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Activation de bourgeons latents et utilisation de fragments de tige du bananier pour la propagation en masse de plants en conditions horticoles in vivo
Abstract
Introduction. In vitro multiplication techniques are not adapted to banana growers. Moreover, the use of in vivo seedbed techniques makes it possible to increase the rate of banana multiplication in the field, but it presents the risk of multiplying contaminated materials and losing many buds present on the mother plant. To mitigate these problems, the CARBAP (Cameroon) have developed a new technique for in vivo mass multiplication, the technique of the “seedlings resulting from stem fragments” (PIF), which allows the activation of latent buds and the quick production of large quantities of healthy plantation materials in soil-less culture conditions. Materials and methods. Activation of latent buds was tested during a first experiment. Explants provided with only one bud were taken from banana shoots of three plantain (AAB) varieties and a banana (AAA) variety, then they were cultured in a germinator. A second experiment tested banana proliferation capacities. Explants with several buds, obtained from small suckers of `Grande Naine' (AAA) and from four plantain (AAB) cultivars, were taken, then incised across before being put in a germinator. The time necessary for the appearance of the first shoots, rate of bud burstings, number of formed and separated shoots, and time for the shoot formation until the seedling isolation were measured. Results. At the end of the first experiment, buds recovered 80 d after the explant culture were (4 to 15) times as numerous as the number of mother plants used. However, this number varied with the variety, the physiological stage and the initial quality of the material. It was the same for the response time, ranging between (3 and 4) weeks, and for the rate of bud burstings. At the end of the second experiment, the average proliferation rates were (10 to 20) shoots per explant, obtained in (30 to 40) d with (60 to 70)% of plantain explants. During the same period, a maximum of 25 shoots per explant was observed with `Bâtard' while `French Clair' could produce between (28 and 36) shoots per explant in 13% of the cases. Conclusion. The PIF technique allows the in vivo induction of an active bud proliferation on banana stem fragments under particular conditions of temperature and hygrometry and without hormone addition. It is easily usable by growers.
... cv. Grande Naine was used in the trial and the planting material was obtained by in vivo macropropagation using the method described by [24]. Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L) Lam cv TiB1) tubers and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L. cv A26) seeds were provided by the National Institute of Agronomic Research for Development (IRAD), Njombe. ...
... The inoculum multiplication was performed on banana cv. Grande Naine plants obtained from in vivo macropropagation [24]. The plants were transplanted to pots containing 3 kg of sterile (2x1hour at 121°C) sand/coffee ash (proportion 1:2 v/v) substrate after one month of acclimatization. ...
... The root necrosis index (RNI) was assessed using five randomly selected functional primary roots from each sample as described by [24]. Nematode extraction was done by the maceration and sieving method [25] of 50 g subsample. ...
Aims: To investigate the combined effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and intercropping on the control of the nematode Radopholus similis in banana. Study Design: The study involved an experiment in which banana-banana monocrops alongside banana-groundnut and banana-sweet potato intercrops were inoculated with AMF Rhizophagus irregularis MUCL 41833 to control the nematode R. similis. Place and Duration of Study: Centre Africain de Recherches sur les Bananiers et Plantains (CARBAP), from September 2016 to April 2017. Methodology: An experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions (photoperiod 12 h. average temperature 24-28°C and 70-80% relative humidity) and R. irregularis were tested Original Research Article Mandou et al.; Int. 137 against R. similis with banana intercropped with either groundnut, sweet potato or banana itself. The plants were cultivated in boxes (30 x 15 x 10 cm) containing sterilized (2x1hour at 121°C) sand/coffee ash substrate (proportion 1:2 v/v), as an intercropping system with the following plant combinations: Banana-banana, banana-groundnut and banana-sweet potato. The experimental setup was a completely randomized design comprising four treatments and six replicates: (1): Nematode (Nem), (2) AMF, (3) AMF + Nema and (4) control without nematode and without AMF. The ratio of banana: intercrop was 1:1 in the intercropping treatments. A total of 72 boxes was considered in the experimental setup. Results: AMF root colonization of banana was clearly affected by intercropping with about 25% increment observed in banana co-cultivated with groundnut or sweet potato compared to banana-banana combination. Positive effects of AMF expressed as an increase in banana biomass compared to the control treatment was observed in root fresh as well as shoot dry weights. However, the impact of AMF colonization in intercropping systems on R. similis did not confirm its bioprotective effect. Intercropping had a significant (P < .05) effect on R. similis and sweet potato has been shown to be more effective in controlling R. similis with 62% reduction compared to groundnut (24% reduction). Contrarily, banana plant growth decreased in the banana / sweet potato combination. Conclusion: Findings in this study indicate that R. similis biological control in the banana intercropping system is more dependent on the intercrop species than on AMF.
... After rigorous selection of these suckers, they were soaked in a disinfectant solution with ash plus water, for 20 minutes in order to eliminate fungi and residual bacteria, so as to obtain healthy fragments (Kwa, 2003). ...
... This may be attributed to the quality of the substrate. Compared to the results of Kwa (2003), which revealed that the latency time of the different cultivars tested varies from 21 to 28 days on white sawdust, the results of the present study revealed a shorter latency time for the white sawdust substrate and more efficient for coconut peat + sand and white sawdust + cassava effluent. The longest latency times were observed with the Planta and Gunkoékoé cultivars (Table 4). ...
... Plants in white sawdust, on the other hand, produced three to five leaves per plant. The result obtained for white sawdust corroborates with those of Kwa (2003), where by the suckers produced three and five leaves per plant. The results obtained in the present study differed from the work of Kwa (2003) with regard to coconut peat + sand and white sawdust + cassava effluent, possibly due to the porosity and good water holding capacity of these two substrates which supplied seedlings properly with water and nutrients, especially nitrogen, which is capable of stimulating leaf growth (Nyembo et al., 2012). ...
Production of vivoplants of banana and plantain is an important step in the use in the field of healthy planting material, free of bacterial or viral infection. The objective of this study was to assess the recovery and the subsequent seedlings growth from banana fragments to different substrates for rapid multiplication of banana suckers in Benin. An experiment was set up following a two-factor split plot arrangement with three repetitions. The first factor was the substrate at three levels (White sawdust, Coconut peat + sand and White sawdust + cassava effluent); and the second was the cultivar free from bacterial and viral infections, with four levels (Aloga, Planta, Sotoumon and Gunkoékoé), totally 12 treatments. From the results, the appearance of the buds depended on the nature of the substrate and the type of cultivar. Coco peat + sand and sawdust + cassava effluent were significantly different (P<0.001) in influencing the number of leaves and roots, leaf area, plant height, diameter at the collar of the seedlings and the number of young seedlings per banana explant. The highest number of leaves and roots, and young seedlings; and greatest plant height and diameter were obtained with coco peat + sand and white sawdust + cassava effluent, at the collar of the seedlings. From this study, it is clear that coconut peat + sand is the best substrate for the rapid multiplication of banana plantlets from the fragments method.
... Therefore, several clonal propagation techniques have been developed to overcome the inadequate sucker production in plantain [13]- [16]. An innovative micropropagation technique for raising plantlets is tissue culture [17]- [20]; however, this procedure requires high initial investment costs for specialised laboratories. ...
... An innovative micropropagation technique for raising plantlets is tissue culture [17]- [20]; however, this procedure requires high initial investment costs for specialised laboratories. In contrast, a macropropagation technique that is now commonly employed by many smallholder plantain and banana farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa is the Plants Issus de Fragments de tige (PIF) treatment [13], [16], [21] that destroys the apical meristem with a crosswise incision and leads to robust and healthy plantlets at the nursery stage [5]. This is especially the case, when pest (e.g. ...
... Journal of Horticulture and Plant Research Vol.13 ...
The growth and yield performance of macropropagated plantlets of the False Horn plantain cultivar ‘Apantu’ was evaluated due to the lack of reliable data on the effectiveness of that planting material under typical farming conditions in West Africa, Ghana. Corms were either mechanically treated by the Plants Issus de Fragments de tige (PIF) technique to destroy the apical meristem or remained intact as untreated controls. Subsequently, PIF-treated corms were vacuum infiltrated with either natural or synthetic plant hormone solutions. Emerging plantlets were harvested, acclimatized for three months and planted in a freshly prepared field. Vegetative growth characteristics of each mother (main) plant were taken at 6 and 9 months after planting and for the main and first sucker crop along with yield parameters at harvest, respectively. The results indicated that treatment induced growth differences at 6 and 9 months after planting and were no longer significant at harvest. Consequently, final growth performance was quite homogenous across all treatments for the main and sucker crop, respectively. In contrast, fruit yield parameters of the main and sucker crops were to some extent affected by treatment; however, hormone infiltration tended to have little additional effect over the PIF-treatment. Nevertheless, treating corms with hormonal solutions enhanced the production of rooted plantlets at the nursery stage and ensured improved field performance.
... La multiplication rapide de plantules de bananier par la technique de PIF est une des méthodes capables de mettre à la disposition des producteurs, des rejets dont l'âge est presqu'identique. En effet, les travaux de Kwa (1998aKwa ( , 2003, ont montré que même de très petits bourgeons ayant une aréole de 1 à 2 mm de diamètre, peuvent déjà contenir 2 à 5 écailles et/ou ébauches foliaires avec un méristème bien individualisé capables de donner des rejets. Toutefois, les inhibitions par le pied mère limitent très souvent l'évolution de ces bourgeons qui restent soit en état de développement très ralenti, soit alors complètement bloqués dans leur croissance (Kone et al., 2016). ...
... Les résultats sur le nombre de plantules montrent que tous les explants de bananier utilisé ont un bon potentiel de prolifération de plantules en conditions semi-contrôlées (propagateurs). Cependant, cette production est fortement dépendante de la taille des rejets et plus particulièrement du type de substrat utilisé dans les propagateurs (Kwa, 2003). ...
... Des observations similaires ont été rapportées par (Tenkouano et al. (2006); Lepoint et al. (2011) et Kone et al. (2016. Ces résultats sont conforment avec les observations faites par Kwa (2003), qui a montré qu'au-delà de 2 à 3 mois d'ensemencement, les explants ayant un faible poids/dimension commencent à dégénérer et toutes les nouvelles proliférations sont entravées lorsque les éléments nutritifs sont rapidement épuisés. Cependant, le nombre de plants obtenus par explant (47 plantules) est inférieur à celui obtenu par Kwa (2003) qui avait compté environ 70 plantules. ...
Description of the subject. A study on the production of banana seedlings by macropropagation was carried out under semi-controlled conditions, from August 10 to December 25, 2015, at the Experimental Garden of the Department of Plant Science of the University of Kinshasa.
Objectives. The overall objective of this study is to contribute to the improvement of the production of banana seedlings. Specifically, the study aims to evaluate the influence of explant size on the substantial production of plantain releases under semi-controlled conditions.
Methods. The experimental design adopted was the completely randomized design with three replicates and four treatments: T1: Explants 5 to 10 cm in diameter (300 to 900 g); T2: Explants 11 to 15 cm in diameter (1 to 1.5 kg); T3: Explants 16 to 20 cm in diameter (1.6 to 2 kg); T4: Explants 21 to 25 cm in diameter (2,1 to 4 kg). The data obtained was analyzed with Excel (version 2010) and Statistix (version 8.0) software.
Results. The results obtained showed that explants with a diametral dimension of 11 to 15 cm (1 to 1.5 kg) produced a high number of banana seedlings (13 per explant), compared to explants of other dimensions.
Conclusion. However, further studies are needed to determine the cost of different plant stem plant (PIF) production operations from plantain explants.
