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The determination of chromic oxide in faeces samples by atomic spectrophotometry
Abstract
A rapid and accurate atomic absorption method for the determination of chromium in faeces samples from pasture experiments using chromic oxide ‘markers’ is described. Of the elements present after ashing and digesting the samples in a phosphoric acid—manganese sulphate—potassium bromate solution silicate, aluminium, calcium and magnesium were found to interfere in the determination. The effects of these interferences were overcome by the addition of calcium to the test solution and by the addition of silicate to the standards, which were prepared in ‘blank’ solutions.
The sensitivities of a number of alternate chromium resonance lines relative to that of Cr 3578·7 Å. are given. These lines may be used to increase the concentration range of the analysis.
The results of a comparison of the atomic absorption method with a chemical method are given.
... Inositol was used as an internal standard. Uronic acid content was analysed according to the colorimetric m-hydroxydiphenyl assay (Williams et al., 1962), using a spectrophotometer (Lambda 25, Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MAUS). Galacturonic acid was used for calibration. ...
... For digesta retention time calculations, samples of digesta and excreta (d 30-32) were freeze-dried, incinerated (550°C for 3 h; AOAC, 2005, method 942.05), and weighed. Finally, chromium and cobalt contents were analysed after acid hydrolysis (Williams et al., 1962) using an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-MS, Nexion 2000, Perkin Elmer, Waltham, USA). ...
Dietary fibres impact multiple digestive processes, and insights into the effects of various types of fibre on digesta retention time are required to optimise current feed formulation systems. Therefore, the objective of this study was to apply a dynamic modelling approach to generate estimates for the retention time of solid and liquid digesta in broilers fed different fibre sources. A maize-wheat-soybean meal control diet was compared against three diets in which wheat was partially substituted with oat hulls, rice husks, or sugar beet pulp (3% w/w). Non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) digestibility was evaluated in broilers between 23 and 25 days of age (n = 60 birds/treatment) using titanium dioxide (TiO2, 0.5 g/kg) as a marker, after feeding the experimental diets for 21 days. Digesta mean retention time (MRT) was measured in another 108 birds at 30 days of age by the administration of an oral pulse dose of chromium sesquioxide (Cr2O3) as solid marker and Cobalt-EDTA as liquid marker, and subsequent measurement of marker recovery in compartments of the digestive tract (n = 2 or 3 replicate birds/time point/treatment). Marker recovery models to estimate fractional passage rates for solid and liquid digesta in crop, gizzard, small intestine, and caeca compartments of the gastrointestinal tract were developed to predict MRT of solid and liquid digesta for each dietary treatment. The models were composed of a series of first-order differential equations, representing the variation of marker concentration in a compartment over time. Estimated MRT of solid and liquid digesta in the gizzard varied from 20 min for oat hulls and 34 min for rice husks diets to 14 min for sugar beet pulp and 12 min for control diets. In the caeca, liquid MRT was decreased compared to the control diet (989 min) for the sugar beet pulp diet (516 min), while it was increased for both the oat hulls and rice husks diets (≈1 500 min). Overall, these estimates are greater than those previously reported, suggesting that liquid digesta retention in the caeca previously has been underestimated. Digestibility of total NSP was increased by dietary fibre inclusion, regardless of the fibre type, although degradation of constituent sugars of NSP varied among diets. In conclusion, the inclusion of fibre sources at a low level (3% w/w) in the diet of broiler modulated retention time mainly in the gizzard and caeca, and increased digestibility of NSP.
... Then, the samples were ground using a 1 mm sieve for the bromatological analyses and 5 mm for the degradability test. Pasture intake was evaluated from the 23rd to the 30th day and from the 53rd to the 60th day of the experiment using titanium dioxide (TiO2) as an external indicator, according to Willians et al. [21], cited by Silva and Queiroz [22]. Pasture intake was evaluated for twelve days (seven days of adaptation followed by five days of feces and feeding sampling). ...
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of feeding systems on the growth performance of Santa Inês x Dorper lambs, meat quality, fatty acid profile, and gene expression. Thirty lambs at an initial body weight of 22.6 ± 2.59 kg were randomly assigned to one of three feed systems: a grazing system with 1.2% body weight concentrate supplementation (GS); a feedlot system with 28% forage and 72% concentrate (FFC); or feedlot with 85% whole corn grain and 15% pellets (FHG). The lambs were slaughtered after 60 days of experiment. Average daily gain, glucose, and insulin concentration were higher for lambs on FHC than lambs on a GS feeding system. The fatty acid profile in the meat of the lambs fed GS showed a higher proportion of c9t11-C18:2, C20:5, C22:5, and C22:6 compared with FFC and FHC (p < 0.05). Meat tenderness was lower for lambs under FFC treatment compared with GS and FHG. FHG treatment provides better performance and higher deposition of lipid content in meat compared with GS and FHG. The expression of the genes SCD-1, SREBP1-c, and EVOL6 was greater in lambs undergoing GS and FHC treatments compared with FFC. Results of this research showed a reduced performance of grazing lambs compared with the feedlot system; however, it enhanced the fatty acid profile with increased levels of polyunsaturated acids and reduced n6/n3 ratio.
... Fecal samples were dried and ground to pass through a 1-mm screen, after which the feed and fecal samples were analyzed for DM and N according to the Association Calorimeter, Parr Instrument Co., Moline, USA). Following the method described by Williams et al. (1962) Chromium was analyzed by UV absorption spectrophotometry (Shimadzu UV-1201, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). Digestibility was calculated using chromic oxide as an indigestible marker. ...
... La EN L se estimó a partir de la ecuación de Conrad et al. (1984). La concentración de cromo en las heces se determinó por espectrometría de absorción atómica (Williams et al., 1962). La concentración de creatinina en la orina se determinó por colorimetría (Escobar et al., 2010). ...
The chemical characteristics of Cenchrus clandestinus grass, nutritional base in dairy production systems, demand the energy supplementation. Corn grain is the most used food for this purpose, but considering its demand and prices, the objective of this work was to evaluate its partial replacement by alternative non-fibrous carbohydrates sources on methane emissions, energy and nitrogen balance and productive performance of dairy cows. Sixteen multiparous Holstein cows were fed Cenchrus clandestinus plus one of four concentrate supplements formulated with corn (Zea mays) or a partial replacement of corn with sorghum (Sorghum vulgare), cassava (Manihot esculenta) or citrus pulp (Citrus sp.). Inclusion of sorghum, cassava or citrus pulp did not affect dry matter intake, dry matter digestibility, enteric methane emissions, energy and nitrogen balance, milk yield or composition. The results allow to conclude that these ingredients can partially replace corn in the diet of lactating dairy cows.
... Gross energy content was analyzed in feed, freeze-dried manure, using adiabatic bomb calorimetry (model C7000 calorimeter; IKA Werke GmbH & Co. KG, Staufen, Germany) according to ISO Standard 9831 (ISO, 1998). Cobalt was analyzed in feed and freeze-dried fecal samples after ashing and acid hydrolysis as described by Williams et al. (1962), using a SpectrAA 300 atomic absorption spectropho-tometer (Varian B.V., Middelburg, the Netherlands). All analyses were carried out in duplicate. ...
... Chemical composition of diets and Cr analysed are shown in Table 2 phosphorus (P) were determined according to AOAC (2006, Methods 984.01 and 965.17 respectively). The Cr quantification was performed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (Williams et al. 1962). ...
Context: Dietary supplementation with trace mineral chromium (Cr) has been shown to enhance the physiological responses of broilers subjected to heat stress (HS), modulate gene expression, and improve performance. Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of chromium-methionine (CrMet) supplementation on growth performance, body temperatures, lymphoid organ weights, hormones, blood parameters, and the expression of heat-shock protein-70 (HSP-70) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) genes in broilers under HS conditions (33°C for 12 h/day). Methods: In the first experiment, 336 22-day-old male broilers were randomly distributed into four blocks with six treatments (0, 0.10, 0.20, 0.40, 0.80, and 1.20 mg/kg CrMet) and eight replicates with seven birds per cage. These broilers were subjected to HS from 22 to 43 days of age. In the second experiment, 24 male broilers, in total, at 43 days of age, previously exposed to HS, were randomly distributed to the same six treatments from the first experiment, with four replicates. Breast samples were collected for the analysis of HSP-70 and IGF-1 expression. Results: A quadratic effect (P < 0.05) was observed on bodyweight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The supplementation of 0.71 and 0.68 mg/kg improved BWG and FCR, respectively. At 28 days of age, cloacal and mean body temperatures, corticosterone, and thyroid hormones were quadratically affected (P < 0.05), while at 43 days of age, a linear effect (P < 0.05) was observed on haemoglobin concentration. There was a reduction (P < 0.05) in the expression of HSP-70 and an increase in IGF-1 (P < 0.05) in the breast tissue of broilers supplemented with CrMet. Conclusions: The supplementation with 0.71 mg/kg and 0.68 mg/kg of CrMet improved BWG and FCR, respectively. Additionally, the supplementation with 0.80 mg/kg improved hormones, reduced HSP-70 and increased the expression of IGF-1 in broilers during HS. Implications: These findings suggest that CrMet can be included in the diet of broiler chickens subjected to HS to enhance physiological responses and performance.
... Gross energy content was analyzed in feed, freeze-dried manure, using adiabatic bomb calorimetry (model C7000 calorimeter; IKA Werke GmbH & Co. KG, Staufen, Germany) according to ISO Standard 9831 (ISO, 1998). Cobalt was analyzed in feed and freeze-dried fecal samples after ashing and acid hydrolysis as described by Williams et al. (1962), using a SpectrAA 300 atomic absorption spectropho-tometer (Varian B.V., Middelburg, the Netherlands). All analyses were carried out in duplicate. ...
... According to the respective treatment conditions, all feed and fecal samples were dried at 70 °C for 72 h and then finely ground to a texture that enabled them to pass through a 1 mm screen. Following the guidelines of the AOAC [14], the nutrient digestibility of DM, N, and GE and chromium absorption in feed and fecal samples were analyzed following the method used by Williams et al. [15]. Regarding the blood parameters, two pigs were chosen at random from each pen (one male and one female, 14 pigs/treatment). ...
