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A new Turkish species of Salvia L. (Lamiaceae)
Abstract
A new species, Salvia hedgeana Donmez, is described from Turkey. Diagnostic characters, description, detailed illustration and taxonomic comments on the species are given. Its relationships with S. huberi and S. rosifolia are discussed. A map including the distribution of the species and other related species is given. IUCN threatened category and observations on the population are noted.
... Dünyada sıcak ve ılıman bölgelerde yayılış gösteren otsu ve çalımsı türlere sahip olan Salvia cinsi Türkiye'de 88 türle temsil edilmektedir. Bu türlerden 43 tanesi endemiktir (Davis, 1982;Dönmez, 2001). Bu cinse ilişkin (Davis, 1982) tarafından Türkiye Florası isimli eserde yapılan revizyon bu cinsin ülkemizde 86 türle temsil edildiğine işaret edilmiş ve bir türün ise şüpheli olduğunu belirtmiştir. ...
... Bu cinse ilişkin (Davis, 1982) tarafından Türkiye Florası isimli eserde yapılan revizyon bu cinsin ülkemizde 86 türle temsil edildiğine işaret edilmiş ve bir türün ise şüpheli olduğunu belirtmiştir. Daha sonraki yıllarda bilim dünyasına tanıtılan yeni taksonlar ile bu sayı giderek artmış ve tür sayısı 89'a ulaşmıştır (Davis, 1982;Davis ve ark., 1988;Vural ve Adıgüzel, 1996;Dönmez, 2001;Tunçkol ve Akemik, 2013). Bu türlerden 46 tanesi endemik olup sadece Türkiye'ye özgüdür. ...
... Salvia türlerinde çok çeşitli tüy tipleri gözlenmektedir. (Davis, 1982;Dönmez, 2001). Çalışmaların bir çoğunda Salvia türleri tıpta çeşitli hastalıkların tedavisinde kullanılmaktadır. ...
Bu çalışmada Labiatae familyasına ait Salvia candidissima Vahl türüne ait S. candidissima subsp. candidisma ve S. candidissima subsp. occidentalis alt türleri morfolojik, anatomik, ve tohum mikromorfolojisi açısından değerlendrilmiştir. Morfolojik çalışmalarda alt türlerin; gövde, yaprak, çiçek ve meyve kısımlarının ölçümleri yapılmıştır. Anatomik incelemelerde, türün kök, gövde ve yapraklarından, mikrotom ve el ile kesitler alınarak boyanmış ve daimi preparatlar haline getirilmiştir. Daha sonra kameralı mikroskop yardımıyla bu preparatların fotoğrafları çekilerek, ayrıntılı anatomik incelemeler yapılmıştır. Bitkilerin yapraklarından yüzeysel kesitler alınarak stoma özellikleri incelendi ve stoma indeksi hesaplanmıştır.
... The genus Salvia L. is one of the largest within the Lamiaceae family, which includes almost a thousand species spread throughout the world comprising several centers of diversity (Kintzios, 2000). The same genus was represented with 86 species in Turkey (Davis et al., 1988;Dö nmez, 2001). Recently, three new species of this genus in Turkey have been described, resulting in a total of 89 species and altogether 94 taxa. ...
... are endemic (Dönmez, 2001;Demirci et al., 2002). Salvia hedgeana Dö nmez is also described as a new species for the flora of Turkey (Dö nmez, 2001). ...
... The essential oil profiles of S. hedgeana suggest that S. huberi is hereditary related but quite obviously different in nature. Distinctive differences between these species also exist at morphological and microscopic levels (Dö nmez, 2001). When the overall chemical compositions of the essential oils were elaborated, S. hedgeana and S. huberi contained monoterpene hydrocarbons, whereas S. pisidica was composed of oxygenated monoterpenes as major constituents. ...
The aerial parts of Salvia hedgeana. Dönmez, Salvia huberi. Hedge, Salvia pisidica. Boiss. & Heldr. ex. Bentham. were subjected to hydrodistillation. The obtained essential oils were analyzed both by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The analyses showed that S. hedgeana. essential oil consisted of β-pinene (30.0%) as a major component, in addition to 65 identified components, representing 89.9% of the total essential oil. The major component of S. huberi. was identified as 1,8-cineole (20.4%), and 76 further components were characterized representing 87.6%. S. pisidica. essential oil revealed the occurrence of camphor (21.7%) as the main constituent among another 59 identified components of 76.8% of the total. Furthermore, the biological properties of the analyzed essential oils were tested using the in vivo. method on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) in order to examine the anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic activity as well as possible irritant or toxic side effects. All essential oils tested at a concentration of 100 µg/pellet showed no pronounced anti-inflammatory, angiogenic, or membrane-toxic properties.
... Turkey is a major diversity centre for Salvia in Asia (Vural & Adıgüzel, 1996). Since the most recent works of the genus in Turkey, four new species have been described; the total has now reached 90 of these 47 Salvia species in Turkey are endemic (Hedge, 1982;Davis et al., 1988;Duman, 2000;Dönmez, 2001;Hamzaoğlu et al., 2005). ...
... Genus Salvia has the richest glandular hair with in Family Lamiaceae (Metcalfe & Chalk, 1972). Many researchers observed peltate and type I, II and III capitate hairs on some Salvia species (Werker et al., 1985a,b;Kesercioğlu and Nakipoğlu, 1992;Serrato-Valenti et al., 1997;Bisio et al., 1999;Özdemir & Şenel, 1999, 2001 and over findigns agree with then as they found that Salvia viridis had type I, II and III capitate and peltate hairs. Type I, II and III capitate hairs all together were present on the stem, leaf, petiole and pedicel. ...
The morphological structure, cell numbers and distribution of glandular and eglandular hairs on the aerial organs of Salvia viridis L. has been determined. Two morphologically distinct types of glandular hairs (capitate and peltate) were determined. Capitate hairs which consisted of a base, stalk and head had various types. Peltate hairs had a large secretory head consisting of central and peripheral cells. The cell number of head, stalk and base of capitate glandular hairs and the number of central and peripheral cells of peltate glandular hairs were detected. Eglandular hairs of Salvia viridis were uni-or multicellular and uniseriate. The cell numbers of eglandular hairs and their base were also determined. Distribution of hair types at the plant were detected. Capitate and eglandular hairs were present on all aerial organs of Salvia viridis while peltate hairs were only present on the leaf and calyx. The length of the glandular and eglandular hair types observed was measured and results were shown by tables, drawings and photographs.
... & Mey.) Boiss. has been found in the literature except general taxonomical properties of the taxon (Hedge, 1982; Dönmez, 2001) and caryological properties (Ozkan, 2006 ...
... Since the most recent works of the genus in Turkey, four new species have been described; the total has now reached 90. Forty seven of these Salvia species in Turkey are endemic (Hedge, 1982; Davis et al., 1988; Dönmez, 2001; Hamzaoglu et al., 2005). The genus is named " Salvia " derived from " Salveo " which means " to save, to recover " in Latin (Hamlyn, 1969). ...
In this study, the morphological and anatomical properties of Salvia tchihatcheffii (Fisch. & Mey.) Boiss. (Lamiaceae) which is endemic to Turkey was investigated. S. tchihatcheffii has a perennial taproot. In contrast to the other Salvia species that was investigated before the plant has two different stem as fertile and sterile stem with round in shape. Sterile stem is prostrate, leafy, fertile stem is procumbent-ascending, unbranched. The stamen type of the plant is A. We observed that in cross-section sterile stem three different cortex layer, with one of them is formed as crescent shape. In addition, the glandular hairs of the investigated species are classified. Other anatomical features are discussed too. The results are presented with photographs, drawings and tables. INTRODUCTON Many species of Lamiaceae are aromatic and often used as herbs, spices, folk medicines and a source of fra-grance (Werker et al., 1985). Salvia, the largest genus of the family Lamiaceae, represents an enormous and cos-mopolitan assemblage of nearly 1000 species displaying a remarkable range of variation. The genus comprises 500 specie. in Central and South America, 250 species in Central Asia/Mediterranean and 90 species in Eastern Asia (Walker et al., 2004). Turkey is a major diversity centre for Salvia in Asia (Vural and Adıguzel, 1996). Since the most recent works of the genus in Turkey, four new species have been described; the total has now reached 90. Forty seven of these Salvia species in Turkey are endemic (Hedge, 1982; Davis et al., 1988; Dönmez, 2001; Hamzaoglu et al., 2005). Salvia species are important group of useful plants which have not lose their importance since ancient times.
