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Phenolic antioxidant compounds produced by in vitro shoots of sage (Salvia officinalis L.)
Abstract
In vitro shoots of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) were established under four different cytokinin supplementations by culturing nodal segments excised from aseptically germinated seedlings. The highest rates of shoot proliferation and linear shoot growth occurred with the supplementation of 1.5 mg/l benzyladenine and 0.05 mg/l dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. However, under these conditions, the specific production of total antioxidant phenolics was the lowest. Variation in kinetin (KIN) concentration (1.5; 2.0; 4.0 mg/l), in the presence of 0.05 mg/l 2,4-D, did not influence significantly the rates of shoot proliferation and linear shoot growth but influenced the production of antioxidant phenolics and biomass. Seventeen compounds were identified in the antioxidant phenolic extracts from shoots: gallic acid, 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, caffeic acid, and rosmarinic acid, as phenolic acids; hesperetin, apigenin, hispidulin, cirsimaritin, and genkwanin, as flavonoids; epirosmanol, epirosmanol methyl ether, carnosol, epiisorosmanol ethyl ether, rosmadial, carnosic acid, and methyl carnosate, as phenolic diterpenes. With exception of carnosic acid and methyl carnosate, all the other phenolic compounds (15) were also identified in a commercial sample of this species. Rosmarinic acid and carnosol were the main compounds in all the antioxidant phenolic extracts. The increase in concentration of KIN decreased the accumulation of the most of phenolic diterpenes, particularly that of carnosol.
... Salvia officinalis L., which is also known as sage, contains phenolic compounds in its shoot part (Santos-Gomes et al., 2002). The antioxidant extract of the shoots contains phenolic acids such as gallic acid (1), rosmarinic acid (5), caffeic acid (6), 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, and 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid. ...
... Whereas, the phenolic diterpenes are methyl carnosate, rosmanol (9), epirosmanol, epiisorosmanol ethyl ether, epirosmanol methyl ether, carnosic acid, rosmadial, and carnosol(10). The rosmarinic acid (5), carnosic acid, and carnosol (10) contributed to S. officinalis inhibitory activity on lipid peroxidation (Santos-Gomes et al., 2002). The ethanolic leaves extract of the plant contains a high amount of chlorogenic acid (11) and rosmarinic acid (5). ...
... It exhibited scavenging activity towards active oxygen's such as superoxide anion radicals, hydroxyl radicals, and singlet oxygen, and inhibits lipid peroxidation. (Masaki et al., 1995;Santos-Gomes et al., 2002) Salvia scutellarioides Kunth ...
Cardiovascular diseases are one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide, and its rate of mortality is rising annually. In accordance with the current condition, studies on medicinal plants upon their activity on cardiovascular diseases are often being encouraged to be used in cardiovascular disease management, due to the availability of medicinal values in certain dedicated plants. This review was conducted based on two plant families, which are Asteraceae and Lamiaceae, to study on their action in cardiovascular disease relieving activities, to review the relationship between the phytochemistry of Asteraceae and Lamiaceae families and their effect on cardiovascular diseases, and to study their toxicology. The medicinal plants from these plant family groups are collected based on their effects on the mechanisms that affect the cardiovascular-related disease which are an antioxidant activity, anti-hyperlipidemic or hypocholesterolemia, vasorelaxant effect, antithrombotic action, and diuresis effect. In reference to various studies, the journals that conducted in vivo or in vitro experiments, which were used to prove the specific mechanisms, are included in this review. This is to ensure that the scientific value and the phytochemicals of the involved plants can be seen based on their activity. As a result, various plant species from both Asteraceae and Lamiaceae plant family have been identified and collected based on their study that has proven their effectiveness and uses in cardiovascular diseases. Most of the plants have an antioxidant effect, followed by anti-hyperlipidemia, vasorelaxant, antithrombotic, and diuretic effect from the most available to least available studies, respectively. These are the mechanisms that contribute to various cardiovascular diseases, such as heart attack, stroke, coronary heart disease, and hypertension. Further studies can be conducted on these plant species by identifying their ability and capability to be developed into a new drug or to be used as a medicinal plant in treating various cardiovascular diseases.
... Concerning tissue culture, it is a useful, modern method of producing certified propagation material, for commercial use exploiting elite populations for their desired characteristics, having the advantage of retaining genetic stability and conserving plant genetic resources [17][18][19]. Especially for S. officinalis, several studies on its micropropagation using different explants have been conducted, such as from shoot tips [20,21], nodal segments [3,22,23], and axillary and apical buds [24]. Bolta et al. [25] investigated the cell cultures of the species. ...
... The sampling of plant material was conducted as follows: shoot cuttings were collected and transferred for propagation to the Evangelos Gklavakis nurseries (Piperia, Pella, Greece, latitude 40.964263 N, longitude 22.017363 E). ...
Salvia officinalis, commonly known as sage, is highly valued for its medicinal and ornamental properties. In the present work, 12 native sage populations of north-west Greece were evaluated for eight ornamental traits. Populations from the locations of Aristi, Kefalovryso and Igoumenitsa were selected as the best performing and for their preservation and availability in the market, their asexual propagation was investigated by (a) shoot cutting and (b) in vitro techniques. Propagation by cuttings was investigated during the four seasons. Aristi exhibited the highest rooting (65%) in spring with a well-developed root system (4.7 root number and 5.0 cm length) by applying 0.5 g·L−1 Indole-3-butyric acid, potassium salt (K-IBA), established on perlite under a fog system. However, the rooting performance of Aristi spring cuttings was not affected by different substrates of peat:perlite (0:1, 1:1, 1:2 v/v) or rooting systems (mist, fog) tested. Furthermore, the in vitro propagation of the selected sage populations was investigated using shoot tips as explants. After successful disinfection, the effect of Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium in ten different combinations of Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and Thidiazuron (TDZ) were tested on shoot multiplication. Aristi presented the highest number of newly formed shoots on MS9 (0.1 mg·L−1 IAA and 0.8 mg·L−1 TDZ) and MS5 (0.1 mg·L−1 IAA and 0.8 mg·L−1 BAP) (3.35 and 3.21 new shoots/explant, respectively) with the highest shoot length (2.23 cm and 3.2 cm) and unexpected spontaneous root formation (64%) at MS5. The rooting ability of Aristi microshoots was further investigated in order to enhance their response. Of the three rooting variants tested, optimal rooting formation (100%) was observed on 0.9 mg·L−1 IAA (R3) combined with successful acclimatization (100%). Aristi exceeded the other populations in both the tested propagation systems, thus holding a strong potential for its introduction in the market as a competitive ornamental variety.