The by-products obtained after the extraction of vitamin B2 from fermented soybean (VBP), primarily consisting of soybean meal, soybean oil, vitamin B2, and Bacillus subtilis, may serve as a cost-effective and recycled resource in animal feed. This research aimed to assess the impact of VBP on the growth performance, nutrient utilization, blood parameters, and meat quality of pigs in the growing–finishing phase. In this 16-week feeding experiment, 140 pigs of mixed breed [Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire)] were used, with an initial average body weight of 26.05 ± 1.32 kg. The pigs were assigned randomly to one of four dietary groups, each consisting of five pigs, with two gilts and three barrows per pen, and a total of seven repetitions per treatment. The animals were fed different levels of by-products after vitamin B2 extraction (0, 10, 20, and 30 g/kg as the CON, VBP10, VBP20, and VBP30 dietary groups, respectively) in a three-phase feeding trial (wk. 0–4, 4–8, and 8–13). When higher levels of VBP were added as supplements, the outcomes indicated that there were no notable variations (p > 0.05) in growth performance and nutrient digestibility among the treatment groups throughout the trial. In phase II (4–8 weeks), the inclusion of VBP in the diets showed a reduction (p = 0.011; with linear and quadratic effects, p = 0.003) in serum norepinephrine concentration. The sensory evaluation of meat color was linearly improved (p = 0.043) in pigs fed with graded levels of VBP supplementation. The percentage of lean meat showed a significant improvement (p = 0.016) with the gradual levels of VBP supplementation. The addition of 30 g/kg (on an as-fed basis) of vitamin B2 by-products in the diet can simultaneously mitigate the negative impacts of acute stress without compromising growth performance and enhance the percentage of lean meat. These findings suggest that VBP could be a viable and economical alternative to corn and soybean meal and partially replace it in pig feed.
... The energy content of the fecal and urine samples was assessed using an automatic oxygen and nitrogen calorimeter. We determined the analytical amino acid and chromium levels following the recommended methods [17,18]. The content of the CGs was ascertained through the colorimetric method, adhering to the People's Republic of China National Standard GB/T13084-2006 [19]. ...
Flaxseed meal (FSM) is a byproduct of flaxseed oil extraction which has rich nutritional value and can be used as a high-quality new protein ingredient. However, the anti-nutrient factor (ANF) in FSM restricts its potential application in feed. The strategy of microbial fermentation is a highly effective approach to reducing ANF in FSM and enhancing its feeding value. However, evaluation of the nutritional value of fermented flaxseed meal (FFSM) in growing pigs has not yet been conducted. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the nutritional value of FFSM in growing pigs and comparison of the effect of fermentation treatment on improving the nutritional value of FSM. Two experiments were conducted to determine the available energy value, apparent digestibility of nutrients, and standard ileal digestibility of amino acids of FSM and FFSM in growing pigs. The results showed as follows: (1) Fermentation treatment increased the levels of crude protein (CP), Ca and P in FSM by 2.86%, 9.54% and 4.56%, while decreasing the concentration of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) by 34.09% and 12.71%, respectively (p < 0.05); The degradation rate of CGs in FSM was 54.09% (p < 0.05); (2) The digestible energy (DE) and metabolic energy (ME) of FSM and FFSM were 14.54 MJ/kg, 16.68 MJ/kg and 12.85 MJ/kg, 15.24 MJ/kg, respectively; (3) Compared with FSM, dietary FFSM supplementation significantly increased the apparent digestibility of CP, NDF, ADF, Ca, and P of growing pigs (p < 0.05) and significantly increased the standard ileal digestibility of methionine (p < 0.05). These results indicate that fermentation treatment could effectively enhance the nutritional value of FSM and provide basic theoretical data for the application of FFSM in pig production.
... The gross energy of the feces and diet was determined by the adiabatic bomb calorimeter model (IKA, Werke C7000) (Stefanello et al. 2019). A spectrophotometer was used to determine the contents of Cr 2 O 3 in feed, ileal digesta and faecal material (Williams et al. 1992). The nutrient digestibility coefficient and apparent metabolisable energy (AME) was determined as: ...
2024) Effects of an organic acids blend and coated essential oils on broiler growth performance, blood biochemical profile, gut health, and nutrient digestibility ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effects of an organic acid blend and essential oils individually and in combination on growth performance, blood biochemical profile, gut health, and nutrient digestibility of broilers fed a higher level of an animal protein concentrate. Five hundred day-old Ross-308 male broiler chicks (average body weight, 39 ± 1.2 g) were randomly assigned to five replicated (5 replicates/treatment; 20 birds/replica) dietary treatments (100 birds/treatment). Birds in these group were given five different experimental diets that were prepared and designated as (i) basal diet (negative control, NC); (ii) basal diet plus Enramycin (positive control, PC), 50 mg/kg feed; (iii) basal diet with the addition of organic acid (OA) at 200 mg/kg feed; (iv) basal diet plus essential oils (EO) at 150 mg/kg feed; (v) basal diet plus combination of OA and EOs 200 and150 mg/kg feed (OA þ EO). Experimental diets were prepared and fed in two phases i.e. starter (1-21 d) and finisher (22-42 d) phases of rearing. The findings of the present study revealed that feed intake did not vary significantly among the treatment groups, however, better (p < .05) body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed in OA, EO and OA þ EO supplemented groups, respectively. The growth of Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli and Salmonella were reduced (p < .05) in OA, EO, OA þ EO groups, while, Lactobacillus growth was positively improved (p < .05). Notably, the intestinal lesion score was significantly reduced, and villus height was improved in the OA, EO, OA þ EO groups compared to birds in the NC group. Moreover, the serum level of calprotectin and liver enzymes were significantly reduced in the OA þ EO treated group. At the end of the trial five birds from each experimental replicate of all five treated groups were shifted to metabolic cages on day-36 till day-42 for daily excreta collection and euthanized for ileal digesta to asses apparent metabolis-able energy AME and nutrients digestibility. All dietary treated groups compered to birds in the NC group enhanced nutrients digestibility and AME. It was deduced that supplementing organic acids and essential oils are beneficial in improving birds performance, health, nutrient digestibil-ity and subsequently could potentially replace antibiotic as growth promoters and could enhance the utilisation of animal protein concentrate without compromising performance and gut health in the poultry feed industry. HIGHLIGHTS � Supplementation of diet with organic acid and essential oils are potential alternative to antibiotic growth promoters � Organic acid and essential oils in combination were more useful for growth performance, nutrient utilisation and gut health of broilers ARTICLE HISTORY
... Six soil characteristics were measured: pH via a pH-meter, electrical conductivity (EC) by saturated paste extracts from 1:5 (soil:water; Slavich and Petterson, 1993), organic matter (OM) through the chromic acid titration modified method (Walkley and Black, 1934) and available nitrogen with Kjeldal method (Bremner, 1996), phosphorus via Olsen method (Olsen, 1954) and potassium content with AcNH 4 method (Mc Lean and Watson, 1985). Three foliar macronutrients were estimated in shoots: as in soil, nitrogen was measured with Kjeldal method (Kjeldahl, 1883), phosphorus by photocolorimetric method (Gomori, 1942) and potassium was measured through atomic absorption spectrophotometry (Williams et al., 1962). ...
Coastal dunes are unique ecosystems distributed worldwide. They share coastline-to-inland abiotic stress gradients determining their plants spatial distribution and biological interactions. Ambrosia chamissonis and Ammophila arenaria dominate coastal dunes in Chile, but there is scarce ecological information about their interactions and spatial distribution. The aim of this study was to characterize the coexistence of these two species and to evaluate the effect of stress gradients on their spatial distribution and performance. The study was carried out in three coastal dunes of the Ñuble Region, Chile; two dunes in which each species dominates and one in which they coexist. In each dune, sampling sites were defined along study transects perpendicular to the coast, where both soil characteristics (pH, salinity, contents of water, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) and biological variables of each species (cover, height, water content, content of foliar macronutrients) were measured. Variation of each abiotic variable with the distance from the high tide level was correlated to determine environmental stress gradients. A Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) was performed to determine soils characteristics that better explained changes in plant abundance. The Relative Interaction Intensity index was calculated from biological variables and compared intraspecifically to determine dominant interactions along the dunes. Our results showed two soil stress gradients (soil salinity and available potassium) which decreased inland and may define in part, the spatial distribution of the species, as shown by the CCA. Our results support the idea that dune plants do not always follow the stress gradient hypothesis suggesting a modification of the hypothesis.
... En los últimos 5 d del experimento, se recolectaron muestras de heces directamente del recto de los animales, utilizando guantes de plástico, para determinar la concentración de Cr 2 O 3 y CIA en el laboratorio. La concentración de cromo en heces se determinó por Espectrofotometría de Absorción Atómica (Williams et al., 1962). Se determinó el contenido de CIA, en muestras de ensilado, pasto y heces (Keulen y Young, 1977); para estimar el consumo de pasto se usó la técnica de dos marcadores (Geerken et al., 1987), ajustando por el consumo de marcador indigestible de la caña de azúcar. ...
Se realizó un experimento con el objetivo de evaluar la respuesta productiva y digestibilidad de la materia seca en novillos pastoreando pasto Estrella de África (Cynodon plectostachyus L.), complementados con ensilado de caña de azúcar (ECA) (Saccharum spp.) y un complejo enzimático fibrolítico. Se utilizaron 40 toretes cruzados Bos taurusxBos indicus (peso inicial 375±29 kg) durante un periodo de 125 días. Se alimentaron de forma individual con acceso restringido al ensilado (16% PC), y organizados en un Diseño Completamente al Azar con cuatro tratamientos y diez repeticiones de la siguiente forma: 1) Testigo (TP), 2) TP+ECA, 3) TP+ECA+15g Fibrozyme animal-1 día-1, 4) TP+E+A+30g Fibrozyme animal-1 día-1. La carga animal fue de ocho animales ha-1 en los tratamientos con ECA y de 3.3 en el testigo. Se mejoró la ganancia diaria de peso de los toretes (P<0.05) con el uso de la enzima 1) 395.17b, 2) 457.60ab, 3) 703.76a, 4) 621.21ab g día-1, lo cual se asoció a un mayor consumo: 1) 11.36b, 2)14.68ab, 3) 17.09a, 4) 15.25ab kg animal-1 día-1 y digestibilidad de la materia seca (P<0.05) comparado con el grupo testigo: 1) 63.21b, 2) 63.67b, 3) 68.58a, 4) 66.61ab (%). El uso de enzimas fibrolíticas en ensilado de caña de azúcar incrementó la digestibilidad, mejoró el consumo, la ganancia de peso, y la conversión alimenticia en toretes pastoreando Estrella Africana.
... According to the method of Rico and Harvatine, 24 the mean proportion of FA in total milk lipids was calculated for each sample. The chromium content of the feces was measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AA-1800H; Shanghai Meisei Instrument Co., LTD., Shanghai, China) as described by Williams et al. 25 Ruminal VFA concentrations were analysed using gas chromatography (GC-7890; Agilent Technology, Beijing, China). The ammoniacal nitrogen content was analysed according to the procedure of AOAC. ...
