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Ethnicity and supra-ethnicity in corpus planning: The hidden status agenda in corpus planning
Abstract
The ideals, goals, and challenges that inspire ethno-nationalist mobilizations also inspire their corpus planning. Nevertheless, just as even movements of self-protective differentiation also come to ultimately various interactions with the larger world, so corpus planning efforts inspired by purism, ausbau, classicism and uniqueness also compromise in varying degrees so as to pursue contact enrichment, einbau, vernacularization and internationalization as well. Profiles of various corpus planning efforts will be presented based upon the tensions between these four bipolar dimensions by means of which opposite tendencies can be simultaneously justified and attempted.
... On the other hand, it is theoretical, since it depends on the researchers' experience and background knowledge on Kurdish language status. Language planning, which has been defined as 'the authoritative societal assignment of scarce resources to language' [10], has three interdependent sub-dimensions: corpus planning, 'an activity of preparing a normative orthography, grammar, and dictionary for the guidance of writers and speakers in a non-homogeneous speech community'; status planning, strategic choices about the status of a language vis-à-vis other languages and/or dialects; and acquisition planning, policies concerning the teaching and learning of language. This study focuses on the second type of language planning. ...
Although Kurdish has been suppressed all the way through the history of Turkey, in the beginning of 21st century there seems to be a change in the policy of the government towards Kurds and the Kurdish language. The study deals with the Kurdish language status in Turkey in general and Van speech community in particular in the 21st century. It is based on sociolinguistics and language planning, more specifically, status language planning, which deals with the strategic choices and decisions made by the government about the status of a language vis-à-vis other languages and/or dialects. It deals with the status of Kurdish language (Kurmanji) in Turkey – Van speech community is taken as a sample. In addition to studying the government policy, the study tries to disclose the views and feelings of the members of Kurds from Van speech community towards their language. It is an attempt to answer the questions of why and how the status of the Kurdish language recently changed from an officially banned language to a kind of permitted language in Turkey.
... This in turn allows for a reconsideration of the relationship between corpus planning and national language ideology under Fishman's framework. Take for instance, Fishman's (2004) description of the "purity" concern as one which "rejects influences, old or new, that are associated with impinging ethnocultural entities or influences via language spread…" (84). Through the examples he gives (e.g. ...
This study investigates the relationship between Russian language use and language planning in the context of newly independent, post-soviet Uzbekistan (1991–1992). It is guided by the question: In what ways does the use of Russian loanwords in Uzbek language newspapers accomplish language planning in newly independent Uzbekistan? The main finding from this analysis is that post-independence use of Russian loanwords from particular semantic classes in particular contexts reinforce overtly stated ideologies about Russian and construct difference between soviet Uzbekistan and independent Uzbekistan. These findings demonstrate the need to reexamine the role of Russian language in post-soviet contexts, and they contribute a unique approach to analyzing links between lexical items and ideology in language planning.
... Could language then be considered as an objective indicator of national identity? Hardly, because the choice of a mother language is closely linked to the construction of identity, and can be similarly altered or manipulated (Fishman, 2004). Languages can be suppressed; territories can be ''russified''. ...
Historically, the political structure of Spain has been a source of conflict: peripheral regions as Catalonia and the Basque country have questioned the centralized power of the state and have claimed a higher level of decentralization in view of their distinct history, cultural identity and language. Recently, political and social discontent has escalated in Catalonia, leading to the unilateral announcement of a Catalan self-determination referendum for November 2014. Regardless of political or ethical preferences, it will be necessary to foresee the consequences of this process for Catalonia, Spain and elsewhere. A scenario approach focuses on possible outcomes of the current debate rather than on the arguments put forward in the controversy. Those in favour of Catalan independence have depicted a future for their country with a booming economy that will situate it at currently unattainable levels of prosperity. Opponents of secession argue that Catalonia will become a failed state. These future visions of an independent Catalonia can be described as scenarios, the underlying assumptions and plausibility of which can be analysed. EU membership and the effect of borders on international trade are identified as key variables. The alternative scenarios will also be crucial to evaluate the broader impact of “a new state in Europe”.
