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The fatty acids and glycerides of okra seed oil
Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture
Abstract
The component acids and glycerides of okra seed oil (iodine value 94.0, free fatty acid 0.1%, unsaponifiable matter 1.2%) from the Sudan have been investigated. The acids comprised palmitic 23.8%, stearic 7.4%, oleic 27.1% and linoleic 41.7% (wt.). The glycerides included about 40% of saturated-oleo-linoleins, 25% of triunsaturated glycerides (mainly oleodilinolein), 10% of saturated-dilinoleins and 23% of glycerides containing two saturated acid groups with either an oleic or a linoleic group.
The oil is very closely similar in constitution to cottonseed oil and, providing the harvesting of the seed and its subsequent decortication present no insuperable difficulties, it should be completely suitable for all uses to which cottonseed oil is put.
... Okra, commonly known as "lady finger", is primarily a vegetable crop grown for its immature pods that can be consumed as a fried or boiled vegetable or may be added to salads, soups and stews (Crossley & Hilditch, 1951;Kashif et al., 2008). The crop grows well in hot weather, especially in the regions with warm nights (>20 o C) (Ndunguru & Rajabu, 2004). ...
... The seeds from fully mature and ripened okra pods are sometimes used for chicken feed. These have been used on a small scale for the production of oil (Oyelade et al., 2003) and some time consumed after roasting as a coffee substitute (Crossley & Hilditch, 1951). The seeds, exhibiting antispasmodic and sedative effects, have also been in use as an aid to digestion and as nervine (Crossley & Hilditch, 1951 Some previous studies revealed the potential of okra seed as a source of oil and protein for both the temperate and tropical regions (Crossley & Hilditch, 1951;Rubatzky & Yamaguchi, 1997;Oyelade et al., 2003). ...
... These have been used on a small scale for the production of oil (Oyelade et al., 2003) and some time consumed after roasting as a coffee substitute (Crossley & Hilditch, 1951). The seeds, exhibiting antispasmodic and sedative effects, have also been in use as an aid to digestion and as nervine (Crossley & Hilditch, 1951 Some previous studies revealed the potential of okra seed as a source of oil and protein for both the temperate and tropical regions (Crossley & Hilditch, 1951;Rubatzky & Yamaguchi, 1997;Oyelade et al., 2003). According to Andras et al., (2005), oil concentration of okra seeds from Greece was found to be 15.9 to 20.7%, depending on the extraction method. ...
The seeds from two varieties namely Sabz Pari and Punjab-8 of Okra (Hibiscus esculentus), grown under similar environment, exhibited oil content 11.72 and 13.42%, respectively. Protein, fiber, moisture and ash contents were found to be 20.00, 29.60, 7.26 and 5.18 and 23.68, 27.41, 8.35 and 6.23, respectively. The physicochemical characteristics of the extracted oils were as follows: iodine value, 111.6-114.9; refractive index (40°C), 1.4620-1.4640; density (24°C), 0.904-0.908 gcm-3 , saponification value, 180.3-185.8 (mg of KOH g-1 of oil); unsaponifiable matter, 0.61-0.65%; color (1-in. cell), 3.40-7.00 R + 34.00-70.00 Y; acid value, 3.49-4.67 (mg of KOH g-1 of oil); peroxide value, 7.29-8.47 meq kg-1. Tocopherols (α, γ and δ) contents of the oils accounted for 653.0-696.5, 2.13-3.33 and 1.01-1.11 mg kg-1 , respectively. The major fatty acids of the tested oils were: linoleic acid (29.90-31.70%), palmitic acid (29.50-31.20%), oleic acid (26.69-28.19%) and stearic acid (4.90-6.10%). A small amount of cylcopropaneoctanoic acid with contribution up to 2.0% was also established. Most of the studied parameters of Sabz Pari and Punjab-8 H.esculentus seed oils were quite comparable with those of typical Hibiscus seed oils reported in the literature.
... Okra, commonly known as "lady finger", is primarily a vegetable crop grown for its immature pods that can be consumed as a fried or boiled vegetable or may be added to salads, soups and stews (Crossley & Hilditch, 1951;Kashif et al., 2008). The crop grows well in hot weather, especially in the regions with warm nights (>20 o C) (Ndunguru & Rajabu, 2004). ...
... The seeds from fully mature and ripened okra pods are sometimes used for chicken feed. These have been used on a small scale for the production of oil (Oyelade et al., 2003) and some time consumed after roasting as a coffee substitute (Crossley & Hilditch, 1951). The seeds, exhibiting antispasmodic and sedative effects, have also been in use as an aid to digestion and as nervine (Crossley & Hilditch, 1951 Some previous studies revealed the potential of okra seed as a source of oil and protein for both the temperate and tropical regions (Crossley & Hilditch, 1951;Rubatzky & Yamaguchi, 1997;Oyelade et al., 2003). ...