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the influence of nanoselenium (NANO-Se) addition on milk production, milk fatty acid synthesis, the development and metabolism regulation of mammary gland in dairy cows. Forty-eight Holstein dairy cows averaging 720 ± 16.8 kg of body weight, 66.9 ± 3.84 d in milk (dry matter intake [DIM]) and 35.2 ± 1.66 kg/d of milk production were divided into four treatments blocked by DIM and milk yields. Treatments were control group, low-Se (LSe), medium-Se (MSe) and high-Se (HSe) with 0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 mg Se, respectively, from NANO-Se per kg dietary dry matter (DM). Production of energy- and fat-corrected milk (FCM) and milk fat quadratically increased (p < 0.05), while milk lactose yields linearly increased (p < 0.05) with increasing NANO-Se addition. The proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) linearly decreased (p < 0.05), while proportions of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) linearly increased and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) quadratically increased. The digestibility of dietary DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) quadratically increased (p < 0.05). Ruminal pH quadratically decreased (p < 0.01), while total VFA linearly increased (p < 0.05) with increasing NANO-Se addition. The acetic to propionic ratio decreased (p < 0.05) linearly due to the unaltered acetic molar percentage and a quadratical increase in propionic molar percentage. The activity of CMCase, xylanase, cellobiase and pectinase increased linearly (p < 0.05) following NANO-Se addition. The activity of α-amylase increased linearly (p < 0.01) with an increase in NANO-Se dosage. Blood glucose, total protein, estradiol, prolactin, IGF-1 and Se linearly increased (p < 0.05), while urea nitrogen concentration quadratically decreased (p = 0.04). Moreover, the addition of Se at 0.3 mg/kg from NANO-Se promoted (p < 0.05) mRNA and protein expression of PPARγ, SREBP1, ACACA, FASN, SCD, CCNA2, CCND1, PCNA, Bcl-2 and the ratios of p-ACACA/ACACA and BCL2/BAX4, but decreased (p < 0.05) mRNA and protein expressions of Bax, Caspase-3 and Caspase-9. The results suggest that milk production and milk fat synthesis increased by NANO-Se addition by stimulating rumen fermentation, nutrients digestion, gene and protein expressions concerned with milk fat synthesis and mammary gland development.
... The gross energy (GE) was determined by using the adiabatic oxygen bomb calorimeter (Parr 6300 Calorimeter, Moline, IL, USA). The chromium (Cr) concentration was analyzed using anatomic absorption spectrometry (Z-5000; Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) as Williams et al. (1962) described. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients was calculated as follows: ...
The present study was to explore the Ile requirement of piglets fed 18% crude protein (CP) diets. Two hundred and fifty 28-day-old Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire piglets (8.37 ± 1.92 kg) were randomly divided into 5 dietary treatments (10 piglets per replicate, 5 barrows and 5 gilts per replicate) with 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65% standardized ileal digestible (SID) Ile-to-Lys ratios, and the SID Lys was formulated to 1.19%. The experimental design consisted of two phases (d 1 to 14 and d 15 to 28). Results showed that average daily gain (ADG) had a tendency to quadratically increase as the SID Ile-to-Lys ratio increased (P = 0.09), and the optimum SID Ile-to-Lys ratios required to maximize ADG were 48.33% and 54.63% for broken-line linear model and quadratic polynomial model, respectively. Different SID Ile-to-Lys ratios had no significant effects on average daily feed intake and gain-to-feed ratio. Dry matter (P < 0.01), CP (P = 0.01), ether extract (P = 0.04), gross energy (P < 0.01) and organic matter (P < 0.01) digestibility increased quadratically. Serum total cholesterol levels decreased linearly (P = 0.01) and quadratically (P < 0.01); aspartate aminotransferase (P < 0.01), interleukin-1β (P = 0.01), and tumor necrosis factor-α (P < 0.01) levels decreased quadratically; immunoglobulin G (P = 0.03) and immunoglobulin M (P = 0.01) concentrations increased quadratically. Serum Ser levels decreased linearly (P < 0.01) and quadratically (P = 0.01); Glu (P = 0.02), Arg (P = 0.05), and Thr (P = 0.03) levels decreased quadratically; Gly (P < 0.01) and Leu (P = 0.01) levels decreased linearly; Ile (P < 0.01) concentration increased linearly. Duodenal villus height (P < 0.01) and villus height to crypt depth ratio (P < 0.01) increased quadratically. The deficiency or excess of Ile decreased short chain fatty acid-producing bacteria abundance and increased pathogenic bacteria abundance. Overall, taking ADG as the effect index, the optimum SID Ile-to-Lys ratios of piglets offered 18% CP diets were 48.33% and 54.63% based on two different statistical models, respectively, and the deficiency or excess of lle negatively affected piglet growth rates and health status.
... The content of fat, true protein, and lactose in the milk were analysed using a Milko Scan FT-120 unit (Foss Electric, Hillerød, Denmark) based on AOAC (2000, method 972.16). The content of chromium in the faeces was measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (Williams et al., 1962). Ruminal VFA concentrations were analysed using gas chromatography (GC-7890; Shandong Jinpu Analytical Instrument Co. Ltd, Jinan, China). ...
This experiment was to evaluate the influence of sodium butyrate (SB) addition on milk production, ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestion, and the development and metabolism regulation of the mammary gland in dairy cows. Forty Holstein dairy cows averaging 710 ± 18.5 kg body weight, 72.8 ± 3.66 d in milk (DIM), and 41.4 ± 1.42 kg/d milk production were divided into four treatments blocked by DIM and milk production. Treatments were control group, low SB, medium SB, and high SB with 0, 100, 200 and 300 g/d of SB addition per cow, respectively. The study lasted for 105 d. Production of milk, milk protein and lactose quadratically increased (P < 0.05), while fat-corrected milk, energy-corrected milk and milk fat yields linearly increased (P < 0.05) with increasing SB addition. The digestibility of dietary dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein linearly increased (P < 0.05), whereas the digestibility of ether extract, neutral detergent fibre, and acid detergent fibre quadratically increased (P < 0.05). Ruminal pH quadratically decreased (P = 0.04), while total volatile fatty acids (VFA) quadratically increased (P = 0.03) with increasing SB addition. The acetic acid to propionic acid ratio increased (P = 0.03) linearly due to the unaltered acetic acid molar percentage and a linear decrease in propionic acid molar percentage. Ruminal enzymatic activity of carboxymethyl-cellulase and α-amylase, populations of total bacteria, total anaerobic fungi, total protozoa, Ruminococcus albus, R. flavefaciens, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Fibrobacter succinogenes, and Ruminobacter amylophilus linearly increased (P < 0.05). Blood glucose, urea nitrogen, and non-esterified fatty acids linearly decreased (P < 0.05), while total protein concentration linearly increased (P = 0.04). Moreover, the addition of SB at 200 g/d promoted (P < 0.05) mRNA and protein expression of PPARγ, SREBF1, ACACA, FASN, SCD, CCNA2, CCND1, PCNA, Bcl-2, GPR41, and the ratios of p-Akt/Akt and p-mTOR/mTOR, but decreased (P < 0.05) mRNA and protein expressions of Bax, caspase-3, and caspase-9. The results suggest that milk production and milk fat synthesis increased with SB addition by stimulating rumen fermentation, nutrient digestion, gene and protein expressions concerned with milk fat synthesis and mammary gland development.
... In the following 72 h, the fecal samples were heated to 70 • C. After being dried, the feces were ground finely, filtered through a 1 mm strainer, and stored at −20 • C. As determined by William's method (Williams et al. 1962), chromium intensity was measured using a UV spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, UV-1201, Japan). To determine the DM, nitrogen (N), and energy contents of each diet sample and fecal specimen, we followed the AOAC's (2007) methods. ...
This study examined the effects of mixed-species direct-fed microbial (DFM) on growth performance, gas emissions, meat quality, nutrient digestibility, and the fecal score of finishing pigs. A total of 100 crossbred finishing pigs ((Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc) weighing 58.97 ± 3.12 kg were randomly assigned to one of two diets (5 pigs per pen (2 barrows and 3 gilts); 50 pigs per treatment) in an 8-week trial. Dietary treatments comprised of the basal diet without probiotics control or basal diet + (0.1%) mixed probiotics (DFM). Mixed DFM supplementation showed a tendency to increase (P = 0.093) the body weight of finishing pigs during day 56. Comparing mixed DFM with the control diet, mixed probiotics significantly improved average daily gain (ADG) during weeks 5–8 (P = 0.024) and overall (P = 0.013). DFM-supplemented diets reduced the emission of CH4 and NH3 significantly at weeks 4 and 8 compared with control. DFM supplementation did not affect H2S, methyl mercaptans, acetic acid, or CO2 emissions. Mixed DFM supplementation showed a tendency to increase (P = 0.07) nitrogen digestibility. Pigs receiving mixed DFM had improved ADG and reduced NH3 and CH4 emissions without affecting meat quality, nutrient digestibility, intestinal microbes, and fecal score.
... The digestible fractions were obtained by the difference between the ingested and the excreted. Chromic oxide was analyzed in an atomic absorption spectrophotometer according to Williams et al. (1962) and the fecal excretion was estimated through the relationship between the supplied dose and the fecal concentration of chromic oxide as follows: ...
Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of monensin in supplements for grazing heifers. In experiment I, treatments consisted of protein supplements (low intake – 0.5 kg/animal/day and high intake – 1.0 kg/animal/day) associated or not with monensin. Animal performance, nutrient intake, and digestibility were evaluated. Forty crossbred heifers with an initial body weight (BW) of 213.8 ± 4.5 kg were used. There was no difference in average daily gain between treatments (average of 0.588 kg/animal/day). There was no interaction between monensin and supplements for intake parameters and digestibility. Dry matter (DM) intake was equal between treatments (~ 2% of BW). However, there was a reduction in pasture intake with the high-intake supplement. In experiment II, treatments consisted of two types of supplements (protein or mineral) associated or not with monensin. The variables analyzed were productive performance, ingestive behavior, and thermal comfort, evaluated through the index of thermal stress for cows (ITSC). Forty crossbred heifers with a BW of 159.2 ± 1.3 kg were used. The type of supplement did not influence the performance of the animals. However, monensin promoted greater weight gain in the animals (110 g/animal/day). There was an interaction effect between supplementation and monensin addition on behavioral activities, except for idle time. The inclusion of monensin in the protein supplement reduced the grazing time. The ITSC value influenced the activities of ingestive behavior, and the increase of this index reduced the grazing time in all treatments. Forage quality influences the response to monensin use, and the addition of monensin in supplements for grazing cattle during the rainy season is recommended for forages with high CP content.