... The first comprehensive profiling of Salvia in Turkey was constructed by Hedge (1982a), who reported 86 species, 1 hybrid and 1 doubtful species. Since then, 16 new taxa were added to flora of Turkey (Vural and Adıgüzel, 1996;Dönmez, 2001;Hamzaoğlu et al., 2005;Behçet & Avlamaz, 2009;İlçim et al., 2009;Celep et al., 2009a, 2009b, 2010, Celep et al., 2011a, 2011b, 2014, 2015, 2016Bagherpour et al., 2011;Kahraman et al., 2009Kahraman et al., , 2010Kahraman et al., , 2011Celep & Dirmenci 2017, Celep et al., 2020. ...
In this study, the new species Salvia adiyamanensis İlçim & Tel (Lamiaceae) is described from Adiyaman province, Turkey. The relevant diagnostic characters with respect to the species were presented. In addition, we presented the notes concerned with the ecology, habitat, conservation status, pollen and seed morphology of the species. We furthermore constructed a distribution map for the new species and other related species.
... The first comprehensive profiling of Salvia in Turkey was constructed by Hedge (1982a), who reported 86 species, 1 hybrid and 1 doubtful species. Since then, 16 new taxa were added to flora of Turkey (Vural and Adıgüzel, 1996;Dönmez, 2001;Hamzaoğlu et al., 2005;Behçet & Avlamaz, 2009;İlçim et al., 2009;Celep et al., 2009a, 2009b, 2010, Celep et al., 2011a, 2011b, 2014, 2015, 2016Bagherpour et al., 2011;Kahraman et al., 2009Kahraman et al., , 2010Kahraman et al., , 2011Celep & Dirmenci 2017, Celep et al., 2020. ...
n this study, the new species Salvia adiyamanensis İlçim & Tel (Lamiaceae) is described from Adiyaman province, Turkey. The relevant diagnostic characters with respect to the species were presented. In addition, we presented the notes concerned with the ecology, habitat, conservation status, pollen and seed morphology of the species. We furthermore constructed a distribution map for the new species and other related species.
... (syn. Salvia cryptantha Montbret & Aucher ex Benth), S. multicaulis Vahl. in the Hymenosphace sectionss, S. syriaca L., S. verbenaca L., and S. ceratophylla L. in the Aethiopis section, and S. viridis L. in the Horminum section [6][7][8]. ...
The essential oil constituents, antimicrobial properties, and biosystematic characteristics (morphological, palynological, and anatomical features) of six Salvia species from different regions of Turkey were investigated qualitatively and quantitatively in this study. The chemical composition of the essential oils of dried aerial parts of Salvia species, i.e., S. absconditiflora, S. ceratophylla, S. multicaulis, S. verbenaca, S. viridis, and S. syriaca were analyzed by GC-MS. The main constituents of the six Salvia species studied were 1,8-cineol, caryophyllene oxide, spathulenol, and borneol in different ratios. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil extracted from the aerial parts of species of the genus Salvia was tested by the disc diffusion method. The essential oils of Salvia species showed different antimicrobial activity against the studied microorganisms. The highest antimicrobial activity against E. coli was observed in S. multicaulis and the highest antimicrobial activity against K. pneumoniae was observed in S. verbenaca. The morphology of the stem, leaf, bract, and flower structures of the Salvia species were analyzed in this study. Anatomical investigations focused on the root, petiole, and stem in more detail. Our research has broadened the criteria of anatomical characters unique to the Salvia species. Under light microscopy, the pollen grains of the six species belonging to Salvia were isopolar and radially symmetrical. The properties of the essential oil constituents, antimicrobial properties, and biosystematic data obtained in this study contribute to the bioactive and biosystematic studies of Salvia species used for food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic purposes.
... It was determined as a paraphyletic group, well supported by both morphological and molecular data (Walker et al., 2004;Walker and Sytsma, 2007) and 987 living species of Salvia are distributed on the world (Hassler, 2020). Previously, 86 Salvia species were determined in Turkey by Hedge (1982a) and later, the number of species was raised to 100 (Davis et al., 1988;Vural and Adiguzel, 1996;Donmez, 2001;Celep et al., 2015), 53 of which are endemic in Turkey (Guner et al., 2012;Celep et al., 2015). About half of the species generally found in Central Anatolia and 23 species are present in NE Anatolia (Guner et al., 2012). ...
Salvia divaricata Montbret & Aucher ex Benth. subsp. artvinense Eminagaoglu, Ozcan & Akyıldırım is described as a new endemic subspecies from Ardanuç (Artvin, Türkiye). It is related to Salvia divaricata Montbret & Aucher ex Benth. and S. tomentosa Mill. from which it differs in stem, leaf characters and flower color and numbers. A key is given to distinguish the new subspecies from the other species in the genus Salvia. Morphology, stem, petiole and leaf anatomy, and nutlet micromorphology were investigated. Nearly rounded stem, hemispherical petiole, bifacial leaf with diacytic stomata, and ovoid to rotund nutlet with glabrous and distinctly rough to protuberances ornamentation were determined for this subspecies. Taxonomic interpretations of the new subspecies are given using morphological, anatomical and phylogenetic analyses.
... After the most recent reviews, four new species have been discovered, identifying the genus in Turkey and thus the total number for this species has now reached 90. Forty-seven of these Salvia species grow as an endemic in Turkey (Hedge, 1982;Davis et al., 1988;Duman, 2000;Dönmez, 2001;Hamzaoğ lu et al., 2005). ...
In this presented work, the pollen morphologies of twenty-one taxa, nine of them endemic from Turkey, belonging to the genus Salvia (Lamiaceae: sub-family Nepetoideae: tribe Mentheae: sub-tribe Salviinae), S. aethiopis L., S. argentea L., S. aytachii Vural & Adigüzel, S. blepharochlaena Hedge & Hub.-Mor., S. cadmica Boiss., S. ceratophylla L., S. cryptantha Montbret & Aucher, S. frigida Boiss., S. fructicosa Miller, S. halophile Hedge, S. napifolia Jacq., S. microstegia Boiss. & Bal., S. recognita Fisch. & Mey. S. sclarea L., S. smyrnaea Boiss. S. suffruticosa Montbret & Aucher, S. tchihatcheffii (Fisch. & Mey.) Boiss., S. tometosa Bertol, S. verbenaca L., S. viridis L., and S. wiedemanni Boiss. and collected throughout the Turkey, have been intensively studied by using light (LM) and a scanning electron (SEM) microscopy. The objectives of this study are to investigate the pollen morphologies of twenty-one taxa of Turkish Salvia (nine of which are endemic) and to present similar and different characteristics of the taxa. The investigated whole pollen grains had a structure of both isopolar and radial symmetry. Overall, types of aperture were mostly hexacolpate, but it was also determined that the aperture type of S. viridis was both hexacolpate and octacolpate. The pollen grains had characteristic shapes of spheroidal, suboblate, prolate and subprolate. The exine ornamentation was bireticulate and reticulate-perforate. It was determined by the results of palynological studies that pollen morphology changed amongst these studied taxa. As a conclusion, the results of the present study show that palynological characters such as pollen shape, polar axis length (P), equatorial axis length (E), aperture numbers and types and exine ornamentation, exhibit remarkable differences amongst the studied taxa.
... With approximately 900 different kinds of Salvia has the most crowded species of Lamiacae which is far flung throughout the world. This species is originally from Mediterranean region and has 94 taxa which belong to 89 species in Turkey thus is endemic up to 50% (Baytop, 1999;Dönmez et al., 2001). Some members of this species are also important in terms of economic purposes since they can be utilized greatly in cosmetics and for medicines. ...
This study was done to evaluate into the chemical formation and antioxidant activities of the essential oil of Salvia aethiopis, Salvia blepharochlaena and Salvia euphraticta which belong to Lamiaceae family and grown in Turkey. According to the GC-MS analyses, 20 components (98.23 %) were characterized within the essential oil of S. aethiopis. The major compounds of this essential oil were determined as α-copaene (18,2%), α-cubebene (12,4 %), spathulenole (12.3%). The main components of the S.blepharochlaena were 1,8 cineol (26.8 %), Cis-ocimene (15.3 %) and β-pinene (7.9 %). Determined the main components of S.euphraticta, as cis-sabinol (21.9 %), myrcenyl acetate (17.5 %) and 1,8 cineol (9.5 %). Antioxidant evaluations showed that Salvia sp. essential oils can prevent linoleic acid oxidation up to 19, 22, and 21% respectively.