... These have been used on a small scale for the production of oil (Oyelade et al., 2003) and some time consumed after roasting as a coffee substitute (Crossley & Hilditch, 1951). The seeds, exhibiting antispasmodic and sedative effects, have also been in use as an aid to digestion and as nervine (Crossley & Hilditch, 1951 Some previous studies revealed the potential of okra seed as a source of oil and protein for both the temperate and tropical regions (Crossley & Hilditch, 1951;Rubatzky & Yamaguchi, 1997;Oyelade et al., 2003). According to Andras et al., (2005), oil concentration of okra seeds from Greece was found to be 15.9 to 20.7%, depending on the extraction method. ...
The seeds from two varieties namely Sabz Pari and Punjab-8 of Okra (Hibiscus esculentus), grown under similar environment, exhibited oil content 11.72 and 13.42%, respectively. Protein, fiber, moisture and ash contents were found to be 20.00, 29.60, 7.26 and 5.18 and 23.68, 27.41, 8.35 and 6.23, respectively. The physicochemical characteristics of the extracted oils were as follows: iodine value, 111.6-114.9; refractive index (40°C), 1.4620-1.4640; density (24°C), 0.904-0.908 gcm-3, saponification value, 180.3-185.8 (mg of KOH g-1of oil); unsaponifiable matter, 0.61-0.65%; color (1-in. cell), 3.40-7.00 R + 34.00-70.00 Y; acid value, 3.49-4.67 (mg of KOH g- 1of oil); peroxide value, 7.29-8.47 meq kg-1. Tocopherols (α, γ and δ) contents of the oils accounted for 653.0-696.5, 2.13-3.33 and 1.01-1.11 mg kg-1, respectively. The major fatty acids of the tested oils were: linoleic acid (29.90-31.70%), palmitic acid (29.50-31.20%), oleic acid (26.69- 28.19%) and stearic acid (4.90-6.10%). A small amount of cylcopropaneoctanoic acid with contribution up to 2.0% was also established. Most of the studied parameters of Sabz Pari and Punjab-8 H.esculentus seed oils were quite comparable with those of typical Hibiscus seed oils reported in the literature.
... Ethnomedicinal reviews[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] ...
... [40] Early studies have shown that okra seed oil has great potential as a supplement or substitute for other seed source oils. [14,41] Crossley et al. [42] indicated that okra and cotton seed oil had certain similarities, and okra seed oil extracted by conventional method could be used as a replacement for cottonseed oil, which made okra seed oil more attractive. Moreover, there have been numerous studies shown that okra seeds are a good source of unsaturated fatty acids, which are mainly linoleic acid (32.22-43.07%), ...
Okra is a new type of healthy vegetable and belongs to the homology of medicine and food in traditional Chinese medicine. It is rich in nutrients and active ingredients (i.e. dietary fiber, vitamins, oils, polysaccharides, polyphenols), which makes it to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and other functions. This paper reviews various ingredients in okra, their health benefits and their mechanism of action; also pays attention to the influence of different processing methods on the quality of okra.
... Studies of different varieties showed that okra seeds contain 21.72% crude oil, 31.4% crude fiber, and 27% crude protein (on average) [17][18][19]. Okra seed oil is very similar to cotton and peanut seed oil; it has a high content of palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids [20,21]. ...
... Crossley an T.P. Hilditch [11]. The phytochemical screeening revealed the presence of linoleic acid. ...
Objective: Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench. or okra has revealed medical benefits. An attempt has been made in this study to incorporate the ethanol extract from okra seeds in a lotion and determine the product stability and permeability in vitro.
Methods: Okra seeds were extracted with absolute ethanol. Phytochemical profiles of the resulting extract were carried out using GC/MS. DPPH antioxidant activity, total phenolic content (TPC) and anti-tyrosinase activity were measured using specific colorimetric assays. An O/W lotion containing the extract was developed and in vitro characterized for its stability and permeability, using heating-cooling method and Franz diffusion system, respectively.
Results: An anti-tyrosinase activity of the extract was 14.96 ± 8.86 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/g DW. After 6-heating-cooling cycles, the formula' pH and viscosity were not changed. The TPC and DPPH antioxidant activity for the receiver part of the Franz diffusion cell were not detected after let it for 12 h. Interestingly, the antioxidant activity was determined to present in the porcine skin under investigated.
Conclusion: Due to the existing antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activity, the developed okra lotion was stable and could be used for whitening and anti-aging. Moreover, its use would be safe regarding systemic impermeability.
... Okra seed oil is rich in palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids. The reported composition of okra seed oil is approximately (g/kg): 255-297 linoleic acids, 415-419 oleic acids, and 288-297 saturated acids (Crossley and Hilditch, 1951;Chisholm and Hopkins, 1957). Using timedomain nuclear magnetic resonance, the oil content of okra seeds was found to range between 12.36% and 21.56%, with values of linoleic acid being 23.6-50.65% ...
