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A Taxonomic Revision of Acarospora, Subgenus Xanthothallia
... When the first author (K.K.) began his research on Central European Acarosporaceae at GZU he studied the collections of Poelt. He deeply appreciated Poelt's resistance to the lumping of species into metaspecies or conglomerations of interspecific taxa through the influence of Weber's conception of the environmental modification of species and the resulting loss of the knowledge of local lichen diversity (Weber 1962, 1968, Nimis & Poelt 1987, Knudsen 2004. ...
Three new species are described from Europe and North America: Sarcogyne adscendens (California, U.S.A.), S.
lecanorina (Czech Republic), and S. poeltii (Greece). Two sterile taxa with probably functionally infertile apothecia
were recovered in the Acarospora badiofusca-A. cervina clade, S. kisonii nom. prov. (Germany), and S. schultzii nom.
prov. (Austria). They could replicate by division and fragmentation and S. kisonii also produces conidia. We report
Sarcogyne canadensis new for Romania and Europe and Sarcogyne oceanica new for Germany. Acarospora glaucocarpa
var. cumulata is a synonym of S. praetermissa. Sequences of nine undescribed Sarcogyne taxa from North
America and one from Czech Republic, all known from single collections, are made available for future research.
... embers of the lichen family Acarosporaceae are widespread and abundant on rocks throughout North America (Knudsen 2007;Knudsen & Lendemer 2016;Knudsen & Standley 2007;Magnusson 1956;Root et al. 2011), especially in arid environments (Brodo et al. 2001;McCune 2015). Yet, despite their frequency on the landscape, taxonomy and systematics of the family Acarosporaceae have long been the subject of debate, particularly with respect to species delimitation (Knudsen et al. 2014;Leavitt et al. 2018;Weber 1968;Wedin et al. 2009). Molecular phylogenetic studies have shed new light on evolutionary relationships within the family (Crewe et al. 2006;Knudsen et al. 2010;Reeb et al. 2004Reeb et al. , 2007Westberg et al. 2011). ...
Sarcogyne similis is found to produce psoromic acid, a substance previously known from only one other species in the family Acarosporaceae. Study of more than one hundred specimens from throughout the range of S. similis confirms the species is widely distributed from Nova Scotia, Canada, south throughout much of the eastern United States, and westward through the Sonoran Desert to southern California, where it occurs on non-calcareous rocks, especially sandstone. The recently proposed synonymy with S. reebiae is confirmed. Sarcogyne similis f. convexa is lectotypified with material that contains psoromic acid. The type of S. californica, currently treated as a synonym of S. similis, does not produce psoromic acid and may belong to a separate taxon. The distribution of S. dakotensis, which produces norstictic acid, appears to be nearly allopatric with S. similis.
... A. Massal. based on the principal of environmental modification of two super species (Weber, 1968). Only recently a modern conserved type of A. fuscata was designated, and a detailed description of this material was made as well as nrITS and mtSSU sequences were published (Arcadia et al., 2015;Knudsen et al., 2019b). ...
The article presents the results of a revision of herbarium specimens of gyrophoric acid containing Acarospora species in Belarus. Two species were recorded, A. fuscata and A. umbilicata. Morphological and anatomical characters, ecology and distribution of both species are discussed. Our revision sufficiently extended the knowledge about range of Acarospora umbilicata in Eastern Europe. For this species, two genes, nrITS and mtSSU, were generated and available through GenBank for further phylogenetic research. Based on a list of 1081 species and infraspecific names we estimated the genus Acarospora is currently represented by 307 taxa.
... A. Massal. based on the principal of environmental modification of two super species (Weber, 1968). Only recently a modern conserved type of A. fuscata was designated, and a detailed description of this material was made as well as nrITS and mtSSU sequences were published (Arcadia et al., 2015;Knudsen et al., 2019b). ...
The article presents the results of a revision of herbarium specimens of gyrophoric acid containing Acarospora species in Belarus. Two species were recorded, A. fuscata and A. umbilicata. Morphological and anatomical characters, ecology and distribution of both species are discussed. Our revision sufficiently extended the knowledge about range of Acarospora umbilicata in Eastern Europe. For this species, two genes, nrITS and mtSSU, were generated and available through GenBank for further phylogenetic research. Based on a list of 1081 species and infraspecific names we estimated the genus Acarospora is currently represented by 307 taxa.