... Chromic oxide was analyzed immediately after supplementation of 0.2 % as an indigestible marker that was added to the pig's diet the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of crude protein (CP), dry matter (DM), and gross energy (GE). Chromium levels were analyzed with ultraviolet absorption spectrometry (UV-1201, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) using a method used by Williams et al. [12]. The procedures utilized for the determination of DM (method 930.15), and CP (method 999.03) were conducted with the methods of AOAC [13], and GE using a bomb calorimeter (Parr 6400 Bomb Calorimeter, Parr Instrument Co., Moline, IL, USA). ...
... Each sample underwent 3 cycles of 1-min grinding and 1-min interval to ensure the sample's burning. Next, all samples were destructed using potassium bromate and phosphoric manganese sulfate solutions following the procedure presented by Williams et al. (1962). The concentrations of cobalt, yttrium, chromium, and ytterbium were analyzed using an Avio 500 inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (Perkin Elmer, Waltham, USA;van Bussel et al., 2010). ...
Physicochemical characteristics of dietary fibers may modulate digesta transit behavior. The present study was conducted to clarify the effect of level and particle size (PS) of insoluble fibers on digesta mean retention time (MRT) in the proximal gastrointestinal tract (mouth-ileocecal junction). Six ileal-cannulated pigs (26.8 ± 2.08 kg) were assigned to three dietary treatments in a 3 x 3 replicated Latin-square design. Finely ground (1 mm screen) or coarse (intact) oat husks (OH) and soybean hulls (SBH) were added (50:50; w/w) to a maize-whey protein-wheat based diet at 50 (low) or 250 g/kg (high) inclusion levels to obtain a low-fine fiber (LF), high-fine fiber (HF), and high-coarse fiber (HC) diet. Markers to follow liquids (Co-EDTA), fine solids (Y3O2), or fibrous particles (Yb-mordanted OH and Cr-mordanted SBH), were given as a single pulse dose and marker concentrations were subsequently measured hourly in digesta for 13 h after administration. Mean retention time values were obtained from the concentration of markers in digesta observed over time by fitting a generalized Michaelis-Menten equation and calculating the time of peak. Fiber addition and fiber particle size neither affected the MRT of liquid nor solid digesta phases (P = 0.903). Segregation between solid and liquid digesta phases was observed for all diets (P < 0.0001), although the extent of segregation was greater for LF compared with HF and HC (P = 0.0220). The MRT of SBH-particles, but not of OH-particles was longer for coarse vs fine PS (96 min, P < 0.05). In conclusion, digesta MRT was influenced by the dietary concentration but not by PS of insoluble fibers. The addition of insoluble fibers reduces digesta phase segregation from mouth to distal ileum in growing pigs.
... Feces were oven dried at 65 °C for 72 h and finely ground to pass through 60-mesh screen before chemical analysis. The chromium contents was measured using an absorption spectrophotometer (HitachiZ-5000, Hitachi High-Technologies Corp., Tokyo, Japan) [18]. Determination of DM in diet and fecal samples by oven drying at 135 °C for 2 h [19]. ...
Abstract Background Starch is a major component of carbohydrates and a major energy source for monogastric animals. Starch is composed of amylose and amylopectin and has different physiological functions due to its different structure. It has been shown that the energy supply efficiency of amylose is lower than that of amylopectin. However, there are few studies on the effect of starch structure on the available energy of pigs. The purpose of this study was to measure the effect of different structures of starch in the diet on the net energy (NE) of pigs using a comparative slaughter method and to establish a prediction equation to estimate the NE of starch with different structures. Fifty-six barrows (initial BW 10.18 ± 0.11 kg) were used, and they were housed and fed individually. Pigs were divided into 7 treatments, with 8 replicates for each treatment and 1 pig for each replicate. One of the treatments was randomly selected as the initial slaughter group (ISG). Pigs in the remaining treatments were assigned to 6 diets, fed with basic diet and semi-pure diets with amylose/amylopectin ratio (AR) of 3.09, 1.47, 0.25, 0.15 and 0.12, respectively. The experiment lasted for 28 d. Results Results showed that compared with the high amylose (AM) groups (AR 3.09 and 1.47), the high amylopectin (AP) group (AR 0.15) significantly increased the final BW, average daily weight gain and average daily feed intake of pigs (P
... Chromic oxide concentrations in dried duodenal samples were determined by bromate-phosphoric acid technique method of Williams et al. (1962) and digested in open flasks on a hot plate. ...
... Fecal sampling was performed on days 17 to 21 of each period at the time of concentrate supplementation (3 ×/d) and a composite frozen sample was formed per period. Fecal and marker Cr concentrations were analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy [39]. The uNDF concentration (% of DM) in feces and feed ingredients, including the pasture harvested by simulated grazing and by a rumen-cannulated cow, was evaluated by in situ incubation for 240 h [40]. ...
The particle size (PS) of reconstituted corn (REC) can affect the grinding rate and starch digestibility in dairy cows. We evaluated the effect of the PS of REC ensiled for 40 days on the pasture dry matter intake (DMI), lactation performance, total tract digestibility, and ruminal fermentation of grazing dairy cows. The treatments were coarse REC (CO, 1694 µm), fine REC (FI, 1364 µm), or finely ground (GC, 366 µm) flint corn (68% vitreousness) at 29.6 ± 1.4% of diet DM (mean ± SD). Eighteen dairy cows (mean milk yield 21.3 kg/d) were split into three groups by production level and were assigned within each group to a sequence of treatments in 3 × 3 Latin squares of 21-day periods. Cows were individually fed a constant amount of whole-plant corn silage 3 ×/d (2.7 kg DM/d) and corn treatments and soybean meal according to their group. There was no significant interaction between treatment and the production level. Cows fed FI had a lower DMI (16.7 vs. 18.1 kg/d) than those fed GC, and both did not differ from CO (17.7 kg/d). There was no treatment effect on milk yield (mean: 19.2 kg/d). Cows fed CO had the lowest total tract digestibility of starch (86.3 vs. 92.3% of intake) and the highest fecal starch concentration (7.0 vs. 4.0% of DM). The NDF digestibility was lower for GC-fed cows than CO- and FI-fed cows. Plasma glucose was higher in cows fed FI and CO (75.0 mg/dL) than those fed GC (70.8 mg/dL). Ruminal volatile fatty acids and the pH did not differ. Fine grinding of REC increased the feed efficiency relative to CO and GC. Coarse grinding of REC ensiled for 40 days reduced the total tract starch digestibility relative to FI and GC.
... In addition, the 121 contents of the ileum, cecum and colon were collected for analysis of short chain fatty 122 acid (SCFA) concentrations and microbiota. (Z-5000; Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) was used to measure the amount of chromium (Cr) in 139 feed and fecal samples according to the methods described by Williams et al (1962). 140 The following formula was used to calculate apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD): The SCFA concentrations of ileal, cecal and colonic digesta samples were Table 4. ...
This study aimed to investigate the effects of different levels of black soldier fly (BSF) replacing soybean meal (SBM) in diets on the performance and health condition of piglets. A total of 180 weaned piglets were allocated into 5 treatments: BSF0 (corn-soybean meal basal diet), BSF25 (BSF replacing 25% SBM), BSF50 (BSF replacing 50% SBM), BSF75 (BSF replacing 75% SBM) and BSF100 (BSF replacing 100% SBM). During the whole period, in comparison with BSF0, average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake increased in the BSF25 and BSF50 groups, whereas ADG decreased in the BSF75 and BSF100 groups (P < 0.05). The result of quadratic fitting curve showed that piglets exhibited the highest ADG when BSF replaced around 20% SBM. Compared with BSF0, organic matter and dry matter digestibility improved in the BSF25 group, whereas ether extract digestibility decreased in the BSF100 group (P < 0.05). In comparison with BSF0, piglets from the BSF25 group showed a higher duodenal ratio of villus height to crypt depth, increased jejunal sucrase activity, serum neuropeptide Y and ghrelin levels, elevated ileal immunoglobulin (Ig) A, IgG and IgM contents and a lower leptin level, and piglets from the BSF100 group exhibited an increased relative weight of kidney (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed in the expression level of tight junction proteins and chitin-degrading enzyme. Additionally, compared with BSF0, the abundance of short chain fatty acid producing bacteria such as Ruminococcaceae, Faecalibacterium and Butyricicoccus increased, and potential pathogenic bacteria decreased in piglets from the BSF25 group, whereas piglets from the BSF100 group had a greater abundance of harmful bacteria. In conclusion, BSF replacing 25% SBM in diets could improve digestive parameters, immune function and intestinal microbiota, and thus improved growth performance of piglets. However, BSF replacing 100% SBM showed an adverse effect on piglet performance, and the reason might be related to the limited amount of chitin-degrading enzyme.
... The contents of CP, AA and Cr in freeze-drying sub-samples of ileal digesta and diets were analyzed. The CP content was analyzed using the Kjeldahl method, and Cr content was determined according to Williams et al. [31]. Additionally, detection of amino acid content was performed as described in Zhou et al. [32]. ...
Simple Summary
With the increase of protease types and products, it is time-consuming and laborious to evaluate the effect of protease on feed protein utilization with animal experiments, and it is not conducive to evaluate a large number of samples in a short time. The purpose of this study was to quickly evaluate the effects of four proteases (acidic, neutral, alkaline and keratinase) on feed ingredients (corn gluten meal, corn and soybean meal) using an in vitro method to determine the optimal dosage of each protease for corn gluten meal and corn and soybean meal, and to explore the factors affecting the effect of proteases. In addition, this research also carried out animal experiments to verify the effect of protease on the corn–soybean meal diet of 31-day-old broilers.