Okra, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench (syn, Hibiscus esculentus L.), is an important vegetable crop widely grown in tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate regions of the world. The fruits or pods containing seeds are harvested when immature and are eaten as vegetables. This review focuses on the nutrient profile, bioactive components and their health effects, functional properties of okra, and identifies some regional okra food dishes. Okra is a very good source of dietary fiber, magnesium, manganese, potassium, vitamin K, vitamin C, folate, B1, and B6. Studies have indicated that okra is rich in bioactive components, such as flavonoids, especially quercetin and phytosterols. The okra seed oil is rich in unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid, which is essential for human nutrition. Okra has beneficial health benefits on diabetes and some cancers. Okra mucilage from the immature pods was found to be suitable for industrial and medicinal applications.
... It is nutritionally important and good source of vitamins, calcium, potassium and other minerals matters (IBPGR, 1990). Okra, commonly known as "lady finger", is primarily a vegetable crop grown for its immature pods that can be consumed in various forms (Crossley andHilditch 1951, Kashif et al. 2008). It also provides significant levels of carbohydrate, potassium, magnesium and other vitamins are also present (Norman, 1992). ...
The quantitative analysis of total phenolics extracted from the leaves of 22 varieties of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) indicated that the amount of total phenolics were relatively low in susceptible varieties than the resistant and hybrid varieties. The qualitative analysis of total phenolics using TLC indicated the tentative presence of ortho and para coumaric acids in some varieties of Okra. To know the identity of the compounds, okra samples were analysed by HPLC and were compared with the standards like caffeic acid, o-coumaric acid, sinapic acid, pcoumaric acid and ferulic acid. The chromatograms showed that the peak number with significant area percent varied from 3 to 8. It was concluded that the resistant varieties have all the four compound at peak no 1-4 whereas the hybrid varieties lack the compound at peak no 4. The susceptible varieties also showed difference of pattern but none of them showed the presence of all four compounds. Thus all the four compound are necessary to provide resistance to the okra germplasm.
... Like soybean oil, okra seed oil is rich (60 to 70%) in unsaturated fatty acids (Crossly and Hilditech, 1951;Savello et al., 1980;Rao, 1985). Seed protein is rich in tryptophan (94 mg/g N) and also contains adequate amounts of sulfur-containing amino acid (189 mg/g N) -a rare combination that makes okra seeds exceptionally useful in reducing human malnutrition (NAP, 2006). ...
Abelmoschus is a genus of about fifteen species of flowering plants in the mallow
family, Malvaceae, native to tropical Africa, Asia and northern Australia. It was
formerly included within Hibiscus, but is now classified as a distinct genus. The
genus comprises annual and perennial herbaceous plants, growing to 2 m tall. The
leaves are 10-40 cm long and broad, palmately lobed with 3-7 lobes, the lobes are
very variable in depth, from barely lobed, to cut almost to the base of the leaf. The
flowers are 4-8 cm diameter, with five white to yellow petals, often with a red or
purple spot at the base of each petal. The fruit is a capsule, 5-20 cm long, containing
numerous seeds. Members of this genus have been reported to exhibit diverse
medicinal properties ranging from antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anticancer, analgesic,
antioxidant and antiplasmodial activities. Though there have been reports that some
members of this genus exhibit toxic effect, extracts from the leaves, fruits and roots
have shown no harmful effects on living cells. Reported compounds isolated from
some species of the genus Abelmoschus contain primarane skeleton which could be
responsible for their similar biologic activity as well as can be explored as a basis
for their classification.
... It is rich in essential amino acids, has trypsin activity and chemical score of 67 (Rao, 1985). Okra seed oil is rich in palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids (Crossley & Hilditch, 1951;Chisholm, & Hopkins, 1957;Steyn et al., 2014). The value of palmitic acid in A. esculentus was in the range of 10.3%-36.35%, ...
Okra, Abelmoschus esculentus L. (Moench) is an important vegetable crop cultivated in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions around the world. Besides the nutritional benefit, the different parts of the plant are used extensively in traditional medicine (antidiabetic, antipyretic, diuretic, antispasmodic, etc) around the
world. This review critically assesses the nutritional values, phytochemistry, preclinical pharmacological properties and the possible future application of the okra. Effort is made to correlate the traditional claims in
the context of experimental evidences.
... Like soybean oil, okra seed oil is rich (60 to 70%) in unsaturated fatty acids (Crossly and Hilditech, 1951; Savello et al., 1980; Rao, 1985). Seed protein is rich in tryptophan (94 mg/g N) and also contains adequate amounts of sulfur-containing amino acid (189 mg/g N) — a rare combination that makes okra seeds exceptionally useful in reducing human malnutrition (NAP, 2006). ...
