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Antihyperglycaemic and Insulin Release Effects of Aegle marmelos Leaves in Streptozotocin–Diabetic Rats
Abstract
An aqueous extract of Aegle marmelos leaves exhibited significant hypoglycaemic and antihyperglycaemic effects in normoglycaemic and streptozotocin-diabetic rats, respectively. It also significantly (p<0.05) increased the plasma insulin levels of diabetic rats. The extract did not show any signs of toxicity and the LD50 was greater than 10.0 g/kg when given orally in rats.
... This might mean that the active principles in the extracts take time to reach sufficient concentration at the target site. Sharma et al. (1996) reported that Aegle marmelos leaves extracts showed similar delay in maximum effect compared to the onset of action and forwarded similar explanation [44]. ...
... This might mean that the active principles in the extracts take time to reach sufficient concentration at the target site. Sharma et al. (1996) reported that Aegle marmelos leaves extracts showed similar delay in maximum effect compared to the onset of action and forwarded similar explanation [44]. ...
Although the leaves of Otostegia integrifolia traditionally claimed in Ethiopian folklore medicine for management of diabetes mellitus, it has not been validated. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the antidiabetic activity of Otostegia integrifolia in rodents.
Male rats or mice were randomly divided into five groups for diabetic, hypoglycemic and glucose tolerance test (OGTT) studies. In all models, group I received Tween 80, 2% v/v, Group II (GL5) treated with 5 mg/kg of glibenclamide and the remaining group: III, IV and V were given the plant extract at doses of 100 mg/kg 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg respectively. Blood glucose levels (BGL) were measured by collecting blood samples at different time points. Data was analyzed using one way ANOVA followed by Dunnet's post hoc test to carry out between and within group comparisons. P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
Inter-group analysis revealed that O. integrifolia at 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg reduced the 4(th) hour fasting blood BGL significantly (p < 0.001) compared to the control group. The intra-group analysis result has shown O. integrifolia at 200 mg/kg produced a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in BGL at the 1(st), 2(nd), 3rd and 4th hours of post treatment compared to their respective initial levels. Moreover, in the hypoglycemic and OGTT models, O. integrifolia extract at 200 mg/kg, has shown a significant reduction in blood glucose levels compared to negative controls and across all time points.
The crude extract of O. integrifolia has shown significant antidiabetic, hypoglyceamic and oral glucose tolerating effects. The effective dose of the extract was found to be 200 mg/kg in time dependent manner.
... The teething problem in children can also be treated by the use of bael fruits ( Rao, 2003). The unripe and roasted dried fruit pulps is regarded as astringent, digestive, demulcent, and stomachic, antipyretic and are usually prescribed for diarrhea and dysentery ( Kirtikar and Basu, 1935;Sharma et al.,1996). The leaf extract is effective as insulin in restoring blood glucose and body weight to normal levels. ...
... Aqueous leaf extract (250 & 500mg/kg, orally) produced hypoglycemic effect and increased plasma insulin level of STZ-diabetic rats. LD 50 (lethal dose) observed greater than 10.0g/kg at oral administration to rats (Sharma et al., 1996). Anti-hyperglycemic activity caused by leaf extract (250mg/kg, orally) in glucose fed hyperglycemic rats (Sachdewa et al., 2001). ...
Diabetes mellitus is a global metabolic epidemic affecting essential biochemical activities in almost every age group. Indian literatures like Ayurveda have already mentioned herbal remediation for a number of human ailments. Among Indian traditional medicinal plants several potential anti-diabetic plants and herbs are being used as part of our diet since prehistoric time. India has a long list of native medicinal plants with confirmed blood sugar lowering property. Some of these have proved remarkable for cure of diabetes and its complications. The current paper is aimed at providing a review on clinical and experimental studies carried out on the most effective and commonly used hypoglycemic plants and herbs species from traditional Indian flora. This write-up includes hypoglycemic and anti-hyperglycemic activities of plants, active hypoglycemic compounds and constituents along with their available toxicity status.
... 64 Anti-hyperglycemic activity caused by leaf extract (250mg/kg, orally) in glucose fed hyperglycemic rats was described by Sachdewa et al . 65 Aqueous fruit extract (250mg/kg, twice daily for one month) produces anti-hyperglycemic effect along with decreasing glycosylated haemoglobin level in STZ induced diabetic albino wistar rats was studied by Kamalakkanan et al. 66 Hypoglycemic and antioxidant activity of leaves have been observed in diabetic male albino rats was evaluated by Upadhya et al . 67 Fruit extract (125 and 250mg/kg, orally twice daily for 30 days) produced antidiabetic, anti-hyperlipidaemic and antioxidant activity in STZ diabetic rats along with partial repair of damaged pancreatic islets was evaluated by Kamalakkanan et al. 68 Treatment of severely (fasting blood glucose level >250 mg/ml) diabetic rats for 14 days with aqueous extract (250mg/kg, orally) of Aegle marmelos seeds reduced the fasting blood glucose by 60.84% and urine sugar by 75% than their pretreatment levels was described by Kesari et al. 69 Devi et al evaluated the lipid lowering property of an aqueous extract of Aegle marmelos leaves on streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. ...
Perilla frutescens (Linn.) is an annual herbal medicinal, aromatic, vitamins-rich food and ornamental plant that belongs to the mint family, Lamiaceae. It is distributed throughout India, extending to China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam, and other Asian countries. Perilla frutescens seeds, leaves, and stems contain fixed oil which is useful edible oil. It is an alternative source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (linolenic acid (54%-64%), i.e., omega-3-fatty acids), phenolic compounds (rosmarinic acids, luteolin, chrysoleriol, quercetin, catechin, protocatechuic acid, and apigenin), natural antioxidants, vitamins and minerals. Recent advances prove that compounds purified from Perilla frutescens have been proven to be biologically active against several major diseases to treat depression-related
... Thus, it indicates that the mechanism of antidiabetic action of bael extract may have been attributed either to stimulation of sugar utilization or increased release of insulin or both, as has been mentioned by Sachdewa et al. (2001). Many studies have also mentioned that A. marmelos significantly reduces the serum sugar level and improves the capability of usage of the external sugar as well as augments the plasma insulin levels in artificially induced diabetic animal models (Ponnachan et al. 1983;Rao et al. 1995;Sharma et al. 1996;Sachdewa et al. 2001;Gholap and Kar 2004;Sabu and Kuttan 2004). The application of leaf extract of A. marmelos on diabetes-affected pancreas demonstrates enhanced operational state of beta cells and also assists in the regeneration of components of streptozotocin-destructed pancreas (Upadhyay et al. 2004). ...
Bael, Aegle marmelos (Linn.) Correa, is an Indian native tree spread in many regions of the world, commonly known by the names wood apple and stone apple. Aegle marmelos is a subtropical, usually medium to big-sized deciduous tree growing well in dry forests of plain and hilly area up to a height of about 1200 m above sea level and can adapt to a wide range of habitat. Aegle marmelos is widely recognized from prehistoric times for its therapeutic characteristics. Many parts of bael tree, including stem, bark, root, leaves, fruits, and seeds, find usage in traditional medicine. Various parts of this tree are being used from prehistoric times in traditional system of medicine for wound healing; curing digestive disorders, ulcers, hypertension, and respiratory infections; relieving dysentery, diarrhea, and constipation; and in numerous other ailments. It performs several biological activities like antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, diuretic, radioprotective, and others. It exhibits strong antioxidant properties due to presence of many phytochemicals like marmesinin, eugenol, and other phenolics. Studies on animal model have reported no toxicological and fatal consequence of bael extract consumed up to a maximum dose of 250 mg/kg body weight.