... Salvia is one of the plant genera having the longest history with folkloric utilization among culinary and medicinal herbs and has been reported to be used traditionally for antibacterial purposes in various parts of the world (1,2). In Turkey, this genus is represented by about 95 species, 46 of which are endemic (3). Among the species of Salvia growing in Turkey, S. officinalis, S. triloba, S. dichroantha, S. multicaulis, S. tomentosa, and S. virgata were recorded to be used as antiseptic and wound healing purposes in Anatolian folk medicine as herbal tea (4). ...
The present study was undertaken to evaluate antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties of the chloroform and methanol extracts from the aerial parts of fourteen Turkish Salvia species (Lamiaceae) including S. albimaculata Hedge & Hub., S. aucheri var canescens Boiss. et Heldr., S. candidissima ssp. occidentalis Vahl., S. ceratophylla L., S. cryptantha Montbret et Aucher ex. Benth., S. cyanescens Boiss. et Bal., S. frigida Boiss., S. forskahlei L., S. halophila Hedge, S. microstegia Boiss. & Bal., S. multicaulis Vahl., S. sclarea L., S. syriaca L., and S. verticillata L. ssp. amasiaca (Freyn, & Bornm.) against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacer baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans by microdilution method. Both Herpes simplex (DNA) and Parainfluenza-3 viruses (RNA) were used for the determination of antiviral activity of the abovementioned Salvia extracts by using Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) and Vero cell lines. The methanol extracts were found to be quite active against S. aureus and E. faecalis (2 and 4µg/mL, respectively), while the chloroform extracts were more active against S. aureus, B. subtilis, and E. faecalis (1, 2, and 2µg/mL, respectively). All of the extracts displayed the antifungal activity having the MIC value at 8µg/mL. Maximum cytopathogenic effect (CPE) concentrations as the indicator of antiviral activities of the extracts were determined and the chloroform extracts belonging to S. albimaculata, S. cyanescens, and S. microstegia (1–64µg/mL) along with the methanol extracts of S. ceratophylla, S. halophila, and S. sclarea (16–32µg/mL) showed reasonable antiviral effect. The cytotoxicity of the extracts was also expressed as the maximum non-toxic concentrations (MNTC), ranging between 16–128µg/mL.
... Species of Salvia genus have anti-tumour, anti-diabetic, anti-septic, anti-oxidant and anti-bacterial effects (Demirci et al. 2005, Ulubelen et al. 2001, Senol et al. 2010. Anatolia is a major centre for Salvia taxa, and 47 of these species are endemic for Turkey (Davis et al. 1988, Vural and Adıgüzel 1996, Donmez 2001, Kahraman et al. 2009). ...
This study presents a more detailed karyological analysis of seven Salvia L. taxa (S. ceratophylla, S. syriaca, S. palaestina, S. aethiopis, S. russellii, S. multicaulis, S. trichoclada) grown in Turkey. Also, this is the first chromosome number report for S. russellii and S. trichoclada. This study revealed that the chromosome numbers of the examined Salvia taxa were 2n=14, 18, 22 and 32. The Salvia taxa had median point (M), median (m), submedian (sm) and subterminal (st) chromosomes in the study. Furthermore, various karyotype asymmetry values, ploidy levels, karyotype formula, chromosome length range, total karyotype length, A1, A2 and Stebbins classification were determined in this study. On the other hand, Pearson correlations between the karyotype asymmetries of these Salvia taxa were determined and a dispersion diagram was formed by using A1 and A2. Furthermore, this study suggested that the examined Salvia taxa were 2A and only S. trichoclada was 3A.
... Further hotspots of species richness are located in the Old World (OW 2 ), where approximately 350 spp. are found (Appendix B, see Thulin, 1993;Vural and Adigüzel, 1996;Van Jaarsveld, 1999;Dönmez, 2001;Haber and Semaan, 2004;Hamazaoglu et al., 2005;Yıldırımlı and Ertekin, 2008;Ilçim et al., 2009;Thulin, 2009;Celep and Dog an, 2010;Kahraman et al., 2011b;Zhu et al., 2011;Hu et al., 2013;Takano et al., 2014;Celep et al., 2015). ...
Aims:
Salvia L. is widely known as the largest genus in the mint family. A morphological modification of the androecium (lever-like stamens) was used to support this genus. However, molecular data revealed that Salvia is polyphyletic. Since phylogenetic studies largely underrepresented Old World Salvia species, we filled this gap and combined new data with existing sequences. The aim of our study was the identification of well-supported clades that provide the basis for evolutionary and taxonomic conclusions.
Methods:
We included ITS data (internal transcribed spacer) from 220 Salvia species, 86 of which were sequenced for the first time. Additionally, the highly variable plastid marker rpl32-trnL was sequenced, providing new data for 100 Salvia species. These sequences were combined with the accessions available from GenBank. Old World Salvia is represented herein with 57% of its species. The two datasets were analyzed separately using BI and ML approaches.
Results:
Our data confirm that Salvia is polyphyletic with four distinct evolutionary lineages (Clade I-IV), including five additional genera. The clades strongly reflect the geographical distribution, i.e., Clade IV (East Asia), Clade III (Southwest Asia to Northern Africa), and Clade II (America). The origin of Salvia s.s. (Clade I) is most likely Southwest Asia. A high degree of parallel character evolution was identified in most of the Old World sections. Based on our results, we reconstructed the evolution and biogeography of Salvia s.l. and propose to split this large group into six genera, each supported by geographical distribution, morphology, and karyology.
Conclusion:
Salvia s.l. is a polyphyletic group that was originally regarded as a genus because its species share a derived stamen structure. However, phylogenetic data clearly indicate that this floral trait and other morphological characters evolved in parallel. Our study illustrates that the combination of different data sets allows a comprehensive reconstruction of taxa and characteristic evolution, both of which are a precondition for future revision.
... Species of Salvia genus have anti-tumour, anti-diabetic, anti-septic, anti-oxidant and anti-bacterial effects (Demirci et al. 2005, Ulubelen et al. 2001, Senol et al. 2010. Anatolia is a major centre for Salvia taxa, and 47 of these species are endemic for Turkey (Davis et al. 1988, Vural and Adıgüzel 1996, Donmez 2001, Kahraman et al. 2009). ...
... Anatolia is a major centre for Salvia in Asia (Vural and Adigüzel, 1996). Since the most recent revision of the genus, three new species have been described; the total has now reached 97 (Davis, 1982; Davis et al., 1988; Güner et al., 2000; Dönmez, 2001; Doðan, 2008). 51 of Salvia species are endemic in Turkey and endemizm rate is 52.5 (Davis, 1982; Doðan, 2008). ...
In this study, petiol anatomy of 17 Salvia sp. taxa were compared statistically. In all the studied taxa, some differences were found in the petiole shape, number of vascular bundles and the presence of chlorenchyma. Anatomical variations in 17 Salvia taxa have been investigated by means of numerical methods (Analysis of variance and Pearson correlation). By the analysis of the investigated taxa from 17 leaf anatomy related characters, it has been determined that epidermis width and trachea diameter are the best character pairs which represent the variations in them. It has been also found that the results from numerical analysis of the leaf anatomy characters can provide additional evidences that correspond to the anatomy for the recognition of the taxa. © 2016, Sociedade Brasileira da Ciencia das Plantas Daninha. All rights reserved.
... The first revision of Salvia L. in Turkey was made by Hedge (1982a) in Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, volume 7, in which he recognized 86 species, and 1 hybrid and 1 doubtful species. Since the publication of the flora, 1 new record and 6 more new species have been described from Turkey (Huber-Morath, 1982; Vural & Adıgüzel, 1996; Dönmez, 2001; Hamzaoğlu et al., 2005; İlçim et al., 2009;). Since 2005, as part of a revisional study of the genus Salvia in Turkey, the authors have carried out extensive field studies and collected a large number of specimens. ...