... To overcome this constraint, CARBAP (Centre Africain de Recherches sur Bananiers et Plantains / African Center for Banana and Plantain Research) researchers have developed th e technique of PIF (Plants derived from stem fragments) to obtain vivoplants of plantain. This plant material is apparently free from nematodes and weevil larvae [13]; [21]. With PIF technique, it is possible to obtain between 10 and 100 plants depending on the variety of plantain and the size of the suckers [12]; [16]; [9]. ...
... An investigation conducted by [23] indicates that farmers provide very little care for plantain and their knowledge of pests is limited. The work of [13] and [9] indicate that the physiological state of suckers can influence productivity. [13] found that low production rates of "Kelong mekuitou" and "French clair" cultivars are attributed to a defective starting material condition (suckers attacks by weevils), which would have limited their physiological potential. ...
... The work of [13] and [9] indicate that the physiological state of suckers can influence productivity. [13] found that low production rates of "Kelong mekuitou" and "French clair" cultivars are attributed to a defective starting material condition (suckers attacks by weevils), which would have limited their physiological potential. As for [9], they have shown that the size and physiological state of suckers (under the influence of apical dominance and / or dehydrated for a certain time) strongly influence the number of vivoplants produced. ...
... The fact is that the spread of pineapple is by rejection and has drawbacks including: slow (the number of rejections per plant being limited), the heterogeneity of propagation material and finally the weight and volume of the material propagation; which consequently makes it expensive to transport. Propagation material is heavy and bulky, so transport is expensive [2]. ...
... PIF (Plants from Stem Fragments) was used in the experiment. Indeed this technique was developed by Kwa in 2003 in Cameroon and has as a basic principle the lifting of apical dominance; by the destruction of the apical meristem [2]. The preparation of the recovered crowns began with the trimming by removing the rest of the fruit at the base of each crown using knives. ...
... PIF (Plants from Stem Fragments) was used in the experiment. Indeed this technique was developed by Kwa in 2003 in Cameroon and has as a basic principle the lifting of apical dominance; by the destruction of the apical meristem [2]. The preparation of the recovered crowns began with the trimming by removing the rest of the fruit at the base of each crown using knives. ...
Pineapple is a fruit consumed in Togo. Two varieties: Brazza and Smooth Cayenne are grown in the south of the country in the Plateaux and Maritime regions; the fruits are exported to the big cities of which Lome the capital. The finding is that crowns are rejected when there is a shortage of planting material. This study has as a general objective the contribution to the production of pineapple in Togo and more specifically; to evaluate the success rates of the treatments used to make crown PIF technique, to analyze the number of rejections produced by explant and treatment, to evaluate the percentage of survival after acclimatization of young plants without roots and young plants with roots. PIF technique has been used to propagate seedlings. After experimentation, 100% of the explants broke up and gave 1 to 5 young plants each for the T1 treatment (apical meristem destroyed without division of the explant), the two (2) treatments T2 and T3 where the explants were divided longitudinally in two (2), all the explants rotted. The survival rate of rootless weaner seedlings is 63.63% and those with roots are 90.32%. Despite the low proliferation rate, the PIF technique can be used to produce healthy planting material, but it remains to be improved.
... Although accessible to farmers, many of these in vivo methods present the risk of multiplying contaminated materials by nematodes or weevil. The technique of "plants issus de bourgeons secondaires" (PIBS) allows the activation of latent buds and the quick production of large quantities of healthy plantation materials in soil-less culture conditions and adjustable for planting periods (Kwa, 2003 ;Koné, 2013;Dzomeku et al., 2014). The method generates plantlets from sucker utilizing sawdust as plantlet initiation medium. ...
... The production of banana planting materiel has been recorded on five different types of substrates previously used by Kwa (2003) and Koné (2013). The planting substrates referred as red sawdust, white sawdust, mixed sawdust, coco fiber (supplied by SIGMA; Société Ivoirienne de Gestion des Matières Agronomiques) and rice hull have been submitted to a chemical analysis. ...
... Beyond this period, the explants quickly degenerate and all new productions of seedlings were prevented. These results are consistent with the observations made by Kwa (2003), which showed that beyond 2 to 3 months of culture, the basic explants start to degenerate and all new proliferations were hampered. When the explants have low weight, the nutrients reserves are quickly depleted and needs are provided by the contribution of the culture substrate. ...
Plantain (Musa paradisiaca) serves as a major staple food. However, its production is seasonal and this situation led to a shortage of more than five months (June to October). The extension of cultivable areas and the use of high yielding improved varieties are severely limited by the low availability of planting materials free of diseases and parasites. The purpose of this study is to establish optimal conditions for the mass production of clean planting materials. Freshly harvested suckers from plantain namely ''Corne 1'', ''Orishele'', ''French 2'' and ''Red Ebanga'' and suckers dried and stored for one month were trimmed and peeled so as to have four weight ranges. The prepared suckers were planted in propagator filled with different substrates. The results revealed that whatever the culture substrate used, the shortest time to induce shoots and the higher number of shoots were observed with dehydrated and non-dehydrated suckers larger than 750g. Non-dehydrated Suckers with this weight expressed the longer lifetime (124-140 days). Among the substrates tested, shoots induction was faster with non-dehydrated suckers on fiber coco (12 days) and with dehydrated suckers on mix sawdust (15 days).
... In vivo macropropagation is an alternative technique for mass production of banana planting materials under in vivo conditions (Kwa, 2003; Njukwe et al., 2005). The technique involves disinfecting, deshealthing banana corms to expose axillary buds and decorticating the apical meristem to suppress Journal of Applied Biosciences 81:7214 – 7220 ISSN 1997–5902 apical dominance (Kwa, 2003; Njukwe et al., 2005; Kindimba and Msogoya, 2014). ...
... In vivo macropropagation is an alternative technique for mass production of banana planting materials under in vivo conditions (Kwa, 2003; Njukwe et al., 2005). The technique involves disinfecting, deshealthing banana corms to expose axillary buds and decorticating the apical meristem to suppress Journal of Applied Biosciences 81:7214 – 7220 ISSN 1997–5902 apical dominance (Kwa, 2003; Njukwe et al., 2005; Kindimba and Msogoya, 2014). Compared to in vitro propagation, this technique provides in a short period pest-free plantlets (Njukwe et al., 2005; Kwa, 2003) and has the potential of producing 50 -60 shoots per corm in 4 -5 months (Baiyeri and Aba, 2004). ...
... The technique involves disinfecting, deshealthing banana corms to expose axillary buds and decorticating the apical meristem to suppress Journal of Applied Biosciences 81:7214 – 7220 ISSN 1997–5902 apical dominance (Kwa, 2003; Njukwe et al., 2005; Kindimba and Msogoya, 2014). Compared to in vitro propagation, this technique provides in a short period pest-free plantlets (Njukwe et al., 2005; Kwa, 2003) and has the potential of producing 50 -60 shoots per corm in 4 -5 months (Baiyeri and Aba, 2004). In this technique, banana corms are planted in a sterile sawdust initiation media either without or with treatment of benzlyamimopurine (Baiyeri and Aba, 2004). ...
Objective: Thidiazuron (TDZ) is a diphenyl urea-based cytokinin, which is non-degradable and persistent in plant tissues. The effect of these TDZ properties on in vivo banana proliferation when deshealthed corms are temporarily dipped in such growth regulator is unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of temporary treatments with TDZ of deshealthed banana corms on in vivo sucker multiplication.Methodology and Results: The study was comprised of a split plot experiment in a randomized complete design with three replications each replication with 10 corms. The main plot factor was banana cultivars (Mtwike, Mzuzu and Bukoba) while the sub-plot factor was TDZ concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 mg/l). Moistened sawdust was steam-sterilized for 45 minutes and then filled for cooling in wooden propagators. Banana suckers were cleaned to remove roots and surface-sterilized for 15 seconds. The sterilized corms were deshealthed to expose axillary buds and decorticated to suppress the apical meristems. These corns were each dipped in TDZ at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 mg/l for 12 hours and then planted into the sterilized sawdust media in the propagators. Results showed that the number of shoots per corm significantly (P < 0.05) increased as TDZ concentration increased from 0.0 to 2.0 mg/l but decreased as TDZ increased to 3.0 mg/l. The number of leaves per sucker significantly (P < 0.05) decreased as TDZ concentration increased from 0.0 to 3.0 mg/l. Conversely, corms treated with TDZ at 2.0 mg/l produced suckers with the largest number of leaves of 4.9 per sucker followed by corms treated with TDZ at 1.0, 3.0 and 0.5 mg/l with 4.5, 4.3 and 3.3 leaves per sucker, respectively. Banana cultivars had a significant (P < 0.05) effect on the number of shoots per corm where banana cv. Bukoba produced the largest number of shoots of 6.4 per corm while banana cv. Mtwike and Mzuzu produced 2.3 and 2.9 shoots per corm, respectively.Conclusion and Application: The findings from this study provide evidence that in vivo shoot multiplication rates and sucker growth of banana cv. Mzuzu, Bukoba and Mtwike can be increased by dipping for 12 hours deshealthed corms in TDZ solution at 2.0 mg/l. The low in vivo multiplication rates of banana cv. Mtwike and Mzuzu underscore the need for further studies to determine alternative best cytokine-based growth regulators.
... To enhance the numbers of suckers used to initiate plantation and then allow plantain production to satisfy supply and demand, in vitro culture techniques (Youmbi and Ngaha 2004;Adaoha-Mbanaso et al. 2006;Uddin et al. 2006;Koné et al. 2010;Saha-Roy et al. 2010) and the rapid multiplication of horticultural methods (Auboiron 1997; Kwa 2003) have been applied. Horticultural methods are more efficient in terms of quantity of seed produced and are achieved in greenhouses or under shade. ...
... In addition, the appropriate weight of bulbs is still unknown. On the other hand, many buds derived from the plant remain unexploited (Kwa 1993). Sawdust alone (Kwa 2003) or mixed with soil (Bakelana and Mpanda 2000) can be used as a culture substrate. ...
... On the other hand, many buds derived from the plant remain unexploited (Kwa 1993). Sawdust alone (Kwa 2003) or mixed with soil (Bakelana and Mpanda 2000) can be used as a culture substrate. However, sawdust is also used by women as a heating source for cooking in poor households. ...
The expansion and improvement of plantain are limited by the lack of clean planting material free of pests and diseases. Several techniques have been developed to increase seed production. These techniques require a longer time to generate and they are laborious, carry vector diseases and sometimes, are too expensive for farmers. The present study aims to evaluate the effects of substrate type and bulb size on the production of healthy vivo plantain plants. The use of Furadan-Mancozeb significantly reduced the contamination rate. On average, the time necessary to observe the first appearance of buds was 24 days with small bulbs (weight < 150 g) and 14 days for large bulbs (weight > 600 g), independent of the cultivar. The number of buds produced varied with the cultivar, the substrate type and bulb size. In cv. 'Orishele', bulbs with sizes ranging from 450 to 600 g developed more buds (17.67) on sawdust. With cv. 'Corne 1' and 'French 2', forest soil was the best substrate (28.69 and 36.64 buds, respectively) with bulb size varying between 300 and 450 g. The time necessary for seed production ranged between 63 and 90 days.
... Several techniques exist to increase the production of shoots on a banana plant. The simplest is practiced in the field, notably weaning, decapitation, false decapitation and planting rhizome quarters (Kwa, 2003). These methods allow efficient exploitation of the multiplication potential of each rhizome, which has the advantage of producing numerous vigorous shoots and being reproducible even by the inexperienced farmer (Bonté et al., 1995;Kone et al., 2011). ...
