Resupinate poroid fungi from tropical rain forests in Brazil: Two new species and new records

Abstract

Ceriporia angulata and Dichomitus amazonicus are described and illustrated as new species based on speci-mens collected in Reserva Ducke, in the state of Amazonas. Dichomitus ecuadoriensis is reported as new to Brazil and D. cavernulosus is a new record for the states of Amazonas, Rondônia and Roraima. Ceriporia spissa is a new record for the Brazilian Amazonia. Descriptions and illustrations of the new species, and keys to species of Ceriporia and Dichomitus known for the Neotropics are provided.

Full text

ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Resupinate poroid fungi from tropical rain forests in Brazil:
two new species and new records
Allyne Christina Gomes-Silva &Leif Ryvarden &
Tatiana Baptista Gibertoni
Received: 21 August 2011 / Revised: 6 December 2011 / Accepted: 22 December 2011
#German Mycological Society and Springer 2012
Abstract Ceriporia angulata and Dichomitus amazonicus
are described and illustrated as new species based on speci-
mens collected in Reserva Ducke, in the state of Amazonas.
Dichomitus ecuadoriensis is reported as new to Brazil and
D. cavernulosus is a new record for the states of Amazonas,
Rondônia and Roraima. Ceriporia spissa is a new record for
the Brazilian Amazonia. Descriptions and illustrations of the
new species, and keys to species of Ceriporia and
Dichomitus known for the Neotropics are provided.
Keywords Basidiomycota .Polyporaceae .
Phanerochaetaceae .Taxonomy .Brazilian Amazonia
Introduction
Donk (1933) proposed the genus Ceriporia Donk
(Phanerochaetaceae Jülich, Polyporales) and currently it
comprises about 22 to 52 species (Kirk et al. 2008;http://
www.mycobank.org/MycoTaxo.aspx), 15 of which have
been reported from the Neotropics. This genus is characterized
by a monomitic hyphal system with simple-septate generative
hyphae, hyaline basidiospores, lack of cystidia, and causes a
white rot (Ryvarden 1991).
Dichomitus D.A. Reid was described in 1965 (Ryvarden
and Gilbertson 1993) based on D. squalens (P. Karst.) D.A.
Reid and actually includes about seven to 26 species (Kirk
et al. 2008;http://www.mycobank.org/MycoTaxo.aspx).
The genus was described to accommodate species with
annual to perennial basidiomata, resupinate to pileate or
rarely effused-reflexed pileus, white to cream pore surface,
a dimitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae,
variably dextrinoid arboriform skeletal hyphae, absence of
cystidia, hyaline, smooth, thin-walled and non-amyloid, cy-
lindrical to oblong ellipsoid basidiospores (Ryvarden 1991;
Masuka and Ryvarden 1999). The species usually occur on
dead wood, both of gymnosperms and angiosperms
(Ryvarden 1991). Dichomitus has been accepted by several
authors (Ryvarden 1991; Masuka and Ryvarden 1999;
Robledo and Rajchenberg 2007) although it is closely relat-
ed to Megasporoporia Ryvarden & J.E. Wright by similar
basidiomata, hyphal structure and basidiospores.
Megasporoporia was treated as a synonym of Dichomitus
by Masuka and Ryvarden (1999) and Robledo and
Rajchenberg (2007). The former authors considered
Megasporoporia an artificial genus containing convergent
species, while the latter authors considered the genus a
tropical counterpart, but not sufficiently different from, the
temperate Dichomitus. Many authors, however, have treated
Megasporoporia as an independent genus (Dai and Wu
2004; Zhou and Dai 2008; Du and Cui 2009), because it
differs in the dextrinoid skeletal hyphae (Dai and Wu 2004).
In the present study, Megasporoporia is treated as a syno-
nym of Dichomitus.
Therefore, the aim of the present study is to contribute to
the knowledge about the diversity of Ceriporia and
A. C. Gomes-Silva (*):T. B. Gibertoni
Departamento de Micologia,
Universidade Federal de Pernambuco,
Av. Nelson Chaves s/n,
CEP 50760-420 Recife, PE, Brazil
e-mail: allynefungi@hotmail.com
T. B. Gibertoni
e-mail: tbgibertoni@hotmail.com
L. Ryvarden
Department of Botany, University of Oslo,
P. O. Box 1045, Blindern 0316 Oslo, Norway
e-mail: leif.ryvarden@bio.uio.no
Mycol Progress
DOI 10.1007/s11557-011-0803-9

Dichomitus in Brazil with new records from the area, and
descriptions and illustrations of two new species.