... in sociolinguistics, a distinction is drawn between corpus planning and status planning (Fishman, 2004). corpus planning is an instance of language standardisation manifested in the creation of new words, the modification of old ones, and the selection of words among competing forms (cooper, 1989). ...
Studies of African naming practices focus almost exclusively on the meanings and etymology of names and details about the circumstances surrounding how such names are assigned. Such research has not examined the implications naming has for language planning, ideologies of language, and language shift. Focusing on names and naming practices in Zimbabwe from 1960 to 1990, this paper departs from this well-established tradition. The paper provides empirical evidence to show that naming provides significant insights into language planning, language ideology, language shift and the development of new varieties of English. It demonstrates the effects of non-Standard English on naming practices between the 1960s and 1990s and how this subsequently brought changes not only to the use of African languages, but also to use of names drawn from non-Standard English. This we view as an indication that the policy of promoting indigenous African languages is in sync with practice as ordinary citizens articulate their cultural practices in African languages. In addition, the promotion of English results in the spread not of standard English, but of non-standard varieties of English in the area of naming.
Ziman amûreke gelekî giring e ji bo têkilîya di navbera mirovan de. Ev giringî jî pêdivî bi hin xebatên zimanî dibîne. Ev xebat bi piranî di çarçoveya plankirina zimanî de pêk tê. Plankirina zimanî dibe ku ji bo gelek armancên cuda pêk were û ev xebat jî bi xebatên madî, statu û wergirtinê pêk tê. Mijara vê lêkolînê xebatên Weqfa Mezopotamyayê yên plankirina zimanî ne. Ji bo ku em vê xebatê bikin me sûd ji xebatên lîteraturê wergirt û me hevdîtin bi rêveber û koordînatorê Weqfê re kir. Bi vê lêkolînê me hewl da ku xebatên weqfê di çarçoveya plankirina zimanî de bidin nasîn û binirxînin. Weqfa Mezopotamyayê di plankirina madî, statu û wergirtinê de û bi taybetî jî di xebatên madî de gelek xebat kirine. Van xebatan rê li ber plankririna kurdî vekirîye. Em bi vê lêkolînê gihiştin wê encamê ku Weqif bi awayekî rêkûpêk di dav karên plankirina zimanî de ye. Herçiqas birêkûpêk be jî, di hin biryaran de li gor xebatên berîya xwe tevnegerîyane û pisporên cuda yên ji xeynî zimannasan di komxebatan de cih negirtîye. Ev jî bûye sebeba ku plankirina statu û wergirtinê hinekî qels bimîne.
The discussion of African languages as languages of learning and teaching can be traced back to the 1980s. To date, this discussion still continues and efforts to intellectualise African languages have been lax. Here, we present practical South African examples of higher education achievements in African languages that demonstrate the challenges and opportunities of African language planning and corpus development. We particularly focus on the development of a peer-reviewed bilingual (IsiZulu and English) book on the frogs of Zululand, South Africa. The publication under consideration falls within the life sciences, and it is the first comprehensive book on South African frogs to be written in an African language. Developing life sciences reading material in vernacular is a time-consuming process that requires a multidisciplinary team which understands both life and social sciences. Furthermore, when vocabulary relating to a focal species is undocumented, field research is necessary to identify the nuances of a specific language or culture. This language planning effort under discussion demonstrates the IsiZulu language’s ability to communicate life sciences and how language planning efforts can be made integrative and inclusive of previously marginalised languages.
Discusses changes in policies on the status of Tatar language in the Russian Federation’s Republic of Tatarstan since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 when Tatarstan signed a declaration of sovereignty with the central government in Moscow that allowed the republic to form its own local government and implement its own language policy. The examination focuses especially on attempts at nation-building in post-Soviet Tatarstan through status-planning language policies and on the way power-politics between the Federation’s central government and the Republic’s government have affected the outcome of those policies.