... The teething problem in children can also be treated by the use of bael fruits ( Rao, 2003). The unripe and roasted dried fruit pulps is regarded as astringent, digestive, demulcent, and stomachic, antipyretic and are usually prescribed for diarrhea and dysentery ( Kirtikar and Basu, 1935;Sharma et al.,1996). The leaf extract is effective as insulin in restoring blood glucose and body weight to normal levels. ...
Bael (Aegle marmelos Correa) belongs to family Rutaceae, occupies an
important place among the indigenous fruits of India. It has been known in
India from prehistoric time. It is also called Bengal quince, Indian quince,
maredoo, golden apple, holy fruit, stone apple, bael, belwa, sriphal and other
names in India; matum and mapin in Thailand; phneou or pnoi in Combodia;
bau nau in Vietnam; bilak or maja pahit in Malaya; modjo in Java; orange du
malabar in French; marmelos in Portugese. In ancient Sanskrit poems, it is
considered auspicious, sacred and the emblem of prosperity. The Hindus use
trifoliate compound leaves of the tree to the worship of lord Shiva and there
is belief in rural masses (Bengal) that each of these three lobes symbolizes the
head of Brahma, Vishnu and Sanatana respectively. The history of bael tree
has been traced to Vedic times (C 2000 BC-C 800 BC). Mention of this fruit
has been made in Yajur Veda, Buddhist and Jain literature (C 800 B.C-C 325
B.C) (Om Prakash, 1961). In the Ramayana period, the bael fruit was known
and bael tree was found growing in Chitrakute Hill and Panchvati (Aiyer,
1956). In the forest, Lord Rama performed religion rites by offering various
fruits including that of bael as has been mention in the literature. Bael fruit
has been portrayed in paintings of Ajanta Caves along with other fruits (Om
Prakash, 1961). In the ‘Upayana Vinod’ a Sanskrit treatise and in the ‘Brihat
Samihita’ mention had been made of bael fruit (Aiyer, 1956).
... The teething problem in children can also be treated by the use of bael fruits ( Rao, 2003). The unripe and roasted dried fruit pulps is regarded as astringent, digestive, demulcent, and stomachic, antipyretic and are usually prescribed for diarrhea and dysentery ( Kirtikar and Basu, 1935;Sharma et al.,1996). The leaf extract is effective as insulin in restoring blood glucose and body weight to normal levels. ...
... Ohytoconstituent that show antidiabetic propery, for instance, charantin and others are currently broadly acknowledged as an elective solution for diabetes mellitus, and they are free from adverse events. 43 Blends of solvents like chloroform, dichloromethane, ethanol or methanol are conventionally used for isolating charantin. Though methods which were found to be successful in isolating charantin has devised, one crucial work in this particular area by J. Pitipanapong et al. was proposed to be a kinder option for the extraction of charantin from MC. 44 Employing pressurized liquid extraction technique as one of the approaches towards separation of charantin, revealed similar yields of charantin but with less extraction time and the dissolvable sum required when compared with conventional soxhlet method. ...
... The aerial parts of A. marmelos were used to treat cardiac illnesses, fever, cough and ulcer (Kakiuchi et al., 1991;Udupa et al., 1994). A. marmelos leaves were used for hypoglycemic, inflammatory and wound healing effects (Sharma et al., 1996). The A. marmelos leaves showed antifungal properties (Renu et al., 1986;Rana et al., 1997;Khalid et al., 1986) and immature bark extracts of A. marmelos exhibited better antimalarial action against Plasmodium falciparum. ...
Objective
The present study deals with the investigation of antiplasmodial potential of leaf methanolic extract of Aegle marmelos, Aristolochia indica and Cassia auriculata against Plasmodium berghei (NK65) infected mice.
Methods
The chloroquine-sensitive parasites P. berghei (1 × 10⁶) were inoculated into Swiss albino mice intraperitoneally. The methanol extracts of three herbal plants were orally administered in P. berghei infected mice which were further assessed using the four-day suppressive test at different doses of 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg per day. Chloroquine (CQ) was used as the standard drug with of 1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg concentrations and was orally administered.
Results
The leaves of A. marmelos, A. indica, and C. auriculata were found to suppress P. berghei parasitaemia in Swiss albino mice by (67.0 ± 4.02)%, (72.0 ± 8.44)% and (52.7 ± 2.06)% at 600 mg/kg/d with ED50 values of 284.73, 233.77 and 562.48 mg/kg, respectively. These herbal plants increased the mean survival time of infected mice and prevented body weight loss. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of hentriacontan-16-one (C31H62O) in A. indica extract. The histopathology study showed non-toxic to kidney and liver at 600 mg/kg/body weight.
Conclusions
Overall results revealed that herbal plants may be active in the development of novel and cheap antimalarial compounds.
... The FBG decreases by 14.2% and 24.5% after 4 and 6 hours respectively in normal rats treated with a single dose of 200 mg/kg of leaves extract whereas the dose of 300 mg/kg produces a fall of 11.6% and 19.4% in FBG of normal rats after 4 and 6 hours of extract administration. Such a phenomenon of less hypoglycemic response at higher dose is not uncommon with indigenous plants and has already been observed in Aegle marmelos [28] and Cinnamomum tamala. [29] The dose of 200 mg/kg also showed a marked improvement in glucose tolerance of sub and mild diabetic rats in GTT after 2 h. ...
Herbal extract of Amaranthus species had been considered as effective and safe ethnomedicines for various ailments in Indian traditional system of medicine. The present study was aimed to explore scientifically the antidiabetic potential of Amaranthus paniculatus aqueous leaf extract as Amaranthus other species are reported to have potential of lowering of blood glucose, cholesterol and related ailments.Effect of variable doses of aqueous extract of Amaranthus paniculatus leaves on blood glucose level (BGL) of normal-, sub, mild and severe diabetic models have been studied and the results were compared with the reference drug Glipizide. The dose of 200mg kg −1 showed the maximum fall of 24.5% in BGL after 6 h of oral administration in normoglycemic rats. In GTT studies the dose of 200 mg/kg produced a maximum fall of 38.4% in sub and 35.2% in mild diabetic rats in BGL after 2 h of glucose administration while the dose of 2.0 mg/kg of Gilipizide produced maximum fall of 36% and 32.8% in sub and mild diabetic rats respectively, after 2 h of glucose administration. In case of severe diabetic rats the FBG got decreased by 41.74% and 62.61% after one and two weeks treatment respectively. A fall of 24.14% in TC and 49.12% in TG were observed in treated severe diabetic rats after 14 days of treatment. There was also increase of 22.61% HDL cholesterol in the treated diabetic rats. A fall of 75 % in urine sugar was observed after 14 days of treatment. These results clearly indicate that aqueous leaf extract of Amaranthus. paniculatus possess antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects in diabetic rats. Br J
... According to Belinda (2000), aside from its usage to treat diabetes, charantin can also be used as a substitute for existing insulin injection treatments that are used to treat diabetes patients by stimulating their pancreas to reduce sugar content in the blood. As they are free from side effects, this compound is now broadly accepted as a surrogate medicine for diabetes mellitus (Sharma et al., 1996). ...
