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Determination of Dextran with Anthrone
Abstract
The anthrone method was used for the determination of concentration of dextran solutions. The effects of the factors involved in the method were studied and a procedure designed to improve the precision was evolved. Sources of error in the procedure were analyzed and it was concluded that the most probable source of error is variation in the blank. Nineteen different chemicals at different levels of concentration were tested for their effects on the analysis. The precision of the method was estimated by calculating standard deviations from 97 sets of duplicate blank determinations and 345 sets of duplicate sample determinations. The standard deviation for the samples, in absorbance units, is 0.0029, corresponding to 0.48% at an absorbance level of 0.600.
... A portion methanol suspension was transferred into a glass tube and dried under a gentle N2 s The residual solids were then resuspended in 2.0 mL of deionized water. The tota saccharide concentrations were determined with an anthrone reagent [35]. Brie concentrated suspension (2 mL) in a glass tube was placed in an ice bath for 5 min mL of an anthrone reagent containing 0.2 g anthrone in 100 mL of 95% sulfuric ac slowly added to the glass tube and then mixed vigorously. ...
... The residual solids were then resuspended in 2.0 mL of deionized water. The total polysaccharide concentrations were determined with an anthrone reagent [35]. Briefly, the concentrated suspension (2 mL) in a glass tube was placed in an ice bath for 5 min, and 4 mL of an anthrone reagent containing 0.2 g anthrone in 100 mL of 95% sulfuric acid was slowly added to the glass tube and then mixed vigorously. ...
Filamentous manganese (Mn) oxide particles, which occur in the suboxic zone of stratified waterbodies, are important drivers of diverse elemental cycles. These particles are considered to be bacteriogenic; despite the importance of biogeochemical implications, however, the environmental factor responsible for their formation has not been identified. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the involvement of algal extracellular polysaccharides in Mn oxide particle formation. Based on this study of laboratory cultures of a model Mn(II)-oxidizing bacterium, the supply of algal extracellular mucilage was shown to stimulate Mn(II) oxidation and thus the production of filamentous Mn oxide particles. This observation was consistent with the results obtained for naturally occurring particles collected from a near-bottom layer (depth of approximately 90 m) in the northern basin of Lake Biwa, Japan, that is, most Mn particles resembling δ-MnO2 were associated with an extracellular mucilage-like gelatinous matrix, which contained dead algal cells and was lectin-stainable. In the lake water column, polysaccharides produced by algal photosynthesis sank to the bottom layer. The analysis of the quality of water samples, which have been collected from the study site for 18 years, reveals that the annual average total phytoplankton biovolume in the surface layer correlates with the density of filamentous Mn particles in the near-bottom layer. Among different phytoplankton species, green algae appeared to be the key species. The results of this study suggest that algal extracellular polysaccharides serve as an important inducer for the formation of filamentous Mn oxide particles in the near-bottom layer of the northern basin of Lake Biwa.
... In addition, rice husks are biomass obtained from rice grain with low mass intensity and high silica and mineral content (Jain et al., 2015). Chemical component were, cellulose (25-35) %, hemicellulose (18)(19)(20)(21) %, lignin (26-31) %, silica (15)(16)(17) %, soluble solids (2-5) % and (7.5) % moisture (Luduena et al., 2011). Rice husk has good chemical stability and strength due to its insolubility in water and high silica content, respectively (Lee et al., 1999). ...
... Twenty ml of sulfuric acid (67%) was added and permitted to stand for 60min, then diluted 1ml of the solution up to 100ml. Four ml of anthrone reagent, prepared according to Scott and Melvin (1953), was added to 1ml of the diluted solution and mixed well. Tubes were cooled and measured for absorbance at 620nm after heating in a boiling water bath for 10min. ...
Rice husk is a sustainable, plentiful, and cheap resource with great potency for bioconversion to important bioproducts. This process required suitable employment of active pretreatment and hydrolysis enzymes to produce reduced sugars. Five isolates (AE1, AE2, AE3, AE4, and AE5) of moderately halophilic Bacillus were isolated from Sawa Lake, which is resistant to 12% sodium chloride. Results showed that isolates (AE1, AE3, and AE4) produce cellulase enzymes. AE3 isolate chooses to produce cellulase after being cultured in nutrient broth supplemented with 1% of pretreatment rice husk and incubated for (4, 7, 11, 18, and 21) days at 30°C with rotation 150rpm, with activity (48.08, 109.38, 68.77, 68.16 and 41.42) U/ml, the concentration of cellulose residue (125, 97.4, 106.4, 122.7 and 142.9) µg/ml, respectively. These results prove that the cellulose component of pretreatment rice husk was consumed and increased up to 7days of incubation period at 30°C with a rotation of 150rpm.
... Cell-free dialysate (CFD) Aliquots were separately treated with (NH4)2SO4 in saturation range from 0.5 to 0.9, acetone, methanol, iso-propanol and ethanol in different ratios of (alcohol: CFD). The dialyze was chromatographed through Diethylaminoethyl Sepharose column according to Scott and Melvin (1953) [19] . Proteins were eluted with linear gradient of NaCl. ...
... Cell-free dialysate (CFD) Aliquots were separately treated with (NH4)2SO4 in saturation range from 0.5 to 0.9, acetone, methanol, iso-propanol and ethanol in different ratios of (alcohol: CFD). The dialyze was chromatographed through Diethylaminoethyl Sepharose column according to Scott and Melvin (1953) [19] . Proteins were eluted with linear gradient of NaCl. ...
... Cellulose was isolated and solubilized according to Updegraff [36]. Cellulose content was reduced from Glc concentration measured by the anthrone method as described by Scott and Melvin [37] and Turner and Somerville [38]. The lignin content was analyzed by detection kit from Soraibao Biotechnology Co., Ltd. ...
Plant cellulose synthase is one of the important glycosyltransferases, which catalyzes the synthesis of the paracrystalline of H-bonded-β-(1,4)-glucose chains. This study isolated the cellulose synthase 3 (Ces3) sequence from sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) leaves. SoCes3 (GenBank accession No. MG324347) has a full-length cDNA sequence of 3625 bp. It contains an open reading frame (3225 bp), encoding 1074 amino acids with a molecular weight of about 120.89 kDa and isoelectric point of 6.26. SoCes3 protein showed high activity with other plant cellulose synthases. The recombinant protein contains plant cellulose synthase (Ces) protein conservative domains. In subcellular localization experiments, the fusion protein of SoCes3 with green fluorescent protein (GFP) was specifically localized in the cell membrane. The gene expression of SoCes3 was found in the leaf, leaf sheath, and internodes of the sugarcane stem. The highest expression level was found in the internode, especially with the highest expression level in the 5th internode and lowest in the leaves, and the gene expression level of SoCes3 was upregulated by PP333 and not in gibberellic acid-treated plants. It was conducted in tobacco plants to understand the biotechnological potential of SoCes3. The contents of cellulose and lignin were increased in SoCes3-overexpressing tobacco. Transcriptomic analysis showed that the transgenic tobacco induced different genes associated with different biological regulatory processes. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) mediated plant hormone signal transduction, starch and sucrose metabolism signaling pathways were widely induced and mostly upregulated. The transcription levels in SoCes3-overexpressing transgenic lines were higher than wild-type.
Graphical Abstract
... Total carbohydrate concentration was calculated by following the protocol of Scott Jr and Melvin (1953). Briefly, 1.25 mL of hydrochloride acid (HCl) (2.5 N) was added to 25 mg of seedlings, followed by cooling. ...