Abelmoschus is a genus of about fifteen species of flowering plants in the mallow family, Malvaceae, native to tropical Africa, Asia and northern Australia. It was formerly included within Hibiscus, but is now classified as a distinct genus. The genus comprises annual and perennial herbaceous plants, growing to 2 m tall. The leaves are 10-40 cm long and broad, palmately lobed with 3-7 lobes, the lobes are very variable in depth, from barely lobed, to cut almost to the base of the leaf. The flowers are 4-8 cm diameter, with five white to yellow petals, often with a red or purple spot at the base of each petal. The fruit is a capsule, 5-20 cm long, contain-ing numerous seeds. Members of this genus have been reported to exhibit diverse medicinal properties ranging from antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anticancer, analgesic, antioxidant and antiplasmodial activities. Though there have been reports that some members of this genus exhibit toxic effect, extracts from the leaves, fruits and roots have shown no harmful effects on living cells. Reported compounds isolated from some species of the genus Abelmoschus contain primarane skeleton which could be responsible for their similar biologic activity as well as can be explored as a basis for their classification.
... Like soybean oil, okra seed oil is rich (60 to 70%) in unsaturated fatty acids (Crossly and Hilditech, 1951; Savello et al., 1980; Rao, 1985). Seed protein is rich in tryptophan (94 mg/g N) and also contains adequate amounts of sulfur-containing amino acid (189 mg/g N) — a rare combination that makes okra seeds exceptionally useful in reducing human malnutrition (NAP, 2006). ...
Okra (Abelmoschus spp.) is a traditional vegetable crop with considerable area under cultivation in Africa and Asia with huge socio-economic potential in West and Central Africa. It has been called "a perfect villager's vegetable" because of its robust nature, dietary fibers and distinct seed protein balanced in both lysine and tryptophan amino acids (unlike the proteins of cereals and pulses) it provides. However, okra has been considered a minor crop and no attention was paid to its improvement in the international research program in past. This review describes a general overview of okra's nutritional and economic potential with special reference to its past and recent progress on germplasm regeneration, genetic studies and efforts on genetic improvement in West and Central Africa.
... Woodruff [23] was perhaps the first to report the high protein and fat content of okra seeds. Later studies, besides confirming these observations, have shown that its protein is rich in lysine and methionine and its fat contains 66% unsaturated fatty acids [5,8,10,17,18]. ...
Okra (Hibiscus esculentus) whole seeds and their kernels were analysed for their nutrient composition. They were rich in protein as well as fat. Most of the protein and fat of the seed is accumulated in the kernel while crude fiber is concentrated in the seed coat or hull. Its essential amino acid composition was nearly equal to that of the WHO/FAO reference pattern (1973), but lower than that of whole egg protein; its chemical score was 67. Diets containing whole seed and kernel protein at the 10% level were fed to weanling rats both in the raw and cooked forms for 4 weeks. Dry matter digestibility and protein digestibility of whole seed diets were significantly lower than the kernel diets. Cooking improved PER and NPU values of both the whole grain and kernel diets. These results indicated that dietary fiber present in the hull of Okra seed as well as heat labile antinutritional factors present in the seed hinder Okra seed protein utilization.
... The seeds of mature okra pods, sometimes used for poultry feed are also consumed after roasting and as a coffee substitute. These are considered to be a stomachic stimulant, antispasmodic, and nervine [16]. The okra seeds have been used on a small scale for oil production. ...
Biodiesel was derived from okra (Hibiscus esculentus) seed oil by methanol-induced transesterification using an alkali catalyst. Transesterification of the tested okra seed oil under optimum conditions: 7:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 1.00% (w/w) NaOCH3 catalyst, temperature 65 °C and 600 rpm agitation intensity exhibited 96.8% of okra oil methyl esters (OOMEs) yield. The OOMEs/biodiesel produced was analyzed by GC/MS, which showed that it mainly consisted of four fatty acids: linoleic (30.31%), palmitic (30.23%), oleic (29.09%) and stearic (4.93%). A small amount of 2-octyl cyclopropaneoctanoic acid with contribution 1.92% was also established. Fuel properties of OOMEs such as density, kinematic viscosity, cetane number, oxidative stability, lubricity, flash point, cold flow properties, sulfur contents and acid value were comparable with those of ASTM D 6751 and EN 14214, where applicable. It was concluded that okra seed oil is an acceptable feedstock for biodiesel production.
... The extracted meal is comparable with other meals in commercial use for feeding livestock. 6,7 Recently, a comparative study on oils of 22 seed genomes of perennial and woody species and hybrids was completed. 8 Neutral lipids were extracted with carbon dioxide at 80 • C and 537 bar for 45 min. ...
Pilot-scale supercritical fluid extraction of okra seeds was carried out, using carbon dioxide as solvent, at temperatures of 40, 50 and 60°C and pressures of 150, 300 and 450 bar. Laboratory-scale Soxhlet extraction of the ground seeds was carried out with ethanol and n-hexane. The yields of supercritical fluid extraction and n-hexane Soxhlet extractions were similar. The ethanol Soxhlet extraction gave the highest yield, but the concentrations of β-sitosterol and tocopherols in this extract were lower than in the supercritical fluid extraction product. The fatty acid profiles of the extracts were determined, and a high unsaturated/saturated ratio was observed. The fatty acid compositions were only slightly different for oils obtained by the different extraction methods.