Salvia macrosiphon Boiss. is reported for the first time from Turkey. This new record is confined to Cinar in Diyarbakir. The diagnostic morphological characters of S. spinosa L. are discussed. Notes are presented on its ecology and phenology. A distribution map of this new record is also given.
... The two largest centers of the genus are in America and in South-West Asia [2,3]. Anatolia is a major centre for Salvia in Asia and 46 (52 %) of 89 totals Salvia species are endemic to Turkey [4][5][6][7]. The distribution of species in neighboring countries is as follows: 75 in Flora USSR [8], 70 in Flora Iranian [9], 36 in Flora European [10] and 21 in Flora Palestine [11]. ...
... There, he grouped the species by stamen characters and other morphological similarities. Since the publication of the Flora of Turkey, nine species have been added to the genus as new species (4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9) or new records were reported (10)(11)(12). The number of species now reaches 95, showing that Turkey is amajor centre of diversity for the genus in Asia. ...
Objective: The essential oil composition of two Salvia taxa (Salvia sclarea and Salvia verticillata subsp. verticillata) analysed and yield of compositions were analysed
Material and Methods: The essential oil was extracted by hydro distillation using a modified Clevenger apparatus coupled to a 2 L round-bottom flask. A total of 100 g of fresh plant material (aerial parts) and 1 L of water were used for the extraction. Gas chromatography / Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis were applied to extracts.
Results: The essential oil yields of Salvia sclarea and Salvia verticillata L. subsp. verticillata were found as 0.4 and 0.3 %v/w, respectively. Overall, thirty seven compounds which accounted for 97.9% in Salvia sclarea and seventy four constituents, which accounted for 98.6% of the total compositions of each oil are determined in Salvia verticillata L. subsp. verticillata. The spathulenol (19%), caryophyllene oxide (15.5%), linolyl acetate (11.3%) and linalool L (8.5%) were the major compounds of Salvia sclarea and the germacrene D (13.8%), spathulenol (10%) and limonene (4.5%), 1.8- cineole (4.5%) were the main compounds of the Salvia verticillata L. subsp. Verticillata
Conclusion: spathulenol was found as major compound for both Salvia sclarea and Salvia verticillata subsp. verticillata while, the other main components were not showed similarity
... The first revision of Salvia L. in Turkey was made by Hedge (1982a) in Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, volume 7, in which he recognized 86 species, and 1 hybrid and 1 doubtful species. Since the publication of the flora, 1 new record and 6 more new species have been described from Turkey (Huber-Morath, 1982; Vural & Adıgüzel, 1996; Dönmez, 2001; Hamzaoğlu et al., 2005; İlçim et al., 2009;). Since 2005, as part of a revisional study of the genus Salvia in Turkey, the authors have carried out extensive field studies and collected a large number of specimens. ...
... Salvia is one of the plant genera having the longest history with folkloric utilization among culinary and medicinal herbs and has been reported to be used traditionally for antibacterial purposes in various parts of the world (1,2). In Turkey, this genus is represented by about 95 species, 46 of which are endemic (3). Among the species of Salvia growing in Turkey, S. officinalis, S. triloba, S. dichroantha, S. multicaulis, S. tomentosa, and S. virgata were recorded to be used as antiseptic and wound healing purposes in Anatolian folk medicine as herbal tea (4). ...
The objective of this study was to examine antiviral property and cytotoxicity of the extracts prepared from the selected Salvia species (Lamiaceae) growing in Turkey. The chloroform and methanol extracts from 14 Salvia species (S. albimaculata, S. aucheri var. canescens, S. candidissima subsp. occidentalis, S. ceratophylla, S. cryptantha, S. cyanescens, S. frigida, S. forskahlei, S. halophila, S. migrostegia, S. multicaulis, S. sclarea, S. syriaca, and S. verticillata subsp. amasiaca) were tested against Herpes simplex (type-1, HSV-1) and Parainfluenza (type-3, PI-3) using Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney and Vero cell lines. Cytotoxicity of the extracts was determined as maximum non-toxic concentrations (MNTCs). The chloroform extracts of S. cyanescens and S. microstegia were found to inhibit both HSV-1 and PI-3 effectively. Therefore, these species could proceed to further evaluation for their possible antiviral components.
... 47 of these Salvia species in Turkey are endemic . [15,8,11,10,14] Salvia species are important group of useful plants which have not lose their importance since ancient times. The genus is named "Salvia" derived from "Salveo" which means "to save, to recover" in Latin . ...
... The ratio of endemism in the genus Salvia in Turkey is ca. 50 % [2,[4][5][6][7]. ...
This study proposes to present a comparative analysis of the anatomical and ecological characteristics of three Salvia L. species (S. argentea, S. aethiopsis, S. viridis) collected from various localities of Bali{dotless}kesir province. The only S. viridis is an annual. Anatomical examination was made of cross sections obtained from stems and leaves, in addition to examining leaf surface sections to determine stoma type. All anatomical sections obtained were photographed. While the stem anatomies of all species generally resembled one another we did not observe sclerenchyma tissue in the S. viridis. Ecological investigation included physical (texture, pH, lime (CaCO 3), total salt) and chemical (N, P, K, organic matter) analysis of soil samples taken from the various localities. In general the structure of the soil over which the species had spread showed similarity.
... Anatolia is a major centre for Salvia in Asia ( Vural and Adigüzel 1996). Since the most recent revision of the genus in Turkey, three new species have been described and the total number has now reached 89 ( Davis 1982, Davis et al. 1988, Güner et al. 2000, Dönmez 2001). Forty three of these Salvia species in Turkey are endemic ( Davis 1982). ...
The morphological and anatomical characters of Salvia napifolia Jacq. of the family Lamiaceae have been investigated. The plant has a perennial taproot, the stem is erect and quadrangular. Leaves are simple, occasionally lyrate, inflorescence is its verticillate cyme, corolla is lilac-white. Stems, leaves, petioles and flowers have glandular and eglandular hairs. In the anatomical research, cross-sections of root, stem, leaf and petiole have been examined. Roots with thick pariderns, cortex multilayered sclerenchyma groups above pholoam, cambium not clear, no pith as center of root filled with xylem, distinct pith rays. Stem with collenchymatous hypodermis, sclerenchyma group above vascular bundles, vascular bundles at corners large and lobed, large pith with interrupted pith rays. Leaves with diacytic stomata both on abaxial and adaxial epidermis. Anatomy of petiole, calyx, corolla has also been investigated.
... The first revision of Salvia in Turkey was made by Hedge (1982a), who recognized 86 species, one hybrid and one doubtful species. Since then, five more species, S. nydeggeri (Huber-Morath 1982), S. aytachii (Vural & Adıgüzel 1996), S. hedgeana (Dönmez 2001), S. anatolica (Hamzaoğlu & Duran 2005) and S. marashica (İlçim et al. 2009) have been described as new to science from Turkey. ...
