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Distribution and field identification of Philippine birds of prey. I. Philippine Hawk Eagle (Spizaetus philippensis) and Changeable Hawk Eagle (Spizaetus cirrhatus).
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... Because calls in our studies were recorded by autonomous recording units (ARUs), we were not able to observe the behavior displayed by the calling individual; thus, we do not know the sex or age of the caller or the behaviors that accompanied the calling. Call type 1 may have been uttered from a perch in the early morning along with other call types in the afternoon (Gamauf et al. 1998). Conversely, a higher call rate for call type 1 in early hours of the day may indicate that the Changeable Hawk-Eagle was actively soaring at these times (Wells 2007a) or benefiting from heat of the day (Murgatroyd et al. 2018). ...
... Conversely, a higher call rate for call type 1 in early hours of the day may indicate that the Changeable Hawk-Eagle was actively soaring at these times (Wells 2007a) or benefiting from heat of the day (Murgatroyd et al. 2018). Peak flight activity at 1000-1100 H was recorded for the Changeable Hawk-Eagle in the Philippines (Gamauf et al. 1998). As observed for the Mountain Hawk-Eagle (Morimoto and Iida 1992), the Changeable Hawk-Eagle may call while soaring in the late morning after foraging (Gamauf et al. 1998). ...
... Peak flight activity at 1000-1100 H was recorded for the Changeable Hawk-Eagle in the Philippines (Gamauf et al. 1998). As observed for the Mountain Hawk-Eagle (Morimoto and Iida 1992), the Changeable Hawk-Eagle may call while soaring in the late morning after foraging (Gamauf et al. 1998). As a caveat, we note that most or all of the calls we recorded likely came from one individual or a pair; thus, we do not know if the behaviors we report represent the behaviors of the population. ...
Vocalization in birds serves an important role in territory establishment and mate attraction as well as maintaining conspecific interactions and providing signals pertaining to food or threat. In Malaysia, most raptor behavioral studies on vocalization have been carried out on nocturnal raptors. Such studies have often been limited by the difficulty of accessing habitats where forest species reside and by raptors' elusive behaviors. We assessed the vocalization and vocal activity patterns of a common diurnal raptor, the Changeable Hawk-Eagle (Nisaetus cirrhatus), in an isolated lowland forest reserve, the Ayer Hitam Forest Reserve in Selangor, Malaysia, in mid-April 2021. Automated bioacoustics recorders were placed for 5 d in four different sites to passively collect the hawk-eagles' vocalizations. We recorded 480 hr of calls over the 5 d and the Changeable Hawk-Eagle uttered at least seven call types, with peak and longer call events at midday (1100 H and 1200 H, respectively). Calls were heard from 30 min before sunrise (0600 H) until shortly after sunset (1900 H). Call type 1 was by far the most common call type (2738 calls over 5 d) and was uttered throughout the day, possibly during flight and when perched. Other call types were uttered from late morning (1000 H) with exception of call type 3, which was uttered earlier (0900 H). Our findings may help provide improved raptor survey methods as well as fill the knowledge gap for diurnal raptor vocalizations in Malaysia.
... The Changeable Hawk Eagle Nisaetus cirrhatus is a large forest raptor which is widespread throughout tropical Asia and, although it is not globally threatened, it is thought to be in decline due to habitat destruction and human disturbance (Clark et al. 2019). In the Philippines the species is represented by the subspecies limnaeetus and is restricted to Palawan, Mindoro and Mindanao, where it is considered localised and uncommon (Gamauf et al. 1998, Kennedy et al. 2000. Gamauf et al. (1998) provided the first breeding evidence of Changeable Hawk Eagle in the Philippines, with records of dependent young and pairs in territorial displays on Mindanao, but the nest and the timing of nesting have never been documented for the country (Gamauf et al. 1998, Kennedy et al. 2000. ...
... In the Philippines the species is represented by the subspecies limnaeetus and is restricted to Palawan, Mindoro and Mindanao, where it is considered localised and uncommon (Gamauf et al. 1998, Kennedy et al. 2000. Gamauf et al. (1998) provided the first breeding evidence of Changeable Hawk Eagle in the Philippines, with records of dependent young and pairs in territorial displays on Mindanao, but the nest and the timing of nesting have never been documented for the country (Gamauf et al. 1998, Kennedy et al. 2000. P ue r to P r i nc e s a (for me rly St. Pau l's) Subterranean River National Park on Palawan is one of the nation's key biodiversity areas, with d iverse vegetat ion i nclud i ng ta l l lowla nd dipterocarp forest amongst karst limestone hills. ...