... Genkwanin is a non-glycosylated flavone and is found and extracted from several plant matrices, among others Genkwa Flos [16,17], Rosmarinus officinalis [18][19][20][21][22], Salvia officinalis [23,24], and Leonurus sibiricus [23]. Biological investigations exposed that genkwanin possesses various biological activities, such as antioxidant [25], anti-inflammatory [26], neuroprotective [27], anticancer [28], antibacterial [29,30], and antidiabetic activities [31]. ...
... Other studies mentioned different plant matrices for the richness in the genkwanin compound, such as Ocimum basilicum leaves [45], aerial parts of Baccharis trimera from Brazil [47], stems of Daphne gnidium collected in Italy [16,17], seeds of Salvia officinalis from Portugal [23,24] and Tunisia [80]. Also, flowers, leaves, roots, and stems of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Rosmarinus officinalis from Spain [18][19][20][21][22], Artemisia afra collected in Germany [51] and South Africa regions [61], as well as Iranian species of Nepeta leaves [50] were characterized by the richness in genkwanin. ...
Plant bioactive molecules could play key preventive and therapeutic roles in chronological aging and the pathogenesis of many chronic diseases, often accompanied by increased oxidative stress and low-grade inflammation. Dietary antioxidants, including genkwanin, could decrease oxidative stress and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines or pathways. The present study is the first comprehensive review of genkwanin, a methoxyflavone found in several plant species. Indeed, natural sources, and pharmacokinetics of genkwanin, the biological properties were discussed and highlighted in detail. This review analyzed and considered all original studies related to identification, isolation, quantification, investigation of the biological and pharmacological properties of genkwanin. We consulted all published papers in peer-reviewed journals in the English language from the inception of each database to 12 May 2023. Different phytochemical demonstrated that genkwanin is a non-glycosylated flavone found and isolated from several medicinal plants such as Genkwa Flos, Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia officinalis, and Leonurus sibiricus. In vitro and in vivo biological and pharmacological investigations showed that Genkwanin exhibits remarkable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, genkwanin, via activation of glucokinase, has shown antihyperglycemic activity with a potential role against metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Additionally, it revealed cardioprotective and neuroprotective properties, thus reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases and assisting against neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, genkwanin showed other biological properties like antitumor capability, antibacterial, antiviral, and dermato-protective effects. The involved mechanisms include sub-cellular, cellular and molecular actions at different levels such as inducing apoptosis and inhibiting the growth and proliferation of cancer cells. Despite the findings from preclinical studies that have demonstrated the effects of genkwanin and its diverse mechanisms of action, additional research is required to comprehensively explore its therapeutic potential. Primarily, extensive studies should be carried out to enhance our understanding of the molecule's pharmacodynamic actions and pharmacokinetic pathways. Moreover, toxicological and clinical investigations should be undertaken to assess the safety and clinical efficacy of genkwanin. These forthcoming studies are of utmost importance in fully unlocking the potential of this molecule in the realm of therapeutic applications.
... [40,41]. Concerning the micropropagation of these Mediterranean Salvia spp., there are many works published on the in vitro culture of S. officinalis [42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51], two on S. fruticosa [42,52], and one on S. tomentosa [53] while there were no reports found on the micropropagation of S. ringens and S. pomifera ssp. pomifera. ...
... Τhe nature and origin of explants has been shown to significantly influence the in vitro response [59][60][61][62], as the ability for totipotency differs in plant cells. In the micropropagation of S. officinalis, both shoot tip explants [46,48,49] and nodal explants [43,47,50,58] have been used, and more often, shoot tips showed higher response rates [49], as has also been shown in other medicinal Lamiaceae herbs [63,64]. In S. fruticosa [52] and other Mediterranean sages [65,66], as well as in other medicinal Lamiaceae herbs, nodal explants have been shown to produce more shoots than the shoot tip explants [67][68][69][70][71]. Further, the juvenile or adult origins of the explants may affect their response to micropropagation differently. ...
Sages are medicinal and aromatic plants that constitute a large pool from which active compounds of great pharmaceutical potential can be derived, while at the same time, they also have ornamental value. The purpose of this study was to develop the micropropagation protocols of Salvia fruticosa, S. officinalis, S. ringens, S. tomentosa, and S. pomifera ssp. pomifera to facilitate their exploitation in the pharmaceutical and floriculture industries. In vitro cultures of S. ringens and S. pomifera ssp. pomifera was studied for the first time. Shoot tips and single node explants from in vitro seedlings were initially cultured on hormone free (Hf)-MS medium, followed by subcultures on MS medium supplemented with 6-benzyladenine (BA) for all species, as well as with zeatin (ZEA), kinetin (KIN), 6-(γ,γ-dimethylallyamino) purine (2iP), or meta-topolin (mT) for S. fruticosa and S. officinalis, at concentrations 0.0 to 3.2 mg L−1, in combination with 0.01 mg L−1 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). S. officinalis was the most efficient in shoot multiplication of all the studied species. The highest multiplication indices were found using 0.8 mg L−1 BA for S. fruticosa, 0.4 mg L−1 BA, or mT for S. officinalis, and lower than 0.8 mg L−1 BA for the other three species. Hyperhydricity was a problem at the multiplication stage, and was most pronounced in single node explants, increasing in proportion to cytokinin concentration. Microshoots rooted at high percentages (75–85%) on half-strength MS medium with 0.0 or 0.5 mg L−1 Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), except for those of S. ringens, which rooted best at 1.0–2.0 mg L−1 IBA. Ex vitro acclimatization was highly successful (80–95%) on peat–perlite substrate (1:1 v/v). Thus, the present study resulted in efficient micropropagation protocols for five Mediterranean sage species native to Greece, which will facilitate breeding programs and the promotion of these species in the floriculture and pharmaceutical industries.
... Addition of auxins and cytokinins in the culture media are essential to improve and regulate growth and morphogenesis of the cultures (CHITRA & PADMAJA, 2005;KYOZUKA, 2007). Besides, several studies have reported the effects of plant growth regulators in in vitro phenolic production (SANTOS-GOMES et al., 2002;THIEM, 2003). We intended to develop a protocol for in vitro production of A. purpurata plants and to evaluate the effects of auxins and cytokinins on plant development and compounds phenolic production. ...
... The production of phenolic compounds in plantlets has been reported and may be associated with in vitro stress conditions (SANTOS-GOMES et al., 2002). The Different letters indicate significant differences at p< 0.05 level, Tukey s test, n e 30. ...