Momordica charantia (M. charantia) fruits have a lot of health benefits through its antitumor, antimicrobial, antiviral, immunotoxin, antifertility and antimutagenic properties. Besides, M. charantia has the potential of controlling glucose levels in hyperglycemic states in Asian countries. The target compound in this fruits is charantin. Thus, a research on the production of charantin rich powder from M. charantia was carried out using a water-based extraction and spray dryer. The objectives of this research are to determine the optimum conditions for the extraction of charantin from M. charantia, to investigate the optimum condition of total solid content of maltodextrin for the feedstock of the spray drying process, and to optimize the parameters of the M. charantia powder spray drying process to produce higher quality charantin encapsulation. The process conditions of this study were particle size (250 ≤ particle diameter ≤ 300) μm, extraction time (6 hours) and ratio sample:solvent (1:20). The optimum temperature for maximum extraction was 80 oC which yielded 8.238 mg/mL of charantin. The optimum feedstock solution level was 10o brix of total solid content of maltodextrin which yielded 6.948 mg/mL of charantin. The spray drying was run at an inlet temperature ranging from 150 oC to 190 oC and a feed flow rate ranging from 2 to 4 mL/min. The maximum charantin concentration during spray drying process condition was achieved at 170 oC and 3 mL/min with the concentration of 2.400 mg/mL, powder yield of 2.9 g, encapsulation efficiency of 29.1% and moisture content of 2.3%. The optimization of spray drying conditions were evaluated in term of inlet temperature and feed flow rate with respect to responses of powder yield, concentration of charantin and moisture content. The results showed that a temperature of 175.96oC and feed flow rate of 2.41 mL/min produced the highest powder yield, moisture content and concentration of charantin with 3.51 g, 2.5% and 1.563 mg/mL, respectively. The regression coefficient, R2 for powder yield, concentration of charantin and moisture content were 0.8741, 0.7579 and 0.7651, respectively. This shows that the higher value of R2 is consistent with the data predicted using an experimental data model. The results of this study have a potential for commercialization as the powder contains rich encapsulation of charantin.
... 64 Anti-hyperglycemic activity caused by leaf extract (250mg/kg, orally) in glucose fed hyperglycemic rats was described by Sachdewa et al . 65 Aqueous fruit extract (250mg/kg, twice daily for one month) produces anti-hyperglycemic effect along with decreasing glycosylated haemoglobin level in STZ induced diabetic albino wistar rats was studied by Kamalakkanan et al. 66 Hypoglycemic and antioxidant activity of leaves have been observed in diabetic male albino rats was evaluated by Upadhya et al . 67 Fruit extract (125 and 250mg/kg, orally twice daily for 30 days) produced antidiabetic, anti-hyperlipidaemic and antioxidant activity in STZ diabetic rats along with partial repair of damaged pancreatic islets was evaluated by Kamalakkanan et al. 68 Treatment of severely (fasting blood glucose level >250 mg/ml) diabetic rats for 14 days with aqueous extract (250mg/kg, orally) of Aegle marmelos seeds reduced the fasting blood glucose by 60.84% and urine sugar by 75% than their pretreatment levels was described by Kesari et al. 69 Devi et al evaluated the lipid lowering property of an aqueous extract of Aegle marmelos leaves on streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. ...
... Aqueous leaf extract reverses the increase in Km values of liver malate dehydrogenase enzyme (Seema et al., 1996;Sharma et al., 1996) and improves histopathological alterations in the pancreatic and kidney tissues of STZ induced diabetic rats (Das et al., 1996). The leaf extract has been found to be effective in the regeneration of damaged pancreas (β-cells) in diabetic rats (Rao et al., 1998). ...
... Several animal studies have indicated a positive role of AMLC leaf extract, 250-500 mg/kg BW given orally to the glucose fed hyperglycaemic rats for a period of one to two months improved their blood sugar levels [18][19][20][21]. Miyazaki (2007) reported hypoglycaemic activity after administration of the AMLC extracts at doses of 50, 70, 90 and 100 mg/kg body wt for 14 consecutive days to male and female Wistar rats. ...
Objective
To compare the clinical efficacy of Aegle Marmelos (L.) Correa (AMLC) leaf juice (supplementation (20 g/100 ml) for 60 days among type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects.
Design
Randomized-controlled trial.
Setting
Veraval. Gir-Somnath, Gujarat, India.
Intervention
Confirmed Type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects (n = 60), were randomly divided to experimental (n = 30) AMLC leaf juice supplementation (20 g/100 ml) and Control group (n = 30) for 8 weeks. Main outcome measures: body-mass-index (BMI), body-fat-percent (BF%), Systolic and Diastolic blood pressure (BP), Fasting blood Glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and Post prandial bolld glucose (FBG, HbA1c and PPBG), Total, High, Low and Very low density Lipoproteins and Triglycerides (TC, HDL, LDL-cholesterol and TG), C-reactive protein (CRP), liver enzyme tests serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT and SGOT), kidney function tests (Creatinine), total protein (TP, Albumin, globulin) and Serum Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Potential (serum FRAP).
Results
At 4 weeks, significant reduction was recorded in blood pressure SBP- 6.45%; DBP- 4.6%, FBG & HbA1c-20%; PPBG-15%; Total Cholesterol (TC-8%), LDL-15%), Triglycerides (TG-11%), liver functions SGOT-19% and, SGPT-13%, increase in serum FRAP-18%) in the subjects of EG post supplementation compared to baseline. When compared to control group, it reduced BF%, FBG, HbA1c, cholesterol, TG, LDL-cholesterol, CRP and raised HDL-cholesterol as well as improved antioxidant activity.
Conclusion
AMLC leaf juice supplementation (20 g/100 ml) for 60 days showed improvement in all bio-chemical parameters of type 2 diabetes mellitus, with enhanced efficacy and negligible adverse-effects. This juice can therefore, be supplemented along with oral hypoglycemic drugs to keep the above parameters in control. AMLC leaf being easily available and low cost, can be used as complementary therapy in the management of diabetes possibly due to presence of active components, aegelin 2, scopoletin and sitosterol in the leaf.
Trial Registration No: The study was approved by Ethics Committee of Department
... The pesticidal activities of the leaves of A. marmelos are aeglein, marmesin, d-limonene and ethyl-p-cumarate.The constituents of Aegle are used in heart diseases (Kakiuchi et al., 1991), inflammatory and wound healing (Udupa et al., 1994). Leaves of A. marmelos have been reported as hypoglycemic effect (Santhoshkumari and Devi, 1990;Sharma et al., 1996). The essential oil from the leaves of A. marmelosis known to exhibited antifungal properties (Renu et al., 1986;Rana et al., 1997). ...
... These extracts significantly decreased the serum glucose level, improved the ability to utilize the external glucose load and increased the plasma insulin levels in artificially induced diabetic animal models. [13][14][15][16][17] When combination of Aeglemarmelos (500 mg/kg body weight) and glimepride (0.02 mg/kg body weight) were given, then the decrease in fasting blood sugar was 29.03%, which is little less than glimepride, but more than Aeglemarmelos. So, combination therapy with herbal and oral hypoglycemic drug (Synthetic), is much more effective than herbal alone, when synthetic drug is used in its half dose. ...
INTRODUCTION:
A large percentage of the global population is suffering from diabetes
mellitus. Bael (Aeglemarmelos
) is an Indian plant, which significantly lowers the level of blood
glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin. Neem (AzadirachtaIndica), is also a well
-
accepted medicinal
plant, grown all over the India and have hypoglycemic properties, with its leaf extract an
d seed oil.
OBJECTIVES:
The objectives of our present study are
-
(1) to compare the hypoglycemic property of
Aeglemarmelos, Azadirachtaindica with Glimepride
in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, and (2) to
improve the quality of life of the diabetic patients and to minimize the cost of therapy.
MATERIALS &
METHODS:
About thirty (30) male albino rats of wistar strain, weighing between 100 to 200 grams
were se
lected for the present study. Drugs used in this study was Streptozocin (STZ) and glimepride.