Material and methods
Specimens recently collected in the Brazilian Amazonia and
in the Atlantic Rain Forest from 2006 to 2011 were studied.
Three reserves in Amazonia were visited: the Estação
Ecológica de Cuniã (53,221 ha, 08º04’S, 63º31’W) in the
state of Rondônia, the Floresta Nacional de Caxiuanã
(330,000 ha, 1°44’S, 51°27’W) in the state of Pará, and
the Reserva Florestal Adolfo Ducke (10,000 ha, 03°08’S,
59°52’W) in the state of Amazonas. Visits were also made
in the Atlantic Forest to the Parque Ecológico João de
Vasconcelos Sobrinho (08°22’S, 36°05’W) in the state of
Pernambuco.
Basidiomata were analyzed macro–(shape, colour,
hymenial surface) and micromorphologically (hyphal sys-
tem, presence/absence and measurement of sterile structures
and basidiospores). Microscopic observations were made
from slide preparations with 5% KOH, stained with 1%
aqueous phloxine, and Melzer’s reagent (Ryvarden 1991).
Colour designation followed Watling (1969). The collected
specimens were deposited in HFSL, MG, O and URM.
Additionally, specimens previously deposited in INPA and
O were also studied.
Results and discussion
Prior to this study, five species of Dichomitus [D. anoecto-
porus (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Ryvarden, D. cavernulosus
(Berk.) Masuka & Ryvarden, D. citricremeus Masuka &
Ryvarden, D. hexagonoides (Speg.) Robledo & Rajchenb.
and D. setulosus (Henn.) Masuka & Ryvarden] and four of
Ceriporia [C. spissa (Schwein. ex Fr.) Rajchenb., C. tarda
(Berk.) Ginns, C. viridans (Berk. & Broome) Donk and C.
xylostromatoides (Berk.) Ryvarden] had been recorded in
Brazil (Baltazar and Gibertoni 2009; Gomes-Silva and
Gibertoni 2009; Gibertoni and Drechsler-Santos 2010).
During the field trips, two new species, Ceriporia
angulata Gomes-Silva, Ryvarden & Gibertoni and
Dichomitus amazonicus Gomes-Silva, Ryvarden &
Gibertoni, were collected. Dichomitus cavernulosus is
reported as new to Rondônia and D. ecuadoriensis
Ryvarden as new to Brazil.
After revision of existing fungal collections, new records
were found. Ceriporia spissa is newly recorded from the
Brazilian Amazonia, while D. cavernulosus is a new record
for the states of Amazonas and Roraima. This demonstrates
the importance of accessibility and re-evaluation of dried
fungal collections.
Taxonomy
Ceriporia angulata Gomes-Silva, Ryvarden & Gibertoni,
sp. nov. Figs. 1–4MycoBank MB 563041
Holotype (designate here) BRAZIL, Amazonas: Manaus,
Reserva Ducke, on dead hardwood log., 28 Oct 2009, leg.
L. Ryvarden 48268 (URM 83055, Isotype in O).
Etymology the name is related to the distinctly angular
pores.
Basidiomata annual, resupinate, adnate, up to 1 mm
thick, membranous to slightly firm when dried; margin wide,
white (B2) and cottony, subiculum white (B2) and cottony, up
to about 500 μm thick in the centre of the basidiomata;
hymenial surface poroid, ochraceous (D4 to buff 52), pores
shallow (up to 0.3 mm), angular, 2–3 per mm, dissepiments
entire to lacerate, thin; context concolourous with the hyme-
nial surface, homogeneous, fibrous, very thin; tubes conco-
lourous with the hymenial surface, up to 1 mm deep.
Hyphal system monomitic, generative hyphae simple-
septate, hyaline to pale yellow, 2.5–4.5 μm wide, thin-
walled in the subhymenium, thick-walled in the deep trama
and context, in the dissepiments and margin, pointed appear-
ance at hyphal ends with distinct scattered crystals, almost
looking like projecting cystidia; cystidia absent from the
hymenium; basidia clavate, thin-walled, 12–16 × 4–5μm,
4–sterigmate; basidiospores oblong ellipsoid, hyaline, thin-
walled, smooth, 4–4.5×1.7–2.2 μm and non-dextrinoid.
Substrate on dead hardwood log.