AlpiniapurpurataK.Schumislargelyusedinornamentation and scarcely present itself in folk medicine. Studiesusing plant tissue culture technique under standardized conditionpermittoevaluateplantphysiological,morphologicalandphytochemicalresponsestoexogenousplantgrowthregulator.This work consisted in the establishment of in vitro A. purpurataplants using different concentrations of auxin and cytokinins inmg L-1:IAA 2, TDZ 2 and 4, IAA 2 + TDZ 2, IAA 2 + BAP 2.Additionally,itwasdeterminedthecontentofphenoliccompounds in the leaves of field and in vitro plants using FolinCiocalteau method. Buds from inflorescence A. purpurata weredisinfested and introduced in solid MS medium to initiate cultures.Thedirectorganogenesisprocesswasfastandsatisfactoryproducingelongatedplantswithadevelopedradicularsystem.The rooting percentage reached 100% for all treatments after 2months. Cytokinins and auxins were important for the increasingof the leaves quantity (4.2 to 5.1) and shoot elongation (4.0 cm).LiquidMS0presentedthefavorableresultsforfastmicropropagationandhigherproductionofshoots,providingplants ready to be acclimatized. In vitro plants cultivated underMS0 produced 93% of phenolic compounds in comparison withfieldplants(100%).ThroughHighPerformanceLiquidChromatographic, it was verified similar chromatographic profilesbetween field and in vitro plant extracts
... RA was efficiently produced in various in vitro cultures of many plant species, such as Coleus blumei Benth. (Petersen 1991;Bauer et al. 2004), Anchusa officinalis L. (Su et al. 1993), Salvia officinalis (Santos-Gomes et al. 2002), Lavandula vera DC. (Georgiev et al. 2006;Georgiev et al. 2009), S. miltiorrhiza (Dong et al. 2010), including A. rugosa . A. officinalis and C. blumei suspension cell cultures were used in the experiments to discover the enzymes involved in RA biosynthesis. ...
Agastache rugosa (Fisch. & C. A. Mey.) Kuntze known as Korean Mint is a medicinal and aromatic plant containing rosmarinic acid as a major bioactive polyphenol but its content in this herbal drug is variable. Plant in vitro culture is one of the approaches used to overcome the complexity of environmental factors infuencing phytochemical profles in medicinal plants. In this study, hairy root cultures of A. rugosa were established through the infection of Rhizobium rhizogenes. Four hairy roots lines were selected on the basis of biomass production in liquid media. Transformation was confrmed by PCR using rol C specifc primers. The hairy roots were successfully cultured in 300 mL conical fasks and scaled-up using three bioreactor types (nutrient sprinkle bioreactor—NSB and two modular temporary immersion systems—RITA® and Plantform®). The UPLC analysis of A. rugosa transformed roots methanol extracts showed the presence of 24 polyphenolic compounds with
the predominance of rosmarinic acid (RA), which level ranged between 3.82 and 9.16 mg/g of dry weight, depending on the culture system. Nineteen compounds were identifed in hairy roots growing in NSB system, 9 of them were identifed in
roots cultured in RITA® or Plantform® and 7 compounds were identifed in roots from Erlenmeyer fasks. The R. rhizogenes infection (strain A4) was found to be an efective method of hairy root culture establishment of A. rugosa.
... This reduction in the MDA level would be attributed to the presence of polyphenols contained in the aqueous extract of the recipe [55]. Indeed, several authors [56,57] have reported that green tea polyphenols can inhibit the formation of EOR by inhibition of the enzyme xanthine oxidase. They also reported that polyphenols exert antioxidant activity by chelating transition metals which can contribute to the formation of free radicals via the Fenton reaction. ...
... La variation du pouvoir antioxydant des différents extraits pourrait s'expliquer par leur richesse différentielle en polyphénols et plus particulièrement la nature de ces composés. En effet, les polyphénols possèdent une structure chimique idéale pour capturer les radicaux libres et d'après certaines études, ils sembleraient être responsables de l'activité de piégeage de ces derniers (Santos-Gomes et al., 2002;Babu et al., 2006;Karou et al., 2011). ...
Le thé vert (Camellia sinensis) est une boisson largement consommée au Sénégal en de multiples occasions comme les rencontres religieuses ou politiques, les cérémonies familiales (mariage, baptême, funérailles…). Ainsi l’objectif général de cette étude était de contribuer à une meilleure connaissance de la qualité nutritionnelle et du potentiel thérapeutique du thé vert vendu dans le marché dakarois. Les teneurs en éléments minéraux, en alcaloïdes, en composés phénoliques et en flavonoïdes de huit échantillons de thé vert ont été déterminées par Spectrophotométrie. La méthode AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists) (1990) a également été utilisée. Par ailleurs, une évaluation du pouvoir antioxydant d’extraits d’échantillons de thé a été faite selon la méthode au DDPH. Les résultats des analyses a montré que dans tous les échantillons le potassium était l’élément minéral majoritaire avec une teneur de 1351,34 ± 0,052 mg/100 g tandis que la plus faible valeur a été obtenue avec le cuivre (0,17 ± 0,004 mg/100 g). Les teneurs en alcaloïdes totaux variaient entre 0,71 ± 0,0010 g et 0,32 ± 0,0020 g tandis que celles en polyphénols totaux étaient comprises entre 103,18 mg et 67,14mg. La teneur en flavonoïdes totaux la plus élevée dans le thé vert était de 49,31 mg et la plus faible était de 33,68 mg. Les extraits de thé ont montré une activité antioxydante modérée avec une CI₅₀ minimal de 3,1 ± 0,016 mg/mL comparativement à l’acide ascorbique (CI₅₀ = 0,09 ± 0,002 mg/mL) utilisé comme standard. Cette étude nous a permis de montrer que nos échantillons de thé vert sont riches en éléments minéraux (potassium, sodium, calcium, magnésium, fer, zinc, et cuivre) et en composés phytochimiques (alcaloïdes, flavonoïdes, polyphénols totaux). Ce qui pourrait expliquer leur large consommation dans la région dakaroise et forte qualité antioxydante.
... Studies have shown the potential of its essential oils in improving memory, and thus, it is a potential candidate for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (Perry et al. 1999). As dried leaves of S. officinalis are a raw material of the perfumery industry, it is widely cultivated around the world (Santos-Gomes et al. 2002). ...