... Thanks to the root-leaf synergy, these leaves are able to lead independent lives. This situation corroborates that of Kwa (2003), according to whom weaning took place around 3 to 6 weeks later, when the plants formed had between three and five leaves. The young banana plants were then taken out of the germinator and transplanted under the shade in black or opaque 0.5 L polyethylene bags filled with a mixture of soil and coffee parchment and sterilized over a wood fire for at least 12 hours. ...
The present study aimed to observe the effect of thermal variation and steaming time on the rejection capacity of plantain at Gbadolite in the Democratic Republic of Congo. This study used steaming of plantain rejects. The steamer was used to provide dry heat at the buckling scale according to the temperature and duration of steaming under in vitro conditions at the following temperatures and durations: 50°C, 80, 100 and 120°C for 1', 3 and 10'. Oven-dried subjects were set up in 4 randomized complete blocks, each containing 13 33 rejects per explant were obtained respectively. Thus, the best treatment remains explants steamed at 120° for 3'. In other words, explants should be heat-excited to stimulate rejection and shorten the weaning period.
... In the group that proposed the first cropping system, composed in a majority by EB-strategy farmers, they discussed the opportunity to compare the performances of vitroplants and the PIF (Plant Issus de Fragments de tige) method (Kwa 2003), which is a technique for on-farm sanitation and multiplication of plantain plants. This method was assessed in Cameroon, and results showed that the plants produced with the PIF technique had the same agronomic quality as vitroplants (Sadom et al. 2010). ...
... The type with the highest agroecological score (Dh) also proposed the most agroecological solutions (redesign solutions). A set of redesign solutions involving the entire cropping systems or farming system was mentioned by D-strategy farmers (Fig. 5), such as the PIF method (Kwa 2003) and the use of Commelina diffusa, a cover crop, to cope with weed management. These were also mentioned by SC-type farmers, but not by EB-type farmers. ...
In the French West Indies, and particularly in Guadeloupe, agricultural policies mainly support the banana and sugarcane export sectors. However, driven by consumer demand, policy-makers are increasingly interested in developing local and agroecological food systems. Plantain (Musa spp., AAB), cultivated by a wide range of farmers, plays a key role in the diversification of local production and food systems, contributing to food security. However, important gaps in knowledge about plantain cropping systems are hindering the understanding of their contribution to the agroecological transition of farms. Farmers are also requesting more guidance from technical advisers and research. The aim of the work, presented in this article, was to co-design agroecological plantain cropping systems with farmers in order to fill this knowledge gap and to support local food systems. The co-design process was based on the characterization of the diversity of plantain farming systems, the evaluation of changes in practices implemented between 2017 and 2019, and the co-design of a system experiment. We identified six types of plantain farming systems defined by the role of plantain in the production strategy of the farm and a gradient of agroecology in plantain management practices. Our results also show progress toward agroecology between 2017 and 2019. Four innovative plantain cropping systems were designed based on a combination of existing knowledge held by farmers from the six types of farming systems. These results confirm that plantain cropping systems are contributing to the agroecological transition of farms in Guadeloupe and highlight that there are multiple possible agroecological transition pathways for plantain farmers. These results also provide a concrete example of integration of academic and non-academic knowledge for the co-design of agroecological systems.
... The PIF technique (Plants Derived From Stem Fragments) was used in the experiment. In fact, this technique was developed by Kwa in 2003 in Cameroon and its basic principle is the lifting of apical dominance [21]. ...
... In other words, the Savé and Tsikodu varieties grow faster than the Dankodu variety, this can be explained by the fact that the emergence of apical dominance is faster in these first two varieties. For the Dankodu dessert banana variety, our results are similar to those of Kwa in 2003, but they are contrary to those of this author when it comes to the Savé and Tsikodu varieties; this difference can be explained by the genetics of these varieties which allow rapid emergence of shoots [21]. ...
Banana is an important crop in many countries of the intertropical zone. The major problem in increasing production is the lack of healthy planting material. The classic discards often used by producers, are in small quantities and carry diseases germs. In vitro culture and other macropropagation methods such as PIF technique are being developed to produce healthy plant material for planting. In vitro culture is more expensive and slow compared to PIF technique which is cheaper and faster hence its adoption in this study. The general objective of this study is to help support the dessert banana and plantain banana sector in Togo. It is more specifically; to know the latency time (TL), to assess the rate of bud break at forty (40) days (TD); know the time necessary to wean the first shoot in each explant (TS), know the total number of young plants weaned (S) at 150 days after planting in sawdust; know the number of days between the appearance of the first shoot and the achievement of the first weaning (TS-TL); then compare the success percentages (PR) of rearing these young plants in the nursery after weaning. The varieties selected for the study are Savé (plantain), Dankodu (dessert) and Tsikodu (dessert). PIF technique was used to produce the healthy planting material. After experiment, the TL parameter is on average 2 weeks (14 days) for Savé and Tsikodu varieties and 3 weeks (21 days) for Dankodu variety. The TS parameter is 4 weeks (28 days) for Savé and Tsikodu varieties and 6 weeks (42 days) for Dankodu variety. For the TS-TL parameter, it is 2 weeks (14 days) for Savé and Tsikodu varieties and 3 weeks (21 days) for Dankodu variety. For S parameter, Plantain banana Savé is more prolific with 13 young plants per explant while it is 3 young plants per explant for Dankodu and Tsikodu varieties. For TD parameter, Savé variety has 100% while Tsikodu (66.66%), Dankodu (55%). For PR parameter, Dankodu variety is the best with 90%, Tsikodu (76.19%) and Savé (77.03%). PIF technique can be used to propagate bananas in general, but it needs to be improved for dessert bananas in particular.
... Comparativement aux résultats obtenus par [15], confirmant que la repousse se fait dans les 2 semaines après l'ensemencement. Cette situation de lenteur de la reprise serait due d'une part, au manque d'expérience de la part des manipulateurs car d'après [14], si la neutralisation du bourgeon apical à travers l'incision en croix n'est pas bien faite, cela influe considérablement sur la reprise des bourgeons latéraux. Et d'autre part, aux conditions du sol à savoir la température et l'humidité influencées ici la quantité d'eau arrosée. ...
... L'indice de reprise est compris entre 2 et 7 plantules L'indice de reprise moyen est de 3 plants par rejet. Contrairement à l'étude réalisée par [14], le nombre des plants par rejet varie entre 10 et 50 plantules par rejet-mère et celui de [21], le nombre des plants par rejet tourne de 40 et 60 plants. Cette différence hautement significative serait due à la qualité de rejet-mère utilisé, à l'expérience des manipulateurs. ...
The objective of this study was to evaluate a new technology to massively produce banana seedlings in Lubumbashi. This is the Stem Fragments Plants (PIF) method. Nine trials were conducted to evaluate the efficacy, feasibility, performance and cost-effectiveness of PIF under Lubumbashi soil and climate conditions. The results showed that the average of the days at the recovery was 33 and the average recovery index is 3 plants per rejection, which is low compared to values reported in the literature. The economic analysis revealed that the method is inexpensive, cost-effective and the total cost of production is distributed as follows : purchase of mother waste : 66.2 %, purchase of other materials 33.6 % and a free workforce. This study has shown that the recovery index is directly related to the mastery of the PIF technique. In-depth knowledge of PIF technique and experience are the keys to maximizing the production of banana seedlings and therefore increasing the profitability of the technique.
... En effet, la production ainsi que l'approvisionnement en plantules saines des bananiers est un problème sérieux en milieu périurbains et ruraux (Kasyoka et al., 2010). Le rejetonnage comme mode de propagation présente des inconvénients notamment la lenteur dans la multiplication du fait que le nombre de rejet par plante est limité (dépasse rarement 5 et même 3 pour le plantain), l'hétérogénéité du matériel de propagation et enfin la lourdeur et le volume des rejets faisant que leur transport soit coûteux (Kwa, 2003). A cet effet, plusieurs techniques existent pour augmenter la production de rejets sur un pied de bananier, les plus simples sont pratiquées au champ, mais leur rendement reste faible (Sadom et al., 2010). ...
... Il est important de signaler que, les données de prolifération des plantules présentées sont presque similaires à ceux issus des études menées par Lepoint et al. (2011) dont le cultivar Saba a présenté une production élevée de 36 plantules comparativement aux 33 plantules avec PITA21 (AAB plantain hybride) obtenues par Lepoint et al. (2011). Ces résultats sont en accord avec ceux obtenus par Kwa (2003Kwa ( , 2009) qui a également observé que le nombre total des plantules par explant varie en fonction de cultivar. A partir d'un rejet, l'on est capable d'obtenir 10 à 100 plants de bananier plantain en fonction du cultivar et de l'expérience du manipulateur (Phaka and Bakelana, 1998). ...
Bangata et al, J. Appl. Biosci. 2018 Évaluation du potentiel prolifératif de six cultivars de bananier (cv. AAB, ABB, et AAA) par macropropagation en République Démocratique du Congo.
... En effet, la production ainsi que l'approvisionnement en plantules saines des bananiers est un problème sérieux en milieu périurbains et ruraux (Kasyoka et al., 2010). Le rejetonnage comme mode de propagation présente des inconvénients notamment la lenteur dans la multiplication du fait que le nombre de rejet par plante est limité (dépasse rarement 5 et même 3 pour le plantain), l'hétérogénéité du matériel de propagation et enfin la lourdeur et le volume des rejets faisant que leur transport soit coûteux (Kwa, 2003). A cet effet, plusieurs techniques existent pour augmenter la production de rejets sur un pied de bananier, les plus simples sont pratiquées au champ, mais leur rendement reste faible (Sadom et al., 2010). ...
... Il est important de signaler que, les données de prolifération des plantules présentées sont presque similaires à ceux issus des études menées par Lepoint et al. (2011) dont le cultivar Saba a présenté une production élevée de 36 plantules comparativement aux 33 plantules avec PITA21 (AAB plantain hybride) obtenues par Lepoint et al. (2011). Ces résultats sont en accord avec ceux obtenus par Kwa (2003Kwa ( , 2009) qui a également observé que le nombre total des plantules par explant varie en fonction de cultivar. A partir d'un rejet, l'on est capable d'obtenir 10 à 100 plants de bananier plantain en fonction du cultivar et de l'expérience du manipulateur (Phaka and Bakelana, 1998). ...
... Enzyme activity and the rate of most chemical reactions also generally increase with rise in temperature (Bareja, 2011). The time to the first harvest at Kamanyola coincided with the first plantlet harvest of 'Grande Naine' reported by Kwa (2003). Higher nursery management costs per plantlet were therefore realized at the high altitude sites. ...
... The ABB beer types generally had lower yields, while the plantains had the highest yields. In a study of cultivar effects on harvested plantlets conducted by Kwa (2003), differences in plantlets harvested per corm were also reported between dessert and plantain cultivars, with the cultivar 'Grande Naine' (dessert AAA), producing a lower number of plantlets compared with plantain (AAB) cultivars. There is strong evidence that cultivars with a high apical dominance (e.g., most AAB plantains) and corresponding inhibited suckering (i.e., very few large suckers are produced before flowering of the mother plant) (Swennen and Vuylsteke, 1991;Ortiz and Vuylsteke, 1994) produce a larger number of plantlets under macro-propagation compared with Musa cultivars that have an un-regulated suckering ability after the removal of the apical meristem. ...