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different proteases alone or in combination on protein digestibility of broilers. In vitro, the properties of four proteases in broilers, including acidic protease (AcP), alkaline protease (AlP), neutral protease (NeP) and keratinase (Ker), on endogenous protease activity and their effects on protein digestibility of common ingredients in broiler diets were investigated using a gut-mimicking model. In vivo, 640 1-day-old male broilers were randomly divided into 8 groups of 10 with 8 replicates of 10 birds per replicate cage. Eight dietary treatments included a corn–soybean meal basal diet (control), and the basal diet with 1.6 U AcP/g, 0.8 U NeP/g, 0.8 U AlP/g, 0.4 U Ker/g, 1.6 U AcP/g + 0.8 U NeP/g, 1.6 U AcP/g + 0.8 U AlP/g, or 1.6 U AcP/g + 0.4 U Ker/g added. The experiment lasted for 31 days. The results showed that the optimum pH values of AcP, NeP, AlP and Ker were 3.0, 9.0, 11.0 and 11.0 in vitro, respectively. Ker recovery proportion was 37.68% at pH 3.3–6.2. AcP alone or in combination with NeP, AlP or Ker increased in vitro crude protein digestibility (IVCPD) and decreased ileal apparent digestibility of crude protein in 31-day-old broilers (p < 0.05). All protease supplementation reduced the ileal apparent digestibility of amino acids compared to the control (p < 0.05). Acidic protease had a positive effect on trypsin and chymotrypsin activities, while AlP and Ker showed a negative effect. In vivo, average daily gain and average daily feed intake were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in broiler diets supplemented with AcP compared to the control group. When adding exogenous proteases to broiler diets, their sensitivity to digestive pH and their negative effects on endogenous protease activity, dosage and combination effects should be taken into account. In addition, the properties and dosage of proteases and the protein level in the feed should be considered.
... Feces were oven dried at 65°C for 72 h and nely ground to pass through 60-mesh screen before chemical analysis. The chromium contents was measured using an absorption spectrophotometer (HitachiZ-5000 Absorption Spectrophotometer, Hitachi High-Technologies Co., Tokyo, Japan) 19 . Determination of DM in diet and fecal samples by oven drying at 135°C for 2h 20 . ...
Background
Starch is a major component of carbohydrates and a major source of energy for monogastric animals. Starch is composed of amylose and amylopectin and has different physiological functions due to its different configuration and structure. It has been shown that the energy supply efficiency of amylose is lower than that of amylopectin. However, there are few studies on the effect of starch structure on the available energy of pigs. The purpose of this study was to measure the effect of different structures of starch in the diet on the net energy (NE) of pigs using a comparative slaughter method and to establish a prediction equation to estimate the NE of starch with different structures. A total of fifty-six barrows (initial body weight 10.18 ± 0.11kg) were used, and they were housed and fed individually. Pigs were divided into 7 treatments according to their weight, with 8 replicates for each treatment and 1 pig for each replicate. One of the treatments was randomly selected as the initial slaughter group (ISG). Pigs in the remaining groups were assigned to 6 dietary treatment and slaughtered at the conclusion of the experiment. The basic diet contains corn, soybean meal, without additional starch. The other five starch experimental groups were fed semi-pure diets with amylose/amylopectin ratios (AR) of 3.09, 1.47, 0.25, 0.15 and 0.12, respectively. The diets and water were provided ad libitum for 28 d.
Results
Results showed that compared with the high amylose (AM) groups (AR 3.09 and 1.47), the high amylopectin (AP) group (AR 0.15) significantly increased the final BW, average daily weight gain and average daily feed intake of pigs (quadratic, P < 0.01), but the F: G of the high amylose group was lower (quadratic, P < 0.05). In addition, the high amylopectin groups (AR 0.15 and 0.12) has higher (quadratic, P < 0.001) nutrient digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, gross energy and crude ash. Meanwhile, compared with other groups AR 0.15 group has a higher NE intake and energy retention (RE), while AR 3.09 group has the lowest NE intake and RE (linear, P < 0.05). The regressive equation for predicting with starch structures was established as RE = 1235.243-48.298AM/AP (r2=0.657, P = 0.05).
Conclusions
In conclusion, with the increase of dietary amylopectin content, NE intake and RE of pigs were increased, indicating that diets high in amylopectin were more conducive to promoting the growth of pigs in the late conservation period.
... Goering and Van Soest (11) methods were utilized (ADL) to identify neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and acid detergent lignin. The nutrient composition of feces and feed from chromium was estimated using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (12). The nutrient digestibility was calculated using Maynard and Loosli (13) equations: ...
This study was conducted to compare the effects of dietary eubiotics or intravenous amino acid infusions (IVAAI) as two different growth promoters on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, performance, and blood biochemical parameters of buffalo calves in subtropical climatic conditions. Thirty male buffalo calves (284.40 ± 18.45 kg) were randomly distributed into three groups and fed a basal diet (BD) of concentrate feed mixture and roughages. The first group was fed BD and considered as the control, the second group was fed the BD supplemented with eubiotics at 1.0 kg/ton of concentrate, whereas the third group was intravenously infused with amino acid (IVAAI) injection at a dose of 2.0 ml/100 kg body weight. Results showed that the total gain and the average daily gain were improved (P < 0.05) with dietary eubiotics. The digestibility of some nutrients was increased (P < 0.05) with dietary addition of eubiotics. In addition, eubiotics stabilize (P < 0.05) the rumen pH, which reduce the risk of subacute ruminal acidosis but increased (P < 0.05) ruminal NH3-N and total volatile fatty acids. The rectal temperature was decreased (P < 0.05) with eubiotics supplementation. In conclusion, the use of eubiotics induced superior positive effects on the digestibility of nutrients, rumen fermentation, rumen enzymes, rumen protein concentration, growth performance, feed conversion, blood parameters and ameliorated the harmful effects of thermal stress of buffalo calves in comparison with intravenous infusion of amino acids. Key words: eubiotics; amino acids; buffalo calves; nutrient digestibility; rumen fermentation; growth performance
... Trypsin inhibition enzyme activity and phytate content were measured as described in Tibbetts et al. [60]. Chromic oxide was measured by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (model iCE 3000 Series AA, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) after digestion in phosphoric acid and potassium bromide [61]. Essential amino acid (EAA) indices were calculated in reference to an ideal protein pattern (egg albumin) and premium grade high-quality fish meal (Norse-LT94®) and digestible indispensable amino acid scores (DIAAS) were calculated in reference to known dietary EAA requirements of Atlantic salmon [44,[62][63][64]. ...
... Subsequently, samples were ground (Wiley mill; Thomas Scientific) through a 1-mm mesh. The concentration of Cr 2 O 3 in the fecal samples was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry as described by Williams et al. (1962). ...
The objectives were to evaluate the effects of monensin and virginiamycin, alone or combined, on supplemented Nellore cattle grazing tropical grass during the rainy season. Two experiments were conducted simultaneously to evaluate intake, digestibility, CH4 emissions, blood parameters, performance, and carcass characteristics (Exp. 1), and ruminal fermentation and relative abundance of ruminal microorganisms (Exp. 2). Animals (n = 92 Exp. 1 and n = 12 Exp. 2) were distributed in a completely randomized design and allocated in twelve paddocks composed of Urochloa brizantha (A. Rich.) Stapf. cv. Xaraés. A protein-energetic supplementation of 3 g/kg of BW per day was provided to all animals. Supplements were: without additives (WA), monensin alone at 80 mg/kg of product (MN), virginiamycin alone at 150 mg/kg of product (VM), and monensin (80 mg/kg of product) combined with virginiamycin (150 mg/kg of product; MNVM). Treatments did not affect intakes of total dry matter (DM), supplement DM, and nutrients. However, the intakes of forage DM and crude protein decreased in cattle fed MNVM compared with animals fed WA, MN, and VM. Total volatile fatty acids increased in animals fed VM. Ruminal NH3-N decreased, and pH increased in animals fed MN, VM, and MNVM. Relative abundance of total F. succinogenes and S. ruminantium decreased and R. flavefaciens increased in animals fed MN and VM at d 118. Treatments had no effect on enteric CH4 emissions. The average daily gain (ADG) and total gain were greater in cattle fed MNVM than in cattle fed MN. Combination of monensin and virginiamycin altered the rumen microbial populations but did not decrease enteric CH4 emissions. However, it decreased forage dry matter intake without altering the ADG and total weight gain, leading to an increase in feed efficiency. Results from this study indicate an advantage in including feed additives combined in the diet of supplemented Nellore cattle grazing tropical grass during the rainy season.
... To obtain fecal output from forage, fecal production associated with concentrate and CO was discounted from the total fecal output with the Cr 2 O 3 (Oliveira et al., 2007). Cr 2 O 3 in fecal samples was determined using atomic absorption spectrometry following Williams et al. (1962) methodology. ...
... Before chemical analysis, the excreta samples were thawed and dried at 70°C for 72 h; then, they were ground fine by 1 mm screen, later stored in the refrigerator at -20°C until analysis (Mountzouris et al., 2010). DM, N, and energy were conducted under the methods established by the AOAC (2000) Chromium levels were determined via UV absorption spectrophotometry (Shimadzu, UV-1201, Japan) according to (Williams et al., 1962). The digestibility was then calculated using the following formula: ...
A total of 432 laying hens (40 weeks old) were used in a 10- weeks feeding trial. The birds were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments with 18 replications (6 birds per replication) in a 2×2 factorial arrangement with low-density diet (LD), and high density (HD) diets supplemented with or without (0.1 %) of yeast. Laying hens feed intake during the 5th, 6th and 10th weeks has significantly increased (p<0.05) in LD diet and HD diet supplemented with (0.1 %) of yeast supplementation. However, egg production and broken rate was not affected with or without yeast and density diet. The quality of egg and shell color during the 5th, 6th, and 7th weeks has significantly reduced (p<0.05) by yeast supplementation with HD and LD diet. Eggshell strength was significantly improved at week 4, moreover albumin height was also significantly improved by yeast supplementation diets at week 5. During week 1 and 2 the yolk color was higher in LD diet and HD diet compared with yeast supplementation. However, eggshell strength was significantly improved on HD diets than LD diets during the 4th and 7th weeks. Eggshell color and albumen height were significantly decreased in laying hens fed HD or LD diets during week 5 and 6. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N), and Energy was not affected (p<0.05) by laying hens fed with or without yeast and HD than LD diets. In summary, 0.1% of yeast supplementation proved a positive impact on feed intake and egg quality of layer chicken.
Keywords:
Brewer’s yeast; Egg production; Egg quality; Hy-line hen; Nutrient digestibility
... With an oxygen bomb calorimeter (Parr 6100 Instrument Co., Moline, IL, USA), energy in samples was measured. Chromic oxide concentration in the feed and excreta samples was determined by ashing and digestion of ground samples with phosphoric acidmanganese sulfate and potassium bromate (Williams et al. 1962). The washed digest was kept overnight in a mixture of calcium chloride solution and then filtered. ...