... Environmental modifications have been over-emphasized by some authors (e.g. Weber 1968, Clauzade & Roux 1981, leading to lumping and underestimating diversity. While some species are especially polymorphic (such as A. fuscata and A. glaucocarpa), phylogenetic analysis has generally vindicated the detailed morphological and anatomical analyses pioneered by Magnusson (Knudsen et al. 2020). ...
... Acarospora A. Massal. CAUZADE & ROUX (1981); MAGNUSSON (1924;1929;1936;1937;1956); POELT & STEINER (1971); WEBER (1968) Acarospora schleicheri (Ach.) A. Massal. ...
The study of the lichenized mycobiota of the Pla dels Alchups (La Pobla de Vallbona, Valencia, E of Spain), carried out in 2000, allowed the elaboration of a catalogue of 43 taxa in 28 genera. Among the quoted species, 10 taxa were newly reported for the Valencian Community; 8 other species had only been previously cited once. The study was financed by the aid program of the Generalitat Valenciana for the drafting of recovery and management plans for threatened flora and fauna species.
... Jatta. Given the phenotypic plasticity of Acarospora species in response to their environment (Weber 1968) and non-intuitive patterns in character evolution in the family (Westberg et al. 2015), we used an integrative taxonomic approach (Yeates et al. 2011) to investigate the placement of some recently collected specimens within Acarospora. Our results reveal patterns of apparent convergence of some morphologies traditionally considered a single taxon, coupled with a striking range of morphological disparity within other lineages. ...
A broad range of morphological variation is known to occur within the lichen-forming fungal genus Acarospora (Acarosporaceae, Ascomycota). In this study, we investigated the relationships of a number of interesting Acarospora collections from western North America using morphological, chemical and molecular sequence data. Our results revealed patterns of apparent convergence of some morphologies traditionally considered a single taxon, coupled with a striking range of morphological disparity within other lineages. Based on the results of this study, a species of lichen-forming fungi, Acarospora tintickiana sp. nov., is formally described as new to science, occurring on hard limestone substrates in the Great Basin of western North America. Furthermore, a number of additional candidate species are recognized and merit additional research before formal taxonomic recognition. This study highlights the importance of implementing an integrative taxonomic approach, incorporating a broad range of data, including molecular sequence data, for diagnosing evolutionarily independent species-level lineages in lichen-forming fungi. © 2018 the American Bryological and Lichenological Society, Inc.
... The last taxonomist to succumb to using a broad heterogeneous species hypothesis was Weber who circumscribed all of the yellow species of the world synonyms of A. schleicheri (Ach.) A.Massal., an obligate terricolous lichen and the type of the genus (Weber, 1968). All three of these names can be found on herbarium specimens of yellow Acarospora from South and North America. ...
Acarospora rhabarbarina Hue, published as a replacement name for the later homonym Lecanora bella Nyl., is an illegitimate superfluous name because Nylander had previously published his own replacement name, L. xanthophana (≡ A. xanthophana (Nyl.) Jatta). Furthermore, Hue, Magnusson and other later authors misapplied the name A. xanthophana to a common South American taxon, which is described here as A. congregata, the epithet referring to the usual arrangement of the apothecia in groups in large areoles. Lecanora ochrophana Nyl., a synonym of A. xanthophana, is lectotypified. The question of conservation of names, including an explanation as to why it is not proposed in this case, is discussed.
... To his credit he had an understanding of the environmental factors influencing lichen phenotypes. In his major publication, "A taxonomic revision of Acarospora, subgenus Xanthothallia" (Weber, 1968), he attributed all diversity in the genus primarily to environmental modification. Applying this principle to Acarospora subgenus Xanthothallia he reduced 64 species of yellow Acarospora into synonymy with A. scheicheri A. Massalongo. ...
1 ABSTRACT. - The current state of Acarospora studies is discussed. Acarospora hassei Herre and Acarospora particularis H. Magnusson are placed in synonymy with Acarospora smaragdula var. lesdainii (Harmand in A.L. Smith) H. Magnusson. A lectotype is selected for A. hassei Herre.