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by abnormal elevated levels of blood glucose due to complete or relative insufficiency of insulin secretion or insulin resistance as well as disturbances in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism Abelmoschus esculentus, AE (okra or lady's finger) is flowering plant and cultivated throughout the tropical and temperate region in the world. Okra is an important tropical vegetable and source of dietary medicine. This plant is popular with various health benefits which include anti-diabetic properties. This paper will provide the overview of the research framework and give an insight of the experimental procedure to be implemented to investigate the differential parameter in the blood of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat in response to Abelmoschus esculentus (AE) treatment.
AbelmoschusisagenusofaboutfifteenspeciesbelongstothefamilyMalva- ceae. The herb, popularly known as Lady’s Finger or Okra (in English) is a nutritional source used for both medicinal and culinary purposes. The plant is widely distributed from Africa to Asia, Southern Europe, and America. Thiscomprehensiveaccountprovidesabotanicaldescriptionoftheplant,its phytochemical constituents and pharmacological activities focusing an- ti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-adhesive, gastro-protective, hepatoprotective, and immunomodulating actions. Most of the pharmacological effects can be explained by the constituents like tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids and glyco- sides present in all plant parts. However, future efforts should concentrate moreoninvitroandinvivostudiesandalsoonclinicaltrialsinordertocon- firm traditional wisdom in the light of a rational phytotherapy. The present review is an overview of phytochemistry and ethnopharmacological studies thatsupportmanyofthetraditionalethnomedicinalusesoftheplant.
The levels of major bioactive compounds, such as amino acids and antioxidants, were investigated in okra sprouts and seeds of the varieties ‘Green Sword’ and ‘Benny’. Total polyphenol content was the highest in ‘Benny’ cotyledons, followed by ‘Benny’ hypocotyls and ‘Green Sword’ cotyledons. Polyphenol and flavonoid content in the two varieties were approximately 5- to 6-fold higher in sprouts than in seeds, and were higher in the cotyledons than in other tissues within the sprout. Activity of the radical scavenger DPPH was the highest in ‘Benny’ cotyledons, and mean values were 7.3-fold higher in sprouts than in seeds. Total amino acid content in both varieties was the highest in hypocotyls, followed by cotyledons and seeds. This content was about 40-fold higher in hypocotyls than in seeds. Alanine and Glycyrrhizin were the most abundant amino acids. Total vitamin C content was the highest in ‘Benny’ cotyledons, followed by ‘Green Sword’ cotyledons, and the lowest in hypocotyls of both varieties. In ‘Green Sword’ seeds, the levels of vitamins B1, B3, B5, and B6 were higher than the levels of B2 and B9. In ‘Benny’, B1 and B3 content were higher in the cotyledon, while B2, B5, and B9 content were higher in the hypocotyl. This study demonstrates the potential of okra sprouts to be used as a functional food ingredient and as a source of antioxidants.
Chinese Melon (Momordica Charantia L.), commonly known as bitter gourd, is a tropical crop grown throughout Asian countries. Chinese gardeners identify the plant as “la-kwa” or “ku-kwa” and hence the name Chinese Melon. It is a monoecious climbing vine and its green pulpy arils surrounding the seeds, as well as its ripe fruit, are used as food and medicinals [1]. The fruits are ovoid with a muriculate-tuberculate surface and are variable in size.
Approximately 40% of the earth’s land mass is located in the tropics and it is here that most of the world’s underdeveloped nations with their growing populations reside. The term tropical refers to the region between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn or that region of the earth that lies between 23°27ω latitude north and south. The near constant warm temperature throughout the year is an important characteristic of the tropics. There is only a few degrees difference between the warmest and coldest months of the year and in fact the difference between day and night is greater than between winter and summer. The average temperature is about 27°C with very little variation in day length. The longest day is a little less than 13 h long. The sUbtropics encompasses the region from the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn to about 40° latitude north and south. The summers are hotter and the winters are cooler than in the tropics. The average temperature for the coldest month can approach 10°C. Generally, the humidity is lower and the difference in day length is greater than the tropics (Samson, 1986).
Vom epithelialen Lungenfeld, das unmittelbar kaudal des Schiunddarms auf der Ventralseite liegt, bildet sich zunächst durch Einsen-kung die sog. Lungen- oder Laryngotrachealrinne. Diese wächst in ventrokaudaler Richtung ins umgebende Mesenchym vor, teilt sich in zwei seitliche Ausbuchtungen und läßt so die primären Lungensäck-chen oder -bläschen entstehen. Während der sog. glandulären Phase der Aussprossung (4.–16. Woche der Kyematogenese) sind die Schläuche von einschichtigem kubischem bis niedrigzylindrischem Epithel ausgekleidet. Es folgt die sog. kanalikuläre Phase (16.–24. Woche), in deren Verlauf das Epithel der zentral gelegenen Tracheobronchialanlagen höher zylindrisch wird, während in der Peripherie die Epithelien eher flacher erscheinen. In dieser Phase erkennt man auch den Anfang der Knorpelbildung. Nach der 24. Woche beginnen sich die peripheren Kanalikuli zu erweitern (sakkuläre Phase). Die Alveolenbildung (alveoläre Phase) setzt erst kurze Zeit vor dem Termin ein und geht nach der Geburt weiter, um erst etwa im 8. Lebensjahr einen Abschluß zu finden. Im Verlauf der sog. Alveolation entstehen Pneumozyten II (kubisch) und I (flach). Die ersteren enthalten zur Zeit des Termins schon reichlich »Surfactant« (s. u.).