Plants adjust their developmental processes for their survival against changing environments. Plant development is adversely affected by arsenic (As) contamination. In order to mitigate As toxicity, the effect of silicon (Si) (as silicic acid) and nitric oxide (NO) (as sodium nitroprusside; SNP) was observed on 7 days old radish (Raphanus sativus L.) seedlings under 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 mM As concentrations. Plant growth traits, oxidative stress, carbohydrates, protein, antioxidants and osmolytes were measured. Arsenic stress inhibited the growth parameters and caused oxidative damage by elevating the level of oxidative stress markers and by causing membrane and nuclear damage, as shown by histochemical studies. Activities of antioxidative enzymes, content of non-enzymatic antioxidants, and levels of osmolytes were also decreased by As stress. However, Si and NO supplementation enhanced the As tolerance by improving the plant growth parameters. Moreover, Si and NO application improved carbohydrates and protein contents and stimulated plant antioxidant defense systems by decreasing the level of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide and by diminishing the membrane and nuclear damage caused by As. An increase in the osmolytes levels were observed by the application of Si and NO. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis showed that Si and NO exerted various peaks in different lipids, proteins, carbohydrates and cell wall component regions. This study suggests that Si and NO can help mitigating As-induced toxicity in R. sativus seedlings and augment growth.
... The catalase activity in both healthy and PaLCuV-infected leaves was estimated by following the protocol described by Hameed et al. [76]. One gram of leaf sample was homogenized with a reaction mixture containing sodium phosphate buffer (100 mM, pH 7.0), triton-X 100 (1% v/v), and 2-mercaptoethanol (7 mM). ...
Citation: Soni, S.K.; Mishra, M.K.; Mishra, M.; Kumari, S.; Saxena, S.; Shukla, V.; Tiwari, S.; Shirke, P. Papaya Leaf Curl Virus (PaLCuV) Infection on Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Plants Alters Anatomical and Physiological Properties and Reduces Bioactive Components. Plants 2022,
... Test samples were prepared by diluting 0.1 ml of latex serum with 0.4 ml of TCA. Sucrose content was determined using the Anthrone method described by Scott and Melvin (1953). Absorbances of the samples were measured at 620 nm using a UV-VIS Spectrophotometer (SHIMADZU UV-1800). ...
Wintering period of rubber is an annual event that generally lies between months of February to May in Sri Lanka. Various physiological and metabolic processes in the tree are affected with the wintering accordingly leading to low productivity in trees. Harvesting a half spiral of the rubber tree once in four days frequency (S/2 d4) is one of the recommended LIH systems currently practiced in Sri Lanka with application of different types of ethephon available in the market. Mature rubber plantation with RRIC 121 genotype tapped on BO-1 under S/2 d4 system had been selected for the study. Trees were applied with water-based ethephon and oil-based ethephon stimulation whilst traditional S/2 d2 (half spiral; once in two days) system with no stimulation served as the control. According to the recommended stimulation protocol for S/2 d4 system, stimulation was suspended at the end of January until end of April. Yield and related factors were determined on each tapping day during February to April, 2019. Average yield per tree per tapping (g/t/t) of S/2 d4 system of the trees applied with oil-based ethephon (49.39 g ± 3.66) and water-based ethephon (47.49 g ± 4.24) were comparable during the wintering period whilst both figures were significantly greater than that of S/2 d2 system (40.40 g ± 0.89). Variation of average latex dry rubber content of S/2 d4 system with oil-based ethephon (40.85 % ± 0.83) and water-based ethephon (39.48 % ± 0.81) were comparable over the period and observed with a significant difference from S/2 d2 system (35.41 % ± 0.49). Balanced sucrose levels with higher level of thiols and lower level of inorganic phosphorus in latex reveals that both types had no adverse effect on physiological status of trees harvested with S/2 d4 systems during wintering period. Yielding capacity of trees during wintering period did not vary significantly in trees harvested with S/2 d4 system with application of both types of ethephon.
... Test samples were prepared by diluting 0.1 ml of latex serum with 0.4 ml of TCA. Sucrose content was determined using the Anthrone method described by Scott and Melvin (1953). Absorbances of the samples were measured at 620 nm using a UV-VIS Spectrophotometer (SHIMADZU UV-1800). ...
... Serum was extracted by coagulating the latex samples with 2.5% tricloroacetic acid (TCA). Standard test methods were used for analysis of sucrose (Scott and Melvin, 1953), inorganic phosphorous (Taussky and Shorr, 1953) and thiol (Boyne and Ellman, 1972). Plugging index was determined according to Milford, et al., (1969) by using initial flow rate and total volume of latex obtained. ...
Ethephon which is used as the yield stimulant in commercial rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) plantations is an essential agrochemical when practicing low intensity harvesting systems. Locally developed new water-based ethephon formulation has been tested against commercially available water based and oil based formulations in a commercial plantation to investigate its effectiveness to replace imported formulations that currently fulfill the local requirement. Physiological yield determinant factors i.e. sucrose, thiol and inorganic phosphorous contents of the latex of trees applied locally developed ethephon formulation was comparable to existing formulations in the market. Latex thiol and inorganic phosphorous contents in acceptable ranges may ensure the long-term sustainability of the new ethephon formulation as a yield stimulant in rubber. The yield obtained with the application of new water-based formulation was comparable with the existing water-based formulation. However, oil-based formulation showed a significantly lower yield level than the new formulation.
... Test samples were prepared by diluting 0.1 ml of latex serum with 0.4 ml of TCA. Sucrose content was determined using the anthrone method described by Scott and Melvin (1953). Absorbance of the samples was measured at 620 nm using a UV-VIS Spectrophotometer (SHIMADZU UV-1800). ...
Wintering of rubber tree is an annual event that generally lies between months of February to May. Various physiological and metabolic processes in the tree are affected with the wintering leading to low productivity in trees. Post-wintering is considered as the time period with an increase in latex yield after the wintering. This paper discussed the effect of water based and oil-based formulations on yield and related latex physiological parameters during low yielding wintering period and high yielding post wintering period. Mature rubber plantation with RRIC 121 genotype tapped on BO-1 under S/2 d4 system with the recommended stimulation protocol had been selected for the study. Trees were applied with water-based ethephon and oil-based ethephon for the yield stimulation. Yield and related latex physiological factors were determined on each tapping day during wintering and post-wintering period. Yield and related latex physiological parameters varied through wintering and post-wintering seasons. Lower sucrose, higher inorganic phosphorus and lower plugging index indicated the higher rubber yield during high yielding post wintering period. Higher levels of thiol during low yielding season revealed lesser reactive oxygen species content due to lower metabolic activity in laticifers. Lower polyphenols causes less discoloration during post-wintering season compared to wintering period. Despite of the time of the year, both ethephon stimulant types had a more or less similar impact on latex yield and latex physiological parameters of rubber trees.
... 4-O-methylglucuronic acid was identified according to Chong et al. (2013). Destarched AIR of seven trees per set was pooled and five portions of 3 mg were used for cellulose analysis by the Updegraff method (Updegraff, 1969), followed by glucose content determination with the anthrone method (Scott & Melvin, 1953). ...
Stem bending in trees induces flexure wood but its properties and development are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effects of low‐intensity multidirectional stem flexing on growth and wood properties of hybrid aspen, and on its transcriptomic and hormonal responses.
Glasshouse‐grown trees were either kept stationary or subjected to several daily shakes for 5 wk, after which the transcriptomes and hormones were analyzed in the cambial region and developing wood tissues, and the wood properties were analyzed by physical, chemical and microscopy techniques.