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of flavonoid supplementation to a low-protein diet (LCP) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, excreta bacterial count, and excreta gas emission of broilers. In total, 800 one-day-old Ross 308 broilers (BW; 42.90 ± 1.43 g) were randomly sorted into one of the 4 dietary treatments (10 pens/treatment; 20 birds/pen). Treatment diets were high-protein diet (HCP), basal diet; LCP, basal diet − 2.5% protein; TRT1, LCP + 0.025% quercetin; and TRT2, LCP + 0.050% quercetin. Experimental diets were provided to broilers from days 8 to 35. HCP, TRT1, and TRT2 showed higher body weight gain (BWG) than the LCP group during days 8–21 and in the overall experiment. However, feed conversion ratio of the HCP group was improved than that of the LCP group during days 8–21 and in the overall period. The increasing level of quercetin supplementations brought a linear increase in BWG. Lactobacillus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella counts in excreta samples of the experimental groups showed no significant difference. Flavonoid supplementation (0.050%) reduced drip loss in breast muscle more than that in the LCP group and showed a linear reduction. Through improved digestion, quercetin addition to an LCP reversed the BWG.
... All samples were analyzed for DM (method 930.15) and N (method 984.13) according to the standard procedures of the AOAC [26]. Chromium was analyzed via UV absorption spectrophotometry (UV-1201, Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan) according to the method described by Williams et al. [27]. GE was determined by measuring the heat of combustion in the samples, using a Parr 6100 oxygen bomb calorimeter (Parr instrument Co., Moline, IL, USA). ...
A total of 200 26-day-old crossbred weaning piglets ((Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc; 6.55 ± 0.62 kg) were used in a 6-week experiment to evaluate the effects of adding probiotics complex supplementation (Syner-ZymeF10) with high and low ZnO diets on the performance of weaning pigs in 42 days. Pigs were randomly allotted to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement and they were supplemented with two concentration level of ZnO with 3000 ppm and 300 ppm and probiotics complex supplementation with 0 and 0.1%. There were ten replicate pens per treatment with five pigs per pen (two gilts and three barrows). Pigs fed diets with 3000 ppm ZnO had a higher BW during the overall period and ADG during d 8–21, d 22–42, and overall period than pigs receiving 300 ppm ZnO diets (p < 0.05), as well as a G: F which tended to increase on d 8–21 and overall period (p < 0.1) and decreased tendency on faecal gas emission of methyl mercaptans and acetic acid concentration (p < 0.1). Dietary probiotics complex supplementation had decreased the E. coli count (p < 0.05) and tended to increase the Lactobacillus count (p < 0.1). Dietary probiotics complex supplementation and different level of ZnO supplementation had no significant effect on the nutrition digestibility and faecal score (p > 0.05). In conclusion, probiotic supplementation reduced the fecal E. coli counts and tended to improve Lactobacillus counts. There were no interactive effects between ZnO and probiotic complex supplementation on all the measured parameters.
... Faecal recovery of Cr 2 O 3 was determined following the methodology of Williams et al. (1962), and, from these data, faecal excretion (FE) was calculated through the equation proposed by Detmann et al. (2001;Eqn 7). Forage intake was calculated based on iNDF concentrations of forage and faeces (Eqn 8). ...
Context Energy supplementation with highly fermentable carbohydrates can be a strategy to maximise the efficiency of nitrogen use (ENU) from high-nutritional value forages. Aims The study aimed to investigate the independent or associated effects of two diurnal feeding times (0900 or 1700 hours) with two sources of energy supplementation (corn or citrus pulp) in the growing of F1 Angus × Nellore young bulls on palisade grass pastures, and their implications on the forage chemical composition, nutrient intake and digestibility, ENU, microbial protein synthesis, animal performance, and gain per area. Methods There were 36 bulls used as experimental animals, with initial bodyweight (BW) of 290 ± 5 kg, and 32 similar bulls were used in a put-and-take system to maintain sward characteristics. The experiment was conducted in a complete randomised design with four treatments and three replications (paddocks). The treatments consisted of energy supplementation at 0.3% BW with corn or citrus pulp fed at 0900 or 1700 hours for four periods of 28 days. For evaluation of ruminal and blood parameters, ENU, intake, and nutrient digestibility, eight ruminal cannulated 1/2 Aberdeen Angus × 1/2 Nellore young bulls were used, with 280 ± 7 kg of initial BW, distributed in a 4 × 4 double Latin square design, consisting of four periods and four treatments. Key results Supplementation at 0.3% of BW with corn or citrus pulp at 0900 or 1700 hours can reach up to 1.06 kg/day of young bulls reared on palisade grass pastures fertilised with 180 kg nitrogen/ha/year and managed at 25 cm of height compared with corn-based supplements. There were no effects on microbial protein synthesis or its efficiency. Conclusions Citrus pulp can be used as an alternative energy source to corn, because it has the same potential for animal performance, ENU and microbial protein synthesis in tropical pastures with a high proportion of soluble protein, and structural and non-fibrous carbohydrates with high dry matter digestibility. Implications Supplementing grazing beef cattle at 0.3% BW with corn or citrus pulp in the morning or afternoon is an efficient nutritional strategy to improve animal performance.
... DMI was estimated using the equation: DMI = FP / (1 À IVDMD). In this equation, FP is the fecal production (kg), which is a result of the relationship between the concentration of supplemented chromium and the concentration of chromium in feces, obtained in the laboratory by atomic absorption spectrometry (Williams et al., 1962). IVDMD is the in vitro dry matter digestibility (g/kg) (Tilley & Terry, 1963). ...
The aim was to evaluate the effect of different rates of weight gain during the backgrounding on animal performance and carcass and meat characteristics of steers finished in feedlots. Thirty‐six Angus steers, 12 ± 2 months of age, were backgrounded during 91 days on Aruana grass pasture (Panicum maximum cv. Aruana) managed under different stocking rates to achieve three different weight gains: HIGH ADG (average daily gain)—no feed restriction (ADG = 0.846 kg); MEDIUM ADG—moderate feed restriction (ADG = 0.456 kg); and LOW ADG—high feed restriction (ADG = 0.154 kg). To ensure the difference in ADG, we offered 0.7% live weight of concentrate feed in the HIGH treatment and a better forage supply in the MEDIUM treatment. After the backgrounding, the animals were finished in feedlot. There was no effect of the previous performance on the animals' performance in the feedlot. The LOW presented higher weight (218.9 vs. 207.9 kg) and hot (54.0% vs. 51.3%) and cold (53.5% vs. 50.5%) carcass yield than the MEDIUM, besides presenting meat with less cooking losses (15.0% vs. 18.2%), marbling (7 vs. 4.0 points), palatability (7.1 vs. 6.3 points), juiciness (7.2 vs. 6.4 points), tenderness (7.1 vs. 6.3 points), and lower shear force (5.78 vs. 8.75 kg) than HIGH. LOW ADG steers stay longer in the finishing phase but presented in general better quality carcass and meat than those with MEDIUM or HIGH during the backgrounding.
... DMI was estimated using the equation: DMI = FP / (1 À IVDMD). In this equation, FP is the fecal production (kg), which is a result of the relationship between the concentration of supplemented chromium and the concentration of chromium in feces, obtained in the laboratory by atomic absorption spectrometry (Williams et al., 1962). IVDMD is the in vitro dry matter digestibility (g/kg) (Tilley & Terry, 1963). ...
Increasing productivity and resource efficiency through sustainable intensification of grazing systems impose new challenges on crops and livestock. The sustainability of world agriculture is threatened by the degradation of ecosystem services anthropogenic interventions such as reduced biological diversity, water and air pollution, and loss of soil quality. The search for technologies that increase animal productivity with economic and environmental sustainability is necessary. The aim was to determine whether productive systems based on African Bermuda grass, overseeded in rows with annual ryegrass and black oat, would present better beef cattle performance by irrigation and/or inclusion of forage legumes in the grazing systems. We used 72 steers, 24 in each of the 3 years of evaluation, distributed in 12 paddocks under rotational stocking. Each paddock had four sub-paddocks. The experiment was completely randomized in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, using irrigation and legumes as factors. Production and chemical composition of pastures and animal performance were evaluated for 3 years in winter, spring, and summer. The irrigation provided promising results in spring, with a higher stocking rate (2194 vs 1254 kg/ha) and live weight gain per area (5.24 vs 2.81 kg/ha/day) in the second year due to water restriction. The forage legumes with irrigation provided a higher average daily gain in the summer than the non-irrigated pasture with legumes. Here we show for the first time that in long-term results (3 years), the pastures with legumes showed a high live weight gain per area (1556 vs 1452 kg/ha/year), and in the third year, the highest difference for the stocking rate in the summer (4134 vs 3311 kg/ha). Legumes or irrigation do not change the pasture’s nutritional compounds. The use of forage legumes benefits the grazing system with long-term results. Irrigation, conversely, allows for positive responses during periods of water deficit.
Two separate cross-over experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of incorporating wheat middlings into wet corn distillers grains with solubles (WDGS) on apparent diet digestibility and ruminal fermentation characteristics in growing and finishing diets. In experiment 1, four ruminally cannulated heifers (313 ± 42.9 kg) were limit fed a high-energy growing diet that included WDGS (CON) or WDGS + wheat middlings (CON + WM) at 40% of diet dry matter (DM). The diet also contained (DM basis) 39.5% dry-rolled corn, 7.5% supplement, and 13% warm-season grass hay. In experiment 2, four ruminally cannulated Holstein steers (321 ± 17.4 kg) were fed a finishing diet that included WDGS (CON) or WDGS + wheat middlings (CON + WM) at 30% of diet DM. The diet also contained (DM basis) 60.3% dry-rolled corn, 2.7% supplement, and 7.0% warm-season grass hay. Experiments consisted of two 15-d periods that were conducted concurrently. Each period included 10 d of diet adaptation, 4 d of fecal collection, and 1 d of ruminal fluid collection. Fecal samples were collected on days 11 to 14 of each period and composite samples were analyzed for chromium to estimate apparent diet digestibility. On day 15, ruminal fluid samples were collected prior to feeding and again at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 18, and 24-h post-feeding. In experiment 1, DM, organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) intake did not differ (P ≥ 0.11) between diets; however, starch intake was greater (P = 0.03) for heifers fed CON + WM compared with CON. Apparent DM, OM, NDF, and starch digestibilities were similar between diets (P ≥ 0.13), but feeding CON + WM tended to lead to lesser (P = 0.06) apparent ADF digestibility. Ruminal pH and total volatile fatty acid concentrations did not differ between diets (P ≥ 0.16); however, ruminal ammonia concentrations tended to be less (P = 0.09) for CON + WM compared with CON. In experiment 2, DM intake did not differ (P = 0.65) between diets. Apparent DM digestibility was greater (P = 0.01) for CON + WM compared with CON but the difference was small. Intake and apparent digestibility of OM, NDF, ADF, and starch did not differ (P ≥ 0.25) between diets. Ruminal ammonia concentrations were lesser (P = 0.03) while ruminal pH was greater (P = 0.02) for CON + WM compared with CON. Overall, incorporation of wheat middlings into WDGS had minimal impacts on feed intake, apparent diet digestibility, and ruminal fermentation characteristics when fed to growing and finishing cattle.