Die heute in der menschlichen Ernährung verwendeten Fette entstammen ausschließlich dem Pflanzen- und Tierreich.
Conventional and capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to determine the molecular association and positional distribution of fatty acids in diacylglycerols and of molecular association of nitrogenous bases and fatty acids in ceramides following their conversion to the tert-butyl dimethyl silyl (t-BDMS) ethers. The diacylglycerols and ceramides were generated from the corresponding glycerophospholipids and sphingomyelins by hydrolysis with phospholipase C of the original lipoproteins and cell membranes or appropriate total lipid extracts thereof. The abundant M-57 ion provided the molecular weights for both diacylglycerols and ceramides. The abundance ratio of the ions due to losses of the acyloxy radical (M-RCOO) from position 1 and from position 2 indicated the proportion of the reverse isomers of the saturated diacylglycerols. The ratio of the reverse isomers in unsaturated diacylglycerols could be similarly determined after reducing the sample with hydrogen (unsaturated species having higher carbon numbers) or with deuterium in the presence of Wilkinson’s catalyst. The alkylacyl and alkenylacyl glycerols were similarly identified by abundant ions at m/e values corresponding to [M-57], [acyl + 74], [RO + 114] and [R-CH=CHO + 114]. The long chain bases in the ceramides were identified via the intense ions CH3(CH2)n-(CH=CH)m-CH2O-t-BDMS and the fatty acids via the intense ions CH3(CH2)n-(CH=CH)m-CH2O-t-BDMS and the fatty acids via the intense ions CH3(CH2)n-(Ch=CH)m-CONHCH-Ch2O-t-BDMS. These methods are suitable for work with stable isotope-labelled phospholipids provided the isotopes are present in sufficient excess at least in one of the neutral lipid moieties of the molecular species. The assays usually do not require silver nitrate prefractionation of the sample and can be executed in the microgram range of material.
The lipids or, as they are often more commonly called, the fats, form a group of naturally occurring substances, common both to the vegetable and animal kingdoms, and are characterized by the presence of members of the group of carboxylic acids called the higher fatty acids.
The refined oil obtained after the successful removal of the bitter and odoriferous constituents of neem oil has been studied for its component acids and glycerides. Palmitic (16.2%), stearic (14.6%) and oleic (56.6%) acids were found to be the major component acids, with subordinate proportions of linoleic (9.0%) and arachidic (3.4%) and probable traces of myristic acid. The glyceride composition is in fair accordance with the ‘rule of even distribution’. The utility of the refined oil for soap-making purposes and as a good source of technical oleine and stearine has been pointed out.
1. In the triacylglycerols of the seeds of three species of the family Labiatae, the saturated acids are distributed either predominately in the sn-1 position or in the sn-1 and sn-3 positions; the distribution of the 18 : 1 acid is characteristic for each oil; the 18 : 2 acid esterifies mainly the sn-2 position and of the two extreme positions, the sn-1; the 18 : 3 acid in two species occupies predominantly the sn-3 position and in one species predominantly the sn-1 position.
2. Laballenic acid esterifies all three positions, with a preference for the extreme ones, in the triacylglycerol ofPh. regelii M. Pop.
3. The phosphorylation of the sn-1,2- and sn-2,3-diacylglycerols is not accompanied by the formation of appreciable amounts of by-products when previously cooled reagents are used.
Here, the author has compiled data on about 550 oil-bearing plant species with respect to their content of unsaponifiable matters and oils. This unique information resource offers important information for research and development of food products such as neutraceuticals as well as cosmetics. Unsaponifiable matters have varying effects: Conservation and stability (e.g. lignans, tocopherols, tocotrienols), anti-inflammatory properties (triterpene alcohols), cholesterol-lowering (sterols), well tolerated occlusive effect on the skin (squalene). Information is provided in a clear and systematic fashion, including data on relevant chemical families and pertinent chemical structures. Also included is a thesaurus of English, Latin and French plant species names as well as 655 references to the scientific literature. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013. All rights are reserved.
The chemical composition of the fatty acids in twenty four different samples of cannabis seeds was determined by gas liquid chromatography with flame ionization detector and coupled with a mass spectrometer. The identification of twenty fatty acids was based on comparison with authentic samples. In addition six other components were detected in some samples and shown to be oxygenated acids. The data showed that the seeds could be divided broadly into two groups, one with saturated and unsaturated fatty acids averaging 9.5±1.7% and 89.4±1.9% respectively, and the other with averages of 60.1±4.1% and 21.9±6.1% of the respective fatty acids. Examination of the effect of seed maturity on the fatty acid composition showed that the more mature the seeds are, the higher is the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids and the lower the percentage of saturated ones. Detection of oxygenated low molecular weight acids in the second group could be attributed to ageing. Comparison of the fatty acid composition of seeds of drug and fibre types showed no significant difference among mature seeds. In addition, there was no correlation between the fatty acid composition of the seeds and their geographical origin.
