissues. 75% of the lipid ingested appeared to have been oxidized within 24 h of feeding.Analysis of organs and tissues showed that the digestive gland was the only potential fat depot in males (lipids 8.89 ± 1.36% of body wet wt), the levels in the rest of the body being only ≈ 1% wet wt). No significant decrease in any lipid concentrations occurred during 18 days starvation of males or 35 days starvation of females, but in males the non-lipid dry matter decreased 6% of the total wet wt (other solids were not measured in the females). It was concluded that this was due mainly to loss of muscle protein and it is suggested that the large abdominal muscle mass of macrurous Reptantia, used principally for emergency escape swimming, could provide a reserve that may be partly metabolized without serious detriment to the animal.The concept that the decapod digestive gland has a key role in general lipid metabolism is critically reviewed. In many Decapoda, digestive gland lipid could provide for only a short period of total starvation, but the lipid may have a principal role in the moulting cycle, with perhaps a secondary function in oogenesis.
The effect of the number of spawnings on several biochemical components of ovary, hepatopancreas, and haemolymph was investigated. Shrimps of two origins were compared; wild-caught and pond-reared spawners. Individually tagged females were sampled at the end of a production period in a commercial hatchery. Females with multiple spawnings had a higher Ž . gonadosomatic index GSI , increased levels of protein in the ovary, and increased levels of Ž . acylglycerides AG and total protein in the hepatopancreas. Wild shrimps had a higher fecundity and higher levels of AG in hepatopancreas, and AG, cholesterol, protein, and glucose in haemolymph. Pond-reared shrimps had a higher hepatosomatic index than wild counterparts. The biochemical composition of the ovary reflected the typical nutrient accumulation associated with maturation. The capacity for multiple spawning could be related to metabolism of energetic lipids that are accumulated in the hepatopancreas, which in turn depends on size and origin of the broodstock. Females with multiple spawning capacity may be adequate for production purposes, although more research is needed to address the possibility of specific metabolic indicators of a multiple spawning capacity without a decline in spawn quality, and to define whether this is an inherited characteristic that can be selected in an improvement program. q 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
The composition of the diet of the deep-sea aristeid shrimp Aristeus antennatus (Risso, 1816) was determined based on the analysis of 1578 stomach contents. Samples were collected using bottom trawls during 1984 to 1989 along the deep continental slope (380 to 2266 m) in the Catalan Sea (Western Mediterranea). A. antennatus displayed a high feeding activity on a large variety of endobenthic and epibenthic invertebrates, whereas benthopelagic prey were supplementary to its diet. The shrimp's diet varied mainly as a function of depth. Various preferred prey items on the middle slope (Calocaris macandreae, Cirolana borealis, Abra longicallus) disappeared from its diet below 1300 m, coinciding with the transtion boundary between different taxocenoses in the Catalan Sea. Less mobile prey and inert remains (mainly pteropods) contributed a progressively larger share of the diet of Aristeus antennatus with increasing depth. The importance of seasonality in the changes in diet decreased with increasing depth, and was relatively high only in the upper middle slope (down to 1000 m depth), where two seasonal dietary groups were detected. The most distinct seasonal changes in diet were among benthopelagic prey. The diet of A. antennatus in the submarine canyons mainly consisted of endobenthic prey (large polychaetes, ophiuroids). The higher stomach-fullness values and less diversified diet in this area were probably related to high productivity in the submarine canyons.
Experiments were conducted by feeding Penaeus indicus broodstock with compound diets containing different concentrations of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA), α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid. In the range of dietary HUFA concentration, from 1.4% to 2.5% of dry matter, the HUFA concentration in eggs was maintained at a constant value, 3.8% of dry matter, promoting embryonic development. Eggs with poor HUFA concentration (2%/dry matter) were obtained by feeding broodstock with low dietary HUFA content, resulting in low ability to develop. These results suggest that this concentration is insufficient to sustain membrane development during embryogenesis. The α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid concentrations in broodstock diet affected their concentration in eggs and hatchability. The action of these two vitamins in preventing HUFA oxidation in developing eggs is discussed.