The objective was to determine effects of ad libitum-fed roughage-based diets or limit-fed high-energy diets on growth performance, behavior, health, and digestion in newly received growing cattle and subsequent implications on feedlot growth performance and carcass characteristics.
In Exp. 1, 409 crossbred heifers (initial body weight [BW] = 279 ± 24 kg) in 32 pens were used in a randomized block design. Heifers were fed one of two dietary treatments: a total mixed ration with 0.99 Mcal net energy for gain (NEg)/kg dry matter (DM) fed ad libitum (0.99AL) or 1.32 Mcal NEg/kg DM limit-fed at 85% of intake of heifers fed 0.99AL (1.32LF85%). Both diets contained 40% of DM as a branded wet corn gluten feed. In Exp. 2, 370 crossbred heifers (initial BW = 225 ± 20 kg) were used in a randomized block design and were fed a diet formulated to contain 0.99 Mcal of NEg/kg DM for ad libitum intake or a diet formulated to contain 1.32 Mcal of NEg/kg DM and fed at 2.2% of BW daily (DM basis; 1.32LF2.2). For Exp. 1 and 2, treatment integrity was maintained through the finishing phase where cattle were fed a common diet. Cattle were sorted by BW into heavy and light groups prior to finishing, with light cattle fed longer than heavy cattle to reach similar harvest BW. In Exp. 3, 8 ruminally-cannulated heifers (average BW = 305 ± 23 kg) were used in a 2-period cross-over design and fed treatments from Exp. 1 to assess digestibility and ruminal fermentation characteristics. Gain:feed was 47% and 35% greater (P < 0.01) in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively, for limit-fed heifers compared with 0.99AL heifers. Rumination time was greater (P < 0.01) for 0.99AL compared with limit-fed treatments in Exp. 1 and 2. Activity was greater (P < 0.01) for 1.32LF2.2 than for 0.99AL in Exp. 2. In Exp. 1, more (P = 0.03) carcasses from light sort heifers than carcasses from heavy sort heifers had livers with large, active abscesses. In Exp. 2, finishing-phase morbidity was greater (P < 0.01) for 1.32LF2.2 than for 0.99AL. Light-sort groups had fewer (P < 0.01) edible livers than heavy-sort groups, suggesting that greater number of days on feed may increases the risk of liver abscess prevalence and condemnation. In Exp. 3, apparent total-tract DM and organic matter digestibilities were greater (P < 0.01) for 1.32LF85% than for 0.99AL. Overall, dietary treatments during the growing phase had little carryover effect on feedlot growth performance, carcass characteristics, or liver abscesses prevalence at harvest.
Almond hulls and shells are a by-product of almond production that can be incorporated as a feed ingredient in beef cattle diets. Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of hammermill screen size on almond hull and shell bulk density and inclusion of ground or non-ground almond hulls and shells in limit-fed growing diets on growth performance, diet digestibility, and ruminal fermentation characteristics of beef cattle. In experiment 1, almond hulls and shells were ground with a laboratory-scale hammermill using no screen, a 11.1-mm screen, a 19.1-mm screen, or a 25.4-mm screen. Each screen-size treatment was ground at three separate time points (n= 3 replications/treatment). Grinding almond hulls and shells with no screen increased bulk density by 111% and minimized proportions of fine particles; therefore, almond hulls and shells ground using no screen were included as a treatment in the following experiments. In experiment 2, 364 steers (initial body weight [BW]: 257± 20.7 kg) were blocked by truckload (n = 4), stratified by BW, and assigned to pen within block. Pens were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 experimental diets (n= 10 pens/treatment). The control diet (CON) contained (DM basis) 39.5% dry-rolled corn, 7.5% supplement, 40% wet-corn gluten feed, and 13% prairie hay. Non-ground (13AH) or ground (13GAH) almond hulls and shells replaced prairie hay and were fed at 13% of diet DM or non-ground almond hulls and shells were fed at 26% of diet DM and replaced 13% prairie hay and 13% dry-rolled corn (26AH). Diets were limit-fed at 2.2% of BW daily (DM basis) for 56 d. Overall average daily gains (ADG) were greater (P ≤ 0.05) for CON, 13AH, and 13GAH compared with 26AH. In addition, ADG from days 14 to 56 were greater (P= 0.03) for 13GAH and tended to be greater (P = 0.09) for 13AH compared with CON. Experiment 3 was a 4 × 4 replicated Latin square in which 8 ruminally cannulated heifers (initial BW = 378 ± 44.0 kg) were fed diets from experiment 2. Apparent dry matter digestibility did not differ (P = 0.21) among treatments. Total ruminal volatile fatty acid concentrations were greater (P ≤ 0.03) for 13GAH and 13AH compared with 26AH and tended (P = 0.06) to be greater for 13GAH compared with CON. Overall, almond hulls and shells can be utilized as an alternative to prairie hay in limit-fed growing diets without negatively influencing rates of gain or diet digestibility.
Two experiments were conducted using 120 pigs to test the hypothesis that supplementation of β-mannanase could reduce digesta viscosity, enhance nutrient digestion, and improve intestinal health and growth of nursery pigs. In experiment 1, 48 crossbred barrows were randomly allotted to four treatments with increasing levels of β-mannanase at 0, 200, 400, and 600 U/kg in feeds. All pigs were euthanized on day 12 to collect jejunal digesta to measure digesta viscosity and ileal digesta to measure apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF). In experiment 2, 72 nursery pigs were randomly allotted to three treatments with increasing levels of β-mannanase at 0, 400, and 600 U/kg in feeds. Plasma collected on day 9 was used to measure tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), immunoglobulin G (IgG), malondialdehyde (MDA), and protein carbonyl (PC). All pigs were euthanized on day 10 to collect duodenal and jejunal tissues to evaluate the production of TNF-α, IL-6, and MDA, morphology, crypt cell proliferation, and expression of tight junction proteins in the jejunum. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure for polynomial contrasts and the NLMIXED procedure for broken-line analysis of SAS. In experiment 1, β-mannanase supplementation tended to have quadratic effects on digesta viscosity (P = 0.085) and AID of GE (P = 0.093) in the pigs. In experiment 2, jejunal digesta viscosity of the pigs was reduced (P < 0.05) when β-mannanase was supplemented at 360 U/kg of feed. β-Mannanase supplementation linearly reduced (P < 0.05) TNF-α, IgG, MDA, and PC in the duodenum, and TNF-α, IgG, and MDA in the jejunum of the pigs. β-Mannanase supplementation linearly increased (P < 0.05) villus height to crypt depth ratio and crypt cell proliferation in the jejunum. β-Mannanase supplementation tended to linearly improve (P = 0.083) expression of zonula occludens-1 in the jejunum. In conclusion, supplementation of β-mannanase at 360 U/kg reduced the digesta viscosity and up to 600 U/kg positively affected intestinal health and growth of pigs by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress whilst enhancing structure and barrier function in the jejunum.
The increase in poultry production and the high cost of soybean led to the search for alternative protein sources. One of these sources is vinasse, a by‐product of the baker's yeast industry. Modified dried vinasse (MDV) can be produced for use in poultry nutrition by making some improvements in vinasse. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the effect of the usage of MDV in broiler diets. A total of 192 daily male Ross 308 chicks were randomly assigned to four groups. MDV was included at the levels of 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% in the diets for 42‐day trial. Linear significant improvements in the final weight, body weight gain, feed efficiency, and digestibility were seen with increasing MDV levels. The use of MDV caused a significant reduction in feed consumption. The relative weight percentages of abdominal fat and serum cholesterol concentration were reduced linearly with increases in MDV levels. MDV inclusion linearly decreased the malondialdehyde concentration, but increased 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity in breast meat significantly. The protein content in breast meat was increased with MDV. Cecal beneficial microorganisms and serum IgG levels were increased linearly with MDV. In conclusion, results suggested that MDV could be a feasible option for alternative protein sources for broilers.
The reduction of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in fattening pigs' diets is one possible approach to lower N and P excretion in livestock farming relative to N and P intake. Due to the implementation of the European Nitrates Directive and the consecutive amendments to the German fertiliser legislation since 2017, N- and P-reduced diets for fattening pigs are becoming more and more important and are increasingly used in practice. To investigate the effects of such diets on N and P balance and retention as well as on nutrient digestibility of contemporary fattening pigs, a balance experiment was performed with eight barrows (average live weight = 61.5 ± 2.1 kg) which were surgically fitted with a simple T-cannula at the terminal ileum. The pigs received a control diet meeting nutrient requirements (CON) and an N- and P-reduced diet (NPred) ad libitum (n = 4/diet) in a 3-phased feeding regimen (3 weeks/phase). In the last week of each phase, faeces and urine were collected quantitatively for 5 days followed by a 2 × 12 hours collection of ileal digesta. Daily feed intake, live weight gain and feed-to-gain ratio did not differ between CON and NPred. NPred-fed pigs consumed 10.5% (p = 0.006) and excreted 28.3% (p = 0.028) less N than CON-fed pigs. Phosphorus excretion was lowered by 15.1% in NPred-fed pigs (p = 0.012). N and P retention did not differ between CON and NPred, but were elevated in comparison to other studies. N and P efficiency, expressed as nutrient retention divided by nutrient intake, was higher in NPred - than CON-fed pigs (N: 68 vs 60%, P: 54.2 vs 49.3%). Apparent post-ileal digestibility coefficient (DCpost-ileal) and apparent total tract digestibility coefficient (DCtotal) of crude protein were higher in NPred - than CON-fed pigs (p < 0.013), but apparent precaecal digestibility coefficient (DCpc) of crude protein was unaffected by diet. DCpc, DCpost-ileal and DCtotal of P were similar for CON- and NPred-fed pigs. NPred-fed pigs showed an elevated DCpc and DCtotal of organic matter, N-free-extractives and starch compared to CON-fed pigs. DCpc of calcium was also higher in NPred-fed pigs. In conclusion, the results suggest that N- and P-reduced feeding of fattening pigs remains an effective strategy to lower the N and P release into the environment. Furthermore, results indicate that N- and P-reduced feeding leads to a higher N and P efficiency in contemporary fattening pigs.