Celep, F. & Doğan, M. 2010: Salvia ekimiana (Lamiaceae), a new species from Turkey. — Ann. Bot. Fennici 47: 63–66. Salvia ekimiana F. Celep & Doğan sp. nova (Lamiaceae) is described and illustrated from Turkey. It is confined to Yozgat in central Anatolia where it grows in open Pinus sylvestris forest and alpine steppe. The diagnostic morphological characters from closely similar species are discussed. The first revision of Salvia in Turkey was made by Hedge (1982a), who recognized 86 species, one hybrid and one doubtful species. Since then, five more species, S. nydeggeri (Huber-Morath 1982), S. aytachii (Vural & Adıgüzel 1996), S. hedgeana (Dönmez 2001), S. anatolica (Hamzaoğlu & Duran 2005) and S. marashica (İlçim et al. 2009) have been described as new to science from Turkey. The species described in this report was first collected in Akdağmadeni-Yozgat, (B5, sensu Davis 1965) by Prof. Dr. Tuna Ekim in 1980. In 2007, while conducting field work in the area, the author Celep found another population in Aktaş region above Akdağmadeni (Yozgat). At first glance, it resembled S. aethiopis and S. yosgadensis. The specimens were cross-checked with the keys provided by Hedge (1982a) and the Salvia accounts given in the relevant litera-ture, including Flora Orientalis (Boissier 1879), Flora Iranica (Hedge 1982b), Flora of the USSR (Pobedimova 1954), Flora of Syria, Palestine and Sinai (Post 1933) and Flora Europaea (Hedge 1972). The specimens of the new species were cross-checked with the material housed at various herbaria (ANK, GAZI, HUB, ISTE, ISTF, E, K, and BM). Salvia ekimiana F. Celep & Doğan, sp. nova (Figs. 1 and 2) S. ekimiana affinis S. aethiopis sed differt: foliis basalibus 2.5–7.5 ¥ 1–2.5 cm (nec 10–21(–32) ¥ 5–9 cm), oblongis (nec ovatis), crenulatis ad serratis (nec erosis), calycis brevioribus 7–11 mm (nec ca. 12 mm), corollis brevioribus 7–11 mm (nec ca. 15 mm), labiis superioribus lilaci-nis vix falcatis (nec labiis superioribus pallidus crocinus videlicet falcatis), 3.5–4.2 mm longis et dense lanatis (nec 7–8 mm longis et pilosis). Type: Turkey. Central Anatolia, B5 Yozgat: Above Akdağmadeni, Aktaş region, 39°35´157´´N, 35°50´014´´E, 1793 m, open Pinus sylvestris forest and alpine steppe, 16.VI.2007 F. Celep 1214 (holotype ANK; isotypes E, K, GAZI). — paraType: Turkey. B5 Kayseri: Felahiye, Büyük Toraman Kasabası, Akdağ, 2000 m, 9.VI.2005 A. Duran 7019 (GAZI). eTymology: This species is named in honour of the Turkish botanist, professor Tuna Ekim.
... Then, Hedge (1982), who made last comprehensive study of the genus in Turkey, recognized 86 species. Since then, eight new species (Huber-Morath 1982;Vural and Adigüzel 1996;Dönmez 2001;Hamzaoglu et al. 2005;Celep and Dogan 2010;Ilcim et al. 2009;Kahraman et al. 2009aKahraman et al. , 2011aYıldırım and Ertekin 2008), three new records (Behçet and Avlamaz 2009;Celep et al. 2009a), two species re-evaluated as valid species (Kahraman et al. 2010a), and two new varieties have been described from Turkey. In addition, Salvia aucheri Benth. ...
Salvia quezelii is a very little known local endemic species from Turkey. Since 2005, our revisional studies on the genus in Turkey have been shown that previously known two localities of the species including type locality are wrong, and the species has not been col-lected since 1970. In this study, the type locality of the species is amended and morphological description of the species is amplified and expanded based on large number of specimens. The anatomy, palynology, myxocarpy, mericarp micromorphology and distribution of the tric-homes on the aerial parts of S. quezelii are studied for the first time to understand the usefulness of these character-istics for systematic purposes. Morphological characteris-tics of leaves, calyces, corollas and types of stamens are useful for sectional and specific delimitation in Salvia. Anatomical characters such as number of ray rows in roots, distance between vascular bundles in stems, mesophyll structures in leaves, shape of mid-rib and presence/absence of sclerenchymatic tissue in petioles provide information of taxonomical significance. Scanning electron microscopy studies on the pollen grains have revealed that they are oblate-spheroidal to prolate-spheroidal and their exine ornamentation is reticulate–perforate. Mericarps are broadly ovate to rotund, and surface sculpturing pattern is verrucate or slightly reticulate. Three main types of tric-homes were observed on the stem, inflorescence axis, leaf and calyx surfaces of S. quezelii with very high diversity. They are peltate, capitate glandular and non-glandular. Capitate glandular and non-glandular trichomes were fur-ther subdivided into several kinds. Glandular trichomes are present in abundance on all vegetative parts, particularly in inflorescence axis.
... There, he grouped the species by stamen characters and other morphological similarities. Since the publication of the Flora of Turkey, nine species have been added to the genus as new species (Celep and Do˘ gan, 2010; Dönmez, 2001; Hamzao˘ glu et al., 2005; HuberMorath, 1982; ˙ Ilç im et al., 2009; Vural and Adıgüzel, 1996) or new records were reported (Behç et and Avlamaz, 2009; Celep et al., 2009; Kahraman et al., 2009a). The number of species now reaches 95, showing that Turkey is a major centre of diversity for the genus in Asia. ...
Pollen grains of 30 taxa of the genus Salvia, belonging to sections Salvia, Horminum, Drymosphace, Plethiosphace and Hemisphace from Turkey were examined by light (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Detailed pollen morphological characteristics are provided for these taxa. Among the studied taxa, S. verticillata subsp. verticillata from sect. Hemisphace has the smallest pollen grains, and S. pachystachys from sect. Salvia possesses the largest ones. The basic shape of the pollen grains in most taxa is suboblate, oblate–spheroidal or prolate–spheroidal. However subprolate pollen grains are recorded for S. macrochlamys from sect. Salvia. The grains are hexacolpate in all taxa, but in S. recognita from sect. Salvia also octacolpate pollen was found. Three distinct exine sculpturing types exist, reticulate–perforate (the common type), reticulate–granulate and bireticulate. The reticulate–perforate and bireticulate sculpturing patterns can be divided into subtypes based on the number of perforations and the number of secondary lumina in each primary lumen. Pollen morphological characteristics of the taxa studied are compared and discussed on the basis of taxonomical concepts. In some cases, these characters are useful in distinguishing the sections. For instance, the presence of 1–2 large central secondary lumina per primary lumen is a significant character of sect. Horminum separating it from the other sections. As well, the presence of holes on colpus membrane ornamentation can be used as a diagnostic taxonomic character for sectional division between sect. Hemisphace and others. S. ballsiana from sect. Salvia is clearly distinct from the other taxa examined by its unique pollen morphology. Further, for several macromorphologically similar taxa pollen structures provide additional evidence to delimite them from each other.
... Th e last comprehensive treatment of Salvia species in Turkey was that of Hedge (1982b), who recognised 86 species with 2 subspecies, 2 varieties, and 1 doubtful species. Since then, 6 new species (Huber-Morath, 1982;Vural & Adıgüzel, 1996;Dönmez, 2001;Hamzaoğlu et al., 2005;Ilçim et al., 2009;, 3 new records (Behçet & Avlamaz, 2009;Celep et al., 2009b;Kahraman et al., 2009a), and 2 species reevaluated as valid species (Kahraman et al., 2010c) have been described from Turkey. Th e number of species now reaches 97, of which 51 are endemic, showing that Turkey is a major centre of diversity for the genus in Asia . ...
The current conservation status of the Salvia L. (sage) taxa of the family Lamiaceae distributed in the East, South-East, Central, North Anatolian, and Marmara geographic regions of Turkey was reassessed at regional, national, and global levels using IUCN Red List categories and criteria. In accordance with the present taxonomic revision of the genus since 2005, the study area seems to cover 79 taxa, 36 of which are endemic and 4 of which are rare nonendemic; the remaining 39 taxa are widely distributed. The rate of endemism is 46% in the area. Based on new fi eld observations of populations and distribution data, taxa were classified into the following threat categories at the global scale: Critically Endangered (CR) (5 taxa), Endangered (EN) (8 taxa), Vulnerable (VU) (11 taxa), Near Th reatened (NT) (12 taxa), and Least Concern (LC) (43 taxa). The most threatened species at the global scale are S. anatolica, S. ballsiana, S. freyniana, S. odontochlamys, and S. pseudeuphratica. The threatened taxa are under pressure from intensive human activities such as overgrazing, construction (e.g., road construction), land clearing (e.g., agricultural activities), and urbanisation. The threatened endemic taxa are concentrated in 3 main areas. The first area includes Sivas, Divriği, Gürün, Pınarbaşı, and Kemaliye. The second area includes Ankara, Beypazarı, Polatlı, and Sivrihisar. The third area includes Yozgat, Akdağmadeni, Nevşehir, and Kayseri. Some significant measures are recommended here for the conservation and management of the high number of endemic taxa under threat in the research area.
... The first revision of Salvia species in Turkey was made by Hedge (1982), who recognized 86 species (Davis et al., 1988). Since then, six new species have been described (Huber-Morath, 1982;Vural and Adıgüzel, 1996;Dönmez, 2001;Hamzaoğlu et al., 2005;Ilcim et al., 2009;Celep and Doğan, 2010) and three new records have been reported from Turkey (Behçet and Avlamaz, 2009;Celep et al., 2009;Kahraman et al., 2009); the total has now reached 95. Forthy eight of these Salvia species in Turkey are endemic. ...