Medicinal plants are precious sources of different products that are crucial component of contemporary medicines used to cure a broad range of illnesses and diseases. Nowadays, many species of medicinal plants are facing high risk of annihilation due to anthropogenic factors such as premature harvesting, deforestation, habitat destruction, rapid industrialization, overgrazing by animal and many more. Monitoring and assessment of genetic diversity of medicinal plants are essential as they provide information about different germplasms prevalent and also help environmentalists in framing a blueprint for conservation. Numerous morphological, cytological, biochemical and molecular markers can be used to evaluate the diversity of these medicinal plants for future conservation as well as for the plant improvements. This chapter describes in brief about diverse uses of medicinal plants, importance of diversity, conservation strategies and different markers employed for assessment of diversity stating with some classical examples.Keywords:Medicinal plantsGenetic diversityMolecular markersConservation strategy
... Extracts obtained from cultures of different organs of Salvia officinalis have good or even better antioxidant activity compared to extracts of the same plant organs from natural habitats (Grzegorczyk et al., 2007). Phenolic compounds with good antioxidant activity are present in the culture of S. officinalis shoots (Santos-Gomes et al., 2002). ...
Micromeria croatica, like many other species belonging to the Lamiaceae family, is characterized by good antioxidant activity. To avoid the exploitation of natural plant populations, it is recommended to grow them in vitro culture. The present study aimed to examine and compare the antioxidant potential of M. croatica obtain through nodal culture in vitro and collected from natural habitats. Different antioxidant methods were used: DPPH, ABTS, total reducing power, total phenol content, and flavonoid content. The obtained results indicate that the cultivation of plants by the in vitro culture technique stimulates the synthesis of secondary metabolites that promote antioxidant activity. It is increased in micropropagated plants primarily due to the increased phenol content by 136%. The possibility to test and then apply in practice the biological activity of the herb M. croatica is limited by the fact that the species is a local endemic.
... Other compounds that are found in the composition of the species, as rosmanol, rosmadial, and their derivatives come from the degradation of carnosic acid, which degrades to carnosol, a d-lactone, which in its turn degrades to g-lactones (e.g., rosmanol). This occurs spontaneously in solvents used for extraction, making them artifacts of the degradation of carnosol (Santos-Gomes et al. 2002). Rosmadial is also a degradation product of carnosol (Wei et al. 2018). ...
Salvia officinalis L. (sage) is a valuable medicinal plant from the Lamiaceae family widely used in traditional medicine. Given the therapeutic potential of sage, there is currently great interest in increasing the production of biological material and in stimulating the synthesis of bioactive compounds in this plant. The combined effect of gamma irradiation and in vitro techniques is considered a good tool for improving the physiological and biochemical processes in plants. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of low doses of gamma irradiation (10, 15, and 20 Gy) on the phenolic content, biological activity, and cellular ultrastructure of sage cultured in vitro. Although the increases were not important, gamma irradiation treatment had a stimulating effect on the phenolic content of sage extracts. Due to its constituents, S. officinalis proved to have potent antioxidant capacities and antiproliferative properties on tumoral (A431 cell line) and normal cells (BJ cell line). The irradiation up to 20 Gy did not change the biological activity of sage samples. The use of gamma irradiation on S. officinalis in vitro plantlets influenced the ultrastructure of organelles in two ways: first, it led to chloroplast redifferentiation, and second, had a destructive effect on chloroplast and mitochondria. Although, in general, gamma irradiation had no consistent stimulatory effect on the secondary metabolism of the analyzed plants, data obtained in the present study represent important results that can be used by further studies aimed at increasing the production of the compounds with important biological activities.
... Rosmarinic acid has very important biological activities such as antiviral, antibacterial, antiinflammatory and antioxidant. One of the main parameters of using sage as a medicinal plant is that the phytochemical it produces contains high levels of rosmarinic acid [43]. Studies to increase the synthesis of this chemical, which is a significant phenolic, show that the tissue culture method accumulates more rosmarinic acid than the in vivo method [44]. ...
Abstract The use of melatonin (MEL) on plants has recently become widespread. Melatonin (MEL) was used as elicitor in the leaf-derived sage (Salvia officinalis L.) callus culture, which allows production in a short time regardless of environmental factors. MEL was applied to the calli in various concentrations, and the effect on the amount and quality of phytochemicals was determined. MEL stimulated the production of the maximum quantity of sage calli and the synthesis of secondary metabolites when applied as an elicitor at a certain ratio (100 M). The callus induction rate decreased while the MEL concentration increased. Among the phytochemicals scanned by HPLC and GC-MS, especially the amount of rosmaniric acid was found to increase by 75% (100 µM). The amount of rosmarinic acid decreased gradually in the 200 µM and control groups. The color differences of the callus cultures were also considerable. The color, which was quite dark brown at 100 µM MEL, turned into a light color as the amount of rosmariniric acid decreased. In addition, phytochemicals such as α-thujone (27.56%), 1.8-cineole (5.9%), camphor (16.84%) analyzed in 100 µM MEL application have the highest rates compared to other applications. Phytochemicals present in the control group but not in the MEL treatments, and components present in the treatments but not in the control were detected (1.8-cineol, some aldehyde groups). Therefore, stimulating the production of pharmacologically valuable phytochemicals that can be obtained with a certain amount of MEL application in sage cell culture medium will provide an important commercial advantage.
... This is in line with previously published data that also indicate inverse proportionality of RA content and biomass production. This was confirmed for Perilla frutescens [36] and for Salvia officinalis [37]. A possible explanation for this phenomenon could be found in the fact that high concentrations of carbohydrates act as stressors and induce changes in cell metabolism and, consequently, inhibit plant growth but at the same time stimulate the production of secondary metabolites [5]. ...
The aim of this study was to comparatively analyze chemical composition and biological activity of wild- and in vitro grown Rindera umbellata. Explants were cultivated on 0.003–0.3 M sucrose, fructose, or glucose. HPLC-DAD for quantifying rosmarinic (RA) and lithospermic B (LAB) acids and GC-MS/FID for qualitative pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) detection were used. Antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS assays) and cytotoxicity (MTT test) were monitored. Identified PAs were 7-angeloyl heliotridane, lindelofine, 7-angeloyl heliotridine, 7-angeloyl-9-(+)-trachelanthylheliotridine, punctanecine, and heliosupine, with higher variability reported in wild-growing samples. Total phenolic contents (TPCs) were comparable in wild-growing and in vitro samples, but total flavonoid (TFC) and RA levels were multifold higher in in vitro samples. Notably, high concentration of LAB was detected in wild-growing roots. Amounts of 0.3 M and 0.1 M of sucrose were optimal for TFC and RA production, while maximal antioxidant activity was monitored in plants grown on 0.3 M sucrose. The MTT test indicated colorectal HT-29 as more sensitive than A549 lung adenocarcinoma and normal MRC-5 cells, showing selective sensitivity to wild-growing and 0.3 M sucrose samples. In conclusion, PAs in vitro, as well as TPC, TFC, RA, and LAB in both growing conditions were detected for the first time in R. umbellata.