RESUMEN El uso de subproductos agroindustriales con elevado contenido de almidón, como el afrecho de yuca, es una alternativa para mejorar la calidad de la dieta en ovinos. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el consumo, la digestibilidad de nutrientes y la conducta de ingestión de ovinos de pelo criollos colombiano que consumen ensilado de Pennisetum purpureum y diferentes niveles de afrecho de yuca. El experimento tuvo una duración de 112 d, divididos en cuatro periodos de 28 d. Los tratamientos consistieron en cuatro niveles de afrecho de yuca suministrados a ovejas que consumían ensilado de P. purpureum: un control donde se suministró ensilado a voluntad, y otros tres a los que adicionalmente se les ofertaron 100, 200 ó 300 g d-1 de afrecho de yuca. Se emplearon cuatro ovejas de pelo criollo colombiano que fueron asignadas a los tratamientos según un diseño experimental cuadrado latino 4x4x4. El afrecho de yuca afectó el consumo de materia seca, lignina, carbohidratos no fibrosos y materia orgánica (p<0.01); además, la digestibilidad de la materia orgánica (p=0.0443). No se presentó efecto de la inclusión de afrecho de yuca sobre la conducta de ingestión, glucosa en sangre y el peso vivo (p>0.05). Los resultados sugieren que la adición de afrecho de yuca hasta 300 g d-1 es una alternativa de alimentación para ovejas, ya que aumenta la ingestión de nutrientes, sin afectar la digestibilidad de la dieta, ni el hábito de consumo. ABSTRACT The use of agro-industrial by-products with a high starch content, such as cassava bran, is an alternative to improve the quality of the diet in sheep. The aim of this work was to determine consumption, digestibility of nutrients and ingestion behavior of Colombian woolless sheep that consume Pennisetum purpureum silage and different levels of cassava bran. The experiment lasted 112 d, divided into four periods of 28 d. The treatments consisted of four levels of cassava bran supplied to sheep that consumed P. purpureum silage: a control where silage was supplied ad libitum, and another three that were additionally offered 100, 200 or 300 g d-1 of cassava bran. Four Colombian Creole Hair ewes were assigned to the treatments according to a 4x4x4 latin square experimental design. Cassava bran affected the intake of dry matter, lignin, non-fibrous carbohydrates, and organic matter (p<0.01); in addition, the digestibility of organic matter (p=0.0443). There was no effect of the inclusion of cassava bran on eating behavior, blood glucose and live weight (p>0.05). These Original Como citar (Vancouver). Castaño-Jiménez G, Loaiza-Rios M. Ovinos OPC alimentados con ensilado de Pennisetum purpureum suplementados con afrecho de yuca. Rev Colombiana Cienc Anim. Recia. 2023; 15(2):e990. https://doi.org/10.24188/recia.v15.n2.2023.990 Rev Colombiana Cienc Anim. Recia. 2023 julio-diciembre; 15(2):e990
This study investigated the effect of processed forms (defatted or hydrolyzed) of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens L., BSFL) as a protein substitute on broilers. Experiment 1 was a feeding experiment, and Experiment 2 was a metabolism experiment. In Experiment 1, a total of 120 day-old Arbor Acres broilers (initial body weight 39.52 ± 0.24 g) were used for 28 days. There were 8 replicate pens, and 5 broilers were assigned to each pen. In Experiment 2, a total of 36 day-old broilers (initial body weight 39.49 ± 0.21 g) were used for the metabolism trial. There were 2 broilers in a metabolism cage and six replicate cages per treatment. The dietary treatments were as follows: a basal diet (CON), a basal diet without fishmeal and substitute with defatted BSFL (T1), a basal diet without fishmeal and a substitute with hydrolyzed BSFL (T2). In Experiment 1, during the entire experimental period, the T2 group significantly increased (p < 0.05) body weight gain and feed intake compared to the CON and T1 groups. The feed conversion ratio showed a lower tendency (p = 0.057) in the T2 group than in the CON and T1 groups. At 2 weeks, the CON and T2 groups were significantly higher (p < 0.05) crude protein (CP) digestibility than the T1 group. At 4 weeks, the total protein level significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the CON and T2 groups compared to the T1 group. In Experiment 2, the CP digestibility significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the T2 group compared to the CON and T1 group at weeks 2 and 4. At week 4 amino acid digestibility, the T2 group significantly increased (p < 0.05) lysine, methionine, tryptophan, and glycine digestibility compared to the T1 group. There was no difference in fecal microbiota among the treatment groups. In conclusion, feeding hydrolyzed BSFL as a fishmeal substitute in broiler diets improved growth performance, CP digestibility, and specific amino acid digestibility. Therefore, it is considered that hydrolyzed BSFL in broiler diets can be sufficiently used as a new protein source.
Four rumen-cannulated cows (Bos taurus × Bos indicus, 657 ± 92 kg body weight, BW) in a rotational grazing (Urochloa sp.) system were assigned to different canola oil (CO) inclusion levels, 0.0, 0.40, 0.80, and 1.2 g/kg according to shrunk body weight (SBW, BW adjusted for gastrointestinal filling) in a 4 × 4 Latin Square design to evaluate CO on the CH 4 emissions and dietary energy intake. CH 4 emissions were estimated using an infrared analyzer methodology (Sniffer method). Grass intake and fecal production were estimated using Cr 2 O 3 as an external marker. CO supplementation increased (linear effect, P ≤ 0.05) total dry matter and gross energy intake with a linear increase (P = 0.09) in neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake. While digestible energy (Mcal/kg) linearly increased with increasing CO supplementation level (linear effect, P < 0.05), total tract digestion of organic matter, NDF, and CP was comparable (P > 0.05) between levels. Maximal CO supplementation (1.2 g/kg SBW) significantly decreased total ruminal protozoa population, acetate:propionate ratio, and enteric methane production (g/kg DMI) by 9, 5.3, and 17.5%, respectively. This study showed that, for cows grazing tropical forages, CO can be supplemented up to 1.2 g/kg SBW (5.8% of the total diet) without negatively affecting intake and nutrient digestion while reducing ruminal fermentation efficiency and enteric methane emission (≤ 17.5%).
Alkanes occur naturally in all plants, although forage crops tend to have higher alkane contents than cereals. N-alkanes have odd-numbered carbon chains. They are ideal for use as markers in feed trials, because, they are inert, indigestible and naturally occurring, and can be recovered in animal faeces. Synthetic alkanes (even-numbered carbon chains) are available commercially and can also used as external markers. Dove and Mayes (1991) cite evidence indicating that faecal recovery of alkanes in ruminants increases with increasing carbon-chain length. Thus the alkane “pairs” (e.g. C35 & C36, and C32 & C33) are used in calculating intake and digestibility because they are long chain and adjacent to each other. However, recent work by Cuddeford and Mayes (unpublished) has found that in horses the faecal recovery rates are similar regardless of chain lengths.
Four rumen-cannulated cows ( Bos taurus × Bos indicus , 631 ± 88 BW) were assigned in a 4×4 Latin Square design to test the effects of different canola oil inclusion levels (CO; 0.0, 0.40, 0.80 and 1.2 g/kg shrunk body weight, SBW = BW×0.96) on the reduction of CH 4 emissions and the energy value of the diet based on Brachiaria sp. under rotational grazing supplemented with a fixed amount of concentrate. The CH 4 emission was analysed by an infrared analyser. Grass consumption and faecal production were estimated using Cr 2 O 3 as external marker. The CO supplementation increased (linear effect, P < 0.05) DM (16.6%), organic matter (OM, 18.0%) and gross energy intakes (26.3%) and decreased the total digestibility of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) by 26% (linear effect, P < 0.05); also increased digestible energy value (Mcal/kg) by 7.1%. In the rumen, the maximum oil inclusion level decreased the total protozoa population by 89%, the acetate: propionate ratio by 25% and the enteric methane production by 18.9%, all without negatively affecting any of the other variables of fermentation and digestion evaluated. It is concluded that canola oil at supplementation levels of up to 1.2 g CO/kg SBW (5.3% of the total diet) for cows grazing tropical forages supplemented with concentrates increases the total and energy consumption and the efficiency of ruminal fermentation, thereby reducing the emission of enteric methane by up to 18.9%.
A new procedure is described for precise estimation of molybdenum by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry using an airacetylene flame. Phosphoric acid was found to be effective in suppressing interference by Fe(III), Al, Sb(III), Ca, Mg, Pb and Mn(II).
An examination of the interferences of aluminium, bicarbonate, phosphate, sulphate and silicate in the flame photometric determination of calcium in ammonium chloride solutions has shown that, with the exception of bicarbonate, all cause serious interference. Addition of lanthanum to the solution can satisfactorily prevent each of these interferences Provided the lanthanum to aluminium ratio is at least 12.5 I by weight all interference from aluminium can be prevented The use of lanthanum chloride to prevent such interferences in the determination of calcium in ammonium chloride lcachates of soils is discussed and a simple flame photometric method for the determination of exchangeable calcium in soils is proposed.RésuméUne méthode simple, par photometric de flamme, est décrite pour le dosage du calcium dans les terres. L'emploi du chlorure de lanthane permet de rendre ce dosage plus sélectif.ZusammenfassungEs wird gezeigt, dass bei der flammenphotometnschen Bestimmung von Calcium, m Bodenproben starke Störungen verursacht werden durch gleichzeitig vorhandenes Aluminium, Phosphat, Sulfat und Silikat. Durch Zusatz von Lanthanchlorid lassen sich die Störungen weitgehend ausschalten.
Chromic oxide is widely used as a reference substance in nutrition investigations of domestic animals. An analytical method that is simple, specific, rapid, and requires only common laboratory equipment, may be used to determine chromic oxide in feeds and feces in the amounts commonly used in digestibility experiments with dairy cattle.
The construction of an atomic-absorption spectrophotometer is described and its performance is illustrated by results obtained in applying the instrument to the analysis of solutions. The sample is sprayed into a flame and the absorption by the latter of an atomic resonance line of the element to be estimated is measured, the apparatus being so arranged that the absorption measurement is independent of any radiation emitted by the flame. The results confirm that, in contrast with the emission method, the sensitivity of the absorption method is independent of the excitation potential of the spectral line used.
The strongest absorption lines above 2000 Å and the detection limits in a 12-cm air-acetylene flame have been determined for twenty-eight elements which are sufficiently dissociated into atoms to give measurable absorption.
The scope of a simple atomic absorption spectrophotometer in the determination of metal ions in solution is illustrated by the results obtained for thirty-six elements. Appropriate selection of the experimental conditions for each element has yielded lower limits of detection than those reported previously for the atomic absorption method. The use of second resonance lines permits the method to be extended to the determination of high concentrations.
A Multiplet Table of Astrophysical Interest, Pt. 1. Revised Ed. Princeton Observatory
- C E Moore