1.1. Seasonal variations in the biochemical composition, lipid classes and fatty acids in the digestive gland of the shrimp Pleoticus muelleri from San Jorge Gulf, Argentina, were studied during 1984–1985.2.2. The relative size of the digestive gland decreased significantly in fully mature shrimps of both sexes during the summer.3.3. Immature females and mature males gradually increased the level of total lipids from winter toward the autumn as a reflex of the annual cycle of feeding.4.4. Total lipids fell markedly during the ovary maturation in summer whilst protein increased. Free fatty acids, triacylglycerols and phospholipids were apparently transferred to the developing ovary; however, the immediate dietary supply of lipids and protein appeared to be preponderant from incipient maturation until the completion of ovary development.5.5. Total lipids decreased with the maturation of the male reproductive system in spring with the suggestion of their utilization during spermatogenesis.6.6. Maturing females appeared to use selectively fatty acids 16:0, 16:1 and 18:1 of neutral lipids during oogenesis in summer whereas males used the mentioned acids of polar lipids apparently due to metabolic stress.7.7. The results are discussed in terms of concentration and absolute amounts in relation to physiological and ecological factors.
A total of 23 species of deep-sea benthic decapod crustaceans were collected in the Catalan Sea (western Mediterranean) at different depths (200–1250 m) but at the same environmental temperature (13°C) in winter 1992 and winter 1993. Studies on oxygen consumption and energy content were carried out on crustaceans exhibiting two life strategies: nektobenthic species (benthic species with a slight locomotory ability) and benthic-endobenthic species (strictly benthic species). The two deep-sea life styles were associated with two different patterns of metabolic rate and energy content. On the whole, metabolic rates, energy contents, and organic matter contents were higher for the nektobenthic life strategy than for the benthic-endobenthic life strategy. When results were related to depth of maximum abundance of the species consid-ered, it appeared that the nektobenthic species in the upper slope community (200–450 m depth) had a significantly lower energy content (as kJ g-1 of ash-free dry mass) than the nektobenthic species in the middle slope community (550–1250 m depth), but no significant trend was found when the energy content was expressed as a function of wet mass. The benthic-endobenthic species exhibited a significant decrease in metabolic rates, an increase in energy content (when expressed as a function of ash-free dry mass), no significant trend in energy content (as a function of wet mass) and a significant increase in water content with increasing depth over the two depth strata considered (200–450 and 550–1250 m). It was concluded that the lower metabolic rates of deeper-living benthic-endobenthic species, when compared to the shallower-living species, were the result of general locomotory reduction. It is likely that the shallower-living species rely more heavily on visual predation than the deeperliving species (light-limited environment), and this fact is discussed as an explanation of the general metabolic reduction for the benthic-endobenthic Mediterranean species along the depth gradient considered in the present study (200–1250 m).
1.1. Circulating haemocyanin, glucose, lactate, and ammonia concentrations and ammonia excretion rates of Nephrops norvegicus were studied in normoxia and in various hypoxia levels for periods up to 3 weeks.2.2. Increases in circulating glucose and lactate took place in oxygen tensions PwO2; = < 30 Torr only, indicating aerobic metabolism down to this oxygen tension.3.3. In moderate hypoxia (half saturation), N. norvegiens synthesised haemocyanin; in more severe hypoxia some haemocyanin catabolism occurred.4.4. Mean normoxic blood ammonia concentration was 130 μM NH+4/1 with large individual variation. Blood ammonia levels decreased with time in both normoxia and hypoxia showing a lowered metabolic rate (activity level) over the experimental period. In short term experiments, blood ammmonia levels decreased in hypoxia.5.5. Mean ammonia excretion rate was O.16μ M NH+4 g/wet wt/hr under normoxia and excretion rate showed a negative, linear relationship to external oxygen tension.
1.1. Seasonal changes in the biochemical composition, lipid classes and fatty acid distribution in the ovary of the shrimp P. muelleri were studied during 1984 and 1985.2.2. Neutral lipids were mainly composed by triaclyglycerols, free fatty acids, free and steryl sterols, partial glycerols, pigments, wax esters and hydrocarbons.3.3. Polar lipids included mostly phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, lysoderivatives of choline and ethanolamine, sphingomyelin, pigments and unidentified glycolipids.4.4. Major fatty acids were 16:0, 16:1n-7, 18:1n-9, 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3. The fatty acid composition of neutral lipids varied significantly throughout the year in contrast to that of polar lipids which remained relatively constant.5.5. Ovarian maturation during summer involved a simultaneous increase in ovary mass and in protein and lipid concentrations. Fully developed ovaries accumulated polar lipids and tricylglycerols.6.6. Palmitic acid (16:0) increased with maturation of the ovary probably as a result of de novo synthesis whereas the levels of 16:1 and 18:1 fatty acids were not significantly changed.7.7. After summer spawning the ovary lost large amounts of polar lipids, and in late summer the shrimp intensified feeding, as a result of which neutral lipids accumulated. The ratio of neutral lipids/polar varied from 0.5 in the summer to 2.1 in the autumn.8.8. The increase of the polyenoic fatty acids, 20:5n-3 in the spring (ratio ) and 22:6n-3 in the autumn () may be caused by a change in the composition of dietary lipids.