... The obtained results show variation for each assay, however, excepting ABTS in the case of SG2 sample, the antioxidant capacity is correlated with the total content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. This could be linked to the fact that phenolic compounds in sage species (and generally for the representants of Lamiaceae family) have been shown to exhibit significant scavenging activity on oxygen reactive species (Santos-Gomes et al., 2002;Tosun et al., 2009). Comparing nine sage species, Loizzo et al. (2014) concluded that SG methanolic extracts showed the highest antioxidant activity for DPPH (IC 50 of 3.2 ± 0.3 μg/ml), ABTS (59.1 ± 0.4 μmol TE/g of dried extract) and FRAP (422.0 ± 9.8 μmol Fe 2+ equivalents/g of dried extract) assays, followed by S. sclarea, S. hydrangea and S. ceratophylla, which was also correlated with the values for TPC and TFC. ...
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Salvia glutinosa , also known as the glutinous sage, has been used in Romanian folk medicine in the treatment of inflammation, injuries, and mild infections. However, there is no direct scientific evidence to demonstrate these activities.
Aim of the Study: The present research was based on evaluating antioxidant, antiproliferative, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of S. glutinosa extracts, as well as the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity.
Materials and Methods: Infusions and 70% ( v:v ) ethanol solution extracts of S. glutinosa stems and leaves, collected from two different locations in Romania, were prepared. Ten phenolic compounds were identified and quantified using the LC-DAD-ESI/MS ⁿ method, and total phenolic and flavonoid content, as well as in vitro antioxidant (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays), antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities were determined. A rat model of induced inflammation with turpentine oil was used for the examination of in vivo effects of the extracts, using diclofenac as an anti-inflammatory control.
Results: The highest inhibitory α-glucosidase activity was determined to be IC 50 = 0.546 mg/ml for the hydroalcoholic extract made with plant material collected on the road to Sighișoara. The highest cytotoxic activity against HepG2 cell line was determined to be GI 50 = 131.68 ± 5.03 μg/ml, for the hydroalcoholic extract made with plant material from Sighișoara. In vivo administration of extract (200 mg lyophilized powder/ml) showed a significant reduction of NO production.
Conclusion: Our findings indicate that S. glutinosa extracts exhibit antioxidant, α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, as well as a modest cytotoxic effect on HepG2 cell line. By in vivo administration, the extracts show anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity, which correlates with the traditional use of the species. The environmental conditions seemed to induce important changes in the chemical composition and the bioactivity of the herbal preparations derived from S. glutinosa.
... Studies have shown the potential of its essential oils in improving memory, and thus, it is a potential candidate for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (Perry et al. 1999). As dried leaves of S. officinalis are a raw material of the perfumery industry, it is widely cultivated around the world (Santos-Gomes et al. 2002). ...
... Studies have shown the potential of its essential oils in improving memory, and thus, it is a potential candidate for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (Perry et al. 1999). As dried leaves of S. officinalis are a raw material of the perfumery industry, it is widely cultivated around the world (Santos-Gomes et al. 2002). ...
rchids are unique ornamental plants with the most highly specialized floral architecture, pollination pattern, and breeding system. They dominate the international floricultural trade with their exceedingly beautiful flowers of varied coloration, patterns, and forms. The plants also possess high therapeutic properties apart from having excellent ornamental value. However, the populations of these multiutility plants have been reduced tremendously due to excessive unregulated commercial collection and mass habitat destruction. Micropropagation through tissue culture techniques offers an effective strategy for orchid conservation by rapidly generating plants on a large scale. Though in vitro orchid propagation has been performed successfully using different explants, the production of true-to-type plants is obligatory for conserving and commercializing the elite genotypes. Genetically identical plants have been produced by assessing the clonal fidelity of several micropropagated orchids using molecular markers. The present chapter emphasizes orchid micropropagation using different explants and their clonal fidelity evaluation employing diverse DNA markers.
... It has been utilized as a culinary herb in many nations and is currently grown worldwide for dried leaves which are used as a raw material for the pharmaceutical, perfume and food industries. [3]. ...
... Widespread cultivation of S. officinalis is accelerated by its culinary use as a spice and therapeutic herb and is prominently used as a flavoring agent in temperate countries like the USA and Europe. Besides, sage acts as a natural preservative, and crushed dry leaves are used to preserve fish, meat, poultry, pickles, and sausages (Gomes et al., 2002). Both fresh and dry leaves are Complimentary Contributor Copy utilized for essential oil extraction and are used to add an herbal note in perfumes, deodorants, and insect repellants . ...
The concern with food security, aiming at food production without or with low use of pesticides, has been increasing in recent years. The use of pesticides requires necessary care during their application since they can generate several negative consequences for producers and consumers. Also, the incorrect use of these chemicals has caused problems, such as the emergence of resistance to pests and diseases, making it difficult to manage crops. It may even make production unfeasible, in addition to soil and water contamination. Several studies aiming at the alternative control of agricultural pests and diseases have found potential in plant sources, mainly through their essential oils and extracts. Salvia (Salvia officinalis L.) is a perennial shrub of the Lamiaceae family, widely used for medicinal and gastronomic purposes, however, due to the presence of (chemical) compounds in the essential oil and extracts of the species, with proven biological action (antibacterial, antifungal, insecticide and allelopathic), makes it an alternative for the control of agricultural pests and diseases. In this scenario, aiming to use natural options for chemical control, products extracted from species such as sage can help search for sustainable and ecologically correct agriculture. Through a bibliographic review, this chapter will aim to present an overview of the use and potential of essential oil and extracts of Salvia officinalis for the control of different pests and diseases in agriculture.
... It has been utilized as a culinary herb in many nations and is currently grown worldwide for dried leaves which are used as a raw material for the pharmaceutical, perfume and food industries. [3]. ...