... In the Philippines the species is represented by the subspecies limnaeetus and is restricted to Palawan, Mindoro and Mindanao, where it is considered localised and uncommon (Gamauf et al. 1998, Kennedy et al. 2000. Gamauf et al. (1998) provided the first breeding evidence of Changeable Hawk Eagle in the Philippines, with records of dependent young and pairs in territorial displays on Mindanao, but the nest and the timing of nesting have never been documented for the country (Gamauf et al. 1998, Kennedy et al. 2000. P ue r to P r i nc e s a (for me rly St. Pau l's) Subterranean River National Park on Palawan is one of the nation's key biodiversity areas, with d iverse vegetat ion i nclud i ng ta l l lowla nd dipterocarp forest amongst karst limestone hills. ...
... Nets were set principally for birds, as contrasted with some of the ''bat'' nets in the Field Museum work, and no specimens were obtained using firearms. In the course of studies of Philippine raptors (Gamauf et al., 1998a,b), AG and colleagues conducted fieldwork in 2 areas on Kitanglad in 1993–1994. The northeast foothills (Dalwangan site) were visited 3 times (13–21 Mar. ...
... AG obtained breeding records in Apr. 1994 at 600–1120 m on the northwest slope, as well as observations of a first-year individual seen hunting over fragmented forest, and at least 3 pairs observed regularly engaging in territorial displays (Gamauf et al., 1998a). ...
... Collar et al. (1999) noted sightings from D. Cedeno, G. Balaquit, and C. Gayamara in Nov. 1994 and from P. Morris of a juvenile in Jan. 1994. Southern populations of the species have recently been recognized as distinct subspecifically (), and separation of the species from S. cirrhatus in the field has been discussed (Gamauf et al., 1998a). ...
Intensive inventory work on the Mt. Kitanglad massif of north-central Mindanao, Bukidnon Province, Republic of the Philippines, revealed a diverse avifauna. In all, 198 bird species were detected, of which about 172 were likely breeding in the area, placing the mountain among the most diverse sites that have been surveyed in the country. Three migratory species (Luscinia calliope, Turdus chrysolaus, and Motacilla alba) were detected on the island for the first time by contributors to this summary, and known ranges of several species were extended. The massif holds populations of at least 17 of the 18 species narrowly endemic to Mindanao—more than any other site yet studied—as well as almost half the species endemic to the entire Philippine archipelago. Endemic species are concentrated at higher elevations, whereas migrants and widespread species are more frequent in the lowlands. The Kitanglad massif, however, has been modified severely below about 1200 m, with removal of almost all lowland forest habitats. Records and data accumulated by historical collectors, recent collectors, and recent observers are compared and contrasted to reflect on the biases, strengths, and omissions in each. The importance of the Kitanglad region to effective conservation of biodiversity in the southern Philippines is particularly emphasized.
... However, in the field, three types of Changeable Hawk-eagle are known. They are Changeable Hawk-eagle dark morph eagle, Changeable Hawk-eagle light morph and Changeable Hawk-eagle intermediate or pale morph [3]. The identification is often hard because their colour of plumage from bird to bird can vary greatly. ...
... Absolute ethanol (200μl) was added and shook for 10 seconds. The mixture was transferred to the GS Column 3 and centrifuged at 14000 rpm for 2 minutes. The GS Column was then put to a new 2 ml Collection Tube. ...
The mitochondrial gene of cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) has been commonly used in population genetics, systematics, phylogeography as well as DNA barcoding of many animal species including birds. This study aimed to evaluate the sources of DNA and condition of PCR reaction for amplification of COI gene of changeable hawk-eagle (Nisaetus cirrhatus Gmelin, JF, 1788). DNA was extracted from single fresh plucked feather and from cloacal swab of five individuals. The DNA extraction was conducted using Geneaid™ DNA Isolation Kit (Tissue). Amplification of COI gene was done in a reaction mixture containing 1x PCR buffer, 0.2mM dNTP, 2mM to 3mM MgCl2, 1µM of each forward and reverse primers, 1µl to 3.5µl DNA template, 1U taq polymerase and H2O to reach a total volume of 20µl. The PCR cycles were 95°C for 1 minute followed by 5 cycles of 95°C for 1 minute, 45°C for 1.5 minutes, and 72°C for 1.5 minutes. This was followed by 30 cycles of 1 minute at 95°C, 1.5 minutes at 50°C, and 1.5 minute at 72°C. One cycle of a final extension was done for 5 minutes at 72°C. The amplification products were visualised using agarose gel electrophoresis. The results showed that DNA extracted from feather had higher concentration than from cloacal swab. Moreover, DNA extracted from plucked feather demonstrated better amplification product with the fragment size of 750bp. The volume of DNA template from plucked feather that resulted in reproducible amplification product was 3.5 µl and the MgCl2 concentration was 3mM.