Shaking increased primary and secondary growth and altered wood differentiation by stimulating gelatinous‐fiber formation, reducing secondary wall thickness, changing matrix polysaccharides and increasing cellulose, G‐ and H‐lignin contents, cell wall porosity and saccharification yields. Wood‐forming tissues exhibited elevated jasmonate, polyamine, ethylene and brassinosteroids and reduced abscisic acid and gibberellin signaling. Transcriptional responses resembled those during tension wood formation but not opposite wood formation and revealed several thigmomorphogenesis‐related genes as well as novel gene networks including FLA and XTH genes encoding plasma membrane‐bound proteins.
Low‐intensity stem flexing stimulates growth and induces wood having improved biorefinery properties through molecular and hormonal pathways similar to thigmomorphogenesis in herbaceous plants and largely overlapping with the tension wood program of hardwoods.
... Fructose content (%) was determined as a reducing sugar in the reaction mixture and inulin hydrolysis was calculated according equation as follows; Reducing sugar (%) / total sugar)x 100. Total sugar in hydrolyzed products was determined as described by Scott and Melvin (1953). ...
Exo-inulinase is an enzyme that is capable of breaking down inulin to produce fructose molecules. This enzyme produced by various fungal strains belonged to genera of Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Penicillium, Saccharomyces and Candida. Two fungal strains (Aspergillus niger and Candida oleophila) were selected among of 12 the tested strains which gave the highest inulinase activity (I) on chicory root, giving 40 and 35 mm of clear zone diameter on an agar plate and 55.93 and 46.38 U/ml in broth medium, respectively. The selected two also strains gave the highest invertase activity (S) on sucrose 95.04 and 86.94 U/ml with high values of I/S ratio (0.59 and 0.53). Both enzymes were better produced using co-cultures of A. niger and C. oleophila than using single culture. Optimization of fermentation parameters (11 factors) for both enzymes production from the tested co-cultures was carried out using the design of Taguchi orthogonal array (OA). Results showed that 5 (inulin, corn steep liquor (CSL), temperature degree, pH and KH2PO4) and 3 (inulin, CSL and temperature degree) were most significant factors affecting on production of inulinase (102.3 U/ml) and invertase (139.5 U/ml)which were closely related with predicted values of 103.6 and 140.1 U/ml, respectively. Fungal inulinase was applied to chicory inulin hydrolysis compared to pure inulin for the production of fructose with content of 61% and 75%, respectively, after 60 min of reaction time. It was also found that ethanol production by inulinase was achieved using 3 processes, which were direct conversion (DC) of inulin into ethanol by mixed cultures A. niger and C. oleophila, separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). The SHF and SSF methods were inoculated with Saccharomyces cerevisiae for fermentation sugars into ethanol. The highest ethanol yield was recorded during SSF process (15.60 g/L) compared with SHF (7.36 g/L) and DC (2.83 g/L) processes.
... To assert the degree of glucosylation of the collagen, anthrone assay was performed (protocol adapted from Ref. [16]). 20 mg of anthrone powder were dissolved in concentrated H 2 SO 4 to a final concentration of 0.2% w/V. 5 mg of both treated and untreated films (circa 1 cm × 2 cm) were hydrated with 100 μL of MilliQ H 2 O, followed by 400 μL of anthrone solution; the reaction was kept at 90 • C for 10 min. ...
... The residual solids were then resuspended in 2.0 mL of deionized water. The total polysaccharide concentrations were determined with an anthrone reagent [35]. Briefly, the concentrated suspension (2 mL) in a glass tube was placed in an ice bath for 5 min and 4 mL of an anthrone reagent containing 0.2 g anthrone in 100 mL of 95% sulfuric acid was slowly added to the glass tube and then mixed vigorously. ...
Filamentous manganese (Mn) oxide particles, which occur in the suboxic zone of stratified waterbodies, are important drivers of diverse elemental cycles. Although these particles are considered to be bacteriogenic, the environmental factor responsible for their formation has not been identified. Based on this study of laboratory cultures of a model Mn(II)-oxidizing bacterium, the supply of algal extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) was shown to stimulate Mn(II) oxidation and thus the production of filamentous Mn oxide particles. This observation was consistent with results obtained for naturally occurring particles collected from a near-bottom layer (depth of ~90 m) in the northern basin of Lake Biwa, Japan, that is, most Mn particles resembling delta-MnO2 were associated with an EPS-like gelatinous matrix, which contained dead algal cells and was lectin-stainable. In the lake water column, EPS produced by photosynthesis sank to the bottom layer. The analysis of the quality of water samples, which have been collected from the study site for 18 years, reveals that the annual average total phytoplankton biovolume in the surface layer correlates with the density of filamentous Mn particles in the near-bottom layer. Among different phytoplankton species, green algae appeared to be the key species. The results of this study suggest that algal EPS production induces the formation of filamentous Mn oxide particles in the near-bottom layer of the northern basin of Lake Biwa.
... Total sugar content of the fermented substrate was empirically determined using the Anthrone method, using glucose for the calibration curve (Scott and Melvin, 1953), expressed as gram of glucose equivalent per gram of dry matter following Equation (3): ...
This work presents the scale-up of the conidia production of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana using two different wastes, coupled with concentration and virulence tests of the produced conidia against the pest Tenebrio molitor. Beauveria bassiana CECT 20374 was used in solid state fermentation (SSF) operating under batch strategy. Two substrates with different biodegradability (rice husk and beer draff) were tested, successfully scaling from 1.5 L to 22 L bioreactors. Higher conidia production was reached using beer draff as substrate (2.5 × 109 and 6.0 × 108 conidia g-1 dry matter in 1.5 and 22 L reactors respectively) highlighting air free porosity relevance as scale-up parameter. Concentration and dose-response tests against larvae and adult Tenebrio molitor were performed to compare strain CECT 20374 with control strain KVL 13-39 (a B. bassiana strain previously tested against T. molitor). Virulence effect of the 22 L fermentation product of strain CECT using rice husk or beer draff was tested against T. molitor adult stage. However, quality loses between conidia produced in agar plates and fermented products were observed (from 75 to 80% mortality in plates to 40% in rice husk and 50-60% in beer draff fermented products respectively). The differences between plate and fermented samples also indicated fermentation process, extraction and conservation steps as possible causes for quality losses, highlighting the need to optimize them to maximize virulence maintenance.
... After collecting 1 mL of fruit sample, 1 mL of distilled water, and 3 mL of anthrone reagent were added to the test tube. The test tube was then heated to 100 0 C in a water bath for 15 min (23,24). After absorbance, Total sugar (%) = ...
The postharvest losses of papaya fruits are important concerns during storage , shipping and marketing; the causes of these postharvest losses include microbial infestation, temperature, inappropriate handling and other factors. Which can be decreased by using edible coatings that have enhanced quality and have a longer shelf life. The effects of three different coating materials -aloe vera gel, ascorbic acid and chitosan on the shelf life and qualitative parameters of papaya fruits that were maintained at room temperature for a period of 15 days were investigated. When compared to fruits that have not been coated, fruits that have been coated with aloe vera gel, ascorbic acid and chitosan retain the original values for all of the qualitative parameters , including total soluble solids (9.9), titratable acidity (0.670 %), ascorbic acid (67.125 100 g/mg), TSS: acid ratio (23.116 percent), total sugar (0.119 %), reducing sugar (24.570 %) and non-reducing. According to the findings of this investigation, the combination of aloe vera gel (50%), chitosan (1%) and ascorbic acid (1%) has the potential to lengthen the shelf life of papaya fruits while maintaining their nutritional qualities, which is significant for the purposes of commercial storage, transportation and sales.