Salvia officinalis is one of the most valued herbs because of its high amount of essential oil and its many components. It has many health-related uses such as improving cognition, as well as reducing the amount of nursing mother's milk during weaning, also recommended for the gargling of the infectious throat, and to treat cardiovascular diseases and nervous disturbance, depression, cerebral ischemia and acts as an antiseptic for wounds. This study aim was to prepare the plant extract of Salvia officinalis L. from the Iraq local areas, determine its chemical properties and study its effect on some physiological and immunological variables in white rats. The plant leave Extract was Prepared and its effects were assessed on several physiological parameters using 20 male rats. The rats were divided into four groups. the control group(G1) received standard food and water; the negative control group (G2) received fat rich diet; G3 rats were given Salvia officinalis with a concentration of 100 mg\ kg\day. G4: rats were given Salvia officinalis 100mg/kg body weight and received fat rich diet. Roche/Hitachi, cobas c 501/502 were used to evaluate the levels of aminotransferase Enzymes, Aspartate transaminase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase enzyme (ALP), serum creatinine, serum urea, total protein, albumin, cholesterol, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). While Globulin concentration, very Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL), and Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) were calculated according to some referred equations. The phytochemical analysis showed that the compounds identified in the sample were found to be alkaloids, phenols, tannins, coumarins glycosides, flavonoids, quinines, Carbohydrates and steroids. The results showed a significant increase (P <0.01) in the level of liver enzymes ALT, AST and ALP, in the G2 treated with the high fat diet compared with a control group and showed a significant increase (P <0.01) in the level of urea an
... Santos et al. [41] discovered that in Salvia officinalis shoots obtained by in vitro culture techniques from six-week-old seedlings, carnosic acid and carnosol concentration depended on the amount of cytokinin supplemented to the culture medium. Moreover, the results obtained by Kuhlman and Röhl [42] indicate a higher concentration of carnosic acid and carnosol in rosemary shoots than in sage shoots (ranges from 5 to 42 times more). ...
Emerging infectious diseases have become a major global problem with public health and economic consequences. It is an urgent need to develop new anti-infective therapies. The natural diterpene carnosol exhibit a wide variety of interesting antibacterial and antiviral properties, and it is considered a theoretical inhibitor of COVID-19 Mpro. However, this compound is present in the family Lamiaceae in low quantities. To obtain carnosol in concentrations high enough to develop pharmacological studies, we evaluated the efficiency of a micropropagation protocol of Rosmarinus officinalis using a solid medium and a temporary immersion system (TIS), as well as the effect of 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BAP) and α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) on the growth of shoots. Moreover, we developed and validated an analytical method to quantify carnosol using the H-point standard additions method in the high-performance liquid chromatography diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). After 30 days of culture, TIS produced the maximum number of shoots per explant (24.33 ± 1.15) on a liquid medium supplemented with 6-BAP at 5.0 mg L−1. Next, we also evaluated the effect of immersion time and frequency for TIS. After 72 days of culture, the best results were obtained with an immersion cycle of 1 min every 12 h, yielding 170.33 ± 29.40 shoots. The quantification of carnosol on the samples was performed at a flow rate of 1.2 mL min−1 using binary isocratic mobile phase system 60:40 (v/v) 10 mM formic acid (pH 3.0) (A) and acetonitrile (B) on a reverse-phase column. The content of carnosol in the in vitro cultures was around 8-fold higher than in the wild plant. The present study represents an efficient alternative method to obtain carnosol for its pre-clinical and clinical development.
... There are only two fertile stamens (Vaughan and Geissler, 2009). Phytochemical constituents of sage was atudied by Paula et al., (2002) who found that the identified compound from (Salvia officinalis, L.) extract can be grouped into three classes of phenolic compounds as follow: 1) phenolic acids: gallic acid, 3-Ocaffeoylquinic acid, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, caffeic acid, and rosmarinic acid, 2) flavonoids: hesperetin, apigenin, hispidulin, cirsimaritin and genkwanin., and Phenolic diterpenes: carnosic acid, rosmadial, methyl carnosate, epirsorosmanol ethyl ether, epirosmanol methyl ether, carnosol and epirosmanol. Rosmarinic acid which was the major phenolic compound in two of the eight different Sage extracts was absent in other five ones. ...
... Since callus growth in a nutrient-rich culture medium is inevitably subjected to greater carbon influx than field-grown plant specimens, it may affect the metabolic flux for the biosynthesis of elevated levels of phenolics [66]. The production of phenolics in the callus is determined by the abundance of the carbon source in the medium [67], as well as the growth rates of the cultured tissue [68] and the levels of auxin/cytokinin in the medium [69,70]. ...
This study aims to investigate whether the in vitro-cultured L. pumila var. alata has higher antioxidant activity than its wild plant. An 8-week-old L. pumila var. alata nodal segment and leaf explants were cultured onto Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various cytokinins (zeatin, kinetin, and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP)) for shoot multiplication and auxins (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and picloram) for callus induction, respectively. The results showed that 2 mg/L zeatin produced the optimal results for shoot and leaf development, and 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D produced the highest callus induction results (60%). After this, 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D was combined with 0.25 mg/L cytokinins and supplemented to the MS medium. The optimal results for callus induction (100%) with yellowish to greenish and compact texture were obtained using 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D combined with 0.25 mg/L zeatin. Leaves obtained from in vitro plantlets and wild plants as well as callus were extracted and analyzed for their antioxidant activities (DPPH and FRAP methods) and polyphenolic properties (total flavonoid and total phenolic content). When compared with leaf extracts of in vitro plantlets and wild plants of L. pumila var. alata, the callus extract displayed significantly higher antioxidant activities and total phenolic and flavonoid content. Hence, callus culture potentially can be adapted for antioxidant and polyphenolic production to satisfy pharmaceutical and nutraceutical needs while conserving wild L. pumila var. alata.
... Salvia officinalis L. is one of the most famous evergreen aromatic and medicinal plants in the world (El-Feky and Aboulthana, 2016;Santos-Gomes et al., 2002) and belongs to the Labiatae family. It contains a high percentage of essential oil due to the presence of external glandular structures that produce volatile oil (Estefan et al., 2013). ...
Reuse of brackish water from desalination units in agriculture will reduce the environmental impacts resulting from disposal in the soil and groundwater, thus reflecting positively in reducing costs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of reusing brackish water from a small water desalination unit as amended to morphology and productivity of salvia plants during the three growing seasons of 2014–2016. Brackish water from desalination treatment plants was used in hydroponic systems with three concentrations (10, 25 and 50 mM). Growth parameters (number of branches per plant, plant height (cm) and herbage yield weights (g m‾ ² )) and ion concentration percentage in the herbage of sage ( Salvia officinalis L.) during three growing seasons 2014–2016 were measured. Results revealed that lateral branches per plant, plant height and dry weight of herbage were negatively affected by brackish water and decreased by 6, 8 and 10%, respectively, compared to control. In addition, the concentration of ions in herbage decreased by 35 and 20% for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, respectively. We conclude from this study that irrigating sage plants using rejected water from desalination plant units leads to a decrease in morphological characteristics compared to non‐saline water, but as an economic option this type of water can be used in agriculture to reduce the environmental impacts of disposal of this water.