The fatty acid composition of Hibiscus esculentus seed oil was determined by spectrophotometry and gas-liquid chromatography. The percentages of individual acids were found to be: myristic, 0.2; palmitic, 30.2; stearic, 4.0; palmitoleic, 0.4; oleic, 24.4 and linoleic, 40.8. Triglyceride composition was calculated from the fatty acid compositions of the native oil and of the monoglycerides produced from it by pancreatic lipase hydrolysis. The oil is composed of 1.8, 27.7, 48.1 and 22.4% GS3, GS2U, GSU2 and GU3, respectively.
The glyceride structure of an Indian fresh-water fish (Mystus seenghala) visceral fat has been investigated by fractional crystallisation of the neutral fat from acetone, light petroleum and ethyl ether. The composition of the fractions was examined by the lithium salt-acetone and lead salt-alcohol methods and by methyl ester distillation. The possible component glycerides computed therefrom is also given. The component glycerides are (i) 27.5% disaturated mono-unsaturated, (ii) 61.8% mono-saturated di-unsaturated and (iii) 10.7% tri-unsaturated. The glyceride composition of this fat does not conform with any of the glyceride theories.
The component acids and glycerides in sesame oil (iodine value 114.1) extracted from seed grown in Eastern India have been investigated. The acids included palmitic 9.4, stearic 5.7, arachidic 1.2, oleic 35.0 and linoleic 48.4% (wt.). The glycerides follow the usual seed-fat distribution: the chief members present are oleodilinoleins (40%), saturated-oleo-linoleins (37%) and dioleolinoleins (15%). 43% of the glycerides contain two linoleic groups and 53% contain one linoleic group per triglyceride molecule.
The glyceride structure of groundnut, cottonseed, sesame, sunflower seed and soya-bean oils are compared, with special reference to their respective dilinoleo- and monolinoleo-glycerides.
The nutritive value of Egyptian varieties of fresh and sun-dried okra pods as well as okra seeds were studied. These varieties were: Baladi, Eskandarani, and Gold Coast.
Pods of the three varieties were shown to contain approximately the same amount of water. Fiber and ash were considerably high while carbohydrate and fat contents were low.
Fresh and sun-dried okra pods were found to contain high amounts of clacium and iron.
Sun-dryness decreased water content, while other component increased considerably.
Seeds were found to contain high concentration of protein, fat, ash, fiber, phosphorous, and iron.
A method for the quantitative determination of molecular species of triacylglycerols in highly unsaturated plant oils by consecutive use of different TLC techniques is described. Silver ion TLC in both analytical and preparative mode has been followed by reversed phase TLC to give results compatible with those obtained with RP-HPLC and capillary GLC. The method has been applied to corn and cotton seed oils. The number of the separated and quantified triacylglycerol species in these oils prevails those reported in the literature.
Approximately 1100 genebank accessions of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) and 540 additional accessions that included six of its related species-A. caillei, A. crinitis, A. esculentus, A. ficulneus, A. manihot, A. moschatus and A. tuberculatus-were evaluated for seed oil content using time domain NMR (TD-NMR). Oil content in seed of A. caillei, A. esculentus, A. ficulneus, A. manihot, A. moschatus and A. tuberculatus was in the ranges 2.51-13.61%, 12.36-21.56%, 6.62-16.7%, 16.1-22.0%, 10.3-19.8% and 10.8-23.2%, respectively. Accession PI639680 (A. tuberculatus) had the highest seed oil content (∼23%). Accessions of A. esculentus with high seed oil content included PI nos. PI274350 (21.5%), PI538082 (20.9%) and PI538097 (20.9%). Values for the three accessions of A. manihot with the highest seed oil content were PI nos. PI639673 (20.4%), PI639674 (20.9%) and PI639675 (21.9%), all representing var. tetraphyllus. Average percent seed oil in materials of A. esculentus from Turkey and Sudan (17.35% and 17.36%, respectively) exceeded the averages of materials from other locations. Ninety-eight accessions (total of six species) were also examined for fatty acid composition. Values of linoleic acid ranged from 23.6-50.65% in A. esculentus. However, mean linoleic acid concentrations were highest in A. tuberculatus and A. ficulneus. Concentrations of palmitic acid were significantly higher in A. esculentus (range of 10.3-36.35%) when compared to that of other species, and reached a maximum in PI489800 Concentrations of palmitic acid were also high in A. caillei (mean = ∼30%). Levels of oleic acid were highest in A. manihot, A. manihot var. tetraphyllus and A. moschatus.