... Saccharification yield (%) = RS(g) × 100/total sugar (3) Total sugar in the hydrolysate was assayed according to Scott and Melvin [25]. All samples, enzyme blanks, and substrate blanks were tested in duplicate. ...
The objective of this study was to create a fermentation process for the production of inulinase, an important enzyme with numerous applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries, using low-cost agricultural waste as substrates for Rhizopus oryzae NRRL 3563. High titer inulinase production in chicory roots by Rhizopus oryzae in a submerged culture was accomplished using a statistical experimental design. A two-level Plackett–Burman design followed by a three-level Box–Behnken design producing a high inulinase titer of 1085.11 U/mL, 2.83-fold the maximum level, was obtained in the screening experiment. The optimal levels were as follows: chicory root, 10 g/L; NaNO3, 5 g/L; and KCl, 0.2 g/L. The produced inulinase enzyme was purified using 70% ammonium sulfate precipitation and ultra-filtration causing 3.63-fold purification with 60% activity recovery. The enzyme had a molecular weight of approximately 130 KDa. The purified enzyme showed optimum activity at 50 °C and pH 6.0. The pH stability range was three to six and the temperature stability was up 70 °C. The purified inulinase could hydrolyze inulin and sucrose, but not cellobiose or soluble starch. Km and Vmax for inulin were determined to be 0.8 mg/mL and 50,000 U/mg, respectively. The two-level Plackett–Burman design was applied followed by a Box–Behnken model for optimization of fermentation conditions. Accordingly, the optimal combination of fermentation was a reaction time of seven hours, a temperature of 60 °C, and an enzyme concentration of 40,000 U/mL, which resulted in a 58.07% saccharification yield. The characteristics of the enzyme and its kinetic parameters suggested that it was highly effective in the fermentation of inulin and inulin-containing substrates. Additionally, it raises the potential of using inulinase enzymes in pharmaceutical and food industries.
... Saccharification yield (%) = RS(g) × 100/total sugar (3) Total sugar in the hydrolysate was assayed according to Scott and Melvin [25]. All samples, enzyme blanks, and substrate blanks were tested in duplicate. ...
... Soluble sugar (SS) content was measured by using anthrone colorimetry with dry samples [37]. After homogenization, the soluble sugar was extracted with 80% ethanol and centrifuged at 2800 rpm for 10 min. ...
Understanding the impact of deep underground environment on seed storage is an essential prerequisite for realizing the idea of “deep underground agriculture”. To explain the changes in seed germination performance after deep underground storage, we examined the biochemical properties of envelope-packed canola seeds stored for three different durations (66, 90, and 227 days) in four different depths (0, 240, 690, and 1410 m) of a gold mine. Results showed that deep underground storage duration was the leading cause of biochemical properties changes of canola seed, while storage depth exacerbated such changes. Deep underground environment significantly suppressed seed superoxide dismutase (SOD) and soluble sugar (SS), which could be the main reason for the accelerated loss of seed vigor. The appearance of the “compensatory effect” was mainly attributed to the increase in seed growth hormone and the decrease in abscisic acid (ABA) content. The most significant enhancement in growth hormone content was observed in seeds stored at a depth of 1410 m for 66 days, where indoleacetic acid (IAA), gibberellin (GA), and cytokinin (CTK) increased by 63.37%, 21.77%, and 79.36%, respectively. In this study, short-term deep underground storage could enhance seedling growth, but the recommended storage duration for canola seeds should not be longer than 90 days.
... The supernatant was first pre-cooled at -40 for 24 h and dried by vacuum freezer with different conditions. [33,34] The SLs powder was dissolved in distilled water at the concentration of 0.05 mg mL -1 . Anthrone reagent was prepared by the following: 0.1 anthrone was dissolved in 100 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid in the dark. 1 mL of 0.05 mg mL -1 SLs solution and 4 mL of anthrone reagent were added into the stoppered test tube, heated in boiling water for 10 min, cooled in ice water, and measured optical density (OD) at 600 nm. at 600 nm. ...
A simpler and more efficient method for preparing sophorolipids (SLs) facilitates the application of SLs. In this study, a new preparation method for SLs named SLs-WpH was designed firstly: the SLs in fermentation broth were separated by sedimentation in a separatory funnel, then dissolved in distilled water by adjusting the pH to 6-7 and centrifuged to remove the yeast brought in the sedimentation process, and the supernatant was vacuum freeze-dried. Secondly, the purity, composition, and antimicrobial activity of SLs-WpH were compared with the other two types SLs purified by ethanol and ethyl acetate (SLs-EtOH, SLs-EAC) in order to evaluate the feasibility of this preparation process. The purity of SLs-WpH was between that of SLs-EtOH and SLs-EAC and there was no difference in the composition, mainly lactonic SLs by TLC and HPLC analysis. SLs-WpH showed broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi and actinomyces. In addition, both the diameter of the inhibition zone (15 to 18 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus and the mycelium inhibition rate (70 to 78%) against Phytophthora infestans were not significantly different among these three types SLs; SLs-WpH had better inhibitory effect against Streptomyces scab and S. bottropensis with MICs of 32 μg mL-1 than the other two types with MICs ≥64 μg mL-1, which is the first reported that SLs had inhibitory activity against actinomyces. The results of this study indicated that the new preparation process of SLs is feasible and SLs have great application potential in the prevention of potato common scabs caused by pathogenic Streptomyces.
... Only fresh weight of root and shoot was measured and the single compound leaf was quantified as one. The total water-soluble sugars (WSS) in roots were estimated using Anthrone reagent (Scott and Melvin 1953), and total soluble protein (SP) in root was estimated by Lowry's method using Follin phenol reagent (Lowry et al. 1951). ...
Root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita is a serious threat to the world vegetable production. However, our knowledge of M. incognita’s response towards elevated CO2 level is scarce. To investigate M. incognita population growth along with plant attributes at elevated CO2 level, an experiment was conducted using tomato variety, Pusa ruby. Among the two sets of experimental design, one set of tomato seedlings were placed in ambient (385ppm) CO2 chamber, whereas the other set in an elevated CO2 (550ppm) chamber at National Phytotron Facility, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi. Two weeks later, the plants were inoculated with second stage infective juveniles of M. incognita population @ 0, 10, 100, 1000 and 10,000 nematodes per plant and maintained inside their respective CO2 chambers for the next 45 days. At 45th day after nematode inoculation, the responses of M. Incognita on tomato plants were quantified for the plant parameters (growth variables). Results showed that the plant growth variables such as root length (f(1) = 65.06, p < 0.001), root weight (f(1) = 14.06, p < 0.001), shoot length (f(1) = 0.16, p < 0.691), shoot weight (f(1) = 5.146, p < 0.031) and total soluble sugars (f(1) = 4.74, p < 0.037), increased at elevated CO2 compared to ambient CO2 whereas, the nematode population growth variables such as the number of galls (f(1) = 19.53, p < 0.0001), number of females (f(1) = 11.48, p < 0.002), number of egg masses (f(1) = 7.99, p < 0.008) and multiplication rate (f(1) = 13.27, p < 0.001), and also soluble proteins (f(1) = 30.00, p < 0.0001) in roots decreased at elevated CO2 than the ambient CO2 level. Repetition of the same experiment with another variety SL 120 also follows the similar pattern and suggesting that the effect is independent of cultivar. Further, the sugars to protein ratio in the root system were found to be high (Pusa ruby-57.63%; SL 120-94.27%) at elevated CO2 than the ambient. Thus, the cumulative response confirmed that the population growth of M. incognita gets significantly affected by increase in the atmospheric CO2 level. The predicated sugar-protein ratio in root system at elevated CO2 condition might demand adopting different nutrient cum nematode management strategies in future.