... Sage (Salvia officinalis) belongs to Lamiaceae family is a perennial woody sub-shrub native to the Mediterranean region. It is cultivated mainly to obtain dried leaves to be used as raw material in medicine, perfumery, and food industry (Santos-Gomes, et al., 2002). Sage is one of the oldest medicinal plants, and the etymology of its name suggests its healing properties. ...
Although Sage used as herbal remedy for a wide range of disorders and illnesses and as industrial inputs; Production and utilization of this plant is at infant Stage in Ethiopia. Besides this, information regarding production and financial feasibility of Sage production is limited. Thus, the study aimed to assess the financial feasibility of Sage variety: SAGE-1 production for its herbal production. The study was conducted at Wondogenet Agricultural Research Center experimental field from January 2015 to December 2017. For this study SAGE-1 was planted on 100m 2 area of land with an intra and inters row spacing of 60cm. All cost and benefit data were collected throughout the production period. The study employed financial analysis methods such as Net Present Value (NPV) and Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) to analyze feasibility of production. The result revealed that; the herbal production SAGE-1 required a total cost of 68,571.82 birr/ha, and provided total revenue of 431,500 birr/ha, resulted net return of 362,928.18 birr/ha in three years of production. Moreover, net present value and benefit cost ratio was found 305,602.13 and 6.03 birr/ha respectively showed that production of SAGE-1 is financially feasible. Sensitivity analysis in changed scenarios revealed that production is still financially feasible.
... The possible reason for obtaining the maximum antioxidant activity in the tissue culture raised plant is that in vitro plants growing in a nutrient-rich culture medium are exposed to more carbon influx than the wild plants, which might influence the metabolic flux for the biosynthesis of elevated levels of phenolics. Similarly, the accumulation of phenolics was reported in Salvia officinalis callus cultures, where the level of phenolics was more in the callus is based on the abundance of carbon source in the medium (Paula et al. 2002). In view of harnessing the phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of in vitro plant materials are much authenticated and reproducible. ...
An in vitro propagation protocol has been developed for Berberis asiatica, an important Himalayan medicinal shrub. Significantly higher in vitro seed germination (50%) was obtained in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 1.0 µM 6-benzyladenine (BA). MS medium containing 1.0 µM BA and 0.1 µM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) yielded maximum callus induction percentage (100%) from in-vitro grown leaf explants. Maximum shoot proliferation (100%) was obtained when callus was transferred to MS medium containing 2.0 µM BA plus 0.5 µM IAA or 6.0 µM BA plus 0.5 µM NAA. The maximum rooting percentage (70%) and root number per shoot (2.36) were recorded in ½ MS containing 0.05 µM IAA. Rooted shoots when transferred to potting medium containing vermiculite, soil, and sand (1:1:1) resulted in 65% survival. The phytochemical analysis of leaf samples of tissue culture-raised plants showed significantly higher alkaloids (berberine and palmatine) content than the leaf samples collected from the wild (mother plant). A similar trend was also observed in studied antioxidant and antimutagenic activities. Therefore, micropropagation of B. asiatica can be promoted for harnessing its potential as a source of berberine and natural antioxidants. This may help to reduce the pressure on the natural populations of the species.
... The aforementioned polyphenolic groups of compounds also have numerous, valuable pharmacological and cosmetic properties. Phenolic acids, both numerous derivatives of cinnamic and benzoic acids and depsides, are a pharmacologically attractive group of plant metabolites due to many valuable therapeutic properties, including anticancer, choleretic, diastolic, hypolipemic, antithrombotic, immunostimulant, as well as strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties [48][49][50][51][52][53][54]. Flavonoids (both aglycons and flavonoid glycosides) are also an extremely valuable group of plant secondary metabolites from the point of therapeutic effects. ...
Chinese magnolia vine (Schisandra chinensis) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicinal plant species, which is very important in modern phytotherapy. The key role is assigned to specific compounds – dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans. This chapter describes the use of S. chinensis in vitro cultures as a tool to increase their production under controlled conditions as a promising biotechnological alternative to their extraction from ex vitro plant material or by chemical synthesis. Moreover, the chosen phenolic compounds (phenolic acids and flavonoids) were taken into consideration, too. The whole process of biotechnological research was applied to studying S. chinensis and its cultivar – S. chinensis cv. Sadova No. 1. The studies involved initiation of in vitro cultures, optimization of the basal composition of the culture media, duration of the growth cycles, type of cultures, culture lighting conditions, elicitors, and bioreactor design. In all the steps of biotechnological process, efficient production of specific lignans and phenolic compounds was achieved. The research proved that plant in vitro cultures of both Schisandras can be an efficient tool used to increase the production of the desired secondary metabolites.
... In contains about 500 species of which is Salvia officinalis. (6) The prevailing components in the plant extract obtained by ultrasound extraction were alpha -thujone (48.4%) and camphor (14.2%), 1,8 -cineole (10.9 -43.1 %) and beta -thujone (4.9 -25.8%). Some components of the plant extract and the essential oils have antimicrobial activity. ...
Aims: To evaluate the antimicrobial effect of the ethanolic extracts of Ruta graveolens (Rue) and Sal-via officinalis (Sage) in a concentration of 0.2% and compare the results with the same concentration of chlorhexidine 0.2% (CHX) and normal saline on root canal bacteria using the above plant extracts as an irrigating solutions clinically. Materials and Methods: Thirty five uniradicular teeth with necrotic pulps were chosen. The patients were divided randomly into four groups, 10 patients for groups I, II and III and 5 patients for group IV. Using 0.2% ethanolic extract of Sage, 0.2% ethanolic extract of Rue, 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) and normal saline, respectively. Samples were obtained from the canal at the beginning of the first and second appointments, at the end of the second appointment and at the beginning of the third appointment using wet sterile paper points. Results: The results revealed that 0.2% of the ethanolic extract of both Sage and Rue have a significant antimicrobial effect when used clinically as an endodontic irrigant, and was significantly not different from 0.2% chlorhex-idine gluconate (CHX) and significantly different from normal saline. Conclusions: Rue and Sage demonstrated antimicrobial effects on the root canal bacteria (both aerobic and anaerobic) used as en-dodontic irrigants compared with CHX.
... It has previously been found that BAP stimulated more effective biomass accumulation and RA and SAB production than zeatin, kinetin or TDZ in Dracocephalum forrestii shoot culture; however, higher BAP concentrations (8 and 16 μM) were the most optimal for growth, and lower ones (2 μM) were better for production [32]. In contrast, Santos-Gomes et al. [33] report that kinetin yielded greater amounts of RA and CA in S. officinalis culture than BAP. ...