Plant extracts used in this study was fresh leaves of Aeglemarmelos and Azadirachtaindica. After
estimation of fasting blood sugar, rats were given intraperitonea
l injection of STZ to make them
diabetic. Then after a series of works, hypoglycemic potential of these plant extracts and glimepride
were studied.
RESULTS:
Our study showed that glimepride has maximum hypoglycemic potential.
The effect of glimepride and t
wo plant preprations, significantly decreased fasting glucose level
(P
... Different solvent extracts used in our study showed differential responses in lowering blood glucose, urea, cholesterol and triglycerides of alloxan treated diabetic rats. Such a phenomenon of antidiabetic acitivity from common indigenous plants was also observed in Momordica cymbalaua [39], Aegle marmelose and Cinnamomum tamala [40] and Vinca rosea [41]. In earlier studies, the aqueous extract of Cynodon dactylon had significant antidiabetic potential along with significant hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects. ...
Objective: Antidiabetic activity of various solvent extracts of leaves of Cynodon dactylon in alloxan induced diabetic rats was assessed. Methods: After 21 days of treatment, blood samples were collected and the serum was subjected to estimate different biochemical parameters viz. blood glucose, cholesterol, urea and triglycerides level. Results: The solvent extracts were found to exhibit qualitative difference in phytochemical constituents There was a steep decline in blood glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides level when in methanolic extract of C.dactylon was given to experimental animals when compared with negative control. Moreover, petroleum ether and chloroform extracts also reduced the elevated plasma cholesterol and urea level in diabetic rats. Conclusion: It may be concluded that C. dactylon might be used in the treatment of diabetics. However, necessary studies on characterization of active principles and their mode of action are required for effective use of plant based drugs as antihyperglycemic agent.
... However, the response decreased at the higher dose of 1500 mg kg -1 bw. Such a phenomenon of less hypoglycemic response at higher doses is common in indigenous plants and has already been observed in Momordica cymbalaua (Rao et al., 1995), Aegle marmelose (Sharma et al., 1996a) and Vinca rosea (Chattopadhyay et al., 1991). ...
The aim of this study was to assess hypoglycemic effect of aqueous fruits extract of Diospyros lotus L. on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and the possible morphologic changes in the liver, kidney and heart. Diabetes mellitus was induced by a single intraperitoneal (IP) dose of 70 mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ). Animals were post-treated with different doses of D. lotus L (500, 750, 1000 and 1500 mg/kg) by oral administration (gavage) for 16 consecutive days after induction of diabetes. In the special days (before treatment and 1, 8 and 16 days after induction of diabetes), according to a pr-planned schedule, animal's weight and their Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS), were determined in different groups under treatments. Also at the end of the study, the animals were sacrificed and their livers, kidneys and hearts were removed for histopathological examination. Administration of different doses of D. lotus L (500, 750, 1000 and 1500 mg/kg) to diabetic animals caused significant decrease in glucose level, since the maximum reduction was observed in the animals group with 1000 mg/kg after 16 days post-treatment. (P < 0.001) Aqueous fruits extract of D. lotus L. at dose of 1000 and 1500 recovered significantly the body weight towards the control level. Histological comparison has shown that D. lotus L. in parenchymal and portal inflammation and lymphocytes had also been replaced by few eosinophils in the liver. These results suggest that the product of D. lotus L. may provide a new therapeutic avenue against diabetes and diabetes-related complications-a global burden.
... In diabetic mice the utilization of impaired carbohydrate leads to accelerate lipolysis, resulted in hyperlipidemia.Hypercholestremia and hypertriglyceridemia have been reported in alloxan induced diabetic mice. [16,17] and a significant increase observed in our experiment to confirm the effect of alloxan induced damage. Under normal circumstances, insulin activates enzymes lipoprotein lipase and hydrolyses triglycerides. ...
... Aqueous leaf extract (250 & 500mg/kg, orally) produced hypoglycemic effect and increased plasma insulin level of STZ-diabetic rats. LD 50 (lethal dose) observed greater than 10.0g/kg at oral administration to rats (Sharma et al., 1996). Anti-hyperglycemic activity caused by leaf extract (250mg/kg, orally) in glucose fed hyperglycemic rats (Sachdewa et al., 2001). ...
Diabetes mellitus is a global metabolic epidemic affecting essential biochemical activities in almost every age group. Indian literatures like Ayurveda have already mentioned herbal remediation for a number of human ailments. Among Indian traditional medicinal plants several potential anti-diabetic plants and herbs are being used as part of our diet since prehistoric time. India has a long list of native medicinal plants with confirmed blood sugar lowering property. Some of these have proved remarkable for cure of diabetes and its complications. The current paper is aimed at providing a review on clinical and experimental studies carried out on the most effective and commonly used hypoglycemic plants and herbs species from traditional Indian flora. This write-up includes hypoglycemic and anti-hyperglycemic activities of plants, active hypoglycemic compounds and constituents along with their available toxicity status.
... and no dose-dependent effect was observed on increasing the dose further. Such a phenomenon of low hypoglycemic response at higher dose is common with indigenous plants and has been observed earlier with many plants like Aegle marmelos (Sharma et al., 1996a), Murraya koenigii (Kesari et al., 2005) and Cinnamomum tamala (Sharma et al., 1996b), Eugenia jambolana (Sharma et al., 2003) Terminalia pallida fruit (Rao et al., 2003), Psacalium decompositum (Alarcon-Aguilar et al., 2000). It has also been reported that high concentrations of Syzygium cumini seed extract may auto inhibit its hypoglycemic action (Prince et al., 1998). ...
We investigated the antidiabetic activity of 50% ethanolic extract of roots of Ricinus communis (RCRE) along with its bioassay-guided purification. Five-hundred milligram per kilogram body weight appeared to be the effective dose as it caused the maximum lowering of the fasting blood glucose, both in normal as well as type 1 diabetic animals. The maximum hypoglycemic effect was always observed at the 8th h up to which the study has been conducted. Administration of the effective dose of RCRE to the diabetic rats for 20 days showed favorable effects not only on fasting blood glucose, but also on total lipid profile and liver and kidney functions on 10th and 20th day. RCRE was purified using silica gel column chromatography. Out of several different fractions tested, only one fraction (R-18) showed significant antihyperglycemic activity. RCRE seemed to have a high margin of safety as no mortality and no statistically significant difference in alkaline phosphatase, serum bilirubin, creatinine, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase and total protein was observed even after the administration of the extract at a dose of 10 g/kg b.wt. Thus R. communis seems to have a promising value for the development of a potent phytomedicine for diabetes.
... The FBG decreases by 26.8 and 35.1% after 4 and 6 h, respectively in normal rats treated with a single dose of 250 mg/kg of seed extract whereas the dose of 500 mg/kg produces a fall of 19.3 and 28.6% in FBG of normal rats after 4 and 6 h of extract administration. Such a phenomenon of less hypoglycemic response at higher dose is not uncommon with indigenous plants and has already been observed in Aegle marmelos (Sharma et al., 1996a), Murraya koenigii and Cinnamomum tamala (Sharma et al., 1996b). The dose of 250 mg/kg also showed a marked improvement in glucose tolerance of sub and mild diabetic rats in GTT after 2 h. ...