This study describes the variations in total lipid, lipid classes and fatty acids in the midgut gland (MG), ovary, and muscle tissue of wild-caught Macrobrachium rosenbergii to elucidate the importance of these components during sexual maturation. Mature females were captured in the Mae Klong River, Thailand, from July to September 1998, and divided into five groups according to their ovarian development. Total lipid levels in the ovary increased with maturation, but no concomitant decrease in MG lipids was observed. Thus, the lipid requirements of the developing ovary are thought to be more dependent on the immediate ingestion of dietary lipid than on MG reserves. Higher proportions of neutral lipids (NL), mainly triacylglycerols (TG), were observed in both MG and ovary, whereas polar lipids (PL) predominated in muscle. In the ovary, total NL increased significantly along with maturation mainly due to an increase of TG and sterols. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) formed the bulk of ovarian PL and also increased significantly as maturation progressed. Major fatty acids in both MG and ovary were 14:0, 16:0, 18:0, 18:1n−9, 18:2n−6, 18:3n−3, 20:4n−6, 20:5n−3 and 22:6n−3. Significant increases in the levels of saturated and mono-unsaturated fatty acids were observed in both MG and ovary. The levels of n−3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA), particularly 20:5n−3, decreased in the MG as ovarian development proceeded. In contrast, an increase in the ovarian contents of n−3 HUFA was detected.
In order to study the influence of dietary phospholipids (PL) and highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) on spawning rate and egg and organ lipid composition of P. vannamei, three batches of eyestalk-ablated spawners were fed semi-purified diets for a period of 45 days. The semi-purified diets differed only in their lipid composition: diet HR had high HUFA and PL concentrations, diet HD had low HUFA and high PL concentrations, while diet PLD had low PL and HUFA concentrations. Control spawners were fed fresh mussel. The spawning rate of the PLD group was one-third of that obtained in the other three groups. Egg numbers per spawning were similar in groups fed the semi-purified diets but significantly inferior (P<0.05) to the number observed in the control group. A large lipid deposition, mainly due to neutral lipid (NL), was observed in the hepatopancreas of animals fed semi-purified diets. The total lipid concentration of eggs did not significantly change with the different diets, but PL concentration of eggs was affected by that of diet. Fatty acid composition of both PL and NL of hepatopancreas, muscle and eggs was widely affected by dietary fatty acid composition. The time course variation of egg fatty acid composition during the feeding period notably showed that the HUFA concentration in eggs of HD and PLD groups fell below 2.5% dry matter after 20 days while it was maintained at up to 4% in eggs of the control group. The ability of eggs containing such a low level of HUFA to sustain lecitotrophic development is discussed with reference to previous studies.
1.1. The incorporation of acetate-1-C14 into the emulsifiers (fatty acylsarcosyltaurines) occurring in the gastric juice of the crab Cancer pagurus L. was studied. The isotope was incorporated into the fatty acid and sarcosine constituents of the emulsifier, not into the taurine part.2.2. It was concluded that the emulsifiers are of endogenous origin.
The major impediment to the culture of penaeid shrimp in captivity in the United States has been an inability to obtain ovarian maturation and spawning. Lipid profiles of tissues (gonads, hepatopancreas, and tail muscle) of Penaeus setiferus caught at sea have shown that cholesterol is the dominant sterol and that polyunsaturated fatty acids known to be essential in man comprise a significant portion of the fatty acid fraction. A prioprietary marine ration contains cholesterol, but is devoid of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Ovarian maturation and spawning were obtained when the shrimp diet was supplemented with an annelid rich in lipids containing these compounds. The biochemical significance of these findings is discussed.