... (1) In the 1930s, populational thinking was not yet a widespread philosophical approach among lichenologists. Magnusson (Weber 1968) and Motyka were the most typical examples of taxonomists that have adopted a strong typological view of species (seeFig. 1 and discussion above). In a letter to E. Frey dated 25 i 1949, Motyka wrote the following sentences: ' Vous n'avez pas dans votre herbier que peu de formes typiques. ...
Practically most of the taxonomists working on vascular plants and fungi are using the so-called taxonomic species concept, relying largely on morphological criteria or other observable patterns of discontinuity and assuming that these patterns are reflecting the underlying genetic integrity of species. Such a concept is described in detail here for the genus Usnea. The typologicalview versus the populational view of species are discussed. The diagnostic value of characters used by previous and recent taxonomists of the genus is analysed. The fact that Usnea has such a bad taxonomic reputation is discussed. The use by J. Motyka, author of the world monograph published in the thirties, of characters that are strongly modified by environmental factors together with a typological view of species are thought to be mainly responsible for this. More than 770 names have been published worldwide so far and it is suggested that around 50% are to be considered as synonyms.
... Under the extreme environmental conditions of Antarctica morphological characteristics of lichens may vary considerably (Weber 1968 ). Such variability has led to a plethora of species being described, many from a single collection, by Dodge and his co-workers. ...
Sarcogyne angulosa C. W. Dodge & G. E. Baker, described as an endemic from continental Antarctic localities, is reduced to synonymy with S. privigna (Ach.) A. Massal., a species known from Europe, North America, North Africa and Saudi Arabia, and now Antarctica. The relationship to Polysporina simplex (Davies) Vězda is discussed. It is suggested that the name Sarcogyne grisea Dodge, also described as an Antarctic endemic, should be abandoned. Sarcogyne medusula Dodge is transferred to Lecidea [Lecidea medusula (C. W. Dodge) Hertel comb, nov.], a Maritime- and Subantarctic species.
entwickelt sich, wie schon ein kurzer Blick auf die Literatur lehrt; geradezu explosionsartig; sie läßt alle anderen Teilbereiche weit zurück und sei, gerade weil sie stets im engen Kontakt mit der Systematik betrieben wird, zuerst behandelt.
This chapter discusses the substrate factors, specificity, preferences, and their causes and implications with regard to ecology, distribution, and taxonomy of lichens. The substrate's moisture capacity, mineral content, pH, metabolite production, physical texture, and stability are all important as potential limiting factors. The acidity or alkalinity of the substrate can act on lichen thallus in numerous ways. Various minerals and organic substances are in different chemical states under different pH regimes, some substances are toxic under acidic conditions and harmless when deacidified. Lichens growing on sand dunes show distinct correlations with soil pH level. Under experimental conditions, it has been shown that wet lichens are killed between 35°– 46°C, although some seem to be able to survive at temperatures over 70°C when they are dry. The effect of terricolous lichens on the chemistry of the soil can be either detrimental or beneficial to soil fertility. Some lichens are narrowly substrate specific, that is, confined to one or two tree species or a particular rock type, and others are found not only on trees of different kinds but also sometimes on wood, soil, or rock. Lichens often shift between neutral-barked trees and calcareous rock or the shells of molluscs or bone substrates sharing various characters, such as high calcium content and high pH regime. Epiphytic lichens may conceivably harm their phorophyte by blocking lenticels or harboring harmful insects, but this has never been proven to be a widespread or serious effect.