The 1980s and 1990s saw several international political and social developments that gave rise to the ideology of democracy, which focuses on issues such as equal human rights and human dignity. Furthermore, globalisation gave rise to a worldwide ethnic renaissance with a focus on the nurturing of diversity. These developments led to the increased valuing and validation of variation, including language variation. Given this democratisation of the world, the relevance of standard languages, which are undeniably ideological in nature, is increasingly being questioned. Does a language variety which only serves the economic, social and political elite of a speech community still have a role to play in a democratic society? Or should we accept that this will inevitably lead to the destandardisation of languages? These are the questions that gave rise to discussions on the restandardisation of languages. The literature is, however, not yet clear on what is meant by restandardisation, as no unambiguous definition of this term exists as of yet. The aim of this paper is to give a clearer understanding of what restandardisation entails by discussing relevant literature on restandardisation, standardisation, destandardisation and other aspects of language planning in order to provide an unambiguous definition of restandardisation. By specifying its language planning and democratic properties, this paper aims to define restandardisation as democratising language planning, i.e. a language planning activity with the ability to transform the standard language in order to make it a democratic tool of communication that serves the entire speech community and in which all the speakers of the different varieties of a language are represented.
This paper examines the relationship between popular beliefs about language status and corpus, as manifested in focus group discussions on language policy in Ukraine. The main finding pertains to the unequal attention to and evaluation of the quality of the two languages predominantly used in Ukrainian society. While the increased presence of Ukrainian in some language practices where Russian dominated in the Soviet and early post-Soviet years is often scrutinized and criticized, largely because of its supposedly low quality, the continued use of Russian usually remains unnoticed. This remarkable asymmetry is characteristic even of many Ukrainian-speakers who support the prevalence of their language but have internalized some implicit beliefs regarding its inferiority vis-à-vis Russian. This relationship appears to be an important mechanism of reproducing the dominant position of Russian as attempts at elevating the status of Ukrainian are hindered by the widespread perception of its corpus inadequacy for those roles it has not played hitherto.
This book is a systematic attempt to trace the beginnings of modern literary Yiddish, an issue of great significance in the linguistic, literary, and social history of the Yiddish language. The eighteenth century marked the turning point in the history of literary Yiddish, a period of rapid linguistic assimilation to German and Dutch in the West and, by sharp contrast, the increasing cultural autonomy of Eastern European Jewry. Books printed in the West reflected the impact of New High German and contemporary Western Yiddish. Books published in Eastern Europe, the new centre for Yiddish printing, used Eastern Yiddish both for new works and for new editions of old Yiddish works. The author examines hitherto neglected Yiddish books from the period in order to analyse the linguistic changes manifest in both the transition and shift from old to nascent Modern Literary Yiddish within the broader context of genre and literary traditions and in the framework of Yiddish dialectology, grammar, and sociolinguistics. Many of the grammatical norms of nineteenth- and early twentieth-century literary Yiddish are shown to have their origins in the eighteenth century. The book is a contribution to the study of the crystallization process of literary languages, highlighting in the case of Yiddish the dynamics of emergence in the absence of the usual governmental support.
Uheksa aastakummet: puhendusteos Johannes Aavikule The Undoing and Redoing of Corpus Planning
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What has the sociology of language to say to the language teacher?: On teaching the standard variety to speakers of dialectal or sociolectal varieties Functions of Language in the Classroom
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Reflections on the current state of language planning
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Leave Your Language Alone! Ithaca
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Linguistics and Your Language: Leave Your Language Alone. Garden City: Anchor
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Linguistics and the Third Reich
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The first Turkish language congress The Earliest Stage of Language Planning
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Afro-American Vernacular English Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity
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Lanehart, Sonja L. 1999. 'Afro-American Vernacular English', in Joshua A. Fishman (ed.), Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity. New York: Oxford University Press, 211–25.
The first international Catalan language congress
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Handbook of Perceptual Dialectology
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