Aegle marmelos Corr. (Rutaceae) is widely used in Indian Ayurvedic medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The aqueous extract of Aegle marmelos seeds was administered orally at different doses (100, 250 and 500 mg/kg) to normal as well as sub (fasting blood glucose (FBG) normal; glucose tolerance abnormal) and mild (FBG 120-250 mg/dl) diabetic rats. The dose of 250 mg/kg was found to be most effective dose and it decreases blood glucose level (BGL) by 35.1% in normal healthy rats after 6h of administration. The same dose also showed a marked reduction in BGL of 41.2% in sub and 33.2% in mild diabetic rats in glucose tolerance test (GTT) after 2 h. Treatment of severely (FBG >250 mg/dl) diabetic rats for 14 days with a dose of 250 mg/kg reduces the fasting blood glucose by 60.84% and urine sugar by 75% than their pretreatment levels. It brought about fall in level of total cholesterol (TC) by 25.49% with increase of 33.43% in high density lipoprotein (HDL) and decrease of 53.97 and 45.77% in low density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglyceride (TG), respectively. These results clearly indicate that aqueous seed extract of Aegle marmelos possess antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects in diabetic rats.
... However, the response decreased at higher dose of 1000 mg/kg bw dose. Such a phenomenon of less hypoglycemic response at higher doses is common in indigenous plants and has already been observed in Aegle marmelose (Rao et al., 1995; Sharma et al., 1996a), Murraya koenigii (Kesari et al., 2005), Vinca rosea (Chattopadhyay et al., 1991 ) and Cinnamomum tamala (Sharma et al., 1996b). The GTT studies of the mild diabetic animals reveal a maximum fall of 23% in 1 h by the dose of 500 mg/kg bw whereas, the doses of 250 and 1000 mg/kg bw produced almost similar fall of about 12% only in BGL. ...
This study was undertaken to investigate the hypoglycemic and antidiabetic effect of single and repeated oral administration of the aqueous extract of Cynodon dactylon (Family: Poaceae) in normal and streptozotocin induced diabetic rats, respectively. The effect of repeated oral administration of aqueous extract on serum lipid profile in diabetic rats was also examined. A range of doses, viz. 250, 500 and 1000mg/kg bw of aqueous extract of Cynodon dactylon were evaluated and the dose of 500mg/kg was identified as the most effective dose. It lowers blood glucose level around 31% after 4h of administration in normal rats. The same dose of 500mg/kg produced a fall of 23% in blood glucose level within 1h during glucose tolerance test (GTT) of mild diabetic rats. This dose has almost similar effect as that of standard drug tolbutamide (250mg/kg bw). Severely diabetic rats were also treated daily with 500mg/kg bw for 14 days and a significant reduction of 59% was observed in fasting blood glucose level. A reduction in the urine sugar level and increase in body weight of severe diabetic rats were additional corroborating factors for its antidiabetic potential. Total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglyceride (TG) levels were decreased by 35, 77 and 29%, respectively, in severely diabetic rats whereas, cardioprotective, high density lipoprotein (HDL) was increased by 18%. These results clearly indicate that aqueous extract of Cynodon dactylon has high antidiabetic potential along with significant hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects.
Plant extracts' ability to collect metals and decrease metal ions makes them a superior candidate for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles; hence, they are referred to as bio-nano factories since both living and dead dried biomass are employed to produce metallic nanoparticles. The antiparasitic activity of biosynthesized copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) was examined against cow tick larvae (Rhipicephalus microplus, Haemaphysalis bispinosa, and Hippobosca maculata). These parasitic larvae were treated with various concentrations of methanolic leaf extract of A. marmelos (MLE-AM) and biosynthesized CuO NPs for 24 h. CuO NPs were synthesized quickly using A. marmelos leaf extract, and nanoparticle synthesis was identified within 15 min. The results from characteristic XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX, and TEM analyses confirmed the biosynthesis of CuO NPs. The presence of 26-Hydroxycholesterol was discovered as the predominant chemical present in the GC-MS analysis of MLE-AM. The maximum efficacy was observed in biosynthesized CuO NPs against R. microplus larvae, H. bispinosa adults, and Hip. maculata larvae (LC50 = 4.30, 9.50, and 11.13 mg/L; and LC90 = 8.30, 19.57, and 21.65 mg/L; and 2 = 6.219, 6.547, and 2.587). Overall, the bio-fabrication of CuO NPs has the potential to develop better and safer antiparasitic control techniques.
Ethnopharmacological relevance
Diabetes mellitus remains the most lethal metabolic disease of contemporaneous times and despite the therapeutic arsenal currently available, research on new antidiabetic agents remains a priority. In recent years, the revitalization of Thai Traditional Medicine (TTM) became a clear priority for the Thai government, and many efforts have been undertaken to accelerate research on herbal medicines and their use in medical services in various hospitals. Additionally, and particularly in rural areas, treatment of diabetes and associated symptomatology frequently relies on herbal preparations recommended by practitioners of TTM. In the current work, medicinal plants used in Thailand for treating diabetes, as well as their hypoglycaemic pharmacological evidences and potential therapeutic use for diabetes-related complications were reviewed.
Materials and methods
Ethnopharmacological information on the plant materials used in TTM for diabetes treatment was collected through literature search in a range of scientific databases using the search terms: diabetes, folk medicine, Thailand medicinal plants, traditional medicine. Information regarding scientific evidence on the antidiabetic effects of surveyed species was obtained considering not only the most common taxonomic designation, but also taxonomic synonyms, and including the keywords ‘diabetes’ and ‘hypoglycaemic effect’.
Results
A total of 183 species known to be used for diabetes management in TTM were reviewed, with 30% of them still lacking experimental evidences to support claims regarding the mechanisms and phytochemicals underlying their antidiabetic properties. Moreover, a total of 46 bioactives displaying effective antidiabetic effects have been isolated from 24 species, their underlying mechanism(s) of action being fully or partially disclosed.
Conclusions
We deliver the most extensive survey dealing with the ethnomedicinal knowledge of Thai medicinal plants utilized on diabetes management. We are certain that the current review will spark further research on Thai plants for the development of new standardized phytomedicines through drug discovery programmes.
Background
It is always thought that traditional herbal drugs are safe, effective and economical and are used worldwide for healing purpose. Aegle marmelos belonging to family Rutaceae is an important medicinal plant of Indigenous medicine system in India. Despite the study of ethnobotanical uses and presence of bioactive compounds, there was only a handful of research occurring on A. marmelos. The therapeutic use of bioactive compounds are not explored properly.
Objective
To provide comprehensive data on the botanical description, ethnobotany, isolated bioactive compounds and their therapeutic effects according to pharmacology of A. marmelos and its future prospects for the further scientific investigation for the development of effective bioactive compounds. Method: Literature searches were performed in various databases such as PubMed, SciFinder and Google Scholar for peer reviewed research literatures pertaining to bioactive compounds present and distinctive pharmacological activities of A. marmelos.
Result
Literature review indicate that Different parts of A. marmelos possess various type of ethnobotanical uses. A large number of bioactive compounds isolated from different parts of plant which mainly belongs to alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, coumarins, flavonoids and carbohydrate in nature. The plant also possess wide range of pharmacological activities such as antidiarrheal, antimicrobial, anticancer, hepatoprotective, antifertility, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, radioprotective, hypoglycemic and cardioprotective activity.
Conclusion
It is clearly proven that different parts of A. marmelos possess numerous therapeutic effect for treating various ailments of mankind. As the scientist anticipated to develop new drugs from natural sources, investigation of modern drugs from A. marmelos should be emphasized. Still, extensive research work is required with A. marmelos as it is a most important plant of indigenous medicine system in India. So, this review could be used as good source of information for researchers who wish to proceed their exploration about A. marmelos.