The morphology, anatomy and distribution of glandular trichomes on the aerial organs of Salvia smyrnea L. endemic to Turkey have been investigated with light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This species is evaluated in endangered (EN) category. Two morphologically distinct types of glandular trichomes were determined. Various types of capitate glandular trichomes consist of a 1–4 celled base, a 1–8 stalk celled or no stalk and a uni- or bicellular head.In capitate trichomes the neck cell that has an important role especially for xeromorfic plants, acting to prevent the backflow of secreted substance through the apoplast, has been distinctively observed in the investigated species. The capitate trichomes were present abundantly on all aerial organs of S. smyrnea. Peltate glandular trichomes had a large secretory head comprising 1–2 central and 4,6, 8–10 peripheral cells. This study pointed out that S. smyrnea was of rich glandular trichomes in point of diversity and quantity.
... There are 89 species and 93 taxa of Salvia recorded in the Flora of Turkey [1] [2] [3] [4] The ratio of endemism of species of Salvia in Turkey is 48 % and Anatolia is a major centre for the genus in Asia [1] Fatty acid compositions of the Salvia species were reported in the literature. The genus Salvia belongs to the Nepetoideae subfamily of the Lamiaceae of angiosperms. ...
Fatty acid composition of nine species of Salvia, naturally growing in Turkey was determined: Salvia syriaca, Salvia potentillifolia, Salvia candidissima ssp. occidentalis, Salvia macrochlamys, Salvia poculata, Salvia tomentosa, Salvia recognita, Salvia virgata and Salvia ceratophylla. The main compounds were found to be linoleic acid (18:2; 24.3–69.2%), linolenic acid (18:3; 0.6–40.8%), oleic acid (18:1; 8.3–31.0%), palmitic acid (16:0; 3.8–21.0%) and stearic acid (18:0; 1.8–5.2%). Fatty acid composition of Salvia seed oils could be used as a chemotaxonomical marker.
... The genus Salvia L., (Lamiaceae) is represented in Turkey by 95 species and (Hedge, 1982; Davis et al., 1988; Adıgüzel & Vural, 1996; Dönmez, 2001; Behcet and Avlanmaz, 2009; Celep et al., 2009). The ratio of endemism in the genus Salvia in Turkey is ca. ...
Salvia cadmica Boiss., and S. smyrnaea Boiss., (Lamiaceae) differ from each other by the colour of their corolla in that the former is white and the latter is violet-blue, and that calyx widens in fruit in the latter. Both species are characterized by having cryptone in their essential oils as major constituent. Both species are endemic to Turkey. The paper compares morphological and chemical features of the two species with a view to confirm their taxonomical status.
... The first revision of Salvia in Turkey was made by Hedge (1982a), who recognized 86 species and one doubtful species. Since then, four more species, S. nydeggeri (Huber-Morath 1982), S. aytachii (Vural & Adıgüzel 1996), S. hedgeana (Dönmez 2001) and S. anatolica (Hamzaoğlu & Duran 2005) have been identified from Turkey. ...
Salvia marashica A. İlçim, F. Celep & Doğan sp. nova (Lamiaceae) is described from Turkey and illustrated. It is confined to C6 Kahramanmaraş in South Anatolia where it flowers early in the year and grows on rocky mountain slopes. The diagnostic morphological characteristics from closely similar species are discussed. Notes are also presented on its ecology and pollen characteristics along with scanning electron micrographs of the calyx hairs. A distribution map of the new and the similar species is also provided.
... The first revision of Salvia species in Turkey was made by Hedge (1982), who recognized 86 species. Since then, six species have been described anew (Huber-Morath 1982, Vural and Adiguzel 1996, Dönmez 2001, Hamzaoglu et al. 2005, Celep and Dogan 2009, Ilcim et al. 2009) and three new records have been reported from Turkey (Behcet and Avlamaz 2009, Kahraman et al. 2009c). Since 2005, as a part of a revision of the genus Salvia in Turkey, the present authors have carried out extensive field studies and collected a large number of specimens. ...
Salvia ballsiana (Rech. fil.) Hedge, previously known only from the type gathering, is a local endemic species from Turkey. The species was first collected from Gölbaşı (Malatya) by E. K. Balls in 1935, and was not collected again until 2008, when we found it in Gerger (Adıyaman). The diagnostic morphological characters of this rare endemic species are discussed, including its anatomical, palynological and nutlet micromorphological features. Morphological characteristics of leaves, calyces, corollas and types of stamens are useful for sectional and specific delimitation in Salvia. Anatomical characters such as number of ray rows in roots, distance between vascular bundles in stems, mesophyll structures in leaves, shape of mid-rib and presence/absence of sclerenchymatic tissue in petioles are of taxonomic significance. In addition, size, shape and ornamentation of pollen grains and nutlets are diagnostic.
... Between 1982 and 2005, four more species were published from Turkey (Huber-Morath. 1982;Vural & Adıgüzel 1996;Dönmez 2001;Hamzaoglu et al. 2005). Since 2005, as a part of a revision of the genus Salvia in Turkey, the authors have carried out extensive field studies and collected a large number of specimens. ...
Salvia macrochlamys Boiss. & Kotschy, which belongs to sect. Salvia Hedge, is a perennial herb usually growing on rocky limestone slopes in eastern Anatolia. In this study, the anatomical features
of the root, the stem, the leaf and the petiole, as well as micromorphological characteristics of the pollen and the nutlet
of this species have been investigated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Moreover, its emended and expanded description,
phenology, current distribution and ecology are also given. Anatomical characters such as the number of ray lines in the root,
the distance between vascular bundles in the stem, the structure of mesophyll in the leaf and the structure of vascular bundles
in the petiole have been found to have taxonomic value. The pollen grains are hexacolpate, radially symmetrical, isopolar
and oblate-spheroidal. Their exine sculpturing is bireticulate and perforate. The nutlets are rounded-trigonous in transverse
sections, broadly ovate to rotund in shape, light brown, glabrous and slightly rough to protuberances. This species often
grows in habitats in which the main soil type is sandy-clayish with low organic content (1.32 ± 1.06%) and slightly alkaline
(pH 7.75 ± 0.25). The amount of CaCO3 is 0.94% to 34.91%. The contents of P and K are 8.68 ± 0.96 and 110.12 ± 4.86 ppm, respectively.
Key words
Salvia macrochlamys
-Labiatae-anatomy-morphology-nutlet-palynology
... Hedge's (1982) comprehensive treatment of Salvia species in Turkey recognised 87 species, but one of them is doubtful. Since that time, six new species (Huber-Morath 1982; Vural and Adıgüzel 1996; Dönmez 2001; Hamzaog ˘lu et al. 2005; Ilçim et al. 2009; Celep and Dog ˘an 2010), three new records (Kahraman et al. 2009; Celep et al. 2009a; Behçet and Avlamaz 2009), two species re-evaluated as valid species () and one new variety (Celep et al. 2009b) have been described. The total number of Salvia species in Turkey has now reached 97, making Turkey a major centre of the genus in Asia. ...
Mericarp morphology of 15 taxa of Salvia L. section Hymenosphace Benth. in Turkey were investigated by light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the utility
of mericarp characters in systematic studies. Mericarps ranged from 2.50 to 5.38mm in length and 2.04 to 4.70mm in width.
Mericarp shape was prolate-spheroid or near spherical with a length-to-width ratio of 1.02–1.48. Transverse sections of the
mericarps were rounded or rounded-trigonous. Mericarp surfaces presented colliculate, reticulate, verrucate or foveate sculpturing
patterns, mostly as a result of the sculpturing of the exocarp cell walls with the pattern determined by whether the periclinal
walls were concave or convex and whether the anticlinal walls were raised or sunken. Colliculate surface sculpturing (periclinal
walls convex) was the most common among the taxa examined. The variation in the nature of surface sculpturing, mericarp shape
and size, exocarp cell shape, nature of transverse sections and abscission scar diameter proved useful diagnostic characters.
Variation was sufficient to distinguish taxa at species level, including morphologically similar species. Data provided here
are also relevant to phylogenetic questions at higher levels within Salvia.