This study assessed simple macro-propagation methods, which build on methods reported for enset multiplication, for producing banana seedlings in four different Musa cultivar use groups across four unique agro-ecologies (900–1,815 m a.s.l.). The methods consisted of a substrate of loosened soil or a soil-and decomposed farmyard manure mixture under either a semi-cylindrical tunnel made of wooden/stick frames covered with knitted elephant grass stems or a 5 cm thick mulch cover of spear grass/elephant grass. A standard macro-propagation unit, made of wooden planks and thick plastic polythene sheet covering, with sawdust as substrate, served as a control. The average number of harvested plantlets per corm, irrespective of cultivar and site, varied between 7.5 under semi-cylindrical tunnel without manure and 12.6 under the standard macro-propagation unit. In general, and across sites and cultivars, there were no significant differences (P>0.05) between macro-propagation methods in the mean number of harvested plantlets. Irrespective of method and cultivar, fewer plantlets were harvested at the high altitude sites. Significantly more plantain plantlets (12.1–14.5) were produced at low altitudes (900 and 1,066 m) while dessert (12.8) and cooking (12.7) types performed better at 1,700 m. Significantly fewer plantlets per corm were produced by the ABB types (7.9), while the highest numbers were realized for the plantains (12.2). The net profit from sale of plantlets from the simple macro-propagation units was comparable and sometimes higher than that from the standard unit. The high initial cost and skills needed for establishing the standard macro-propagation unit have often hindered its adoption. The low cost, use of local materials and comparable returns from the simple macro-propagation units suggest that they could be a good alternative for banana seedling production under small-scale farmer conditions.
... The poor health and quality of planting materials and soil-borne pests are detrimental to expansion of banana and plantain cultivation. However, a number of techniques have been developed to produce large numbers of planting materials (Wilson et al., 1985b;Swennen, 1990;Faturoti et al., 2002;Kwa, 2003), to decontaminate infested materials (Speijer, 1999;Hauser, 2000), and to reduce reinfestation of fields with nematodes (Coyne et al., 2005a). In this paper, we outline available options for mass-propagation of plantain and banana seedlings, describe farmer-friendly options for sanitation of seedlings and farms, and examine the adoption prospects of these options by farmers. ...
... A well-developed banana or plantain corm contains several axillary buds, which essentially host meristems of different ages and stages of development (Kwa, 2003). Detached corm methods involve multiple sequential de-repression of lateral growth by activation of latent buds in humidity chamber conditions resulting in the high production of planting material. ...
... The growth stage of the offshoots utilized for propagation, known as the age of suckers, is a crucial factor in influencing the robustness and production of banana plants. Several axillary buds, which effectively house meristems of various ages and developmental stages, are present in a welldeveloped banana or plantain corm (Kwa, 2003). Younger suckers might be more physiologically active, which could lead to development and fruiting sooner, whereas older suckers often have better developed root systems, which protects them from environmental challenges. ...
The investigation was carried out at the Horticulture farm of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during the period from April to October, 2019. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with two factors and five replications. Factor A was different aged suckers namely A1= 1st year sucker, A2= 2nd year sucker and A3= 3rd year sucker. Factor B was different types of bagging like B1= Black, B2= White, B3= Blue and B4= Control. Five fingers were randomly selected from each hand and were analyzed for different parameters. The result of the experiment showed that all the parameters were studied found significantly different among the treatments. Among the effect of sucker age, the highest plant height (301cm), plant diameter (74.4 cm), number of fingers per bunch (55.1), bunch weight per plant (13.15 kg), weight all hands per bunch (11.79 kg), weight of single finger at ripening time (145.4 g) were found from A3 (3rd year sucker). Also, the highest weight of single pulp at ripening time (107.3 g), weight of single peel at ripening time (38.0 g), TSS (20.05 %), moisture content of pulp (78.4 %), dry weight of peel (5.36 g) and moisture content of peel (85.76%) was found from A3 (3rd year sucker). On the other hand, among the effect of bagging, the highest growth and yield like fingers per bunch (57.47), bunch weight per plant (12.83 kg), weight all hands per bunch (11.42 kg) were found in B2 (white polythene). Also, the highest weight of single finger at harvesting time (157 g), weight of single finger at ripening time (137.3 g), weight of pulp at ripening time (102.3 g), moisture content of pulp (78.77%), moisture content of peel (85.41%) were found from B2 (white polythene). The combined effect of sucker age and bagging materials, the highest growth and yield like length of bunch (76.2cm), bunch weight per plant (14.58kg), weight all hands per bunch (13.04 kg) was found in A3B2 (3rd year sucker with white polythene). In a nutshell, the present study showed that different aged suckers and bunch covering had a better effect on physio-morphological characteristics, yield and quality.
... This study therefore complies with local regulations and guidelines in the Democratic Republic of Congo. As transmission of the virus by mechanical inoculation has never been successful 41,42 , all the plants used including the healthy ones were maintained and propagated in the tropical greenhouse (local n°13; G2) of the UCLouvain (Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium) using the PIF technique (Plants from Stem Fragments) [43][44][45][46][47] and were irrigated daily, until they reached 40-60 days of age (4-6 leaf stage), for their use in aphid rearing, as well as for viruliferous and non-viruliferous alate aphid attractiveness tests. Severe symptoms of BBTV were observed for plants obtained directly by the PIF technique from infected banana bulbs, since offspring from an infected strain are automatically infected 48,49 . ...
Pentalonia nigronervosa Coquerel (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is the vector of the Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV), the most serious viral disease of banana (Musa spp.) in the world. Before acquiring the virus, the vector is more attracted to infected banana plants in response to the increased emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Here, we test the hypothesis that BBTV acquisition directly modifies the preference of P. nigronervosa for infected banana plants, and that the change in preference results from the alteration of the organs linked to the VOC detection or to the behaviour of the vector. We found that the preference of P. nigronervosa for infected banana plants reverses after virus acquisition in dessert banana, while it remains similar between healthy and infected banana plants before and after the acquisition of BBTV. At the same time, aphids reared on infected bananas had smaller forewing areas and hind tibia length than aphids reared on healthy bananas, although the number of secondary rhinaria on the antennae was lower on dessert banana-reared aphids than plantain-reared aphids, this was not affected by the infection status of the aphid. These results support the "vector manipulation hypothesis—VMH" of pathogens to promote their spread. They have implications for the BBTV management.
... S1). To obtain the necessary size for the implementation of the trial, the banana suckers were multiplied by the method of Plants from stem fragments (PIF) developed by CARBAP (Kwa, 2003). The PIF procedure was carried out in Center of studies, research and seed exploitation (CERES) located in Yaoundé from December 2019 to February 2020. ...
The black sigatoka disease (BSD) is the most important foliar threat in banana production and breeding efforts against it should take advantage of genomic selection (GS) that has become one of the most explored tools to increase genetic gain, save time and reduce selection costs. In order to evaluate the potential of GS in banana for BSD, 210 triploid accessions were obtained from the African Banana and Plantain Research Center (CARBAP) to constitute a training population (TP). The variability in the population was assessed at the phenotypic level using BSD- and agronomic-related traits and at the molecular level using Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNPs). The analysis of variance showed a significant difference between accessions for almost all traits measured, while at the genomic group level; there was no significant difference for BSD-related traits. The Index of Non spotted leave among accessions ranged from 0.11 to 0.8. The accessions screening in controlled conditions confirmed the susceptibility of all genomic groups to BSD. The principal components analysis with phenotypic data revealed no clear diversity partition of the population. However, the structure analysis and the hierarchical clustering analysis with SNPs grouped the population into four (4) clusters and two (2) sub-populations respectively. The field and laboratory screening of the banana genomic selection TP confirmed that all genomic groups are susceptible to BSD but did not reveal any genetic structure while SNPs markers exhibited clear genetic structure and provided useful information in the perspective of applying genomic selection.
... Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium). As transmission of the virus by mechanical inoculation has never been successful 40,41 , all the plants used including the healthy ones were maintained and propagated in the tropical greenhouse (greenhouse n°13; G2) of the UCLouvain (Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium) using the PIF technique (Plants from Stem Fragments) [42][43][44][45][46] and were irrigated daily, until they reached 40-60 days of age (4-6 leaf stage), for their use in aphid rearing, as well as for viruliferous and non-viruliferous alate aphid attractiveness tests. Severe symptoms of BBTV were observed for plants obtained directly by the PIF technique from infected banana bulbs, since offspring from an infected strain are automatically infected and show severe symptoms of BBTV 47,48 . ...
Pentalonia nigronervosa Coquerel ( Hemitera: Aphididae ) is the vector agent of Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV), the most serious viral disease of banana ( Musa spp) in the world. Before acquiring the virus, the vector is more attracted to infected banana plants thanks to increased emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Here, we test the hypothesis that BBTV acquisition directly modifies the preference of P. nigronervosa for infected banana plants, and if this change in behaviour could result from the alteration of the organs linked to the VOC detection or linked to the flight of the vector. We found that the preference of P. nigronervosa for infected banana plants reverses with virus acquisition in dessert banana, while it remains similar between healthy and infected banana plants before and after the acquisition of BBTV. At the same time, aphids reared on infected bananas had smaller forewing areas and hind tibia length than aphids reared on healthy bananas, while the number of secondary rhinaria on the antennae was lower on dessert banana reared aphids than plantain reared aphids, regardless of infection status. These results support the "Vector Manipulation Hypothesis - VMH" of pathogens to promote their spread. They have implications for the BBTV management.
... In the express case, the highest average number was observed in explants from French-type bananas with 4 seedlings; on the other hand, the lowest number of weaned seedlings was 3 seedlings observed in the explants from bananas of the true and false horn type. These results are in agreement with those obtained by Kwa (2003Kwa ( , 2009Kwa ( , 2013, who also observed that the number of seedlings per explant varies according to the type of cultivar. Working on other types of bananas, Bangata and al. (2018) also showed that the numbers of seedlings weaned per plant fragment after 1 month vary from one cultivar to another, namely: 7 for cooking bananas (SABA), 6.2 for cooking bananas (Cardaba) , 5.1 for plantain (Ndongila), 6 for plantain (Bubi), 3.5 for dessert (Yangambi km5) and 1.8 for dessert (Gros michel). ...
A study was conducted at Gbado-Lite city to assess the capacity of plantain macro-propagation by applying the PIF technique. To do this, the fragments of three types of banana trees: French, true horn and false horn were sown in a propagator containing sawdust. After germination, the seedlings were transplanted into polyethylene bags containing a mixture of clay and potting soil and installed under the shadehouse. With regard to the results obtained and statistical tests (at the 5% threshold), the significant difference between these three types of banana trees was only observed for the number of seedlings emitted by explant, the number of suckers weaned, the height of the plants at weaning and the mortality rate of plants in the nursery. Thus, emergence having taken place 2 weeks after sowing, after 46 days after resumption and 61 days after sowing, the French type was significantly different from two others with an average of 6 seedlings emitted and 4 suckers weaned per explant; the true and false horn being tied with 5 seedlings and 3 weaned suckers per explant. As for the height of the plants at weaning, the true horn (19.9 cm) was significantly higher than the other two (French: 17.7 cm and false horn: 19.6 cm). Finally, with 1.1% for True horn had a significantly lower mortality rate for plants in the nursery than the others (6.7% for French horn and 3.8 % for False horn). Although, the PIF technique influenced the suckering in a way strongly dependent on the cultivars, it can be popularized for these three types studied in order to promote banana cultivation in the agro-ecological conditions of Gbado-Lite.
... Apical dominance is a major constraint to the sprouting of new lateral shoots (Opata et al., 2020;Rajenimbalkar et al., 2021). A well developed banana corm contains several axillary buds which essentially hosts meristems of different ages and stages of development (Kwa, 2003). Suckers are the most widely used planting material due to its lower cost, lesser field care required, but has the risk of being carriers of pests and diseases, bulky in transportation, lower multiplication rate and chances of variety mix up (Njukwe et al., 2013). ...