... Initially using acetic/nitric reagent, hemicellulose and lignin are removed [36]. Crystalline cellulose is resistant to acetic/nitric reagents, but after being exposed to 67% sulfuric acid, it becomes disordered and can be used to detect monomeric sugars using a colorimetric approach by adding anthrone as the dye [37]. When treated with 67% H 2 SO 4 , the produced acetylated cellodextrins obtained as a result of the acetolysis of cellulose with acetic/nitric reagent dissolves and hydrolyze to produce glucose molecules. ...
Biowaste obtained as remains after food processing has remained one of the underutilized sources of value-added products. Extracting valuable constituents from it helps minimize the waste disposal problem along with the added advantage of deriving useful material for various applications. Cellulose nanofiber (CNF) attracted significant attention due to its nanosize, ease of manufacture, low cost, adjustable surface properties, and improved mechanical properties to be extensively applicable in films, coatings, paints, foams and packaging. The study aims to extract CNF from food residues of onion skin using chlorination and alkali extraction processes. The extracted cellulose nanofibers were extensively characterized to determine their structure and properties. The presence of 43.4% of cellulose with lesser content of hemicelluloses (15.1%) and lignin (39.3%) indicated it to be a suitable source for CNF extraction. The purity of the obtained material was assured by indicating the peaks at 2907 cm−1, confirming the presence of stretching vibration of C–H elongation of the –CH2 functional group. Acid hydrolysis treatment of cellulosic microfiber was used to reduce the particle size from 10.61 µm to 100.49 nm, thereby increasing the specific surface area and pore volume from 59.97 to 118.62 m2/g and 0.186 to 0.432 cc/g, respectively. The TGA graph indicated a higher percentage (30%) of CNF content degrading at a higher temperature of 320 °C. TEM images depict that the fibers were in the form of fibrils with very low clusters formation. The obtained nanofiber can be efficiently used as a membrane for gas barrier application and as fillers in biocomposites.
... The rootstock harvesting and shaping were done in February of 2021, before grafting. Both scion and rootstock cuttings were analysed for carbohydrate content using the anthrone method as described by Scott and Melvin (1953). Before the grafting, wetting was carried out for 36 hours for scion cuttings and for 48 hours for rootstock cuttings, along with their disinfection by using Switch 62,5 WG, 1g/L. ...
The importance of the technology in vine planting material production, the efficiency in the grafting process, and the quality of the resulted material are becoming interesting objectives in the field of viticultural research in Romania. The modern technologies are trying to be based more on mechanical grafting and less on human manual labor due to aspects regarding the cost and time pressure. In the
current study was approached the importance of the biological compatibility between rootstock and scion in the grafting process. The grafting technique used was
mechanical grafting in the omega section. Four well known grapevine cultivars, 'Afuz Ali', 'Italia', 'Merlot', and 'Fetească albă' and three from the most utilized rootstocks in
the Valea Calugareasca viticultural center were selected for the grafting process. Various aspects such as the efficiency of the grafting process and the development of the grafted vine shoots and roots were evaluated. The study revealed better compatibility of the grafting process between 'Afuz Ali', 'Merlot', and 'Fetească albǎ' with the 'Berlandieri' x 'Riparia Kober 5BB' rootstock and between 'Italia' with
'Berlandieri' x 'Riparia Teleki 8B', 'Crăciunel 71' selection. Regarding the vine grafted development, the results did not highlight the influence of a particular rootstock, so the 'Berlandieri' x 'Riparia Kober 5BB' had the most significative influence on the 'Feteascã albǎ' development, but 'Berlandieri x Riparia Teleky 4B SO4-4' rootstock was the most reliable in all the four combinations.
... Total carbohydrate content was estimated as described by Scott and Melvin's (1953). D-glucose was used as a standard sugar. ...
Indiscriminate use of pesticides in agricultural fields affect the soil quality. One of the effective remedies to reduce excessive pesticides in soil is use of plants that can degrade pesticides. Present work was performed to study the effect of imidacloprid on seed germination and Biochemical parameters of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) and Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Proteins, Carbohydrates, Stress indicators and Phenolics of plants increased with increase in imidacloprid concentration. Photosynthetic pigments reduced slightly in treated plants. The results strongly suggest that Cowpea and Sunflower can thrive well in high imidacloprid concentrations with meager changes in their biochemical compositions. Thus, these plants can be potential members of the phyto-restoration system which can be used to reduce imidacloprid in soils. Farmers can undertake cultivation of these plants on an imidacloprid contaminated soil to restore its quality.
... Soluble sugars were extracted twice with 8 ml of 80% ethanol at 60 °C for 30 minutes (Candolfi and Koblet, 1990). The content of soluble sugars was determined with the anthrone method as described by Scott and Melvin (1953). Starch was extracted twice with 8 ml of 1 M perchloric acid, one hour each time at 60 °C and measured by the same method. ...
Light and temperature are the most important environmental conditions that impact the growth and quality of grafted vines. In this research, the most suitable light and temperature conditions were tested to determine the best environment for grafted vines grown in pots. This study was conducted to determine the influence of different growth conditions, such as open field, shaded greenhouse and unshaded greenhouse, on grafted vine growth and quality. The length and diameter of shoot, trunk diameter, mean and total leaf area, total soluble sugars, starch and total carbohydrate contents of ‘Narince’ and ‘Trakya Ilkeren’ vines, grafted on 5C rootstock, were investigated in this study. Shaded conditions yielded significantly higher shoot lengths, mean and total leaf areas than other conditions (p<0.05). Among the growth parameters, the highest correlation (r = 0.819) was observed between shoot length and plant total leaf area (p<0.01). The total soluble sugars, starch and total carbohydrates content of vines under shaded and unshaded conditions were higher (p<0.05) than those under open field conditions. Grafted vines had the highest carbohydrate content in unshaded conditions. Under different light intensity, temperature and relative humidity conditions studied, the better results were obtained in the case of unshaded conditions.
... Plant tissue samples were pulverized in a mill (IKA, Staufen, Germany) using a 40-mesh screen, and 200 mg of dust were used in extraction. Soluble sugars were extracted twice with 8 ml of 80 % ethanol at 60°C for 30 min (CANDOLFI and KOBLET 1990), and sugar content was determined using the anthrone method described by SCOTT and MELVIN (1953). Starch was then extracted twice with 8 ml of 1 M perchloric acid at 60°C for one hour, and starch content was measured using the same method. ...
... At the level of primary metabolites, total soluble sugars (TSS) were extracted by homogenizing 100 mg of freeze-dried powdered microalgal cell pellets in 80% ethanol. According to Nelson's method, total soluble sugars and carbohydrate contents in the solvent extract were determined [53]. Sugars and amino acid profiles were analyzed according to the methods of Abdelgawad et al. [54]. ...