... tentatively established the taxon pinskeri as a subspecies of Philippine Hawk Eagle S. philippensis, but subsequently discovered that birds belonging to pinskeri (perhaps to be named "Southern Philippine Hawk Eagle" as opposed to "Northern Philippine Hawk Eagle") are genetically well differentiated and probably merit species rank (Gamauf et al. 2005a,b). Below (Table 1) we present the diagnostic features from Gamauf et al. (1998), but a more thorough and precise evaluation of consistent differences is needed. It is worth noting that Gamauf et al. (2005b) suggested that Old World hawk eagles of the genus Spizaetus be transferred to the genus Nisaetus. ...
... assembled evidence that the once monospecific Drongo Cuckoo S. lugubris breaks down into four species (Philippine S. velutinus was already noted inCollar 2003). He (and Rasmussen & Anderton 2005; see above) christened nominate lugubris of lowland Assam, Thailand, the Sundaic region and Sri Lanka "Square-tailed Drongo Diagnostic features of Spizaetus philippensis and S. pinskeri, based onGamauf et al. (1998). ...
... Road counts were carried out for identifying bird species. Following methods were used [1][2][3][4][5][14][15]. ...
... In limnaeetus two distinct colour morphs are described, one being completely dark ). In the Philippines, Gamauf et al. (1998) found that 50% of 34 individuals were light morphs, 38% were dark morphs, and 12% were intermediate with a grey-brown breast. Among 155 skins from Indonesia, we found that 51% were light morphs, 48% dark and 1% were intermediate. ...
... Such forest patches were already inhabited by the ancestors of the other South-East Asian Spizaetus representatives (e.g. S. philippensis, S. pinskeri, S. lanceolatus, S. nanus, S. bartelsi, S. alboniger). Supposing that the ancestor of the limnaeetus group was morphologically adapted to semi-open habitats as it is today (Brown and Amadon 1968, Thiollay 1988, Gamauf et al. 1998a, competition was minimized between the inhabitants of forests and the new invaders. At the end of the last glaciation this continuous geographical range may have split up again due to rising sea levels. ...
A molecular phylogeny of the Spizaetus cirrhatus complex is presented in this study, based on two sections of the mitochondrial genome: partial sequences of the cytochrome b gene and of the control region (CR). The topologies derived from the two sequences are in agreement. Within S. cirrhatus distances are rather low (0–1.5% in cytochrome b). Among the cirrhatus subspecies the island taxa floris, vanheurni and andamanensis form distinct haplogroups in the CR trees, conforming to the earlier subspecific divisions which were based on morphological characters. On the other hand, the most widespread subspecies, limnaeetus, does not represent a monophyl-etic group in the gene trees and its haplogroups do not cluster according to geographic affinities. An unambiguous resolution of relationships among haplotypes and haplogroups, respectively, was not achieved, suggesting a more recent radiation of this group of hawk-eagles in the course of the last ice ages. Concerning the outgroup taxa Spizaetus philippensis and Spizaetus lanceolatus, our data indicate a clear genetic distinction between the two subspecies S. p. philippensis and S. p. pinskeri, suggesting that they should be treated as distinct species. Yet the phylogenetic relationships of the three outgroup taxa with respect to S. cirrhatus are ambiguous in our trees. The taxonomic consequences of applying different species concepts (BSC, PSC) are discussed. The species concept chosen would result in different conservation strategies.
This study presents the first description of the breeding biology of the IUCN Endangered North Philippine Hawk-Eagle (Nisaetus philippensis). We described a single pair's breeding phenology, nest characteristics, diet, chick development, and behavior through on-the-ground and remote observations from 1 February to 14 May 2020. Due to limited mobility during the COVID-19 pandemic, we improvised a video recording setup for remote monitoring and used machine learning to extract data from images. The nest was a low cup/fork type stick nest placed on a Malabulak tree (Bombax ceiba) in a heavily disturbed secondary forest. When it was first found, the incubation stage was underway and lasted for 1 month as the nestling emerged on 1 March 2020. Both adults provided parental care throughout the breeding period, with the male primarily providing food and the female attending to the nest, egg, and chick. They preyed on a wide range of vertebrates such as lizards, ground birds, bats, rodents, and domestic animals. With a single egg per clutch and a relatively long breeding cycle, the species has a slow reproductive output that may contribute to its current threatened status.
This paper deals with addition of three raptor birds species (Family: Accipitridae) from Todgarh-Raoli wildlife sanctuary; in which two species i.e. Crested serpent eagle and Crested Hawk eagle are addition to avian diversity of Rajasthan desert and one bird species (Short toed eagle) is first record from this sanctuary. Taxonomic description, distribution, vernacular name, present status, location map and photographs are provide here for their easy identification and updating of avian diversity of Todgarh-Raoli wildlife sanctuary.