Cucurbits are important group of vegetables due to their nutritional significance and are also used for valuable traditional medicine. The infection of plants by Agrobacterium rhizogenes results in a hairy root (HR) phenotype characterized by rapid growth in hormone-free medium, an unusual ageotropism and extensive lateral branching. These genetically transformed root cultures (hairy roots) can produce levels of secondary metabolites comparable to that of intact plants. Hairy root cultures offer promise for high production and productivity of valuable secondary metabolites in many plants. High stability and productivity features allow the exploitation of HRs as valuable biotechnological tool for the production of plant secondary metabolites. While these chemical compounds are employed by plants for interactions with their environment, humans have long since explored and exploited plant secondary metabolites for medicinal and practical uses. The main constraint for commercial exploitation of hairy root cultivations is the development and scaling up of appropriate reactor vessels (bioreactors) that permit the growth of interconnected tissues normally unevenly distributed throughout the vessel. Emphasis has focused on designing appropriate bioreactors suitable to culture the delicate and sensitive plant hairy roots. To this end, hairy root culture presents an excellent platform for producing valuable secondary metabolites. For these reasons, this chapter describes the establishment of hairy roots and production of secondary metabolites from hairy roots of cucurbits and also phytochemicals uses for biological activity.
Cucurbits are important group of vegetables due to their nutritional significance and are also used for valuable traditional medicine. The infection of plants by Agrobacterium rhizogenes results in a hairy root (HR) phenotype characterized by rapid growth in hormone-free medium, an unusual ageotropism and extensive lateral branching. These genetically transformed root cultures (hairy roots) can produce levels of secondary metabolites comparable to that of intact plants. Hairy root cultures offer promise for high production and productivity of valuable secondary metabolites in many plants. High stability and productivity features allow the exploitation of HRs as valuable biotechnological tool for the production of plant secondary metabolites. While these chemical compounds are employed by plants for interactions with their environment, humans have long since explored and exploited plant secondary metabolites for medicinal and practical uses. The main constraint for commercial exploitation of hairy root cultivations is the development and scaling up of appropriate reactor vessels (bioreactors) that permit the growth of interconnected tissues normally unevenly distributed throughout the vessel. Emphasis has focused on designing appropriate bioreactors suitable to culture the delicate and sensitive plant hairy roots. To this end, hairy root culture presents an excellent platform for producing valuable secondary metabolites. For these reasons, this chapter describes the establishment of hairy roots and production of secondary metabolites from hairy roots of cucurbits and also phytochemicals uses for biological activity.
A study was conducted in albino rats to evaluate the antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects of a herbal drug, DWN - 12 in alloxan induced diabetes. Duration of the experiment was 45 days. The different biochemical parameters under observation were blood glucose, serum and tissue cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, serum urea and liver glycogen. In addition to this, we examined the levels of serum lactae dehydrogenase, liver hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The results suggest that the herbal drug DWN - 12 possesses antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects in alloxan induced diabetes.
In India, the occurrence of diabetes mellitus is on increase and needs to be addressed properly. Herbal remedies are considered most suitable for the management of type 2 diabetes due to their traditional acceptability and availability, low costs, and fewer side effects. Traditionally Bauhinia tomentosa L. (Family- Fabaceae) is used in the treatment of diabetes in India. Aqueous extract and alcoholic extract (250 and 500 mg/kg) of stem were taken to evaluate the anti-diabetic activity in normal and streptozotocin (65 mg/kg) induced diabetic rats. After 21 days of oral administration of extracts resulted in the significance reduction in blood glucose level. Serum biochemistry showed that serum cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, LDL levels were significantly decreased by both the extracts and standard drug glibenclamide (10 mcg/kg). HPLC and HPTLC analysis of alcoholic extract found to be rich in flavanoids and phenolic constituents whereas aqueous extract found to possess rich in flavanoids, phenolic constituents, tannins and glycosides. The antidiabetic activity of Bauhinia tomentosa L. may be attributed to its high phenolic and flavanoids constituents. © 2014, Iranian Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists. All rights reserved.
With growing burden of diseases, the use of natural plant products is increasing due to its minimal side-effects and economical aspects. The Aegle marmelos, (Bael), is indigenous to India and its leaves, bark, roots and fruit have been used for over 5000 years in the Indian traditional system of medicine, the Ayurveda and in various folk medicine to treat various diseases. Even though all the parts of the plants are useful, the leaves and fruits are mostly used as important drug in the ancient system of medicine to cure almost all the common ailments of the human being. Extensive experimental and clinical studies prove that Aegle marmelos possesses antidiarrhoeal, anti-diabetic, antimicrobial, antiviral, radio protective, anticancer, chemo preventive, antipyretic, ulcer healing, antigenotoxic, diuretic, antifertility and anti-inflammatory properties, which help it to be useful in prevention and treatment of many diseases. Aegle marmelos has been used to control diabetes in traditional medicinal system. Many in vivo scientific studies have been conducted in animal models to evaluate the anti-diabetic activity of different organic extracts of Aegle marmelos. Compounds isolated from Aegle Marmelos have been proven to be biologically effective against several major diseases including cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. This review attempts to highlight the antioxidant and antidiabetic (hypoglycemic) property of Aegle marmelos. INTRODUCTION Over the last few years the importance of plant based substances have increased greatly for the treatment of various diseases 1. Natural products owing to their multiple medicinal properties attract lot of attention from indigenous communities of India. This system of medicine is pollution free, less toxic and without side effects. Out of the 6000 plants mentioned in the traditional systems of medicine, only 350 species are under use most of which are herbs. Plants being important sources of natural antioxidants, their importance for use as food additives or nutritional supplements has already been established 2
With growing burden of diseases, the use of natural plant products is increasing due to its minimal side-effects and economical aspects. The Aegle marmelos, (Bael), is indigenous to India and its leaves, bark, roots and fruit have been used for over 5000 years in the Indian traditional system of medicine, the Ayurveda and in various folk medicine to treat various diseases. Even though all the parts of the plants are useful, the leaves and fruits are mostly used as important drug in the ancient system of medicine to cure almost all the common ailments of the human being. Extensive experimental and clinical studies prove that Aegle marmelos possesses antidiarrhoeal, anti-diabetic, antimicrobial, antiviral, radio protective, anticancer, chemo preventive, antipyretic, ulcer healing, antigenotoxic, diuretic, antifertility and anti-inflammatory properties, which help it to be useful in prevention and treatment of many diseases. Aegle marmelos has been used to control diabetes in traditional medicinal system. Many in vivo scientific studies have been conducted in animal models to evaluate the anti-diabetic activity of different organic extracts of Aegle marmelos. Compounds isolated from Aegle Marmelos have been proven to be biologically effective against several major diseases including cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. This review attempts to highlight the antioxidant and antidiabetic (hypoglycemic) property of Aegle marmelos.
This paper reports the results of oral administration of root extract of Plumbago zeylanica on blood glucose and plasma antioxidant status in streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic rats. The study was undertaken to evaluate hepatic enzymes in experimental diabetes. Oral administration of ethanolic extract (100, 200 mg/kg) in streptozotocin diabetic rats increased hepatic hexokinase activity and decreased hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase, serum acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The Plumbago zeylanica root extract is hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective and is able to ameliorate biochemical damages in Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.
Different solvent extracts of leaves of Achyranthes aspera, Aegle marmelos, Cleistanthus collinus, Curcuma aromatica and Strychnos nux-vomica were screened against dermatophytes viz., Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, Microsporum gypseum, M. canis and Epidermophyton floccossum var. nigricans. The mean zones of inhibition were between 7.1 and 26.5mm. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFC) were from 7.81 to 500 and from 15.62 to 1000μg/mL respectively. The highest mean zone of inhibition (26.5mm), the lowest MIC value (7.81μg/ml) and the lowest MFC (15.62μg/ml) were observed in ethyl acetate extract of A. aspera against T. rubrum. The standard antifungal drug ketoconazole (10μg/disc) was used as the positive control and mean zones of inhibition were from 23 to 29mm. Further separation of active principle from ethyl acetate extract of A. aspera is under progress.