Know distribution Known from the state of Amazonas,
Brazil.
Specimen examined BRAZIL, Amazonas: Manaus, Reserva
Ducke, on dead hardwood log., 28 Oct 2009, leg. L.
Ryvarden 48268 (URM 83055, holotype).
Additional specimens examined PUERTO RICO, Luquillo, on
dead hardwood log., 6 Jun 1997, leg. L. Ryvarden 40303 (O
10309); DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, San Juan de La Maguan,
Parque Nacional Sierra de Neiba, Sabana Pinar Salteado,
on dead hardwood log., 3 May 2001, leg. O. P. Perdomo et
al 887 (O 16206); USA, Florida: Olustee, loc. n. det., on dead
hardwood log., Sep 1959, leg. L. Ryvarden 19 (O 11215, as
Poria alachuana Murrill).
Notes The resupinate, white basidiomata, the monomitic
hyphal system with simple–septate generative hyphae, and
hyaline and smooth basidiospores place this species in the
genus Ceriporia. This species is characterized by its angu-
lar, rather shallow pores, the white subiculum and margin, as
Mycol Progress

well as the encrusted hyphae. It is macroscopically similar to
C. alachuana (Murrill) Hallenb., but differs by having dis-
tinctly angular, shallow pores (cf. round pores, 3–5 per mm,
up to 2.5 mm deep in C. alachuana, Gilbertson & Ryvarden
1986: 178). Microscopically, these species differ by the type
of hyphae (smooth in C. alachuana and encrusted in C.
angulata). Ceriporia incrustata M. Mata & Ryvarden, an-
other similar species, differs in the pore size (6–8 per mm,
cf. 2–3 per mm in C. angulata), smaller basidiospores (3–
3.5×1.8–2μm and 4–4.5 × 1.7–2.2 μm, respectively), and
strongly encrusted hyphae in the trama and context
(encrusted hyphae in the margin and dissepiments only of
C. angulata). Ceriporia albobrunnea Ryvarden & Iturr. is a
species recently described from Venezuela (Ryvarden and
Iturriaga 2003) and is macro- and microscopically similar to
C. angulata, as to shape and size of the pores (cf. round to
angular, 2–3 per mm in C. albobrunnea) and basidiospores
(cf. cylindrical, 4-4.5×1.5 μminC. albobrunnea), but dif-
fers by absence of the encrusted hyphae in the margin and
dissepiments. Further, C. albobrunnea has a brown pore
surface while it is pale ochraceous in C. angulata.
Ceriporia spissa (Schwein. ex Fr.) Rajchenb.,
Mycotaxon 17: 276 (1983).
≡Polyporus spissus Schwein. ex Fr., Elench. fung.
(Greifswald) 1: 111 (1828).
Description in Ryvarden and Gilbertson (1993)and
Coelho et al. (2005).
Substrate on dead hardwood log.
Known distribution Temperate to tropical, rare in Europe,
Asia, Oceania, and more common in the Americas (Coelho
et al. 2005; Dai 2011). This is a new record to the Brazilian
Amazonia.
Figs. 1–11 1.Ceriporia
angulata (all from holotype). 2.
Basidiospores. 3. Thick-walled
generative hyphae from con-
text. 4. Encrusted hyphae from
margin; 5.Dichomitus amazo-
nicus (all from holotype). 6.
Basidiospores. 7. Generative
hyphae with clamp connec-
tions. 8. Skeletal hyphae. 9.
Dichomitus ecuadoriensis
(URM 83056). 10. Skeletal
hyphae. 11. Basidiospores.
Scale bars. 1, 501 mm; 9 010
mm; 1, 3, 4, 6-8, 10,
11 010 μm
Mycol Progress

Specimen examined BRAZIL, Amazonas: Barcelos, Serra de
Aracá, on dead hardwood log., 12 Mar 1984, leg. G. J.
Samuels 652 [INPA 129670, as Gloeoporus spissus
(Schwein. ex Fr.) Zmitr. & Spirin].
Notes The intense reddish orange colour of the basidiomata
and small pores (7−9 per mm) are distinctive in this species.
Ceriporia purpurea (Fr.) Donk is similar, but differs by
having purplish basidiomata and larger pores (3−4 per mm).