The experiment was conducted during December 2020 to March 2022 at Banana Research Station, Kannara, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, Kerala, India to evaluate the response of different banana varieties Nendran, Kadali, Rasthali, Neypoovan, Poovan (Palayankodan) and Grand Naine to macropropagation with two different media (sawdust and cocopeat) and to assess the performance of plantlets generated against suckers. The plantain variety nendran took the shortest time for primary (20.33 days) and secondary bud regeneration (14.33 days) with sawdust as media. Total duration from planting to hardening ranged from 75.9 days in Nendran (sawdust media) to 104.3 days in Poovan (cocopeat media). Significantly shorter duration was observed with saw dust in Nendran, Kadali, Rasthali and Grand Naine compared to cocopeat. The cost of production varied with the variety which ranged from ` 1.7−4.0 plantlet-1 in sawdust to ` 3.2−6.3 plantlet-1 in cocopeat. Macropropagated plantlets recorded higher bunch weight than suckers in all varieties. There was no significant difference between the 2 with respect to growth characters like plant height, pseudostem girth, suckers plant-1, days to bunching, days to maturity and crop duration across all varieties except for Neypoovan and Poovan. Quality characters like TSS and fruit acidity did not vary between the two planting materials.
... Nine plants of each variety were planted in five elementary plots of 48 m² (i.e. 45 plants/variety) randomly located in the experimental field at a planting density of 1667 plants/ha. The plantain seedlings used in the experiment were produced by the macropropagation technique which is a pathogen-free in vivo multiplication method (Kwa, 2003). All plants were grown in non-limiting cropping conditions to enable them to express their production potential. ...
A highly diverse range of plantain varieties are cropped in West and Central Africa, and it is essential to enhance knowledge on this diversity to support farmers in their varietal choices. This study aims at proposing a new way to describe a panel of plantain varieties, based on their agronomic and usage potential. The agronomic trait values of nine plantain varieties, including five traditional varieties (Batard, Big Ebanga, Essong, French Clair and Mbouroukou n°3) representative of the diversity of the plantain group, and four plantain-like hybrids (CRBP39, D248, D535 and FHIA21) were recorded at flowering and harvest. The findings revealed very marked inter-varietal variations, in line with the features of plantain morphotaxonomic subgroups, as well as very high intra-varietal variations, especially for the Essong variety. This extent of intra-varietal variation suggests that traditional plantain multiplication methods could favour the emergence of mutations in plantain varieties and hence of high intra-varietal variability. Finally, the monitored agronomic traits were integrated as agronomic and usage potential indicators per variety and morphotaxonomic subgroup, which could support decision-making on plantain varieties.
... Pinargote (2021) en su investigación sobre propagación en cámara térmica utilizando humus de lombriz, presentó 54 brotes por cormo. En este contexto,Kwa (2003) expresó que es importante dentro de las cámaras térmicas, apreciar la emergencia y crecimiento de los brotes, revisando la temperatura, que tiene un papel importante en la mayor actividad, proliferación y desarrollo de las yemas.Bermúdez et al. (2019), por su parte, determinaron que la tasa de multiplicación y de regeneración de las yemas se ve afectada significativamente por el tipo de regulador del crecimiento, demostrando que el uso potencial de reguladores de crecimiento para la multiplicación de yemas adventicias, permite obtener en breves períodos de tiempo dichas estructuras sin afectar su regeneración y multiplicación, lo cual posibilitaría su empleo en los programas de mejoramiento genético de bananos. En cuanto a la media aritmética de brotes, para T4, T5 y T6 fue de 23, 25 y 22 brotes, respectivamente, siendo el menor para T2 con 13 brotes. ...
Ecuador es un importante productor y exportador de bananos, por lo que se requiere la obtención de cosechas sanas y el aumento de la producción en cualquier época del año, bajo condiciones controladas y seguras. Por tal motivo, el objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto de biorreguladores del crecimiento en la reproducción asexual de plántulas de banano en cámara térmica. El diseño experimental fue totalmente al azar con ocho tratamientos y tres repeticiones: T1, Alga 600; T2, Miro; T3, Hormonagro Ana; T4, Hormonagro 1; T5, Basfoliar Kelp; T6, Cytokin; T7, Basfoliar Algae y T8, agua destilada. La variable evaluada fue el número de brotes por cormo. Se presentaron diferencias significativas (p<0,05) de T4, T5 y T6 con respecto a los demás tratamientos, presentándose un mayor número de brotes por cormo. De esta manera, los biorreguladores Hormonagro 1, Basfoliar Kelp y Cytoquin, presentaron el mejor efecto en la reproducción de plántulas de banano en cámara térmica, con la obtención de materiales sanos y con mayor número de brotes; siendo una alternativa viable para una adecuada producción en cualquier época del año, bajo condiciones que pueden ser controladas en el rubro banano.
... They were then transferred to 0.5x MS proliferation medium (Dutscher, Bernolsheim, France) supplemented with sucrose (20 g/L), adenine (120 mg/L), cysteine (50 mg/L) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP; 10 mg/L) and placed at 25 • C in the dark until shoots appeared, then under a 16 h of light/8 h of dark photoperiod. Plantlets produced by horticultural multiplication were generated using the stem fragments (PIF) technique developed by Kwa (2003), from virusfree plants of cultivars French Clair, Pelipita and Flhorban 925 originating from the BRC TP. French Clair vitroplants used for the assessment of the activation of French Clair's infectious alleles OL1 and GF7 under contrasting conditions were produced by Vitropic SA (St Mathieu de Tréviers, France). ...
Infectious alleles of endogenous banana streak viruses (eBSVs) are present in the genome of all banana interspecific cultivars, including plantains and cooking types. Activation of these infectious eBSV alleles by biotic and abiotic stresses leads to spontaneous infections by cognate viruses and raises concerns about their ability to promote outbreaks of banana streak viruses under field cultivation conditions. We undertook a comprehensive risk assessment study of infectious eBSV alleles of species BSOLV, BSGFV and BSIMV in banana interspecific cultivars in Guadeloupe, a tropical island of the Caribbean where bananas are grown for export and local markets. We carried out a prevalence survey of BSOLV, BSGFV and BSIMV species in a range of cultivars grown in Guadeloupe. Our results suggest that BSOLV and BSGFV infections arise from the activation of infectious eBSVs rather than vector-borne transmission and point to a correlation between altitude and infection rates in interspecific hybrids with AAB genotypes. We studied the dynamics of activation of infectious eBSOLV and eBSGFV alleles by tissue culture and field cultivation in a range of cultivars. We showed that tissue culture and field cultivation trigger distinct activation pathways, resulting in distinct activation patterns. We also showed that activation decreased over time during cell culture and field cultivation and that BSV infections arising from the activation of infectious eBSV alleles cause symptomless infections in the most cultivated plantain in Guadeloupe, French Clair. Overall, our study shows that the risk of BSV outbreaks resulting from the activation of infectious eBSVs in plantain originating from vegetative multiplication is negligible in Guadeloupe.
... With regard to seedlings derived from discarded fragments, the results revealed a similarity between bulbs treated with copper sulphate and untreated bulbs on the number of rejects. It has been reported that the application of pesticides only acts on the bulb with pathogens that can induce rot, but does not necessarily influence the production of discards (Kwa , 2003). ...
... Plants were identified and collected in peasant plantations in South Kivu in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Dowiya et al., 2009), with the support of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture-IITA / Kalambo (Bukavu, RD Congo). All these plants were maintained and multiplicated in the tropical greenhouse (greenhouse n°13; G2) of the Université catholique de Louvain (Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium) by the PIF technique (Plantes Issues de Fragments de tiges) (Kwa, 2003(Kwa, , 2009Meutchieye, 2009;Sadom et al., 2010;Mbunzu et al., 2019). They were irrigated daily, until they were 40 to 60 days of age (4 to 6 leaf stage), before they were used in bioassays with apterous and alate aphids, and assement of VOCs. ...
Banana plants are affected by various viral diseases, among which the most devastating is the "bunchy top", caused by the Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) and transmitted by the aphid Pentalonia nigronervosa Coquerel. The effect of BBTV on attraction mechanisms of dessert and plantain banana plants on the vector remains far from elucidated. For that, attractiveness tests were carried out using a two columns olfactometer for apterous aphids, and a flight cage experiment for alate aphids. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) emitted by either healthy or BBTV-infected banana plants were identified using a dynamic extraction system and gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis. Behavioral results revealed a stronger attraction of aphids towards infected banana plants (independently from the variety), and towards the plantain variety (independently from the infection status). GC–MS results revealed that infected banana plants produced VOCs of the same mixture as healthy banana plants but in much higher quantities. In addition, VOCs produced by dessert and plantain banana plants were different in nature, and plantains produced higher quantities than dessert banana trees. This work opens interesting opportunities for biological control of P. nigronervosa, for example by luring away the aphid from banana plants through manipulation of olfactory cues.
... The vitroplants are not affordable to small holder farmers, whereas, vivoplants are an innovative alternative. They are also called "PIF" (Plants Issus de Fragment de tiges) that is plantlets from stem bits and were developed by the Centre Africain de Recherches sur Bananiers et Plantains (CARBAP) [10] [11]. Despite their numerous advantages, vivoplants are facing many problems during acclimatization in the farm and it's important to strengthen them during their production with some inputs. ...
Tithonia diversifolia is a year-round weed that decomposes rapidly after application as a soil amendment and it is more and more used in agriculture due to its numerous properties. The use of Tithonia diversifolia in the production of plantain vivoplants is a great opportunity for small holders' farmers that cannot easily buy chemical inputs for yield improvement. All plant parts are used because of their richness in nutrients, mineral elements and phytochemicals without knowing which part is the most efficient. Tithonia diversifolia used as substrate amendment for plantain vivoplants production in nursery could promote their growth. This study aims to evaluate the effect of T. diversifolia leaves and stems as substrate amendment on plantain vi-voplants growth promotion. The vivoplants were produced in substrates amended with T. diversifolia leaves, stems, combination of leaves and stems, and control without amendment. The vegetative growth parameters (number of shoots, height and diameter of shoots, area of shoots leaves) were assessed in sterilized substrate and unsterilized substrate conditions. T. diversifolia leaves and stems treatment increases the number of shoots, the height and the diameter of shoots as well as the area of shoots leaves compared to the control. T. diversifolia stems are the more efficient treatment, followed by the combination of T. diversifolia leaves and stems and finally the T. diversifolia leaves. They act as a biofertilizer promoting thus, the growth of plantain vi-voplants in the nursery. All parts of Tithonia diversifolia can therefore be used by poor small holder farmers, as green manure for soil amendment in a green agriculture context.
... The substrate (S2) composed of 2/3 coarse coconut fibre + 1/3 sawdust produced more plants than the other substrates composed of 100% coarse coconut fibre (S1) and 3/4 coarse coconut fibre + 1/4 chicken droppings (S3). The sawdust mixed with the coconut fibre provided a warm and moist containment environment that favoured the conditions necessary to allow expression of axillary meristems [25]. It should be noted that the coarse coconut fibre provided water permeability that may have reduced plant production in substrates 1 and 3 because the cells were slowly imbibed, which delayed budding. ...