This chapter illustrates the physiological and morphological responses of lichens to extreme environmental stresses, which include drought and desiccation, wetness, temperature, humidity, visible or ionizing radiation, gamma irradiation, radioactive materials, and mechanical influences. The drought resistance of lichen is directly correlated to the intensity of desiccation (relative humidity) and to the length of the desiccation period. The stimulation of respiration after desiccation stress causes considerable loss of carbohydrates. Photosynthesis increases spontaneously with water vapor intake at a relative humidity below 100%. Further, the desiccation resistance varies according to species. The comparative analyses of resistance to submersion shown by terrestrial and aquatic lichens clearly demonstrate the ecological importance of the moisture regime for the distribution of lichens. The life of lichen is characterized by rapid changes between active and inactive states. These changes can be optimally profitable if they allow for sufficient time (continuation) and intensity of metabolism, thus, producing biomass. Their resistance allows lichens to persist under environmental stress either in the active state (plasmatic tolerance) or by diminishing the stress in the anabiotic, desiccated state, which is made possible by their poikilohydric nature (constitutional resistance). Lichen can respond to adverse conditions by morphological adjustments, by pigmentation of the thallus, and by changes in the symbiotic state. Erratic lichens in deserts and steppes indicate the ability to be translocated to more favorable environments.
A review of the North American taxa within the Ionaspis-Hymenelia complex and a cladistic analysis of morphological-anatomical data and enzyme electrophoresis data have revealed delimitations at the generic level that differ from those currently in use. For the first time, Ionaspis is defined here on characters other than the nature of the photobiont; it now encompasses the suaveolens group (including the type species of Ionaspis, I. chrysophana), the odora group, the lacustris group, and the alba group. Under this new classification, Hymenelia includes the epulotica group (which includes the type species of Hymenelia, H. prevostii), the haematina group, and the melanocarpa group. The status of Aspicilia was not changed in this study, because of the lack of appropriate data; therefore, it is still classified within the Hymeneliaceae. The genus Eiglera and the monotypic family Eigleraceae were established previously only on the basis of the presence of an amyloid ascus tip structure and shape of paraphyses. Eiglera is subsumed here as part of the Hymeneliaceae because both morphology and allozyme data strongly support a close phylogenetic relationship with Hymenelia. This result also questions the principle that families and genera of Ascomycotina must contain elements having the same ascus type. A new method for coding continuous characters is described and applied to the anatomical and morphological data to help solve the phylogenetic relationships within the Ionaspis-Hymenelia complex.
A further evaluation of recent collections, many made by Iranian
researchers, of herbarium material, mainly in Turku, Helsinki and London,
and of the literature, has revealed many additions to our knowledge
of the lichen flora of Iran. To date, 645 taxa (590 lichens and 55 lichenicolous
and allied fungi) have been recorded from Iran, 242 of which are
additional to the 2004 checklist. New combinations for Aspicilia persica and
A. straussii are proposed and the species lectotypified.
. This paper presents new records of 180 lichen species from Bolivia; 103 are new national records. Three species, Bryonora curvescens (Mudd) Poelt (also from Ecuador), Lepraria elobata Tønsberg and Pyrenula laetior Müll. Arg., are reported for the first time from the Southern Hemisphere, and five, Bathelium aff. sphaericum (C. W. Dodge) R. C. Harris, Lepraria jackii Tønsberg, Psiloparmelia arhizinosa Hale, Szczawinskia tsugae A. Funk and Trinathotrema lumbricoides (Sipman) Sipman & Aptroot, are new to South America. To complement the rather poorly recognized distribution of some species, five of the taxa reported here are also new to Ecuador. Notes on distribution and chemistry are provided for most species, and some, especially those belonging to taxonomically critical groups, are discussed in greater detail.
كتاب حاضر بخشي از دستاورد اجراي طرح تحقيقاتي «جمعآوري و شناسايي گلسنگهاي ايران» است كه طي 5 سال (از 1383 تا 1387) در بخش تحقيقات گياهشناسي مؤسسه تحقيقات جنگلها و مراتع كشور اجرا گرديده است و بهعنوان اولين كتاب فارسي در زمينه شناسايي و ردهبندي گلسنگهاي ايران به تمامي علاقهمندان دانش گلسنگشناسي در كشور تقديم ميگردد.