Key to Neotropical species of Ceriporia (Colours refer to dried basidiomata)
1 Cystidia present in the hymenium..........................................................................................................................................2
1* Cystidia absent from the hymenium.....................................................................................................................................3
2 Basidiospores globose, basidiomata blackish...................................................................................................C. merulioidea
2* Basidiospores allantoid, basidiomata whitish.....................................................................................................C. cystidiata
3 Basidiomata purplish or deep orange.....................................................................................................................................4
3* Basidiomata white, ochraceous to pale brown.....................................................................................................................5
4 Basidiomata purplish, pores 3–4 per mm...............................................................................................................C. purpurea
4* Basidiomata deep orange to reddish brown, pores 7–9 per mm..............................................................................C. spissa
5 Basidiospores 7–9μm long.....................................................................................................................................................6
5* Basidiospores <7 μm long.....................................................................................................................................................7
6 Basidiospores allantoid, basidiomata white..........................................................................................................C. reticulata
6* Basidiospores oblong-ellipsoid to subcylindrical, basidiomata pale citric yellow..................................................C. citrina
7 Basidiospores allantoid to cylindrical......................................................................................................................................8
7* Basidiospores subcylindrical, ellipsoid to subglobose..........................................................................................................9
8 Basidiospores allantoid, 4–6μm long, pores thin-walled, 3–5 per mm....................................................................C. viridans
8* Basidiospores cylindrical, 4–4.5 μm long, pores thick-walled, 2–3 per mm..................................................C. albobrunnea
9 Basidiospores subcylindrical to oblong ellipsoid.................................................................................................................10
9* Basidiospores subglobose........................................................................................................................C. xylostromatoides
10 Pore surface evenly brown when dry, often with whitish margin.............................................................C. ferrugineocincta
10* Pore surface white, cream to pale tan or buff.....................................................................................................................11
11 Pores 6–8 per mm, basidiospores 3–3.5×1.5–2μm...........................................................................................................12
11* Pores and basidiospores >4 μm long.................................................................................................................................13
12 Basal hyphae strongly encrusted.........................................................................................................................C. incrustata
12* Basal hyphae more or less smooth..................................................................................................................C. microspora
13 Pores angular to hexagonal, 1–2 per mm, basidiospores 5–6 × 2.6–3μm............................................................C. dentipora
13* Pores round to angular, 3–5 per mm, basidiospores <5 μm long.......................................................................................14
14 Pores round, 3–5 per mm, basidiospores 4–5×2–2.5 μm, margin with hyphae glabrous...................................C. alachuana
14* Pores angular, 2–3 per mm, basidiospores 4–4.5×1.7–2.2 μm, margin with hyphae encrusted..........................C. angulata
Dichomitus amazonicus Gomes-Silva, Ryvarden &
Gibertoni, sp. nov. Figs. 5–8.Mycobank MB 563040
Holotype (designate here) BRAZIL, Amazonas: Manaus,
Reserva Ducke, on dead hardwood log., 28 Oct 2009, leg.
L. Ryvarden 48295 (URM 83054, Isotype in O).
Etymology the name is related to the region where the
material was collected.
Basidiomata annual, resupinate, effused, adnate, up to
500 μm thick; margin narrow and white (B2); hymenial
surface pale ochraceous (D4), pores angular to hexagonal,
about 2 per mm, dissepiments thin; context concolourous
with the pore surface, homogeneous, very thin; tubes con-
colourous with pore surface, about 200 μm deep, subiculum
thin, pale cream (B2).
Hyphal system dimitic, generative hyphae with clamp
connections, hyaline, thin to thick–walled, richly branched
in the subiculum, 2–5μm wide, skeleto–binding hyphae
present, sparingly branched, solid, hyaline, 2–6μm wide,
strongly dextrinoid in Melzer´s reagent; cystidia absent;
basidia not seen; basidiospores (9–)10–12×3.5–4μm,
Mycol Progress

ellipsoid to subcylindrical, hyaline, smooth, negative in
Melzer's reagent.
Substrate on dead hardwood log.
Known distribution Known only from the type locality in
the state of Amazonas, Brazil.
Specimen examined BRAZIL, Amazonas: Manaus, Reserva
Ducke, on dead hardwood log., 28 Oct 2009, leg. L.
Ryvarden 48295 (URM 83054, holotype)
Notes This species is characterized by the resupinate, ochra-
ceous, basidiomata, angular to hexagonal pores (2 per mm)
and ellipsoid to subcylindrical basidiospores (9–12 × 3.5–
4μm). Dichomitus cavernulosus (Berk.) Masuka &
Ryvarden is macroscopically similar, but differs in the larger
cylindrical basidiospores (12–15× 5–7μm, cf. ellipsoid to
subcylindrical, 9–12×3.5–4μminD. amazonicus).