Methanol extracts (75%) of Aegle marmelos, Momordica charantia, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Eclipta prostrata, Salacia oblonga, Coriandrum sativum, Vernonia anthelmintica and Murraya koenigii, plants used extensively in the Indian system of medicine, were found to be potent inhibitors of lipid peroxide formation and scavengers of hydroxyl and superoxide radicals in vitro. Oral administration of the extracts (100 mg/kg body weight) were found to reduce the serum glucose level in normal and alloxan (120 mg/kg) diabetic rats significantly for 4h and continued administration of the drug sustained this effect. Reduction of serum glucose by activities of herbal drugs such as Aegle marmelos (56.8%), Momordica charantia (55.4%) and Trigonella foenum-graecum (52.5%) were almost as high as the activity of insulin (60.4%). The extract of Aegle marmelos showed highest activity as an antidiabetic and antioxidant, compared to other extracts. The results indicated that oxidant induced alterations in the glucose utilizing system during diabetic manifestation is partially reversed by the administration of herbal extracts having antioxidant activity.
This work examines the toxicological effects of Globularia alypum leaves and Zygophyllum gaetulum aerial parts used in the traditional treatment of diabetes mellitus in Morocco.The LD50 after oral administration of the plant infusions was higher than 10 g/kg body weight. Chronic toxicity was evaluated by analysis of biochemical and haematological parameters and by anatomo-histopathological studies. It is suggested that these plants have no toxicological effects in rats. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) of anti-diabetic compound, charantin, from fruits of Momordica charantia (bitter melon) was proposed using ethyl alcohol. This is a more benign alternative for conventional Soxhlet extraction with chloroform or dichloromethane. Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of several factors of PLE including type of solvent (acetone, dichloromethane, ethanol, and water), solvent composition (0–100% ethanol in water), solvent flow rate (2–6 ml/min), and temperature (50–150 • C) on extraction efficiency. Prior to the quantitative analysis of charantin with high performance liquid chromatography, a purification step was required to remove interfering components such as chlorophylls and sugars from the analyte. The result from this study shows that acetone and ethanol led to higher efficiency than dichloromethane and water. In addition, the extraction efficiency was found to be highly influenced by temperature and solvent composition. When compared with Soxhlet extraction, PLE was shown to permit comparable extraction efficiency with 3.75-fold reduction in extraction time and 5-fold reduction in solvent consumption.
A new simple, precise, rapid and selective high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method has been developed for determination of beta-sitosterol-D-glucoside in Karela (Momordica charantia Linn.) extracts as well as in plant based formulations containing Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera L. Dunal.) The mobile phase consisted of toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid (5: 5: 0.5) (v/v) and TLC plates precoated with 60F254 silica gel were used as the stationary phase. Detection was carried out densitometrically using a UV detector at 540 nm after spraying with Anisaldehyde – Sulphuric acid Reagent (ASR). The retention factor of beta-sitosterol-D-glucoside was 0.47. Linearity was obtained in the range of 1.0 to 3.5 µg per spot for beta sitosterol -D-glucoside. The method was précise and accurate as the RSD was < 2 %. The method was found to be sensitive, selective and robust. The developed and validated HPTLC method was employed for standardization of methanol and petroleum ether extracts of Karela and seven different formulations containing Ashwagandha for the content of the beta-sitosterol-D-glucoside..
Bael (Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr.) is an important medicinal plant of India. Leaves, fruits, stem and roots of A. marmelos have been used in ethno medicine to exploit its' medicinal properties including astringent, antidiarrheal antidysenteric, demulcent, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities. Compounds purified from bael have been proven to be biologically active against several major diseases including cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Preclinical studies indicate the therapeutic potential of crude extracts of A. marmelos in the treatment of many microbial diseases, diabetes and gastric ulcer. This review covers the biological activities of some isolated chemical constituents of A. marmelos and preclinical studies on some crude extracts and pure compounds to explore novel bioactive compounds for therapeutic application.
Adequate characterization of hypoglycemic effect of ethanolic saffron extract has not been yet done, though the activity has been reported. The scientific evaluation of its hypoglycemic activity was, therefore, explored and compared with the effect of a standard hypoglycemic drug, tolbutamide. In this study, we also report on alteration in patterns of pancreatic islet cells using histopathology and immunohistochemistry of alloxanized diabetic rats treated with ethanolic saffron extract. The ethanolic extract of Crocus sativus L. stigma was administered orally and intraperitoneally at different doses (20, 40 and 80 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>) to normal rats for finding the more effective hypoglycemic dose and administration route. Acute hypoglycemic effects produced by more effective dose of ethanolic saffron extract on the Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) levels and effects of the same dose of ethanolic saffron extract on the FBG and plasma insulin levels in alloxanized Mild Diabetic (MD) and Severely Diabetic (SD) rats were assayed. Histopathological and immunohistochemical studies were also carried out on pancreatic islet cells of control and diabetic rats. The dose of 40 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>ering the insulin immunoreactivity in ß-cells. The findings of present study indicate the hypoglycemic and potential antihyperglycemic nature of the extract, helping in regeneration of damaged pancreas in experimental diabetes. Thus, after randomized clinical trials, saffron extract may be implicated as a preventive or therapeutic agent against diabetes mellitus.
The present study is an extension of our previous work carried out on Cynodon dactylon. This study deals with the critical evaluation of glycemic potential of ethanolic extract of defatted C. dactylon. The doses of 250, 500 and 750 mg kg(-1) bw of the extract were administered orally to normal as well as Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats to study its glycemic potential. The effect of repeated oral administration of the same doses of ethanolic extract was also studied on serum lipid profile of severely diabetic (SD) rats. The dose of 500 mg kg(-1) bw was identified as the most effective dose as it lowered the blood glucose levels of normal by 42.12% and of diabetic by 43.42% during fasting blood glucose (FBG) and glucose tolerance test respectively. The SD rats were also treated daily with this identified dose of 500 mg kg(-1) bw for 2 weeks and a significant reduction of 56.34% was observed in FBG level. Total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein and triglyceride levels were also decreased by 32.94, 64.06 and 48.46% respectively in SD rats whereas, cardioprotective high density lipoprotein increased by 16.45%. The reduced urine sugar level and increased body weight are additional advantages. These evidences clearly indicate that the ethanolic extract of defatted C. dactylon has high antidiabetic potential along with good hypolipidemic profile.
Hypoglycaemic, antihyperglycaemic and hypolipidemic activities of the aqueous and 50% ethanolic extracts of Caesalpinia bonducella Fleming (Leguminosae) seeds were studied in normal and streptozotocin (SZ)-diabetic rats. In normal rats, both the extracts exhibited hypoglycaemic activity as early as 4 h after administration at a lower dose of 100 mg/kg. The hypoglycaemia produced by the aqueous extract was of prolonged duration as compared to ethanolic extract. In diabetic rats, both the extracts produced significant (P < 0.01) antihyperglycaemic effect from day 5 onwards. Aqueous extract also exhibited antihypercholesterolemic and antihypertriglyceridemic effects in SZ-diabetic rats. These results suggest that C. bonducella seeds possess an antidiabetic principle and can be useful for treatment of diabetes. Further studies are warranted to fractionate the active principle and to find out its exact mechanism of action.
