Content uploaded by Rakesh Yashroy
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Rakesh Yashroy
Content may be subject to copyright.
13C-NMR studies of lipid fatty acyl chains of chloroplast membranes
Abstract and Figures
Whole chloroplast membranes as well their extracted lipids exhibit resonances assignable to carbon atoms of linolenic acid fatty acyl chains.
Figures - uploaded by Rakesh Yashroy
Author content
All figure content in this area was uploaded by Rakesh Yashroy
Content may be subject to copyright.
... This in turn plays an important known as PC, GPCho or lecithin), role in the structure and function of cell membranes Most phosphatidylethanolamine (PE or GPEtn) and naturally occurring fatty acids are of the cis configuration, phosphatidylserine (PS or GPSer). In addition to serving although the trans form does exist in some natural and as a primary component of cellular membranes and partially hydrogenated fats and oils [6][7][8]. ...
Lipid is a water insoluble biomolecule. It is soluble in nonpolar organic solvent. These are made up of fatty acids. Lipids are group of natural molecules such as vitamins etc. Fatty acids are the part of lipid and fatty acid are synthesized by chain elongation acetylacetyl-CoA primer with malonyl-CoA or methylmalonyl-CoA groups in a process called fatty acid synthesis. Glycerolipids are composed of mono-, di-and tri-substituted glycerols. Glycerophospholipids involved in metabolism and cell signaling. Sphingolipids base backbone that is synthesized de novo from the amino acid serine and a long-chain fatty acyl CoA. Polyketides are synthesized by polymerization of acetyl and propionyl subunits by classic enzymes as well as iterative and multimodular enzymes that share mechanistic features with the fatty acid synthesis. This paper deals with study about the role of different lipid material and their used in pharmaceutical formulations. Manuscript also emphasize on recent patents based on lipid material based pharmaceutical preparations.
... JA is derived from α-linolenic acid (Weber, 2002) and α-linolenic acid metabolism pathways were highly changed at both the transcript and protein level (Supplementary Figure 6). α-Linolenic acid is not only a precursor to JA, but also aids in photosynthetic thylakoid membrane fluidity (Yashroy, 1987) potentially acting as another contributor to alterations affecting photosynthesis. Other studies indicated that JA levels have a strong relationship to lignin levels. ...
Multiple Arabidopsis arogenate dehydratase (ADT) knock-out (KO) mutants, with phenotypes having variable lignin levels (up to circa 70% reduction), were studied to investigate how differential reductions in ADTs perturb its overall plant systems biology. Integrated “omics” analyses (metabolome, transcriptome, and proteome) of wild type (WT), single and multiple ADT KO lines were conducted. Transcriptome and proteome data were collapsed into gene ortholog (GO) data, with this allowing for enzymatic reaction and metabolome cross-comparisons to uncover dominant or likely metabolic biosynthesis reactions affected. Network analysis of enzymes–highly correlated to stem lignin levels–deduced the involvement of novel putative lignin related proteins or processes. These included those associated with ribosomes, the spliceosome, mRNA transport, aminoacyl tRNA biosynthesis, and phosphorylation. While prior work helped explain lignin biosynthesis regulation at the transcriptional level, our data here provide support for a new hypothesis that there are additional post-transcriptional and translational level processes that need to be considered. These findings are anticipated to lead to development of more accurate depictions of lignin/phenylpropanoid biosynthesis models in situ, with new protein targets identified for further biochemical analysis and/or plant bioengineering. Additionally, using KEGG defined functional categorization of proteomics and transcriptomics analyses, we detected significant changes to glucosinolate, α-linolenic acid, nitrogen, carotenoid, aromatic amino acid, phenylpropanoid, and photosynthesis-related metabolic pathways in ADT KO mutants. Metabolomics results also revealed that putative carotenoid and galactolipid levels were generally increased in amount, whereas many glucosinolates and phenylpropanoids (including flavonoids and lignans) were decreased in the KO mutants.
... However, this classification system excludes the occurrence of cyanobacterial strains containing PUFA with only two double bonds, such as 16:2 or 18:2 (Cohen et al., 1995). Three double bonds in 18-carbon linolenic acid present in CYA1, the most abundant fatty-acyl chains of plant thylakoid membranes, render these membranes highly fluid despite environmental low-temperatures (Yashroy, 1987). Presence of αlinolenic acid and the commercial importance in Nostoc strains was already reported by Temina et al., (2007). ...
Six strains of two closely related genera – Nostoc and Cylindrospermum were isolated from the biodiversity hotspot zone of Assam, North-East India. A detailed study was made on the biochemical composition and chemotaxonomy of the strains based on Fatty acid profile and Attenuated Total Reflectance - Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The strains were found to be rich in biochemical composition (pigments, total carbohydrate and soluble proteins). Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis differentiated the strains into two groups supporting the morphological classification. Despite the reports available ATR - FTIR analysis tested for the same cyanobacteria was found to be a weak tool for strain differentiation. Keywords: Assam, ATR-FTIR, biochemical, cyanobacteria, Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME)
... Self-Organization 251 environmental temperatures. Thylakoid membranes retain innate fluidity even at relatively low temperatures due to high degree of fatty-acyl disorder allowed by their high content of linolenic acid (YashRoy, 1987). Molecular self-assembly is fundamental for constructing macromolecules in cells of the living organism, including the self-assembly of lipids to form the membrane, the formation of double helical DNA through hydrogen bonding of the individual strands, and the self-assembly of proteins to form quaternary structures. ...
Description
As the first comprehensive title on network biology, this book covers a wide range of subjects including scientific fundamentals (graphs, networks, etc) of network biology, construction and analysis of biological networks, methods for identifying crucial nodes in biological networks, link prediction, flow analysis, network dynamics, evolution, simulation and control, ecological networks, social networks, molecular and cellular networks, network pharmacology and network toxicology, big data analytics, and more.