Dichomitus cylindrosporus Ryvarden, another similar spe-
cies, differs in having smaller and narrower basidiospores
(8–10×2.5–3μm).
Dichomitus cavernulosus (Berk.) Masuka & Ryvarden,
Mycol. Res. 103(9): 1127, 1999.
≡Polyporus cavernulosus Berk., Hooker’s J. Bot. Kew
Gard. Misc. 8: 235, 1856.
Description in Masuka and Ryvarden (1999) and Núnez
and Ryvarden (2001).
Substrate on dead hardwood log.
Known distribution Pantropical (Núñez and Ryvarden
2001); in the Brazilian Amazonia, it was previously known
for the state of Pará (Gomes–Silva and Gibertoni 2009, as
Megasporoporia cavernulosa). The species is here newly
recorded from the states of Amazonas, Rondônia and
Roraima.
Specimens examined BRAZIL, Amazonas: Manaus, loc. n.
det., on dead hardwood log., Sep 1980, leg. B. Lowy et
al. 187 (INPA 100117); Feb 1984, leg. G.J. Samuels et
al. 201 (INPA 129242, as M. cavernulosa); Oct 1997,
leg. M.A. Jesus 2489 (INPA 216459, as M. cavernu-
losa); Barcelos, Serra de Aracá, dead hardwood log.,
Mar 1984, leg. G.J. Samuels 827, 857 (INPA 129844,
129872 as M. cavernulosa); Pará: Melgaço, Floresta
Nacional de Caxiuanã, on dead angiosperm, Jul 2006,
leg. T.B. Gibertoni (URM 79692, 79691, 79694,
79693); Mar 2007, leg. T.B. Gibertoni (URM 79695);
Aug 2007, leg. T.B. Gibertoni (URM 79696, 79697);
Feb 2008, leg. T.B. Gibertoni (URM 79698, 79699);
Rondônia: loc. n. det., on dead hardwood log., Jun
1968, leg. K.P. Dumont et al. 7 (INPA 64822, as Poria
sp.); Porto Velho, Estação Ecológica de Cuniã, on dead
hardwood log., Feb 2007, leg. A.C. Gomes-Silva 196
(URM 79191); Jul 2007, leg. A.C. Gomes-Silva 199
(URM 79192); Jul 2008, leg. A. C. Gomes-Silva 611, 626
(URM 79502, 79503); Aug 2010, leg. A. C. Gomes-
Silva et al. 3001, 3002, 2159 (URM 822929, 82931);
11 Feb 2011, leg. A. C. Gomes-Silva et al. 2159 (URM
82930); Roraima: Boa Vista, loc. n. det., dead hardwood
log.,Nov1977,leg.L.L.J.Aguiaretal.672(INPA
78391, as M. cavernulosa); BR 174 KM 333 Novo
Paraíso, dead hardwood log., Nov 1977, leg. I.J. Araújo et
al. 540, 648 (INPA 77523, INPA 78367, as M. cavernu-
losa), BV 8 KM 219 Boca da Mata, dead hardwood log.,
Dec 1977, leg. I.J. Araújo et al. 768 (INPA 78487, as M.
cavernulosa).
Notes The resupinate, cream to salmon basidiomata, large
pores (2–4 per mm), cylindrical to sub-ellipsoid basidio-
spores (15–18×6–8μm) and the dextrinoid reaction of the
skeletal and binding hyphae characterize D. cavernulosus.
This species is macroscopically similar to D. setulosus, but
differs in the absence of hyphal pegs. Pachykytospora pap-
yracea (Schwein.) Ryvarden, another similar species, differs
in the ornamented basidiospores.
Dichomitus ecuadoriensis Ryvarden, in Læssøe &
Ryvarden, Syn. Fung. (Oslo) 27: 46 (2010). Figs. 9–11
Basidiomata annual, resupinate and cushion-like, up to
9.5 cm long, 2.5 cm wide, 4 mm thick in the centre; margin
narrow, yellow (Buff 52) to pale black (Fuscous black 36);
hymenial surface pale black (Fuscous black 36) to yellow
(Buff 52), pores round to angular, about 4–5 per mm, tubes
elongated near the margin, dissepiments entire and thick;
context pale yellow (C3), homogeneous, very thin; tubes
concolourous with pore surface, up to 3 mm deep, dissepi-
ments entire and thin.