The removal of heavy metals combined with biodiesel production by microalgae in a cost-effective way is a promising approach. Herein, we grew two green microalgal species, Chlorella sorokiniana and Scenedesmus acuminatus, in media contaminated with Cu²⁺ (3.2 ppm) or Zn²⁺ (65.4 ppm) to investigate their growth and full metabolic profile. Furthermore, to integrate the potential economic impact of biodiesel production with heavy metals removal efficiencies. Although acute exposure to heavy metals, on the other hand, reduced growth and increased removal efficiencies of Cu²⁺ (59.4, 98.1%) and Zn²⁺ (72.4, 98.2%) in C. sorokiniana and S. acuminatus, respectively. Besides, Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ increased primary metabolites, particularly lipids (49, 47% in S. acuminatus, 27, 26% in C. sorokiniana), with a significant induction in the unsaturation levels. Indicating that C. sorokiniana and S. acuminatus are excellent phycoremediators for industrial drainage and future sustainable algal-biofuels platform. Economic assessment of daily 1000-tonne biodiesel production from S. acuminatus grown on highly polluted wastewater via Na4SiO4 transesterification catalysis has all been assessed with an accuracy of ± 10% for the price of the diesel of US$ 1000/tonne and for the cost of the evaluated algal biomass of US$ 430/tonne. The daily 1000 T algal diesel business was viable, with a return on high investment (16.4%) and a payback period of 5 years. According to break-even and sensitivity analyses, the algal diesel cost that makes this business viable should be greater than US$ 147/barrel, while the biomass cost should not exceed US$ 462/tonne. Brent Crude Oil Spot exceeds US$ 95/barrel indicating promising prospects for algal fuel industrialization. Furthermore, the protein and amino acids-based waste biomass may serve as a sustainable biorefienry platform for various biofuel industries through biomass conversion technologies.
... The dried samples were ground in the mill [53]. Total sugar and starch amounts were analyzed according to the 'Anthrone' method [54]. Total carbohydrate amounts were determined according to Candolfi-Vasconcelos and Koblet [55]. ...
This study aimed to determine the grafting success and carbohydrate distributions for newly registered foxy grape varieties grafted on different American grapes and grown in humid conditions in the Black Sea Region of Turkey. In the study, ‘Rizessi’, ‘Çeliksu’, ‘Ülkemiz’, ‘Rizellim’, and ‘Rizpem’ foxy grape varieties were grafted on 140Ru, SO4, and 110R American rootstocks. The graft success, growth, and development characteristics were determined, and carbohydrate accumulations and distributions at the graft area, under the graft area (rootstock), and above the graft area (scion) of the grafted grapevines in the dormant period were also determined. The highest graft success rate was 100.00% in the combinations of ‘Rizessi’/SO4, ‘Rizellim’/SO4, ‘Rizpem’/SO4, ‘Rizellim’/110R, and ‘Rizpem’/110R. The percentage of vine saplings ranged from 86.00% (‘Rizellim’/SO4) to 27.14% (‘Rizpem’/140Ru). Regarding carbohydrate distribution, the ‘Rizessi’/140Ru, ‘Rizessi’/SO4, ‘Rizessi’/110R, ‘Çeliksu’/SO4, ‘Çeliksu’/110R, ‘Ülkemiz’/SO4, ‘Rizellim’/140Ru, ‘Rizellim’/SO4, ‘Rizpem’/SO4, and ‘Rizpem’/110R combinations showed a balanced distribution. The highest total carbohydrate accumulation (100.41 mg.L−1) was detected in the root region of the ‘Ülkemiz’/SO4 combination. On the other hand, vine sapling rate enhanced as carbohydrate accumulation increased in the grafting area. The SO4 American rootstock was found to be more successful than the others.
... After incubation, the tubes were kept in a boiling water bath for 10 min to inactivate enzyme. Reaction mixture was assayed for reducing sugars and total sugars in the hydrolyzed products according to Somogyi (1952) and the anthrone method (Scott and Melvin, 1953), respectively. ...
... Isolation of OSP from C. burnetii was performed using published methods [36]. Briefly the cell sediment (1 mg/mL wet weight) was subjected to a mild acid hydrolysis (1% acetic acid, 100 • C for 150 min), then cooled to room temperature and centrifuged at 14,000× g for 1 h. ...
Q fever is caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii and is spread to humans from infected animals especially goats, sheep and cattle, predominantly when giving birth. There is an effective human vaccine (Q-VAX) against Q fever, and although Q fever is a worldwide problem, the vaccine is only used in Australia due to difficulties associated with its use and the risk of adverse reactions. The desire to protect humans, particularly farmers and abattoir workers, from Q fever prompted the development of a new safe and effective human vaccine without all the difficulties associated with the current vaccine. Candidate vaccines were prepared using purified O-specific polysaccharide (OSP) extracted from the lipopolysaccharide of virulent (phase 1) C. burnetii, strain Nine Mile, which was then conjugated to a tetanus toxoid (TT) carrier protein. Two vaccines were prepared using OSP from C. burnetii grown in embryonated eggs (vaccine A) and axenic media (vaccine B). Vaccines with or without alum adjuvant were used to vaccinate guinea pigs, which were later challenged by intranasal inoculation with virulent C. burnetii. Both vaccines protected guinea pigs from fever and loss of weight post challenge. Post-mortem samples of the spleen, liver and kidney of vaccinated guinea pigs contained substantially less C. burnetii DNA as measured by PCR than those of the unvaccinated control animals. This study demonstrated that a C. burnetii OSP-TT conjugate vaccine is capable of inducing protection against virulent C. burnetii in guinea pigs. Additionally, OSP derived from C. burnetii grown in axenic media compared to OSP from embryonated eggs is equivalent in terms of providing a protective immune response.
... The carbohydrates; starch and total sugar were analyzed according to Anthron method (Scott and Melvin 1953), reducing sugar analysis by Dinitrophenol method (Mendiolea et al., 1995). A standard curve with D-glucose at concentration from 10 to 70 mg L − 1 was used for determination of total sugars and starch. ...
In this study, seasonal changes of carbohydrate amounts in fruit peels, leaves, and shoots of three pomegranates cultivars (‘Kışnarı’, ‘Hicaznar’, ‘Kirlihanım’) have been examined. It has been found that the amount of reducing sugar, total sugar and sucrose in the fruit peels of pomegranate cultivars increased from green to ripe while the amount of starch on the contrary showed a decrease from green to ripe. According to findings the sucrose, reducing and total sugars in the leaves, generally increased until mid-September after the decrease between June and July, and they tend to decrease in October. On the other hand, the starch content of the leaf decreased from the second half of June until the end of August, and then increased until the first half of October. In the analysis performed on the shoots, it has been revealed that the carbohydrate levels did not change in the period between the fall of leaves and the budbreak. In addition, the reducing sugar decreased from January to July and total sugar and sucrose formed a bumpy curve until September, and showed a steady increase starting from this period to the end of the year. It has been determined that the starch contents in the shoots increased regularly between April and July and then followed a fluctuating course from this period until October and decreased from October to the end of December.
... Moreover, the non-structural carbohydrates were also measured via the soluble sugar and starch content as previously described [43]. ...
Aims
Silicon fertilizer has been widely used in agriculture and been found to mitigate salinity stress in plants. However, studies that have examined the underlying mechanisms of silicon alleviation relating to hydraulics found that the plants respond in a various way. Thus, how silicon affected the hydraulic-related leaf and root traits need to be further studied.
Methods
In this study, a pot experiment in which NaCl and Si were applied to the plants was conducted in a greenhouse to examine how the addition of silicon would mitigate plant growth and affect the related traits of oats subjected to salinity. A variety of plant eco-physiological traits were measured after around two months of growth.
Results
The addition of silicon significantly decreased the Gs, increased leaf structural carbon, decreased specific root length (SRL), and had no significant effects on leaf non-structural carbon, leaf morphological traits and leaf chlorophyll in salinity-stressed oat. The PCA analysis clearly showed the Gs, SRL and leaf structural carbon represented the three independent traits in explaining the variation following the silicon addition.
Conclusion
The addition of silicon alleviates salinity-stress oat through three hydraulic-related leaf and root eco-physiological traits, which suggests that the plant hydraulic mechanisms are activated with silicon fertilizing in salinity.