KeywordsLamiaceae–
Salvia
–
Hymenosphace
–Mericarp–Systematics–Turkey
... Since the last revision of the genus, four new species have been described from Turkey: Salvia nydeggeri Hub.-Mor. (Davis, Mill, & Kit, 1988), Salvia aytachii Vural & Adiguzel (Vural & Adiguzel, 1996), Salvia hedgeana Donmez (Donmez, 2001 ), and Salvia anatolica Hamzaoglu & A. Duran (Hamzaoglu, Duran, & Pinar, 2005). Salvia pisidica Boiss.& ...
In this study, total contents of phenolic, flavanol and flavonol, antioxidant activities and antimicrobial activities of the Turkish endemic Salvia pisidica Boiss. & Heldr. ex Bentham (Lamiaceae) extract and essential oil were assessed in vitro. Total phenolic, flavanol and flavonol contents in the extract were 54.57 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g, 16.70 mg catechine equivalents (CE)/g and 18.19 mg rutin equivalents (RE)/g, respectively. Antioxidant activities (IC50 value) of the extract and essential oil were determined as 4.88 and 6.41 mg/mL by DPPH assay, respectively. 31 compounds were determined in the essential oil using GC–MS and the major compounds (%) were camphor (23.76), sabinol (19.2), α-thujone (14.2) and eucalyptol (1.8-cineole) (5.8).The antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extract and the essential oil against 13 bacterial and two yeast strains was determined. The extract (concentration 5 g/100 ml or 10 g/100 ml) was effective against most of the strains tested, yet not against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Aeromonas hydrophila and the two yeast strains tested. The essential oil (2 g/100 ml) showed an antimicrobial effect against all the gram (+) bacteria tested, against Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but was not effective against all gram (−) bacteria and Candida albicans. These results show that S.piscidica essential oil and extract could be considered as a natural alternative to traditional food preservatives and be used to enhance food safety and shelf life.
Salvia josetta, a new species of Lamiaceae, is described and illustrated. The species was discovered in 2018 from the district of Danniye, North Lebanon. We collected samples each year and prepared herbarium specimens. By comparing our samples with the already known taxa in the genus Salvia, through morphological descriptions and herbarium specimens, we established that they belong to a species new to science. This new species grows in openings within pine woodlands on brown soil developed from limestone and sandy bedrocks. Following the guidelines and criteria of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), it is assessed as critically endangered, based on its limited distribution area (0.02 km²) and the threats impacting the site where it was found, namely illegal logging, forest fires, and quarrying. The morphological characters are compared with two similar species, Salvia fayruziana from Lebanon and Salvia veneris from Cyprus.
Salvia is one of the largest Angiosperm genera with about 1000 species. Salvia is also a well-known genus due to its medicinal importance and lever like stamens. On the basis of revisional studies and latest scientific publications, there are 115 Salvia (sage) taxa growing in Turkey, 63 taxa of which are endemic (54.7%). Molecular phylogenetic studies have revealed that the Turkish species are represented by seven clades: Zhumeria, Salvia, Sclarea, Glutinaria, Heterosphace, Dorystaechas and Rosmarinus. The distribution of species according to phytogeographical regions is as follows: 57 taxa Irano-turanian element, 31 taxa Mediterranean element, 6 taxa Euro-Siberian element and 21 taxa Multiregional element. The distribution of the threatened species according to national level is as follows: 2 taxa DD (Data Deficient), 17 taxa CR (Critically Endangered), 17 taxa EN (Endangered), 17 taxa VU (Vulnarable) and 15 taxa LC (Least Concern). The species in Turkey grow from sea level to up to ca. 3000 m, in a very wide range of different habitats. Distribution of threatened Salvia species in Turkey and the degree of their endangerement are summarized according to IUCN categories. This chapter is expected to call attention to the need to further protect the already endangered species of the important genus Salvia.
Salvia L. is an ideal exemplar to demonstrate prezygotic isolation mechanisms in sympatric populations due to their wellknown staminal lever mechanism. Mechanical, phenological, and ethological isolation mechanisms have been reported among
sympatric species of Salvia. However, it has been shown that if closely related species are sympatric and flower at the same time, they can potentially hybridize. In this study, we describe two new hybrid species of Salvia (S. × karamanensis Celep & B.T.Drew, and S. ×
doganii Celep & B.T.Drew) from Turkey based on morphological and molecular evidence. Salvia × karamanensis (S. aucheri Benth. subsp. canescens (Boiss. & Heldr.) Celep, Kahraman & Doğan × S. heldreichiana Boiss. ex Benth.) is known from near Karaman city in the central Mediterranean region of Turkey, and S. × doganii (S. cyanescens Boiss. & Bal. × S. vermifolia Hedge & Hub.-Mor.) occurs near Sivas in central Anatolia, Turkey. Morphological comparisons between the hybrid species and their putative parents are given with notes on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) red list categories, biogeography and ecology of the two hybrid species.
Salvia smyrnaea Boiss (Sage smyrnaea) is one the endemic plant species which is a danger of becoming extint in the World and Turkey . It’s area of sprading becomes extremely narrowand it has two populations, one of therm is in Aydın Gümüş mountain and the other one is in İzmir Nif mountain. The habitat of the populatıons is strongly threatened by human activities, erosion and grazing. Recent findings, show that the population has been lost in the Gümüş Mountain. Some interesting morphological variations were observed that occurred between in the populations of Salvia smyrnaea. Observation of a new variation of this species shows that interesting variations still persist. In this article, the reason for the variations occurred is investigated scientifically.
Mericarp (nutlet) micromorphology and pericarp structure of three morphologically similar endemic Salvia species; Salvia hedgeana, S. huberi and S. rosifolia were investigated using LM, SEM and TEM. Salvia hedgeana has larger mericarps and abscission scars than S. huberi and S. rosifolia. Mericarp length to width ratio ranges from 1.11 in S. hedgeana to 1.60 in S. huberi. Mericarp shape is mainly ovoid, rarely broadly ovoid in S. hedgeana, and oblong in S. huberi. The mericarp surface sculpturing pattern in all species is colliculate. However, exocarp cells are pentangular-hexangular in S. hedgeana, irregular in S. huberi and rounded and smaller in S. rosifolia. In Salvia huberi anticlinal walls are un-dulate whereas in S. hedgeana and S. rosifolia anticlinal walls are straight. Salvia hedgeana was distinguished from the others by the thickest pericarp (146-185 µm). The scleren-chymatous region significantly varied between the species. It was 84-99 µm in S. hedgeana, 56-82 µm in S. huberi and 27-61 µm in S. rosifolia. The mesocarp was also thicker in S. hedgeana. The wetted mericarps produced mucilage, but S. huberi differed from the others in having translucent-milky white opaque mucilage with fibres or radiating cordons.
Morphological characteristics of stems, leaves, bracts, calyces and corollas are taxonomically discriminating characters in Salvia. In this paper we present morphological, anatomical and ecological features of S. limbata C.A. Meyer and S. palaestina Bentham as well as micromorphological characteristics of their pollen grains and nutlets using scanning electron microscopy. Anatomical characters such as size of cortex and vascular tissue, number of palisade parenchyma rows and vascular bundles are found to be important species specific characters. Pollen grains in the species are different in shape and size, but they look similar in their exine sculpturing; shape, size and ornamentation of nutlets are found to be different. The two investigated Salvia species grow on clayey-loamy and loamy soils, with pH 7.6-7.9, with 0.4-2.1% of organicmatter, 0.006-0.026% of total salt content, 4.2-21.0 mg kg-1 phosphorus and 87.0-445.8 mg kg-1 potassium.