در اين كتاب نخست فهرست جنسها و گونههاي گلسنگهاي كشور (برگرفته از چكليست گلسنگهاي ايران، Seaward et al., 2004 & 2008)، بهعلاوه 35 گونه افزوده شده به آن آمده كه داراي نظم الفبايي است، سپس كليد شناسايي جنسها و گونههاي موجود در كشور ارائه شده و آنگاه شرح تعدادي از جنسها و گونهها كه آنها نيز به صورت الفبايي مرتب شدهاند، آمده است. به منظور آشنايي بيشتر با گونهها و ايجاد سهولت بيشتر در شناسايي نمونهها، عكس تعدادي از گونهها نيز در آخر كتاب ارائه شده است. بدين ترتيب كليد شناسايي اين كتاب ترجمه كليد شناسايي ارائه شده براي گلسنگهاي ايران (Sipman, H., 2003 ) ميباشد كه با مجوز نگارنده آن به فارسي برگردانده شده، البته اين كليد همه جنسها و گونههاي موجود در كشور را پوشش نميدهد و بهعلاوه در آن به چند جنس اشاره شده است كه احتمال وجود آنها در فلور كشور مشكوك است.
از آنجا كه اين اثر اولين كتاب منتشر شده در زمينه شناسايي گلسنگهاي ايران است، در شرح جنسها و گونهها سعي شده است تا در حد امكان از بهكارگيري كلمات و اصطلاحات پيچيده يا نامفهوم خودداري گردد و شرحها به زبان ساده و با استفاده از اصطلاحات گويا نگاشته شوند. به اين منظور برخي از اصطلاحات با تلفظ اصلي و تنها با حروف فارسي بهكاررفتهاند، به طوريکه براي گروهي از اصطلاحات معادل فارسي در نظر گرفته شده و دستهاي ديگر با توضيحي كوتاه جايگزين شدهاند كه فهرست اين اصطلاحات در پايان كتاب آمده است. بنابراين در نگارش هر شرح ضمن بهرهگيري از شرحهاي موجود در منابع معتبر گلسنگشناسي، از اطلاعات با ارزش ميداني مانند اندازه گياه، نوع و رنگ تال آن و همچنين نوع بسترهاي رويش هر گونه در طبيعت هم استفاده شده است. يادآوري ميگردد كه پس از شرح هر جنس، شرح گونه يا گونههاي مربوطه نيز آمده است و در موارديكه امكان ارائه شرح يك تاكسون (جنس يا گونه) وجود نداشته، تنها به ذكر نام آن بسنده شده است. درعينحال، به منظور جلوگيري از حجيم شدن کتاب، از ارائه اطلاعات جغرافيايي مربوط به نمونههاي هرباريومي صرفنظر شده است. همه عكسهاي ارايه شده در اين كتاب از طبيعت تهيه شدهاند و نمايانگر ريخت طبيعي گونهها در زيستگاه اصلي آنها ميباشند. ذكر اين مطلب بسيار ضروريست كه اين عكسها تنها براي كمك به شناسايي گلسنگها به هنگام استفاده از شرحها در اختيار خواننده قرار گرفته است و جز در برخي موارد نادر، شناسايي گونهها با استفاده از آنها به تنهايي، غيرممكن است و بالاخره در پايان كتاب يك كتابنامه جهت بهرهمندي بيشتر علاقهمندان و امكان دستيابي آنها به اطلاعات علمي بيشتر ارائه گرديده است.
Lichens on soils in Australia have been neglected until recently. This paper describes a study area of nearly 1 million km2 in south-eastern Australia, and the methods used to determine the lichens found on the soil surfaces in that area. In all, 343 locations were examined, 227 of which had soil surface lichens. From the range of lichens encountered a total of 42 taxa were delimited, and in 36 cases ascribed to previously described species or complexes; the remaining six were either undescribed, or depauperate forms which could not be placed. The world phytogeographic implications of this study are discussed.
The paper enumerates the occurrence of seven crustose species of lichens from Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica.
In der Arbeit wird über sieben Krustenflechten-Arten aus der Schirmacher Oase, Ostantarktis, berichtet.
Pleopsidium discurrens (Zahlbr.) Obermayer comb, nova, hitherto known only from the type and paratype localities in NW Yunnan and SW Sichuan, has been discovered in SE Tibet. Morphological characters which separate it from other taxa of Pleopsidium Koerber emend. Hafellner, TLC data and ecological notes are provided. A lectotype of Acarospora discurrens Zahlbr. is selected.