The high-density lipoproteins LPI and LPII were isolated from the hemolymph of the crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus by gradient ultracentrifugation and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Both lipoproteins contained a carotenoid moiety. LPI is comprised of a single polypeptide with an approximate molecular mass of 96 kDa. LPII was composed of two similar native components, LPIIa and LPIIb, both having polypeptides of 80 and 177 kDa. Both under natural conditions and after endocrine manipulations, LPI was present in males and in females, regardless of the female reproductive stage. LPII was present only in secondary-vitellogenic females, but not during the winter reproductive arrest period. LPII was also absent from young females that had received androgenic gland implants. LPII also appeared in the hemolymph of intersex individuals from which the androgenic gland had been removed. It is therefore suggested that LPII serves as a marker indicating the onset of secondary vitellogenesis in C. quad'iariicarintus females.
Changes in growth and biochemical composition during the transition from egg through zoea to decapodid in the ghost shrimp, Lepidophthalmus louisianensis (Schmitt, 1935), were documented in terms of dry weight, lipid classes, fatty acid composition, and carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratios. Larvae of the ghost shrimp were mass-reared in the laboratory (28 degrees C; 20% S) from hatching to the decapodid stage. latroscan lipid class analysis revealed that major lipid classes in recently produced eggs were phospholipids (80.8 +/- 1.3%) and triglycerides (16.0 +/- 1.1%), which decreased during the incubation period. Polar lipids (zoea 1: 77.4 +/- 1.7%; zoea II: 77.5 +/- 2.1%; decapodid: 80.0 +/- 1.7%) and neutral lipids, of which free fatty acids (zoea I: 10.5 +/- 2.7%; zoea II: 13.1 +/- 5.2%; decapodid: 7.8 +/- 2.1%) were dominant, represented the major lipid classes in the zoeal and decapodid stages. Triglycerides were present in small amounts. The predominant fatty acids of L. louisianensis eggs, zoeae and decapodids were palmitic (16:0), stearic (18:0), eicosapentaenoic (20:5omega3), oleic (18:1omega9), and arachidonic (20:4omega6). Elemental composition of eggs, larvae, and the decapodid stage revealed conspicuous changes in the C:N ratio, with N being relatively stable during larval development but C decreasing during the decapodid stage. These data suggest independence of newly hatched L. louisianensis on external energy resources. This combined with the ability to incorporate saturated fatty acids into polar lipids provides a selective advantage for fast development of new tissue and growth, characteristic of decapod crustacean larvae with lecithotrophic development.
The crustacean fishery and its management in Portuguese waters
- A M Caramelo
- A Ribeiro-Cascalho
- L M Sousa
Caramelo, A.M., Ribeiro-Cascalho, A. & Sousa, L.M., 1996. The crustacean ¢shery and its management in Portuguese waters. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (CM Papers and Reports), CM 1996/K:22, 8 pp.
A survey of ovarian maturation in a population of Aristeus antennatus (Crustracea: Decapoda) New contribution to the knowledge about biology and ¢shery of Aristeus antennatus (Risso, 1816) of south Portuguese coast
- M Arculeo
- G Payen
- A Cuttitta
- G Galioto
- S Riggio
Arculeo, M., Payen, G., Cuttitta, A., Galioto, G. & Riggio, S., 1995. A survey of ovarian maturation in a population of Aristeus antennatus (Crustracea: Decapoda). Animal Biology, 4, 13^18. Arrobas, I. & Ribeiro-Cascalho, A., 1984. New contribution to the knowledge about biology and ¢shery of Aristeus antennatus (Risso, 1816) of south Portuguese coast. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (CM Papers and Reports), CM 1984/K:52, 14 pp.
Patterns of resource use in deep-water decapods Lipid metabolism of the crab Pachygrapsus marmoratus during vitellogenesis Direct transesteri¢cation of all classes of lipids in one-step reaction
- M Labropoulou
- I Kostikas
- J Lautier
- J.-G Lagarrigue
- D Levi
- M G Andreoli
- R M Giusto
Labropoulou, M. & Kostikas, I., 1999. Patterns of resource use in deep-water decapods. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 184, 171^182 Lautier, J. & Lagarrigue, J.-G., 1988. Lipid metabolism of the crab Pachygrapsus marmoratus during vitellogenesis. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 16, 203^212. Lepage, G. & Roy, C.C., 1986. Direct transesteri¢cation of all classes of lipids in one-step reaction. Journal of Lipid Research, 27, 114^119. Levi, D., Andreoli, M.G. & Giusto, R.M., 1995. First assessment of the rose shrimp, Parapenaeus longirostris (Lucas, 1846) in the central Mediterranean. Fisheries Research, 21, 375^393.