Hyphal system dimitic, generative hyphae with clamp
connections, hyaline, thin to thick–walled, richly branched
in the subiculum, 2–3μm wide, skeleto–binding hyphae
present, sparingly branched, solid, hyaline, 2–4μm wide,
strongly dextrinoid in Melzer´s reagent; cystidia absent;
basidia not seen; basidiospores 9–11(–12) × 4–5.5 μm, cy-
lindrical to oblong-ellipsoid, hyaline, smooth, negative in
Melzer's reagent.
Substrate On dead hardwood trunk.
Known distribution Ecuador (Læssøe and Ryvarden 2010),
and here newly recorded from Brazil.
Specimen examined BRAZIL, Pernambuco: Caruaru, Parque
Ecológico Prof. João de Vasconcelos Sobrino, on dead
hardwood trunk, 17 Mar 2009, leg. J. M. Baltazar et al.
1481 (URM 83056).
Mycol Progress

Notes This species is characterized by the resupinate,
cushion-like basidiomata, black line along the margin,
round pores, 4–5 per mm, and cylindrical to oblong-
ellipsoid (10–11 × 5–5.5 μm) basidiospores. Dichomitus per-
ennis Ryvarden and D. cavernulosus are similar, but they
are distinguished by their larger pores (2–3 per mm and 2–4
per mm, respectively) and larger basidiospores (12–16 × 5–
7μm and 12–15×5–7 um, respectively).
Key to Neotropical species of Dichomitus (Colours refer to dried basidiomata)
1 Skeletal hyphae non–dextrinoid............................................................................................................................................. 2
1* Skeletal hyphae dextrinoid................................................................................................................................................... 4
2 Basidiospores 8–10 μm long.................................................................................................................................D. pendulus
2* Basidiospores longer than 10 μm long.................................................................................................................................3
3 Basidiospores 20–27 μm long........................................................................................................................D. grandisporus
3* Basidiospores 15–18 μm long.......................................................................................................................D. anoectoporus
4 Pores 1–3 mm wide with a variable number of hyphal pegs....................................................................................................5
4* Pores 2–4 per mm and without hyphal pegs........................................................................................................................6
5 Basidiospores 11–17× 3–4.5 μm, hyphal pegs numerous.......................................................................................D. setulosus
5* Basidiospores 20–26×6–9μm, hyphal pegs few...............................................................................................D. mexicanus
6 Basidiospores cylindrical........................................................................................................................................................7
6* Basidiospores ellipsoid to subcylindrical..............................................................................................................................8
7 Basidiospores 8–10×2.5–3μm.....................................................................................................................D. cylindrosporus
7* Basidiospores 10–12×3.5–4μm......................................................................................................................D. amazonicus
8 Pores 4–5 per mm, basidiospores 9–12× 4–5.5 μm........................................................................................D. ecuadoriensis
8* Pores 2–5 per mm, basidiospores 12–16 × 5–7μm...............................................................................................................9
9 Basidiomata perennial, up to 1.3 cm thick, cork-coloured....................................................................................D. perennis
9* Basidiomata annual, up to 3 mm thick, white to pale straw-coloured.........................................................D. cavernulosus
Acknowledgments We would like to thank Ms. Ana Cristina R.
Souza, curator of HFSL, for support during the field trips of ACGS;
to Carlos Franciscon, curator of INPA, for the loan of exsiccatas; and
the staff of ECFPn and of MPEG for support during the field trips of
TBG; to Victor Coimbra for the line drawings and preparation of
drawings and pictures for publication; to B.A. Michael Finnie for
English improvement.. Further, we acknowledge the Conselho Nacio-
nal de Desenvolvimento Científico (CNPq) for the master scholarship
and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
(Capes) for the doctorate scholarship of ACGS; the Instituto
Internacional de Educação do Brasil (IEB) and the Gordon and
Betty Moore Foundation for the Scholarship of Studies on Ama-
zonia Conservation (BECA) to ACGS and TBG; the Dottorato di
Ricerca in Ecologia Sperimentale e Geobotanica (Università degli
Studi di Pavia, Italy), the Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Fungos
(UFPE, Brazil) and the CNPq [INCT - Herbário Virtual de Plantas
e Fungos (573883/2008-4) and Universal (470303/2009-3)] for
financing this research.
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