Keywords : Avifauna Addition, Raptors, Rajasthan Desert, Todgarh-Raoli Wls.
We sought to clarify relationships among morphometrics, behavior, and ecological variables for 21 species of raptors in the Philippines. Morphological space was de- fined by 42 external characters analyzed as shape variables with respect to body length (without tail). Seventeen variables were used to characterize habitat and five to characterize foraging behavior. Three PCA components accounted for 68% of the total variance in the habitat data and separated species living in dense forests from those using degraded habitats or coastal areas. Two PCA components explained 81% of the variance in hunting mode, with transitions from sit-and-wait to flap-gliding, and with contrasts between soaring and flap- gliding. Three PCA components accounted for 70.5% of the variance in morphological shape. The first component separated species with narrow wings and less-pronounced notches from species with broad, deeply notched wings. The second and third components were associated with the contrast between pointed and rounded wings and prey-capture apparatus (feet, bill). Five morphological characters were highly correlated (R = 0.934) with the first principal component of the habitat data, indicating that species inhabiting forested habitats have square tails, rounded wings, and strong claws. Hunting mode and habitat also were closely related (R = 0.900). Soaring correlated well with the number of notched primaries, tail shape, and measures of the trophic apparatus, but poorly with wing loading and aspect ratio. Behavior, ecology, and morphology of this subset of raptors were closely interrelated. Among the Philippine raptors, species that inhabit rain forests are the most endangered, and we suggest that morphological constraints limit their use of secondary habitats.
On the basis of 19 study skins from eight different museum collections, five captive birds, and 67 field observations (cumulative observation time 6.8 hr), we here describe a possible new sub- species of the Philippine Hawk-Eagle ($pizagtus philippensis pinskeri). This new subspecies is restricted to the rain forests of the southern part of the Philippine Archipelago. Its altitudinal range reaches from 0-1900 m and it occurs at least on Mindanao, Samar, and Negros. The population size of S. p. philippensis is estimated to be 200-220 pairs, that of S. p. pinskeri does not exceed 320-340 pairs. We emphasize the current treats to the entire species due to the ongoing destruction of its natural rain forest habitat. KEY WOADS: Philippine Hawk-Eagle, Spiza6tus philippensis; new subspecies; marphology; distribution; conser- vation; Philippines.
Four weeks of fieldwork in the forests of Mindoro, Philippines, in 1991 has elucidated the status of the six bird species endemic to the island. Of these, Ducula mindorensis and Otus mindorensis are high-altitude species with restricted ranges and in need of active conservation in the medium term. Three of the four lowland species, Gallicolumba platenae, Centropus steerü and Penelopides mindorensis are under immediate threat of extinction through forest clearance and fragmentation, while the fourth, Dicaeum retrocinctum, s i not under immediate threat but is certainly at risk of extinction in the long term. Whilst deforestation is an enormous problem across the entire Philippines, Mindoro is the smallest centre of endemism with the least forest cover after the Sulu Islands. Extinctions are believed inevitable within the next 10 years unless concerted action is urgently taken. The Halcon range must receive attention in order to conserve the montane species, but more urgent by far is the preservation of lowland forest remnants, concentrating on central-west Mindoro.
Ornithological surveys were carried out in the remnant forests of the island of Negros, in the central Philippines, over five weeks in the summer of 1991. From this work it is concluded that, without the implementation of immediate conservation measures, the global extinction of four bird species is likely to occur in the near future. These are Negros Fruit-dove Ptilinopus arcanus, Negros Bleeding-heart Gallicolumba keayi, Writhed-billed Hornbill Aceros waldeni and White-throated Jungle-flycatcher Khinomyias albi-gularis. Another four species restricted to the lowlands of Negros and the adjacent island of Panay, Visayan Tarictic Hornbill Penelopides panini, White-winged Cuckoo-shrike Cora-cina ostenta, Flame-templed Babbler Stachyris speciosa and Visayan Flowerpecker Dicaeum (australe) haematostictum, must be considered under extreme threat, and the endemic Negros Striped-babbler Stachyris nigrorum is under considerable pressure. A further twelve species listed as globally threatened are also in serious danger of extinction on Negros. This paper details the results of fieldwork and presents our conclusions and suggestions for conservation, which must include the direct preservation of the last fragments of lowland forest on the island.
The Asiatic species of the genus Spizaëtus are reviewed. A new subspecies, S. nams stresemanni , is described from Nias Island.
There is evidence, as yet inconclusive, that three species replace one another geographically on the West Sumatran Islands, only one species occurring on any one island.