Changes in mass and chemical composition during the molt cycle and ovarian devel-opment in immature and mature Penaeus indicus Milne Edwards Aristeus antennatus (Risso, 1816): some considerations about its biology and ¢shery in Portuguese waters
- G H L Read
- M S Caulton
Read, G.H.L. & Caulton, M.S., 1980. Changes in mass and chemical composition during the molt cycle and ovarian devel-opment in immature and mature Penaeus indicus Milne Edwards. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 66A, 431^437. Ribeiro-Cascalho, A. & Arrobas, I., 1982. Aristeus antennatus (Risso, 1816): some considerations about its biology and ¢shery in Portuguese waters. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (CM Papers and Reports), CM 1982/K:6, 15 pp.
The decapod hepatopancreas. Oceanography and Marine Biology
- R Gibson
- P L Barker
Gibson, R. & Barker, P.L., 1979. The decapod hepatopancreas. Oceanography and Marine Biology. Annual Review, 17, 285^346.
Variations in lipid classes and fatty acid content in tissues of wild Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) females during matura-tion E¡ect of envir-onmental conditions on fatty acid composition of the red algae Porphyridium cruentum: correlation to growth rate
- R O Cavalli
- M Tamtin
- P Lavens
- P Sorgeloos
- Cohen
- Von Shak
- A Richmond
Cavalli, R.O., Tamtin, M., Lavens, P. & Sorgeloos, P., 2001. Variations in lipid classes and fatty acid content in tissues of wild Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) females during matura-tion. Aquaculture, 193, 311^324. Cohen, Z., Von Shak, A. & Richmond, A., 1988. E¡ect of envir-onmental conditions on fatty acid composition of the red algae Porphyridium cruentum: correlation to growth rate. Journal of Phycology, 24, 328^332. Biochemistry and reproduction of red shrimp R. Rosa and M.L. Nunes 969 Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom (2003) Company, J.B. & Sarda', F., 1998. Metabolic rates and energy content of deep-sea benthic decapod crustaceans in the Western Mediterranean Sea. Deep-Sea Research, 45, 1861^1880.
Changes in fatty acid pro¢le during larval development of freshwater Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) Origins and functions of egg lipids: nutri-tional implications
- P Roustaian
- M S Kamarudin
- H Omar
- C R Saad
- M H Ahmad
Roustaian, P., Kamarudin, M.S., Omar, H., Saad, C.R. & Ahmad, M.H., 1999. Changes in fatty acid pro¢le during larval development of freshwater Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man). Aquaculture Research, 30, 815^824. Sargent, J.R., 1995. Origins and functions of egg lipids: nutri-tional implications. In Broodstock management and egg and larval quality (ed N.R. Bromage and R.J. Roberts), pp. 353^372.
Lipid metabolism of the prawn Penaeus japonicus during maturation: variation in lipid pro¢les of the ovary and hepato-pancreas Biochemical composition of Nephrops norvegicus: changes associated with ovary maturation
- S.-I Teshima
- A Kanazawa
- S Koshio
- K Horinouchi
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- A C Taylor
- R J A Atkinson
Teshima, S.-I., Kanazawa, A., Koshio, S. & Horinouchi, K., 1989. Lipid metabolism of the prawn Penaeus japonicus during maturation: variation in lipid pro¢les of the ovary and hepato-pancreas. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 92B, 45^49. Tuck, I.D., Taylor, A.C. & Atkinson, R.J.A., 1997. Biochemical composition of Nephrops norvegicus: changes associated with ovary maturation. Marine Biology, 129, 505^511. Van den Oord, A., 1966. The biosynthesis of the emulsi¢ers of the crab Cancer pagurus L. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 17, 715^718.
Nephrops norvegicus population and morphometrical characteristics in relation to substrate hetero-geneity Metabolic pro¢les of penaeid shrimp: dietary lipids and ovarian maturation Rapid and simple method for determination of cholesterol in processed food
- F Maynou
- F Sarda
- Middleditch
- B S Missler
- S R Hines
- H B Mcvey
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