Pineapple has several types of organs that can be used for its multiplication. Its natural multiplication is particularly slow, as it is necessarily vegetative because the species is self-sterile (on average 2 suckers per strain in six months). The supply of pineapple rejects is not always easy for those who want to grow pineapple on large areas. This study was initiated to improve the Original Research Article Martial et al.; ARJA, 13(2): 1-12, 2020; Article no.ARJA.59320 2 production of MD2 pineapple seed (suckers or vivo plant) per pineapple strain fragment. Thus, the production of two types of pineapple strains, young and old strains (The young strains bear green leaves and make up all the strains that have produced fruit. Their ages range from 0 to 12 months after the fruit has been harvested. The old strains without green leaves are older than 12 months of age), was evaluated on three types of substrates, namely : S1, 100% coarse coconut fibre; S2, 2/3 coarse coconut fibre + 1/3 sawdust and S3, 3/4 coarse coconut fibre + 1/4 chicken droppings. The seeding of the fragments on the substrates it's made in a completely randomized device in a greenhouse. The study carried out was repeated twice during the same period. Results showed that vivo plant production varied according to the age of the pineapple strain. With fragments of young strains, a mean of 3.96 ±1.74 (average ± Ecart-type) vivo plants per fragment was obtained compared to 3.07±1.63 (average ± Ecart-type) vivo plants at fragments of old strains. This difference was significant with P = 0.000. The effect of substrate was significant on the number of plants produced per strain fragment. More plants per fragment were obtained on S2 with 3.53±1.1 (average ± Ecart-type) vivo plants than on the other substrate types S1 and S3 with 3.22±1.3 and 3.09±1.02 (average ± Ecart-type) vivo plants per strain fragment, respectively. This difference was significant with P= 0.002. This study showed that a strain fragment after fragmentation gives only 3.96 ± 1.74 plants in six months. This production of pineapple vivo plants is influenced by the type of substrate and the age of the strain. Thus, young strains grown on a substrate that maintains moisture should be recommended for sustainable production of pineapple vivo plants.
... Cette phase (avant 1998), de 6-8 ans a permis de mieux comprendre les échecs des techniques de multiplication in vivo. Elle a permis de mettre au point en station une technique de multiplication de matériel de plantation produisant du nouveau matériel qui a été qualifiée de Plants Issus de Fragment de tiges (Kwa, 2003), à un niveau complémentaire des techniques de lutte intégrée 43 initiées en station ainsi que la création d'hybrides résistants à la cercosporiose noire 44 . ...
Dans une première partie, ce mémoire retrace la trajectoire institutionnelle qui structure la réalisation de recherches en économie dans l’accompagnement des transformations techniques des agricultures vivrières des pays du sud depuis 1991. Elle s’organise en trois chapitres. Le premier rappelle les différents Laboratoires et localisations géographiques (Afrique sub-saharienne, Caraïbes, Amérique Latine). Le deuxième souligne les postures institutionnalistes qui ont marqué l’orientation de mes activités de chercheur : implications dans l’orientation de la recherche agronomique, l’organisation des filières, les politiques publiques, la formation de capital humain. Enfin le troisième chapitre présente les principaux résultats en terme de publications, d’encadrements et d’animations scientifiques. Nous explorons dans la deuxième partie les référentiels institutionnalistes de l’économie de l’innovation pour proposer une grille d’analyse sectorielle des changements techniques dans les filières agricoles et agro-alimentaires des pays du sud. La mobilisation de cette grille sur nos travaux apporte une compréhension des déterminants territoriaux et organisationnels des trajectoires technologiques des agricultures vivrières. Les impasses environnementales et sociales de ces trajectoires sont caractérisées au regard des enjeux de développement qui interpellent l’agriculture vivrière des pays du sud. Elles conduisent à explorer les perspectives d’un changement de paradigme fondé sur une intensification écologique des fonctions de production. Cette orientation souligne en quoi les conditions d’accès aux marchés en terme de normes et d’organisation des filières conditionnent la capacité à mobiliser les ressources nécessaires à des changements techniques : ressources tangibles et cognitives. Le référentiel de l’économie de la connaissance montre alors comment les processus d’innovation qui actionnent l’intensification écologique impliquent l’émergence de systèmes d’innovation. Il est alors démontré en quoi les travaux présentés et le projet de recherche proposé contribuent à la structuration de ces systèmes d’innovation dans les pays du sud
... Therefore, propagation is carried out by vegetative means (Buah and Agu-Asare, 2014;Ortiz and Vuylsteke, 1994;Rahman et al., 2004); however, apical dominance is a major constraint to the sprouting of new lateral shoots from the mat. Consequently, various techniques have been developed to break the apical dominance and to induce multiple shoot proliferation around the mother plant (Baiyeri and Aba, 2007;Dzomeku et al., 2014;Kwa, 2003;Singh et al., 2011). Complete decapitation in the field requires the cutting-down of the pseudostem just above the ground level and then destroying the growing point in the middle of the remaining stem attached to the corm (Singh et al., 2011). ...
... The use of vitroplants to mitigate this problem of seedlings availability is very expensive and not affordable to small holder farmers. An innovative macro-propagation technique called "PIF" (Plants Issus de Fragment de tiges) that is plantlets from stem bits which was developed by the Centre Africain de Recherches sur Bananiers et Plantains (CARBAP) is an alternative for small holders' farmers for its many advantages [1] [3]. However, seedlings produced by PIF technique face many problems during acclimatization, as well as contamination of the seedlings on farmlands that could be responsible for loses of about 60% during the establishment of new plantations, this limits the adoption of this technique that is now rejected by some farmers [1]. ...
Plantain is an important crop that serves as a staple food and contributes sig- nificantly to income generation for millions of people in tropical and sub- Saharan Africa. Its cultivation faces the main constraint of seedlings unavail- ability in quantity and quality, essential for the creation of new plantations. The advent and popularization of the plantlets from stem bits (PIF) in the 2000s raised hopes for solving this problem. However, after about ten years, the PIF has shown some problems limiting its adoption and should be im- proved for more efficiency. The amendment of PIF substrate production with Tithonia diversifolia could be an alternative to seedlings’ unavailability. This study aims to evaluate the potential stimulative effect of T. diversifolia mulch on plantain PIF seedlings growth and protection against black Sigatoka dis- ease (BSD)caused by Mycosphaerella fijiensis. The parameters of vegetative growth stages and biomarkers accumulation were assessed in sterilized sub- strate and non-sterilized substrate conditions. T. diversifolia mulch treatment increases the germination rate, the number of shoots, the height and the di- ameter of shoots, the leaf area as well as the seedlings roots, but it also pro- tects the seedlings against BSD up to about 81% compared to the control seedlings. It also enhances the accumulation of biomarkers such as proteins, polyphenols content and defense-related enzymes (peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and glucanase). T. diversifolia mulch seems to act in PIF seedlings production as a vital stimulator. It can therefore be taken as a tool for a more sustainable and resilient agriculture, and for poverty alleviation of poor small holder farmers.
... Seeds production by this technique is undoubtedly a great opportunity to contribute to the improvement of the sector specially to earn extra income, and the fight against poverty. Indeed, the PIF technique allows the in vivo induction of an active bud proliferation on banana stem fragments under particular conditions of temperature and hygrometry and without hormone in soil-less culture conditions 3 . However, PIF seedlings are facing many acclimatization problems responsible for plants mortality of about 60% during the establishment of new plantations and are now rejected by some farmers 4 . ...
Plantain seedlings availability in sub-Saharan countries are very weak to support a high productivity level required. The plantain cultivation faces problem of the seedling's unavailability in quantity and quality for intensification of this crop. The amendment of PIF substrate production with natural products could be an alternative to this problem. This study objective is to evaluate the effect of vertical layers of Tithonia diversifolia flakes on the performance of PIF plantain seedlings in terms of vegetative growth and susceptibility to black Sigatoka disease (BSD) in nursery. The vertical layer of T. diversifolia flakes amendment was introduced in the propagator in the presence of the control without amendment in controlled and uncontrolled conditions for shoots, then seedlings generation, followed by the evaluation of the veg-etative growth parameters, the inoculation of the leaves with My-cosphaerella fijiensis and the pool of biomarkers evaluation. The treatment increases the germination rate, the number of shoots, the height and the diameter of shoots, the area of leaves as well as the seedlings roots, but also protects the seedlings against BSD up to about 56% compared to the controls. It also enhances the accumulation of proteins, polyphenols content and enzymes such as peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase and glucanase. The dual role of the vertical layer of T. diversifolia flakes in seedling production as a biofertilizer and as a biopesticide was revealed in this research. Taking into account this bad herbs flakes as a tool for sustainable and green agriculture is an open door to poor peasants for their empowerment. ABSTRACT AJAR: https://escipub.com/american-journal-of-agricultural-research/ 1 C. A. Ewané et al., AJAR, 2020; 5:95 AJAR: https://escipub.com/american-journal-of-agricultural-research/ 2
... Macropropagation, also known as corm fragment shoots or plantes issus de fragments de tiges, is based on the activation of latent axillary buds by physical destruction of the apical dominance (i.e. removal of the apical meristem) and careful removal of leaf sheaths at the point of attachment to the corm (Muñoz & Vergas, 1996;Kwa, 2003;Njukwe et al., 2007). Suckers of up to 1 kg are pared and the leaf sheaths are stripped away one by one to expose the axillary buds. ...
Vegetatively propagated crops, suffer from yield loss and reduced stand density and longevity caused by the buildup of certain pests and pathogens between successive plantings via via infected planting material. We reviewed six seed‐borne phytosanitary problems to evaluate whether a seed degeneration framework is a useful tool to identify approaches to achieve healthier planting materials. Phytoparasitic nematodes and weevils generate gradual declines in yields and in sucker health. Fusarium wilt and Banana Bunchy top Virus cause progressive mat collapse across the field. Asymptomatic suckers from any mat in infested fields represent a risk to transmit the disease to a new field. Xanthomonas and Ralstonia wilts, due to incomplete systemicity, are intermediate in their threat to yield loss and frequency of transmission in suckers. Losses to banana streak virus are triggered by abiotic stress, although sucker transmission of episomal BSV also contributes. Our qualitative equation for seed degeneration covers a cycle beginning with the quality and risk factors of the planting material used to plant a new field and ends with the quality and risk factors of the suckers extracted from the field to plant a new field. Our review of five planting material multiplication methods commonly used in banana contrasts their differing usefulness to address seed degeneration in the small farm context. We propose that initiatives to offset banana seed degeneration should integrate the role of off‐farm actors into decentralized initiatives rather than attempt to duplicate national seed certification frameworks from other true seed or vegetatively propagated crops.
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... Modalities were the nine selected varieties. Plant materials were healthy and homogeneous plantlets that were produced by a pathogen-free in vivo vegetative method [7]. Non-limiting cropping conditions were achieved by providing systematically mineral nutrition, irrigation, and control of weeds, pests and diseases. ...
The ‘Plantain-Optim’ dataset (came from the ‘Plantain-Optim’ experiment conducted from 2009 to 2011 at CARBAP experimental station in Cameroon. The main objective was to describe agronomic potential of nine plantain varieties, including five natural plantains commonly cropped in Cameroon, and four plantain-like hybrids. A completely randomized bloc permitted to compare growth, development and yield of 45 plants per variety split between five replicates. Cropping practices guarantied non-limiting and homogenous conditions. Each plant was measured every 15 days. Data described aerial organ sizes, foliar structure and bunch characteristics of the mother plant. The ‘Plantain-Optim’ dataset includes the complete individual growth of each studied plantain of the ‘Plantain-Optim’ experiment with a 15-day accuracy. It is a useful standard of plantain varietal diversity for comparison with others datasets. Varietal growth and development homogeneity, biomass production or foliar and bunch structures could be further investigated. Moreover, these accurate data on plantain growth could be valuable for plantain 3D modelling.