The hypoglycemic activity of an ethanol extract of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis was studied in glucose located rats. After a single dose of the extract, a slight but insignificant hypoglycemic effect was observed at 30 and 90 min. At 120 min it was mild but significant. After repeated administration of the extract (once a day for seven consecutive days) a statistically significant (P < 0.001) reduction in blood glucose levels was observed at 30, 90 and 120 min after glucose loading. The average hypoglycemic activity, after repeated administration of 250 mg kg-1 leaf extract was 81%, under similar conditions average activity of tolbutamide was 96%. At 250 mg.kg-1 the efficacy of the extract was found to be 84% of tolbutamide (100 mg.kg-1). Repeated treatment of animals either with tolbutamide a sulphonylurea or H. rosa-sinensis caused a 2-3-fold improvement in glucose tolerance as compared to those receiving only once. These data suggest that the leaf extract acts like tolbutamide and the mechanism of action may be a stimulation of pancreatic beta cells to produce more insulin or an increase of the glycogen deposition in liver. It appears that the active principle in the tested extract has the sulphonylurea skeleton in which-SO2-NH-CO-group and the substituents (S1 and S2) may be the possible active sites responsible for its hypoglycemic activity.
Investigations were carried out to evaluate the hypoglycaemic activity of the infusions of Globularia alypum and Zygophyllum gaetulum. Oral and intraperitoneal administration of the plants (0.7 g/kg) produced a significant hypoglycaemic effect in normal as well as in hyperglycaemic rats. The infusions increased significantly plasma insulin levels in normal rats. It is suggested that the hypoglycaemic activity of these plants may be mediated through enhancement of peripheral metabolism of glucose and an increase in insulin release.
Single and repeated oral administration of the water extracts of Spergularia purpurea (SP) at a dose of 10 mg/kg were tested on hypoglycaemic activity in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. In normal rats, the water extract of SP decreased significantly the plasma glucose levels 4 h after single oral administration (P<0.01), and one week after repeated oral administration (P<0.05). A significant decrease of plasma glucose levels was observed 6 h after a single oral administration of the water extract of S. purpurea in severe hyperglycaemic rats (n=6) from 22.78+/-0.60 to 11.21+/-0.49 mmol/l (P<0.001). On other hand, water extract of S. purpurea normalised plasma glucose levels after two weeks of repeated oral administration in diabetic rats; 24.05+/-1.16 versus 7.18+/-0.51 mmol/l (P<0.001) at the start and 2 weeks after water extract administration, respectively. We conclude that the water extract of SP induces hypoglycaemic activity when administered orally in normal and STZ diabetic rats. In order to determine the active principle (s) responsible of the hypoglycaemic effect, preliminary phytochemical analysis of the water extract has been investigated.
In an effort to test the hypoglycemic activity of Aegle marmelos and Hibiscus rosa sinensis in glucose induced hyperglycemic rats, their alcoholic leaf extracts were studied. Both the groups of animals receiving either. A. marmelos or H. rosa sinensis leaf extract for seven consecutive days, at an oral dose equivalent to 250 mg kg-1 showed significant improvements in their ability to utilize the external glucose load. Average blood glucose lowering caused by A. marmelos and H. rosa sinensis was 67% and 39% respectively, which shows that former significantly (p < 0.001) improves the glucose tolerance curve. The magnitude of this effect showed time related variation with both the plants. Efficacy of A. marmelos and H. rosa sinensis was 71% and 41% of glybenclamide, respectively. These data throw some light on the possible mechanism of hypoglycemic activity of both the plants. The mechanism of action could be speculated partly to increased utilization of glucose, either by direct stimulation of glucose uptake or via the mediation of enhanced insulin secretion.
Alloxan-induced diabetic rats were treated with multiple herbal preparation besides a control group receiving distilled water. The levels of glucose and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) increased abnormally in the alloxan treated group and the same were normalized upon treatment with the herbal preparation. The levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), protein and albumin in all groups remained unaltered. However, weekly body weight gain which got significantly altered in the alloxan-treated group was normalized by treatment with the herbal preparation. On the whole, a profound hypoglycemic effect was observed by the multiple herbal treatment in the diabetic rats.
From dry leaves of Aegle marmelos, four new alkaloids, N-2-[4-(3′, 3′-dimethylallyloxy)phenyl]ethyl cinnamide, N-2-hydroxy-2-[4-(3′,3′-dimethylallyloxy)phenyl]ethyl cinnamide, N-4-methoxystyryl cinnamide and N-2-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl cinnamide were isolated and characterized. Also isolated were aegeline and a purple compound whose structure has not yet been established.
Extracts of leaves and flowers of Centaurea corcubionensis Lainz have been assayed for hypoglycemie activity in normo- and hyperglycemic rats. Infusion of an active dose of 5 g/kg lowered blood glucose levels by 16-19% and increased circulating insulin by 27-50%. Heavy release of insulin from islets of Langerhans isolated from rat pancreas was induced by doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/ml. Infusions induced a significant fall in glycemia levels in rats with glucose-induced hyperglycemia, but had no effect on alloxan-diabetic animals.
Oral administration of alcoholic extract of leaves of O. sanctum led to marked lowering of blood sugar level in normal, glucose fed hyperglycemic and streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Further the extract potentiated the action of exogenous insulin in normal rats. The activity of the extract was 91.55 and 70.43% of that of tolbutamide in normal and diabetic rats respectively.
Alloxan induced animal model was used to evaluate the potential antidiabetic effect of A. marmelose leaf extract. The diabetic animals were given insulin injection and another group A. marmelose leaf extract orally. It maintained the weight of the animals near to the control rats but a significant decrease in weight was noted in diabetic animals without any treatment. The blood glucose level in treated animals were near to that of control ones. Also a significantly increased glucose tolerance was observed in animals orally given the leaf extract prior to the experiment. A significant decrease in liver glycogen (1.24 +/- .07 g/100 g of wet tissue) was observed in diabetic rats which was brought to almost the normal level (1.84 +/- .14 g/100 g) with leaf extract treatment. Blood urea and serum cholesterol increased (62.66 +/- 3.50 and 192.67 +/- 13.64 mg/dl) significantly in alloxan diabetic rats. The leaf extract treatment decreased the blood urea and serum cholesterol (37.83 +/- 3.97 and 99.20 +/- 8.43 mg/dl) to that of control ones. A similar effect was seen with insulin treatment. The results indicate that the active principle in A. marmelose leaf extract has similar hypoglycaemic activity to insulin treatment.
Mechanism of blood sugar lowering by the crude/impure swerchirin (SWI) isolated from the hexane fraction of Swertia chirayita was investigated. Single oral administration of SWI (50 mg/kg, body wt) to fed CF rats induced about 60% (max.) fall in blood glucose by 7 hr post-treatment. This was associated with marked depletion of aldehyde-fuchsin stained beta-granules and immunostained insulin in the pancreatic islets. In vitro, glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis by muscle (diaphragm) was significantly enhanced by the serum of SWI-treated rat. At 100, 10 and 1 microM final concentration, SWI greatly enhanced glucose (16.7 mM)-stimulated insulin release from isolated islets. It is therefore concluded that SWI lowers blood glucose level by stimulating insulin release from islets of Langerhans.
Glycoside of leucopelargonidin isolated from the bark of F. bengalensis demonstrated significant hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and serum insulin raising effects in moderately diabetic rats with close similarities to the effects of a minimal dose of glibenclamide. The main difference observed in their effects was that the former significantly enhanced the fecal excretion of sterols and bile acids while the later has no such action even though both controlled hypercholesteremia.
Treatment Chakravarti, y-sitosterol from the of diabetes through herbal drugs in rural India. Fitoterapia leaves of Aegle marmelos
- M M Alam
- M B Siddiqui
- W R N Husain
- B Dasgupta
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