A first checklist of lichens and lichenicolous fungi of Rio Grande do Sul is presented, based on literature. Currently 912 species are recorded to this southern Brazilian State.
The Kar Plateau, southern Victoria Land, Antarctica, is an ice-free area of about 4 km, at 600 m altitude, and covered with a frost-shattered felsenmeer. Mosses occur sporadically at low density on debris islands (one species) and in sheltered rock crevices (four species). Lichens (22 species) also occur throughout but with one area (0.1 km) of exceptional richness. The plateau is a floristically rich locality for the latitude (near 77°S). The new combination Rhizoplaca priestleyi (Dodge) Seppelt is made to accommodate Omphalodina priestleyi (Dodge) Dodge following earlier transfer of Omphalodina to Rhizoplaca. Phytogeography of the species in Antarctica is briefly discussed.
Acarospora nicolai is revised and a lectotype designated. Acarospora caesiofusca is made a synonym of A. nicolai and a lectotype is designated. Acarospora nicolai is a pruinose brown crustose species containing gyrophoric acid and occurs in Mexico (Puebla) and the United States (Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas) on sandstone.
UPS, vidi) = A. schleicheri mod. saxicola contigua parva tenuis. 'A. subcontigua resembles A. chrysops and is certainly nearly related. But it is distinguished by the contiguous, smaller and thinner areolae of uniform colour and the rare and very small apothecia
- A Magnusson
A. subcontigua Magnusson Type: Mexico, Puebla, Brouard (UPS, vidi) = A. schleicheri mod. saxicola contigua parva tenuis. 'A. subcontigua resembles A. chrysops and is certainly nearly related. But it is distinguished by the contiguous, smaller and thinner areolae of uniform colour and the rare and very small apothecia' (Magnusson, 1929, p. 64).
invadens Magnusson Type: not designated, specimens listed from Kansas, Texas and Mexico=A schleicheri mod
- A Subcontigua
A. subcontigua var. invadens Magnusson Type: not designated, specimens listed from Kansas, Texas and Mexico=A schleicheri mod. epithallina parva tenuis.
COLO, vidi) =A. chlorophana mod. plana brevilobata. Magnusson separated this from other effigurate species by the numerous 'punctiform' apothecia in each areole and by the sub-globose spores
- A Arnold
A. sulphurata Arnold Type: Tyrol, Arn. Exsic. 885 (isotype, COLO, vidi) =A. chlorophana mod. plana brevilobata. Magnusson separated this from other effigurate species by the numerous 'punctiform' apothecia in each areole and by the sub-globose spores.
1871) Lichenographia Scandinavica. Pars prima. Upsala. Hooker, W. J. (1846) Species Filicum. London. Lamb, I. M. (1948) New, rare, or interesting lichens from the Southern Hemisphere
- T M Fries
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A monograph of the Scandinavian species of the genus Acarospora. Goteborgs K. Vetensk.-o
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A monograph of the genus Acarospora. K. svenska Vetensk-Akad
- A H Magnusson
Magnusson, A. H. (1929) A monograph of the genus Acarospora. K. svenska Vetensk-Akad.
Supplement to the monograph of the genus Acarospora
- A H Magnusson
Magnusson, A. H. (1933) Supplement to the monograph of the genus Acarospora. Annls Cryptog. exot. 6: 13-48.
Additional notes on Acarosporaceae. Acta Horti gothoburg
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Magnusson, A. H. (1937) Additional notes on Acarosporaceae. Acta Horti gothoburg. 12: 87-103.
Some lichens from Argentina. Acta Horti gothoburg
- A H Magnusson
Magnusson, A. H. (1947) Some lichens from Argentina. Acta Horti gothoburg. 17: 59-75.
A second supplement to the monograph of Acarospora, with keys
- A H Magnusson
Magnusson, A. H. (1956) A second supplement to the monograph of Acarospora, with keys. Goteborgs K. Vetensk.-o. Vitterh. Samb. Handl. 6th Foljden, Ser. B, 6 (17): 1-34.
Contributions to the lichen flora of South America
- R Santesson
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Environmental modification and the taxonomy of the crustose lichens. Svensk bot
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