... The samples were resuspended in 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 0.01% sodium azide, and starch was removed by digesting the samples twice overnight with a-amylase (10102814001; 10 U ll À1 ; Roche, Basel, Switzerland) at +37°C, under gentle rotation. Cellulose content was measured using the Updegraff method (Updegraff, 1969) followed by an anthrone assay (Scott & Melvin, 1953) to quantify the released glucose. ...
Biosynthesis of plant cell walls requires UDP‐glucose as the substrate for cellulose biosynthesis, and as an intermediate for the synthesis of other matrix polysaccharides. The sucrose cleaving enzyme sucrose synthase (SUS) is thought to have a central role in UDP‐glucose biosynthesis, and a long held and much debated hypothesis postulates that SUS is required to supply UDP‐glucose to cellulose biosynthesis. To investigate the role of SUS in cellulose biosynthesis of Arabidopsis thaliana we characterized mutants in which four, or all six Arabidopsis SUS genes were disrupted. These sus mutants showed no growth phenotypes, vascular tissue cell wall defects or changes in cellulose content. Moreover, the UDP‐glucose content of rosette leaves of the sextuple sus mutants was increased by approximately 20% compared to wild type. It can thus be concluded that cellulose biosynthesis is able to employ alternative UDP‐glucose biosynthesis pathway(s), and thereby the model of SUS requirement for cellulose biosynthesis in Arabidopsis can be refuted.
... The catalase activity in both healthy and PaLCuV-infected leaves was estimated by following the protocol described by Hameed et al. [76]. One gram of leaf sample was homogenized with a reaction mixture containing sodium phosphate buffer (100 mM, pH 7.0), triton-X 100 (1% v/v), and 2-mercaptoethanol (7 mM). ...
Citation: Soni, S.K.; Mishra, M.K.; Mishra, M.; Kumari, S.; Saxena, S.; Shukla, V.; Tiwari, S.; Shirke, P. Papaya Leaf Curl Virus (PaLCuV) Infection on Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Plants Alters Anatomical and Physiological Properties and Reduces Bioactive Components. Plants 2022,
... The catalase activity in both healthy and PaLCuV-infected leaves was estimated by following the protocol described by Hameed et al. [76]. One gram of leaf sample was homogenized with a reaction mixture containing sodium phosphate buffer (100 mM, pH 7.0), triton-X 100 (1% v/v), and 2-mercaptoethanol (7 mM). ...
Citation: Soni, S.K.; Mishra, M.K.; Mishra, M.; Kumari, S.; Saxena, S.; Shukla, V.; Tiwari, S.; Shirke, P. Papaya Leaf Curl Virus (PaLCuV) Infection on Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Plants Alters Anatomical and Physiological Properties and Reduces Bioactive Components. Plants 2022,
... Total sugar content was estimated using the Anthrone method (Scott and Melvin, 1953). Total glucose content was expressed as gram of glucose equivalent per gram of dry matter according to Equation (4): ...
Different reactor configurations are paired with a wide variety of agro-industrial wastes of different biodegradability to produce fungal conidia by solid-state fermentation.
This work presents a preliminary comparative study between packed-bed and tray reactor configurations to produce Beauveria bassiana and Trichoderma harzianum conidia using two different substrates in terms of biodegradability: rice husk or beer draff complemented with wood chips. Conidia production, mean temperature and respiration indexes have been analysed in most of the presented reactor configurations. Both strains showed higher conidia production when using beer draff complemented with wood chips as substrate due to the use of a mixture as substrate. When working with beer draff, chitinase analyses obtained similar profiles in both strains but higher overall values using TH. Conidia and chitinase production maximums were not achieved at the same time, having 2–3 days of difference depending on the strain. No significant differences in mean temperature were shown between most of the performed fermentations. As a result of the present work, further scaling of both packed bed and tray configurations using beer draff and wood chips to produce BB or TH conidia would be advisable. More experiments should be performed to optimize both conidia and chitinase productions to enhance the quality of the final product.
... Crystalline cellulose was dissolved in 3 mL of 67% (v/v) sulfuric acid at room temperature for more than 12 h. The cellulose content was assayed by anthrone reagent with glucose as the standard (Scott and Melvin, 1953;Updegraff, 1969). ...
Cell wall biogenesis is required for the production of seeds of higher plants. However, little is known about regulatory mechanisms underlying cell wall biogenesis during seed formation. Here we show a role for the phosphorylation of Arabidopsis cellulose synthase 1 (AtCESA1) in modulating pectin synthesis and methylesterification in seed coat mucilage. A phosphor-null mutant of AtCESA1 on T166 (AtCESA1T166A) was constructed and introduced into a null mutant of AtCESA1 (Atcesa1-1). The resulting transgenic lines showed a slight but significant decrease in cellulose contents in mature seeds. Defects in cellulosic ray architecture along with reduced levels of non-adherent and adherent mucilage were observed on the seeds of the AtCESA1T166A mutant. Reduced mucilage pectin synthesis was also reflected by a decrease in the level of uronic acid. Meanwhile, an increase in the degree of pectin methylesterification was also observed in the seed coat mucilage of AtCESA1T166A mutant. Change in seed development was further reflected by a delayed germination and about 50% increase in the accumulation of proanthocyanidins, which is known to bind pectin and inhibit seed germination as revealed by previous studies. Taken together, the results suggest a role of AtCESA1 phosphorylation on T166 in modulating mucilage pectin synthesis and methylesterification as well as cellulose synthesis with a role in seed development.
Ethylene plays a role of gas hormone generated in response to varied stress in plant cells. In Hevea brasiliensis, periodic ethephon stimulation of tapped trees generates a dilution of the latex, a lower Total Solid Content (TSC) and a lower viscosity, resulting in a longer duration of the latex flow and a higher production of the following tappings. It also increases latex regeneration between two subsequent tappings. These mechanisms induce important changes in the laticifer metabolism and in the cellular genetic expression. Ethephon stimulation has become a major tool for tapping management. However, its excessive use can increase the susceptibility of trees to tapping panel dryness (TPD). A newly formulated ethephon water-based stimulant (RRIM HYDROBESTTM, or RHB) is studied. A field trial was set with the clone RRIM 3001, comparing 4 stimulant treatments: ns = non-stimulated = control, ET = Ethephon 5%, MTX = MORTEX 5%, and RHB = RRIM HYDROBEST™ 5%. The production per tree was higher for MTX than for ns and ET, with RHB intermediate between both groups. The dry cut length (DCL) percentage of RHB was lower than that of ns, ET and MTX. Concerning the sucrose content of the latex measured in high-yielding and low-yielding periods, for the control ns alone, sucrose content in the low-yielding period was higher than that in the high-yielding period. Concerning the RHB treatment, in comparison with the control, 75 differentially expressed transcription factors were found, with most of them members of the ERF family. These results are discussed.
Hydrogels of cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) are promising wound dressing candidates due to their biocompatibility, high water absorption, and transparency. Herein, two different commercially available wood species, softwood and hardwood, were subjected to TEMPO-mediated oxidation to proceed with delignification and oxidation in a one-pot process, and thereafter, nanofibrils were isolated using a high-pressure microfluidizer. Furthermore, transparent nanofibril hydrogel networks were prepared by vacuum filtration. Nanofibril properties and network performance correlated with oxidation were investigated and compared with commercially available TEMPO-oxidized pulp nanofibrils and their networks. Softwood nanofibril hydrogel networks exhibited the best mechanical properties, and in vitro toxicological risk assessment showed no detrimental effect for any of the studied hydrogels on human fibroblast or keratinocyte cells. This study demonstrates a straightforward processing route for direct oxidation of different wood species to obtain nanofibril hydrogels for potential use as wound dressings, with softwood having the most potential.