Salvia, comprised of almost 1000 species, is the largest genus in the Lamiaceae family and an ideal model system to investigate biological diversity and adaptive radiation. Plant diversity of this species is manifested by the diversification of flower organs and pollination mechanisms, which may be driving forces of their origins and evolution. Salvia is characterized by a staminal lever mechanism which is key to pollen transfer. In Salvia, the two monothetic stamens are modified into levers with a thin ligament between the connective and the filament, forming a joint, which is then divided into upper and lower arms. This enables the stamen to reversibly transfer pollen. A pollinator searching for nectar must push back the lower lever arms to allow the pollen-sacs at the end of the upper lever arms to be pressed onto the pollinator ' s head or back. Then, the pollinator visits a subsequent flower of the same species to transfer pollen to the plant stigma. In Salvia, parallel evolution occurs in American and Eurasian centers of diversity, which have different pollinators but a similar evolutionary direction for Salvia pollination mechanisms. In China, Salvia are classified by three pollination mechanisms based on floral traits, staminal structure, and pollen deposition on the body of bees. Type I(short-lever type) is the original group in the subgenus Salvia Benth. with two fertile upper and lower lever arms. Type II(long-lever type), which is found in the subgenus Sclarea Benth., involves a staminal lever mechanism that is characterized by two posterior thecae that are not expressed and fused. Type III (degraded-lever type), which is found in the subgenus Allagospadonopsis Briq., has a degraded staminal lever structure with two separated and thin sterile posterior thecae. We discovered that these three pollination types contribute to the geographical distribution in China of the three Salvia subgenera. Type I was mainly distributed in southwest China with the Hengduan Mountains as its diversity center. Type II was mainly distributed in central China including Guizhou, Chongqing, east Sichuan, west Hubei, the Qinling Mountains and the Dabie Mountains. Type III was mainly distributed in eastern and southern China; specifically, the Tianmu, Wuyi and Nanling Mountains are their distribution and diversity centers. Unique pollination mechanisms of each plant are based on two aspects of the staminal structures and their automatic movements. Staminal automatic movement was observed in some Salvia species with small flowers from Type II or Type III. In the corolla, some plant stamens can automatically and slowly make a downward, involuted movement during stamen ageing. Then, the stigma will finally occupy this position the mature stamens had occupied before to accept the pollen from other flowers of the same Salvia species. The evolution of Salvia pollination mechanisms gives rise to pollinator specialization, validity, accuracy, and fidelity. Type III plant species have shorter and narrower flower tubes: pollinators are not required to enter the tube to access nectar. Rather, the pollen can be deposited on the pollinator 's forehead. Thus, the pollination pattern of Type III Salvia plants are more evolved in terms of energy-saving and specialization. Staminal lever mechanisms and floral structures involved in pollen transfer may be critical for adaptive radiation and speciation within Salvia. Future comprehensive species surveys and investigations into the floral structure of Salvia and their pollinators are needed to compare species across continents.
Salvia anatolica Hamzaoǧlu & A. Duran sp. nova (Lamiaceae) is described and illustrated from East Anatolia, Turkey. It is closely related to S. bracteata, an endemic also confined to East Anatolia. Diagnostic morphological characters of S. anatolica from closely similar taxa are discussed. The pollen characteristics of S. anatolica and S. bracteata are presented in photographs.
Salvia aristata Aucher ex Benth. (Lamiaceae) is recorded for the first time from south-east Turkey.
This checklist contains a total of 295 taxa published as additions to the Flora of Turkey. It includes details of taxa neither
recorded by P.H.Davis’ “Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands” or its supplements, nor in the 2 previously published checklists.The records in this list are based on data given in nearly 195 papers published up to the end of 2004
The taxa of the genus Salvia L. (Lamiaceae) used in this study were collected from their natural habitats in Turkey. In this paper, the number, size and morphology of somatic chromosomes of 22 Turkish taxa of Salvia, namely S. bracteata Banks & Sol., S. fruticosa Mill., S. huberi Hedge, S. hydrangea DC. ex Benth., S. nemorosa L. and S. pomifera L. (2n = 14), S. adenocaulon P.H. Davis and S. aucheri Benth. subsp. canescens Boiss. & Heldr., (2n = 18), S. argentea L., S. frigida Boiss., S. palestina Benth., S. poculata Nábělek and S. verticillata L. subsp. verticillata (2n = 20), S. atropatana Bunge, S. cassia Sam. ex. Rech. f., S. chrysophylla Stapf, S. cyanescens Boiss. & Balansa, S. indica L. and S. limbata C.A.Mey. (2n = 22), S. multicaulis Vahl (2n = 28), S. virgata Jacq. (2n = 32) and S. verbenaca L. (2n = 60) were investigated. Somatic chromosome numbers ranged from 2n = 14 to 2n = 60. The present results were compared with the previous cytological ones.
The nutlet (mericarp) morphology of 12 Salvia L. (Lamiaceae: sub-family Nepetoideae: tribe Mentheae: sub-tribe Salviinae) taxa from Turkey, including five endemic taxa, was examined using scanning electron microscopy: Salvia bracteata Banks et Sol., S. cadmica Boiss., S. blepharoclaena Hedge et Hub.-Mor., S. cryptantha Montbret et Aucher ex Bentham, S. aethiopis L, S. ceratophylla L., S. candidissima Vahl subsp. candidissima., S. cyanescens Boiss et Bal., S. virgata Jacq, S. halophila Hedge, S. verticillata L. subsp. verticillata, S. verticillata L. subsp amasiaca (Freyn et Bornm.) Bornm. The mericarps examined exhibited variation in size, shape, colour, and surface sculpturing. Mericarp size ranged between 1.6–3.5 mm length and 1.0–2.9 mm width. Observed shapes included spherical, trigonous-prolate spheroidal and prolate spheroidal. Mericarp surface sculptur-ing revealed three distinct types: reticulate, foveate and verrucate. Our study supports fur-ther work across the genus.
Seven species and three cultivars of Salvia have been added to Salvia of Turkey. These are as follows S. coccinea, S. farinacea, S. microphylla, S. officina lis, S. officinalis 'Incterina', S. officinalis 'Purpurascens', S. officinalis 'Tricolor', S. splendens, S. x superba and S. transylvanica . These taxa were described morphological and culti vation properties, and created a identification key.
Mericarp micromorphology and anatomy of Salvia hedgeana Dönmez, S. huberi Hedge and S. rosifolia Sm. (section Salvia Hedge, Lamiaceae)
Mericarp (nutlet) micromorphology and pericarp structure of three morphologically similar endemic Salvia species; Salvia hedgeana, S. huberi and S. rosifolia were investigated using LM, SEM and TEM. Salvia hedgeana has larger mericarps and abscission scars than S. huberi and S. rosifolia . Mericarp length to width ratio ranges from 1.11 in S. hedgeana to 1.60 in S. huberi . Mericarp shape is mainly ovoid, rarely broadly ovoid in S. hedgeana , and oblong in S. huberi . The mericarp surface sculpturing pattern in all species is colliculate. However, exocarp cells are pentangular-hexangular in S. hedgeana , irregular in S. huberi and rounded and smaller in S. rosifolia . In Salvia huberi anticlinal walls are undulate whereas in S. hedgeana and S. rosifolia anticlinal walls are straight. Salvia hedgeana was distinguished from the others by the thickest pericarp (146-185 μm). The sclerenchymatous region significantly varied between the species. It was 84-99 μm in S. hedgeana , 56-82 μm in S. huberi and 27-61 μm in S. rosifolia . The mesocarp was also thicker in S. hedgeana . The wetted mericarps produced mucilage, but S. huberi differed from the others in having translucent-milky white opaque mucilage with fibres or radiating cordons.
Morphological characteristics of stems, leaves, bracts, calyces and corollas are taxonomically discriminating characters in Salvia. In this paper we present morphological, anatomical and ecological features of S. limbata C.A. Meyer and S. palaestina Bentham as well as micromorphological characteristics of their pollen grains and nutlets using scanning electron microscopy. Anatomical characters such as size of cortex and vascular tissue, number of palisade parenchyma rows and vascular bundles are found to be important species specific characters. Pollen grains in the species are different in shape and size, but they look similar in their exine sculpturing; shape, size and ornamentation of nutlets are found to be different. The two investigated Salvia species grow on clayey-loamy and loamy soils, with pH 7.6–7.9, with 0.4–2.1% of organic matter, 0.006–0.026% of total salt content, 4.2–21.0 mg kg–1 phosphorus and 87.0–445.8 mg kg–1 potassium.
A new species from Central Anatolia: Salvia aytacii M
- M Vural
Vural M, Adigiizel N. 1996. A new species from Central Anatolia: Salvia aytacii M. Vural N. Adigiizel (Labiateae).
Flora of Zhrkey and the East Aegean Islands Hedge IC. 1982. Salvia
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Davis PH, Mill RR, 'Pan K, ed. 1988. Flora of Zhrkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol. 10. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 210. Hedge IC. 1982. Salvia. In: Davis, PH, ed. Flora of nrkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol. 7. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 400-461.