... In addition to the PIF technique which makes it possible to multiply banana, it can also be multiplied by the technique of in vitro culture; but it also has advantages and disadvantages. Indeed the number of vitro plants obtained per month in vitro reaches eight young plants per explant in the Aloga banana variety in Benin [18]. In many genotypes of Musa, a monthly multiplication rate has been reported. ...
... The unavailability of the planting material was one of the important constraints for banana production in small scale farms. The development of the macropropagation technique [44] has provided farmers with good quality planting material. However they are free with all microorganisms including AMF. ...
... Given this situation, the use of antagonistic intercrops that reduce numbers of PFNs should be seriously considered in the design of future IPM for plantain (Bringel and Silva, 2000). When in vitro plants of plantain are not available, planting material that is likely to be pathogen-free can be obtained by macropropagation of plants performed away from the field with false decapitation (Kwa, 2003;Lepoint et al., 2013;Njukwe et al., 2013;Tenkouano et al., 2006), paring (Quénéhervé and Cadet, 1985) or boiling water treatments (Tenkouano et al., 2006). In addition, improved control of P. coffeae in plantain will require additional research on the ecology of this PFN (Coyne, 2007). ...
Understanding the influence of soil properties and cultural practices on the communities of plant-feeding nematodes (PFNs) in agrosystems is a prerequisite for cost-efficient and environment-friendly pest control. Although plantain is a staple food crop in the Caribbean, the relationships between PFN communities and environmental factors are poorly understood in plantain agrosystems. In this study, which was conducted in Martinique (French West Indies), we quantified the PFNs in 301 root samples taken from 53 plantain fields that differed in climate, edaphic conditions, and cultural practices. The physico-chemical properties were also determined for the soil in each field. Coinertia analysis (CI) and General Linear Mixed Models (GLMMS) were used to investigate the relationships between the PFN communities, soil properties, and cultural practices. Four nematode taxa were found in plantain roots: Radopholus similis, Pratylenchus coffeae, Helicotylenchus multicinctus, and Meloidogyne spp. The lesion nematode P. coffeae was the most prominent PFN species, followed by the burrowing nematode R. similis, root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne spp., and the spiral nematode H. multicinctus. P. coffeae was significantly more abundant in ferralsols and nitisols (which have a low organic matter content and a high exchangeable cation content) than in andosols (which have a high organic matter content). Nematode abundances were apparently affected by the previous crops e.g., P. coffeae was slightly more abundant in fields where tuber plants such as sweet potato, yam, or dasheen were the previous crop; R. similis was particularly abundant in fields where banana or plantain was the previous crop; and Meloidogyne spp. were abundant in fields where a market garden was the previous crop. The results of this study will be useful for the design of PFN control methods in plantain.
... During the crop cycle studied, the total rainfall was 2610 mm, the monthly mean temperatures ranged from 25·0 to 27·4°C, and the daily mean global radiation ranged from 7·8 to 13·8 MJ/m 2 . Plant materials consisted of healthy and homogeneous plantlets that were produced by a pathogen-free in vivo vegetative method (Kwa 2003). These materials were arranged in a completely randomized block design with five replicates and nine plantlets per variety per replicate (45 plantlets per variety, 405 plantlets in total). ...
A great many plantain varieties are cropped in West and Central Africa, and there is a lack of information about their production potential and suitability for cropping system environments. To obtain benchmark data for the production potential of plantain varieties, experimental and modelling approaches were combined to determine intrinsic growth parameters and to increase understanding of factors affecting yield. Five real plantains commonly cropped in Cameroon and representative of plantain group diversity (Batard, Big Ebanga, Essong, French clair and Mbouroukou n°3) and four plantain-like hybrids (CRBP39, D248, D535 and FHIA21) were studied. A process-based growth model (the AAB model) was developed that accounts for specific characteristics of the plantain crop that includes parameters affecting growth, development and yield. Varietal-specific parameters were determined in a field experiment conducted under nearly non-limiting production conditions while general parameters were drawn from the literature. Parameters describing the conversion of intercepted radiation into dry matter were evaluated by model fitting. Photosynthetic efficiency was significantly higher for real plantains than for plantain-like hybrids. The model realistically simulated development, growth and bunch production for five varieties. These results are the first step in developing a useful tool for assessing the suitability of plantain varieties to different environments. The current study highlights the need for greater knowledge of plantain physiology in order to better model plantain growth and develop variety-specific production approaches.
... Dans le cas du plantain au Cameroun, les travaux de diagnostic sur les blocages des processus d'innovation ont identifié entre les années 1990-2000 un goulet d'étranglement de la production liée à la pénurie quantitative et qualitative du matériel végétal de plantation, en relation avec les méthodes de multiplication mobilisables. Ce diagnostic a structuré la mise au point d'une nouvelle méthode de multiplication de rejets in vivo appropriable par les agriculteurs intitulée « Plants issus de Fragmentation de Tiges » (Kwa, 2003). La procédure de mise au point s'est faite entre 1998 et 2002 dans des plateformes d'expérimentation délocalisées dans différentes zones de production faisant interagir différentes disciplines et différents acteurs : groupement de producteurs, ONG, vulgarisation publique (Temple et al., 2011). ...
... La técnica PIF (Plants issus de fragments de tiges) o plantas derivadas de fragmentos de rizoma por sus siglas en francés, es actualmente, la técnica de macropropagación ex situ más difundida por centros de investigacionesón a nivel mundial (CARBAB, IITA, CIAT), sobre todo en zonas productoras de África (Tomekpe et al., 2011), donde la técnica PIF permite obtener gran cantidad de plántulas en un periodo de tres a cuatro meses (Kwa, 2003;Amougou, 2012). Otra técnica muy similar a la PIF es la denominada PIBS (plants issus de bourgeons secondaires) o plantas derivadas de brotes secundarios por sus siglas en francés, la cual al igual que la PIF permite obtener gran abundancia de plántulas en un corto periodo de tiempo, aunque se ha determinado que el potencial prolífico varía con cada cultivar (Dzomeku et al., 2014). ...
El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la respuesta prolífica de cormos de banano cv. Williams a la aplicación de 6-bencilaminopurina (6-BAP) y un bioestimulante a base de extracto de algas, en condiciones de cámara térmica. En la granja experimental “La Teodomira” de la Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Ecuador, se realizó una investigación desde noviembre del 2013 a abril del 2014. Los tratamientos fueron 6-bencilaminopurina (6-BAP) en concentraciones de 0, 20, 40 y 80 mg/l, y un bioestimulante a base de extractos de algas en dosis de 0, 20, 40 y 80 ml/cormo. La bencilaminopurina fue aplicada en el cormo, y el bioestimulante fue aplicado en drench. El diseño utilizado fue bloques completos al azar con tratamiento factorial A x B, donde los factores fueron 6-BAP y el bioestimulante, los tratamientos, fueron replicados cuatro veces, para un total de 64 unidades experimentales. Se detectaron diferencias significativas (p≤0,0001) para el factor 6-BAP, donde la mayor tasa de multiplicación fue alcanzada con la concentración de 40 mg/l con 47,28 plántulas/cormo. No hubo diferencias significativas (p≥0,9167) para el bioestimulante, ni para la interacción 6-BAP x bioestimulante (p≥0,3789). Se evidenció la formación de tejido calloso a partir de los brotes de primera generación (R1). Con la concentración de 80 mg/l de 6-BAP, se observó la presencia de plántulas anormales, en mayor proporción en las que provenían de tejido callo
... Also, developing techniques for the rapid propagation of clean, healthy planting material through in vitro, which yield high performing and true-to-type plantlets through somatic embryogenesis, has been successful (Côte et al., 1993;Vulsteke, 1998). Simplified macropropogation techniques and more traditional sanitation techniques of suckers have not been overlooked (Auboiron, 1997;Kwa, 2002Kwa, , 2003Tenkouano et al., 2006;Hauser and Messiga, 2010). However, the high cost and low availability of planting material, especially healthy, good quality material with varietal traceability, is viewed as a major constraint and key obstacle for improved plantain productivity (Nkendah and Akyeampong, 2003). ...
Banana and plantain (Musa spp.) are amongst the major food staples in Africa, where more than 31 million t/year are produced, primarily from small family farms, accounting for approximately a third of global production. However, per capita consumption has continued to fall in urban areas where, in some cases, it has become a luxury product. The discrepancy between demand and production has been reflected in often significant price rises in urban areas. As a consequence, plantain has become increasingly less affordable for low income populations. In most African producing countries, production is stagnant if not decreasing. Diverse studies have attributed this situation to land tenure constraints, shortening fallow periods, declining soil fertility, increasing pest and disease pressures, poor access to inputs, marketing chains with many intermediaries and production areas distant from markets. These challenges call for innovation along the value chain from production to marketing, including the service sector. Starting in the 1980s, in light of the importance of these crops, plantain and banana research and development in Africa has accelerated. The West African Regional Cooperative for Research on Plantain (WARCORP) and the International Association for Research on Plantain and Other Cooking Bananas (IARPCB) had pioneering roles, although most research was at that time dedicated to export banana. The International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain (INIBAP) and its two regional networks in Africa contributed to awareness rising and increased collaboration among national programs and advanced research institutes. New research on pests and production, and breeding initiatives were initiated through the Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD) and the Centre Africain de Recherches sur Bananiers et Plantains (CARBAP) in Cameroon, and the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) at Onne, Nigeria, later in Cameroon and Uganda, and more recently Ghana. Production and marketing issues in Africa have some similarity to Latin America, where in recent decades production has increased in response to increased demand. Lessons can be drawn from such experiences towards addressing problems in Africa. Plantain in Latin America has benefited from technical advances in the export banana sector and more demanding supply chains organized by supermarkets. This has resulted in more uniform and healthier planting material, agronomic and cultural practices directed to higher yields and better quality fruits, increased use of irrigation and fertilizers, and short marketing chains, which pay growers based on weight and quality. South-South cooperation from Latin America could have a stimulating effect on the marketing chain management, intensification process and innovation management as a whole in Africa.
... Preflowering plant losses were close to 50% in CFP material, which is unusual. It is unlikely that these losses were caused by root and corm infestation with nematodes or other pests as CFP material is considered healthy when it leaves the nursery (Kwa, 2003). In the production process, all steps required to prevent infestation were followed (Mekoa, 2000). ...
Plantain (Musa spp.) is the most important food cash crop in Southern Cameroon. Farmers suffer severe income losses through yield losses due to pest and disease infestation of suckers planted without any measure taken to remove pests and diseases. This paper reports on the first trial conducted under farmers' condition on the performance of hot water treated suckers versus plants produced from corm fragments (CFP). Both techniques serve the purpose of planting pest (mainly nematode) and disease free propagules. Plantains were monitored for 50 months after planting. Preflowering losses, mainly to death for unidentified reasons were highest in CFP material. Uprooting and pseudostem break were not different between CFP material and hot water and untreated suckers. Mean bunch mass was highest in CFP material. Due to the high plant losses of CFP material, bunch yield of the plant crop was lower than when conventional suckers were hot water treated. CFP material yield did not differ from that of traditionally prepared suckers. Root number and root health in CFP plants were better than in both sucker treatments. None of these advantages was carried over to the first ratoon crop. CFP plants have a high potential to increase yields yet the weakness of high plant losses in the juvenile phase needs to be overcome to make the technique adoptable.