Therapeutic potential and toxic effects of in vivo administered gold nanoparticles (GNP) and silver nanoparticles (SNP) depend on distribution in tissues. Rhodamine (Rho) labeled bovine serum albumin (BSA) and chitosan (Chi) were prepared by covalent conjugation and were characterized by fluorescence spectral analysis. GNP and SNP were coated with the labeled conjugates of BSA and chitosan by adsorption. The soluble Rho-BSA or Chi conjugates, uncoated, and conjugate-coated GNP, and SNP were orally administered in to 8-week-old rats. After 24 hours, rats were euthanized and the liver, kidney, spleen, and thymus were dissected. The tissues were examined ex vivo using a small animal in vivo imaging system. Liver, kidney and thymus displayed higher fluorescence due to increased accumulation of Rho-BSA or Chi conjugate coated NP in the tissues as compared to spleen where lower fluorescence noticed. Tissues obtained from rats that were administered Rho-BSA or Chi conjugated coated GNP and SNP showed tenfold higher fluorescence intensity as compared to tissues from rats that were given soluble conjugates or NP alone. The results strongly suggest significant tissue distribution of NP following oral administration.
Analogues of immunodominant myelin peptides involved in multiple sclerosis (MS; the most common autoimmune disease) have been extensively used to modify the immune response over the progress of the disease. The immunodominant 35-55 epitope of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG35-55 ) is an autoantigen appearing in MS and stimulates the encephalitogenic T cells, while mannan polysaccharide (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is a carrier towards the mannose receptor of dendritic cells and macrophages. The conjugate of mannan-MOG35-55 has been extensively studied for the inhibition of chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE; animal model of MS) by inducing antigen-specific immune tolerance against the clinical symptoms of EAE in mice. Moreover, it presents a promising approach for the immunotherapy of MS under clinical investigation. In this study, a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to detect the MOG35-55 peptide that is conjugated to mannan. Intra- and inter-day assay experiments proved that the proposed ELISA methodology is accurate and reliable and could be used on the following applications: (i) to identify the peptide (antigen) while it is conjugated to mannan and (ii) to adequately address the alterations that the MOG35-55 peptide may undergo when is bound to mannan during production and stability studies.
Estuarine wetlands with high organic carbon (OC) accumulation rates due to their high plant biomass and interception of tide-derived OC are generally considered as large CO2 sinks. However, our previous study found that tidal OC input seems to stimulate soil CO2 emissions, potentially weakening CO2 sequestration in estuarine wetlands. To further verify this phenomenon, we first established a structural equation model, which confirmed a positive correlation between tidal OC input and soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil respiration. We then performed trace analysis to determine the stability of SOC derived from different sources and its effect on soil CO2 emissions by analyzing the input and retention of OC derived from tides and plants in the Yangtze Estuary wetlands. From upstream to downstream, as tidal OC input decreased, the relative retention ratio of the tidal OC in wetland soil increased from 1.259 to 2.148, whereas the relative retention ratio of plant OC in the soil decreased from 61.5% to 14.8%. Our findings indicated that the degradability of tidal OC was higher upstream than that downstream, but both inhibited plant OC degradation, thus providing an important reason for the higher CO2 emissions upstream of wetlands (with higher tidal OC input). In addition, the primarily contributor to CO2 (δ13) emissions' transforming from plant SOC (81.35%) to tidal SOC (91.18%) was an increase in organic matter input from the tide in a microcosm system. Consequently, a higher CO2 output than CO2 input (plant OC) due to the ready degradation of tidal OC consequently weakens the CO2 sequestration capacity of the estuarine wetlands. This phenomenon is cause for concern regarding the CO2 sink function of estuarine wetlands intercepting large amounts of organic matter.
The production potential of a locally isolated Chlorella vulgaris strain and a local green-algae consortium, used in municipal wastewater treatment combined with CO2 sequestration from flue gases, was evaluated for the first time by comparing the elemental and biochemical composition and heating value of the biomass produced. The microalgae were grown in outdoor pilot-scale ponds under subarctic summer conditions. The impact of cultivation in a greenhouse climate was also tested for the green-algae consortium; additionally, the variation in species composition over time in the three ponds was investigated. Our results showed that the biomass produced in the consortium/outdoor pond had the greatest potential for bioenergy production because both its carbohydrates and lipids contents were significantly higher than the biomasses from the consortium/greenhouse and C. vulgaris/outdoor ponds. Although greenhouse conditions significantly increased the consortium biomass's monounsaturated fatty acid content, which is ideal for biodiesel production, an undesirable increase in ash and chemical elements, as well as a reduction in heating value, were also observed. Thus, the placement of the pond inside a greenhouse did not improve the production potential of the green-algae consortium biomass in the current study infrastructure and climate conditions.
Starch in the roots of mandarin trees ( Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Kinnow) was drastically reduced by an “on” crop. This was related to prolonged bud dormancy, delayed spring growth and an “off’ crop the following year.
Microfluidization was used as a mechanical method for the preservation of sugarcane juice. Sugarcane juice was microfluidized at 159 MPa/1 cycle and packed in glass bottles and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) stand-up pouches along with a control. The control and microfluidized samples that were stored at 25 °C, and control stored at 4 °C showed spoilage on the second day and were discarded. A reduction in total soluble solids, pH and sensory score along with an increase in reducing sugars, polyphenol oxidase activity, color change, dextran content, and microbiological parameters were observed during a 12 day storage period. Reaction kinetics for the parameters was also established. Results showed that microfluidization can extend the shelf-life of sugarcane juice upto 10 days when stored in glass bottles, and kept at 4 °C. The investigation intends to serve as a case study for researchers working on the processing and preservation of sugarcane juice.
Phenotypic plasticity is widespread in all organisms. This biological property is particularly important for sessile organisms like plants to cope with the ever-changing environmental conditions. Leymus chinensis is a predominantly clonal grass that adapts to diverse stressful habitats including drought, cold and salinity-alkalinity. Previous studies suggest that the remarkable environmental adaption of L. chinensis is probably due to its high degree of phenotypic plasticity; however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unexplored. In this study, we grew L. chinensis clonal plants in four soil types that differ in nutrient content, nitrate-nitrogen concentration and pH. We observed plasticity in several phenotypic traits in response to specific edaphic factors. By employing de novo RNA-sequencing assembly, we curated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under each soil type. We found that DEGs under each edaphic condition were enriched for highly specific as well as common GO or KEGG terms known to be biologically relevant to the respective conditions. Moreover, gene activation or silencing was also highly condition-dependent. Together, our results suggest that the high phenotypic plasticity of L. chinensis is likely rooted in its evolved intrinsic property of expressing specific transcriptome profiles in response to diverse niche conditions.
A bimodal gigaporous anion-exchange medium with the ion-exchange capacity of 0.215 mmol/ml was successfully developed based on hydrophilic gigaporous polystyrene (HGPS) microspheres (diameter between 60-115 μm). There are two types of pore in the medium, i.e., gigapores (0.3-7 μm) and mesopores (10-60 nm). The presence of gigapores in the medium can induce convective flow of mobile phase within microspheres, therefore contributing to high column permeability (3.55×10⁻¹⁰ m²), high dynamic adsorption capacity and high protein resolution at high flow velocities. The mixture of hemoglobin, transferrin and ovalbumin can be baseline separated within 3 minutes at 2529 cm/h. All the results indicate that anion-exchange medium as developed is very promising for large scale high-speed protein chromatography.