The percentage distribution of the geometrical and positional isomers in the hexadecenoates and octadecenoates isolated from triglycerides, phosphatidylcholines, and phosphatidylethanolamines of brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung, muscle, spleen, and adipose tissues from normal rats maintained on a laboratory diet has been determined. All of the octadecenoates and most of the hexadecenoates from the lipid classes of all the tissues consisted of more than 95% cis isomers. Generally, palmitoleic was the predominant hexadeceonate, but many of the tissue phospholipids contained relatively high percentages of the delta 6 and delta 7 isomers. Oleate and vaccenate were the predominant octadecenoates in all tissues. Except for brain and adipose tissues, the oleate to vaccenate ratios differed for each lipid class, as well as between most tissues. In contrast to the monoenes of the phospholipids, the triglyceride monoenes exhibited the same approximate: percentage composition; percentage of geometrical isomers; and percentage distribution of hexadecenoate and octadecenoate positional isomers. These data add to our basic information about the percentage distribution of geometrical and positional isomers of naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids in the major lipid classes of various normal tissues. Some new concepts were advanced as possible explanations to some of the observed positional isomer distributions.
The cellular fatty acid profiles of 84 strains belonging to 53 different species of the genus Mycobacterium were determined by gas liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS). Two main types and four subtypes of fatty acid profiles were recognizable. The first main type is the G type, nominally referring to M. gordonae, members of which lack tuberculostearic acid or other 10-methyl branched-chain fatty acids, but contain normal saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. This type is further subdivided into the G alpha subtype that is characterized by 2-methyl tetradecanoic acid (2-Me-C14:0) as the only 2-methyl branched fatty acid. Strains belonging to the second main type, the T type, nominally referring to tuberculosis, contain tuberculostearic acid and other 10-methyl branched acids in addition to the normal saturated and unsaturated ones. This type has been further subdivided into three subtypes: the T alpha subtype that does not contain any 2-methyl branched fatty acids; the T beta subtype that contains both 2-methyl tetradecanoic (2-Me-C14:0) and 2,4-dimethyl tetradecanoic (2,4-DMe-C14:0) acids as 2-methyl branched fatty acids; the T gamma subtype which contains 2-methyl dodecanoic (2-Me-C12:0), 2,4-dimethyl dodecanoic (2,4-DMe-C12:0) and 2,4-dimethyl tetradecanoic (2,4-DMe-C14:0) acids as 2-methyl branched-chain acids. Fatty acid analysis showed a great homogeneity within the genus and the profiles produced were not very helpful in distinguishing between members of the genus Mycobacterium except for the identification of M. gordonae, M. kansasii, and M. gastri.
Like Niger seed oils (Part II) and sunflower seed oils (Part IV), safflower seed oils may vary somewhat widely in their content of Iinoleic acid; oils from Asiatic and some other sources contain 60%, or less, but other seeds grown in America or Australia furnish oils in which linoleic acid forms up to about 77% of the total fatty acids. Such oils contain negligible proportions of linolenic acid, and are excellent non-yellowing drying oils. Safflower seed grown in Kenya has been examined and found to give oil practically identical with a recently described Australian oil, its component acids being palmitic 6·4, stearic 3·1, arachidic 0·2, oleic 13·4, and linoleic 76·9% by wt.
The component acids of tobacco-seed oils from plants grown in India, Turkey, Rhodesia and England have been studied: the linoleic acid content varied from 69% (Indian) to 79% (English). The glycerides of the Indian oil were studied and shown to include about 74% of dilinoleo glycerides and 20% of trilinolein. This composition indicates the suitability of the oil as a non-yellowing oil for paints, alkyd resins, etc., and also shows that tobacco-seed oils follow the usual pattern of seed-fat glyceride structure. All the oils studied are thus very suitable for the paint industry (this finding has been confirmed by practical usage in the case of Indian oil), but earlier records suggest that, as in sunflower and some other species, the proportions of linoleic and oleic acid may vary over a much wider range.
In view of this variability and of the fact that any oil with a linoleic content of more than about 67% is well suited for drying purposes, the technical designation of oils with linoleic contents of 67% or higher from any of these sources as ‘linoleic-rich (tobacco) seed oil,’ ‘linoleic-rich (sunflower) seed oil,’ etc., is suggested.
tall oil fatty-acid soap, and straight tall oil resinacid soap were evaluated. The effect of fatty acidresin acid ratio was determined by using mixtures of those soaps. Sodium rosinate, sodium oleate, and mixtures of these soaps were used as comparison standards. Curves plotted show wash-test data and foaming values as functions of the ratio of fatty soap to resin soap. The data indicate in terms of detergency : a) tall oil soap has a higher value than sodium rosinate; b) sodium oleate is better than tall oil fatty-acid soap, but the latter is approximately equivalent to soaps from various unsaturated vegetable oils; c) both tall oil resin-acid soap and rosin soap have low detergency on cotton; d) the detergency of most mixtures of tall oil fatty-acid and resin-acid soaps at lower concentrations is greater than would be predicted from the individual soaps, indicating a synergistic effect. As a rough approximation, tall oil soap without