... A better understanding of the manipulation of axillary buds in leaf axils led to the development of the PIF technique, based on studies in Latin America ( Muñoz and Vargas, 1996) and by CARBAP (Auboiron, 1997;Kwa, 1997). CARBAP scientists adapted the method to small local structures (Kwa, 2003). IITA, initially trained by CARBAP, also experimented with and promoted the technique ( Faturoti et al., 2002;Tenkouano et al., 2006). ...
The availability and quality of plantain (Musa spp.) planting material is one of the main constraints for the intensification of this crop. Farmers often use suckers infested with pest and diseases as their only source of planting material. In three provinces of Cameroon, three projects promoted diverse new technologies, including the 'plantlet from stem bits' (PIF) horticultural propagation method developed by the Centre Africain de Recherches sur Bananiers et Plantains (CARBAP) and new varieties from the Fundación Hondureña de Investigación Agrícola (FHIA), the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) and CARBAP to improve plantain production. The training approaches of the projects varied, but depending on the project, farmers were also trained in agronomic practices, agro-processing and marketing. The objective of this study was to identify lessons for the use of horticultural multiplication methods to improve the production of plantain among smallholder farm households based on the experience of the three projects. Project and other documentation was reviewed, interviews with key participants, 44 farmers and nursery operators and 55 other stakeholders, were conducted and field visits carried out. Five lessons were identified. The PIF method was considered of great potential to contribute to improved quantity and quality of planting material. Although PIF plants are more expensive than traditional suckers, the costs and infrastructure needed are within reach of small growers, especially scaled down for on-farm use. PIF nurseries should be set up close to fields to be planted, on-farm, among neighboring farmers or through growers' associations. The PIF method is very useful in making more planting material available for newly introduced cultivars or for increasing the planting material of superior mother plants of preferred local cultivars. Growers, nursery operators, extension workers and scientists should all take part in developing minimum specifications for the production of good quality planting materials. Greater monitoring of the performance of PIF plants compared to traditional suckers in growers' fields should also be prioritized.
... Dans le cas du plantain au Cameroun, les travaux de diagnostic sur les blocages des processus d'innovation ont identifié entre les années 1990-2000 un goulet d'étranglement de la production liée à la pénurie quantitative et qualitative du matériel végétal de plantation, en relation avec les méthodes de multiplication mobilisables. Ce diagnostic a structuré la mise au point d'une nouvelle méthode de multiplication de rejets in vivo appropriable par les agriculteurs intitulée « Plants issus de Fragmentation de Tiges » (Kwa, 2003). La procédure de mise au point s'est faite entre 1998 et 2002 dans des plateformes d'expérimentation délocalisées dans différentes zones de production faisant interagir différentes disciplines et différents acteurs : groupement de producteurs, ONG, vulgarisation publique (Temple et al., 2011). ...
Description of the subject. The evolution of the concept of food security and of food securization emphasizes the multi-dimensionality of food challenges (quantity, quality, affordability, identity, stability, etc.). This implies strengthening the innovation capacity of populations faced with food insecurity. Objectives. The objective of this study was to analyze how the concept of innovation system structures different trajectories of innovation for food security in developing countries. Method. A literature review firstly examines the application of this concept within the agricultural and food sector (SIA). The application of the concept is then tested in two case studies. Results. A first type of “productivist” path hypothesizes that food security necessitates increased availability and thus requires industrial input. This type of path re-emerged during the 2008 financial crisis in a form that included biotechnological potentialities, and retained a linear conception of innovation. This type of path is limited by environmental and social externalities as well as in terms of efficiency in relation to food security, in particular in the less developed countries undergoing demographic transition. The second type of path is based on a multi-dimensional approach and on the notion of food securization. Innovation will foster an ecological transition of the production function in the food sector. This approach is based on the promotion of local resources and involves a change in the innovation model. This change is illustrated in two case studies, one on plantain in Cameroon, the other on yam in Haiti. Conclusions. The results confirm the success of a process of the co-construction of innovation. The strengthening of local innovation capacities provides opportunities to realize the potentialities of agrosystems for food security. © 2015, FAC UNIV SCIENCES AGRONOMIQUES GEMBLOUX. All rights reserved.
Viral diseases can change plant metabolism, with potential impacts on the quality of the plant's food supply for insect pests, including virus vectors. The banana aphid, Pentalonia nigronervosa Coquerel, is the vector of the Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV), the causal agent of Banana bunchy top disease (BBTD), the most devastating viral disease of bananas in the world. The effect of BBTV on the life-history traits and population dynamics of P. nigronervosa remains poorly understood. We therefore studied the survival rate, longevity, daily fecundity per aphid, tibia length, population growth, and winged morph production of a P. nigronervosa clone grown on healthy or infected, dessert, or plantain banana plants. We found that daily fecundity was higher on infected banana than on healthy banana plants (plantain and dessert), and on plantain than on dessert banana plants (healthy and infected). Survival and longevity were lower on infected dessert bananas than on other types of bananas. In addition, virus infection resulted in a decrease in aphid hind tibia length on both plant genotypes. The survival and fecundity table revealed that the aphid net reproduction rate (Ro) was highest on plantains (especially infected plantain), and the intrinsic growth rate (r) was highest on infected plants. Finally, the increase of aphids and alate production was faster first on infected plantain, then on healthy plantain, and lower on dessert banana (infected and uninfected). Our results reinforce the idea of indirect and plant genotype-dependent manipulation of P. nigronervosa by the BBTV.
Despite the significant role of banana and plantain (Musa spp.) in the livelihood of millions of people mostly in developing countries and in particular Sub-Saharan Africa, cultivation of these important crops is impeded by numerous challenges. Against this backdrop, research attempts were made to improve shoot proliferation in banana and plantain by employing innovative macropropagation techniques. Banana and plantain suckers were harvested in the greenhouses of the University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany and research fields of the Crops Research Institute, Ghana. These were subjected to Plants Issus de Fragments de tige technique (PIF), which is a mechanical preparation technique. It involves paring, thus cutting off the roots of the corms with a sharp sterilized knife. Thereafter, the leaf sheaths of the corms were carefully removed, consequently exposing latent axillary buds and the apical shoot meristem. Some of the corms had the exposed meristem destroyed with crosswise incision whiles others had the meristem left intact. Various hormonal treatments with the synthetic plant hormone 6-benzylaminopurine (0, 2.25 and 225.25 mg L-1 BAP) and natural plant hormones derived from coconut water were used. Fresh and autoclaved coconut water and other additives such as papain and root growth biostimulant from seaweed were employed in various combination to treat banana and plantain corms by either soaking or vacuum infiltration. The treated corms were planted in germination beds filled with growth substrates inside growth chambers. Evaluation of solution uptake from the two application methods and subsequently effects on number and growth characteristics of lateral shoots from the treated corms were carried out. Field evaluation of growth and yield of acclimatized plantlets from the PIF technique and hormonally derived plantlets were also undertaken. The hormonal solution application method demonstrated a higher solution uptake with the method of infiltration which was about 33% more compared to the method of soaking. Results revealed an earlier shoot emergence in corms which had the apical meristem destroyed with crosswise incision, demonstrating the breakdown of apical dominance. Nonetheless, this did not contribute to significantly higher shoot numbers when compared to corms with intact apical meristem. BAP treated corms had triggered greater number of strong shoots with comparatively higher number of roots than untreated controls, however, the effect was independent of the concentration applied. The study further revealed the importance of natural growth hormones particularly the application of autoclaved coconut water as an alternative to the expensive plant growth hormone, 6-benzylaminopurine. There was a marked effect of autoclaved coconut water, resulting in earlier shoot development characterized with higher root numbers compared to corms subjected to 6-benzylaminopurine and the PIF technique, respectively. Moreover, the addition of the proteolytic enzyme papain and the root growth biostimulant seaweed extract to coconut water did not influence the growth performance of the treated corms. Vegetative growth performance, specifically pseudostem length of the main crop, was significantly influenced by the treatment at 6 and 9 months of growth in the field. BAP and seaweed extract recorded the highest numbers of suckers. Uniformity of acclimatized plantlets with well-developed roots and active leaves at the nursery stage might have contributed immensely for the uniform vegetative growth. Treating the corms with BAP and seaweed significantly influenced the bunch weight of the main crop resulting in a bunch weight of about 11 kg. However, there was no significant difference among treatments regarding bunch weight of the first sucker crop with each treatment recording a bunch weight of 11 kg.
Plantain is a food crop of great importance in developing countries. However, the extension of its cultivation is limited by the quantity and quality of seeds used. The present study was evaluated using two methods of plantain production. MSD and PIF methods were invoked by a local cultivar "Corne 1" and two hybrids "PITA 3 and FHIA 21" of plantains. The flowering plantain stump are used for MSD and its sucker for PIF methods. The apical meristem of suckers was destroyed to prevent their regrowth. Explants from stumps were sown in a tunnel for MSD method and sucker explant in propagator for PIF method. The whole of the rejections removed on the same plantain tree constituted a sucker's unit. At weaning, the mean production of one stump is 18; 26; and 17 shoots and that sucker's unit were 23, 12 and 09 shoots respectively with Corne 1, PITA 3 and FHIA 21. Thus, the total number of shoots leafy produced by Corne 1, PITA 3 and FHIA 21 was respectively with stump 118, 192 and 130 65, 34 and 29 leafy shoots with sucker's unit. The shoots from the stumps were more vigorous. Vigorous indices were 16 for Corne 1 and PITA 3 but it was 19 for FHIA 21. However, the vigorous indices were respectively 23; 27 and 21 at the shoots from the suckers. As for the life time of the stumps under tunnel, it was 164; 150 and 142 days, whereas that of the suckers to germoir was 112; 85 and 92 days respectively for cultivars Corne 1, PITA 3 and FHIA 21.
The study compares in vitro micropropagation responses and cultivar specificity using 12 cultivars of five genomic composition. Variation was revealed in in-vitro multiplication between cultivars of different genomic compositions and also within them. The rate of multiplication was highly variable: between about one and ten per week at the fourth subculture. It appeared that genome 'B' adversely affected multiplication; the more 'B' genomes in the group, the lower the rate of multiplication. AAA group members showed the highest rate of multiplication with the lowest range. The rate of multiplication also appears to be related to the degree of browning of the shoot tip tissues. It is suggested that multiplication is cultivar-specific and influenced many factors such as the culture environment. Such studies are important for in vitro breeding programmes in Muse spp.
Five different liquid medium culture methods for meristem propagation of bananas were investigated and compared with solid medium culture. Treatments studied were: gelled culture medium (treatment 1); liquid medium with immersion of the plants (treatment 2); liquid medium with cellulose culture support (treatment 3); liquid medium with partial immersion of the plants (treatment 4); liquid medium aerated by bubbling (treatment 5); liquid medium with temporary immersion of the explants for 20 min every 2h (treatment 6). After 20 days of culture, three culture groups with statistically different multiplication rates were observed:
-shoots in simple liquid medium and those on cellulose substrate proliferated little or not at all,
-shoots on gelled medium, those subjected to partial immersion and those in aerated medium displayed multiplication rates of 2.2 to 3.1, and
-the highest multiplication rate (>5) was observed in explants subjected to temporary immersion in the medium.
Two groups of treatments differed in the accumulation of dry matter: the smallest weight (around 0.5 g) was observed in treatment 1, 2, 3 and 4, and accumulation was 2 to 5 times greater in the explants in aerated liquid medium and those subjected to temporary immersion. The highest multiplication rates and weight gains were observed in aerated treatments (treatments 4 and 5). Shoots in liquid medium continuously aerated by bubbling displayed hyperhydricity of the outer leaf sheaths. This was not observed with temporary immersion of explants.
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