... They found that the phage-borne rMSCbinding VTAMEPGQ-pVIII significantly increased the transfection efficiency up to 40% in rMSCs (Figure 3), confirming the important role of phage display technique in improving the gene delivery. An up-to-date example would be using primary cardiomyocytes (PCM) targeting peptide (WLSEAGPVVTVRALRGTGSW) identified by phage display as a specific targeting ligand for the delivery of apoptosis antigen 1 (Fas) small interfering RNA (siRNA) by a bioreducible polymer for the potential treatment of cardiovascular disease (Figure 4) (Jung et al., 2016;Lee et al., 2015) Human non-muscle-invasive bladder tumor cell line BIU-87 CSSPIGRHC (Jung et al., 2016;Yang et al., 2016) Hepatic stellate cells VHWDFRQWWQPS (Ma et al., 2015;Yang et al., 2016) Murine pancreas langerhan islet CVSNPRWKC, CHVLWSTRC (Ma et al., 2015;Yao et al., 2005) Rat transient middle cerebral artery occlusion model CLEVSRKNC Yao et al., 2005) HCC cell lines BEL-7402 AGKGTPSLETTP (Du et al., 2010;Hong, Choi, et al., 2008) Mice oral cancer xenografts SNPFSKPYGLTV, YPHYSLPGSSTL Du et al., 2010) Rat islet tumors CRGRRST, CKAAKNK, CRSRKG (Chang, Chiu, et al., 2009;Joyce et al., 2003) Rat glioblastoma NIPYNPY, YLGDTIEEL, VLASPLN, NLGLETS GNSLSFP, IRTPSTV, RRPVNCI, ELVKIFS, VAVTDSR, AISPRLSS, NISYNAY, DATRLSS, THVHMLS, HPTKWPL, SLPPKTT, AHEHTYA, VGNNNYP DHLHSSR, TCLQYLGRVV (Joyce et al., 2003;Schluesener et al., Schluesener & Xianglin, 2004) Abdominal skin of BALB/cA nude mice ACSSSPSKHCG (Schluesener et al., Schluesener & Xianglin, 2004;Chen et al., 2006) Gastrointestinal mucosal barrier YPRLLTP, CSKSSDYQC (Chen et al., 2006;Duerr, White, & Schluesener, 2004;Kang et al., 2008) Blood-cerebrospinal-fluid barrier (BCSFB) TPSYDTYAAELR (Duerr et al., 2004;Kang et al., 2008;Li, Feng, & Jiang, 2015) Atherosclerotic plaque-associated endothelium Atherosclerotic lesion surfaces CAPGPSKSC (Liu, Bhattacharjee, Boisvert, Dilley, & Edgington, 2003) under hypoxic conditions Fas siRNA/PCM-polymer polyplexes significantly silenced Fas gene in cardiomyocytes, resulting in the inhibition of cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Their finding confirmed that the targeting role of a PCM specific peptide for targeted gene delivery to the myocardium. ...