Across 12 parts and 26 chapters, with Matlab codes provided for most models and algorithms, this self-contained title provides an in-depth and complete insight on network biology. It is a valuable read for high-level undergraduates and postgraduates in the areas of biology, ecology, environmental sciences, medical science, computational science, applied mathematics, and social science.
Sample Chapter(s)
1. Fundamentals of Graph Theory
Contents:
Mathematical Fundamentals:
Fundamentals of Graph Theory
Graph Algorithms
Fundamentals of Network Theory
Other Fundamentals
Crucial Nodes/Subnetworks/Modules, Network Types, and Structural Comparison:
Identification of Crucial Nodes and Subnetworks/Modules
Detection of Network Types
Comparison of Network Structure
Network Dynamics, Evolution, Simulation and Control:
Network Dynamics
Network Robustness and Sensitivity Analysis
Network Control
Network Evolution
Cellular Automata
Self-Organization
Agent-based Modeling
Flow Analysis:
Flow/Flux Analysis
Link and Node Prediction:
Link Prediction: Sampling-based Methods
Link Prediction: Structure- and Perturbation-based Methods
Link Prediction: Node-Similarity-based Methods
Node Prediction
Network Construction:
Construction of Biological Networks
Pharmacological and Toxicological Networks:
Network Pharmacology and Toxicology
Ecological Networks:
Food Webs
Microscopic Networks:
Molecular and Cellular Networks
Social Networks:
Social Network Analysis
Software:
Software for Network Analysis
Big Data Analytics:
Big Data Analytics for Network Biology
Readership: Advanced undergraduates and graduate students and researchers in biology, ecology, pharmacology, applied mathematics, computational science, etc.
... Plants depend on photosynthesis by chloroplast thylakoid membranes exposed to cold environmental temperatures. Thylakoid membranes retain innate fluidity even at relatively low temperatures, due to high degree of fatty-acyl disorder allowed by their high content of linolenic acid (YashRoy, 1987). ...
Selforganizology is a science on self-organization. It was first proposed by the author in 2013. Theories and methods of selforganizology should be continuously revised and improved. More details on selforganizology were described in present report as compared to the original study.
... Plants depend on photosynthesis by chloroplast thylakoid membranes when exposed to cold environmental temperatures. Thylakoid membranes retain innate fluidity even at relatively low temperatures, due to high degree of fatty-acyl disorder allowed by their high content of linolenic acid (YashRoy, 1987). ...
This invaluable book is the first of its kind on "selforganizology", the science of self-organization. It covers a wide range of topics, such as the theory, principle and methodology of selforganizology, agent-based modelling, intelligence basis, ant colony optimization, fish/particle swarm optimization, cellular automata, spatial diffusion models, evolutionary algorithms, self-adaptation and control systems, self-organizing neural networks, catastrophe theory and methods, and self-organization of biological communities, etc.
Readers will have an in-depth and comprehensive understanding of selforganizology, with detailed background information provided for those who wish to delve deeper into the subject and explore research literature.
This book is a valuable reference for research scientists, university teachers, graduate students and high-level undergraduates in the areas of computational science, artificial intelligence, applied mathematics, engineering science, social science and life sciences.
https://doi.org/10.1142/9685
This chapter aims to illustrate the application of liposomes in pharmaceutical science and Chinese Materia Medica. It reviews the history and development of liposomes and introduces the composition and formulation of liposomes, including the application of aptamers, antibodies, and other biomaterials. This chapter also describes some important aspects of the preparation of liposomes, including stability and entrapment efficiency, and surface modification for targeted deliveries. The improvement of the qualities of liposomes is discussed, emphatically, such as the surface charges, the morphology, and the size distribution.
Aqueous dispersions of lipids isolated from spinach chloroplast membranes were studied by electron microscopy after negative staining with phosphotungstic acid. Influence of low temperature (5°C for 24 h) was also investigated. It was observed that when contacted with water, these lipids, as such, formed multilamellar structures. Upon sonication, these multilamellar structures gave rise to a clear suspension of unilamellar vesicles varying in size (diameter) between 250 and 750 Å. When samples of sonicated unilamellar vesicles were stored at 5°C for 24 h or more, they revealed a variety of lipid aggregates including liposomes, cylindrical rods (about 100 Å wide and up to 3600 Å long), and spherical micellar structures (100-200 Å in diameter)—thus indicating phase separation of lipids.
Spinach chloroplast membranes were studied by natural abundance carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR) spectroscopy in their normal state and after heat denaturation of membrane proteins. The membrane proteins were denatured by raising the temperature of the sample to 67 degrees C for 5 minutes [YashRoy, R.C. (1991) J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods 22, 55-59]. Line-broadening of 13C-NMR resonances arising from the 1st (carbonyl), 7th, 9th and 12th carbon atom of fatty-acyl chains with reference to the carbonyl (C-1) group shows increased immobilization of lipid fatty-acyl chains at these locations, obviously caused by changes in interactions between membrane lipids and proteins upon heat denaturation of membrane proteins.
A novel approach to carbon-13 (13C) enrichment of chloroplast membranes (and plant materials in general) is presented for 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR) studies. The method minimizes the occurrence of spectral complications arising from 13C-13C couplings resulting from a statistical distribution of 13C within the molecule with low probability of encountering two 13C atoms adjacent to each other. This is achieved by growing the plants in light surrounded by an atmosphere containing 1/3rd 12CO2 and 2/3rd 13CO2, liberated by weak acid-treatment of a mixture of corresponding barium carbonate salts.