The present study demonstrates hormonal control of Salvia viridis growth and development using four different purine-type cytokinins at different concentrations. The addition of cytokinins significantly increased biomass of cultures, proliferation rate, and, interestingly, secondary metabolite production. The best response in terms of multiplication ratio was recorded on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L BPA (N-benzylotetrahydropyranyl adenine), while the greatest biomass accumulation was achieved when supplemented with 1 mg/L m-T (meta-topoline). Quantitative UPLC-DAD analysis of the hydromethanolic extract from S. viridis culture revealed the presence of 12 polyphenols: seven phenolic acids and five phenylethanoids. The highest total content of polyphenolic compounds was found in shoots cultivated on medium with 2 mg/L BPA (18.66 mg/g DW): almost twice that of control shoots. The medium was also the most optimal for the biosynthesis of rosmarinic acid, the predominant phenolic acid. However, the greater phenylethanoid accumulation was stimulated by 1 mg/L m-T: the metabolite content was above three times higher than that found in shoots grown on the control medium (8.03 mg/g DW vs. 2.37 mg/g DW). Hence, it was demonstrated that phytohormones are capable of influencing not only vital physiological processes, but therapeutic potential of plants as well. Therefore, the cytokinin-based sage cultures may be also considered as the alternative sources of bioactive compounds.
... The aforementioned polyphenolic groups of compounds also have numerous, valuable pharmacological and cosmetic properties. Phenolic acids, both numerous derivatives of cinnamic and benzoic acids and depsides, are a pharmacologically attractive group of plant metabolites due to many valuable therapeutic properties, including anticancer, choleretic, diastolic, hypolipemic, antithrombotic, immunostimulant, as well as strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties [48][49][50][51][52][53][54]. Flavonoids (both aglycons and flavonoid glycosides) are also an extremely valuable group of plant secondary metabolites from the point of therapeutic effects. ...
... [16][17][18] Salvia officinalis (S. officinalis) or common Sage from Lamiaceae family is among herbal agents that consist of compounds with potential insulin-sensitizing and glucose-lowering effects such as carnosic acid, rosmarinic acid, diterpenoids, triterpenoids, flavonoids, polyphenols, and phenolic glycosides. [19][20][21][22][23][24] It is also hypothesized that S. officinalis can prevent the onset of diabetes in healthy non-diabetic people due to its metformin like activity. 25 Although according to our literature search, the effect of S. officinalis in women with PCOS has not yet been evaluated, its antidiabetic and metabolism-enhancing properties have been shown in various studies, and this herb is known to be an effective herbal remedy for the treatment and prevention of diabetes and dysmetabolism. ...
Objectives:
At the present study, we aimed at evaluating the effect of Salvia officinalis (S. officinalis) extract on "anthropometric indices" and "insulin resistance markers" in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) patients.
Design and setting:
This was a randomized, triple-blinded, controlled trial performed in gynecology hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences.
Participants:
Sixty PCOS patients diagnosed according to Rotterdam criteria.
Interventions:
Consumption of the 330 mg oral S. officinalis extract or placebo capsules daily for eight weeks.
Main outcome measures:
Body mass index (BMI), waist to hip ratio (WHR), blood pressure, homoeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI).
Results:
Results showed a statistically significant decrease in the BMI (P = 0.001) in S. officinalis group, but, there were no significant differences between the two groups for WHR (P = 0.164). Although we failed to find a significant effect of S. officinalis extract on systolic blood pressure (P = 0.283) but using a multivariate model showed a significant difference between two groups regarding diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.025). Also, the consumption of S. officinalis extract, compared to the placebo, resulted in a significant decrease in Insulin levels (P < 0.001), and HOMA-IR (P < 0.001). As well as, S. officinalis extract supplementation resulted in a greater increase in QUICKI (P < 0.001) compared with placebo groups.
Conclusion:
S. officinalis extract at a dose of 330 mg/day could decrease BMI and systolic blood pressure, and it could enhance insulin resistance markers in euglycemic PCOS patients.
Trial registration:
Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT201504146917N2, 2015-10-03).
... PGRs modify the plant growth and development pattern exerting a profound influence on many physiological processes 32 . Accordingly to SANTOS-GOMES et al. 33 the total phenol content in sage (Salvia officinalis L.) leaf extract is changed depending onthe type of cytokines adding to the nutrient medium during micropropagation. The authors reported that the lowest value of specific production of total antioxidant phenolichave occurred when plants are micropropagated with the supplementation of 1.5 mg L -1 benzyladenine. ...
This study highlights the development and achievements made for the micropropagation of Greek oregano (Origanum heracleoticum L. ) using stem tip explants. The shoots were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium followed different concentrations of plant growth regulators (PGR) - 6-benzyl aminopurine, thidiazuron and zeatin at concentrations (0.5 or 1.0 mg L-1). The induction of multiple shoots from stem tip segments was the highest in MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L-1 zeatin. It was the most effective medium for shoot formation, which produced multiple shoots (2.7) with an average height of 3.5 cm. These shoots were transferred on half strength MS medium containing three different auxins: indole-3-butyric acid, α-naphthalene acetic acid or indole-3-acetic acid (0, 0.1 and 0.5 mg L-1) for rooting, Multiple shoots were the most efficiently rooted on ½ MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg L-1indole-3-butyric acid. Rooted plants showed the best adaptation on pots containing peat: perlite (2: 1 v/v). The higher rates of shoots number and height per plant have a positive relationship with the production of metabolites with antioxidant potential as phenols and flavonoids as well as with ferric reducing antioxidant potential.
... It is cultivated throughout Europe and the USA, including Spain, Italy, Yugoslavia, Greece, Albania, Argentina, Germany, France, Malta, Turkey, England and Canada [32,83] . Its use as a culinary herb has facilitated its spread into many countries, and now it is cultivated throughout the world for dried leaves, used as raw material for medicine, perfumery and food industries [34] . Sage is predominantly recognized as a culinary herb in western cooking and was used in poultry stuffing, flavoring of meat, sausages, and fish. ...
Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) is an important medicinal and aromatic herb, used as a raw material for various perfumery, pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetics industries. S. officinalis belonging to the family Lamiaceae is commercially cultivated for the essential oil and is grown throughout Europe and the United States, and in parts of Turkey, Yugoslavia, and Canada. Leaves are highly aromatic, used for extraction of essential oil, which contains more than 49 aromatic components. The principal components in the sage oil are 1, 8-cineole, camphor, α-thujone, β-thujone, α-humulene, rosmarinic acid, and quercetin. Traditionally garden sage has been used for the treatment of a multitude of ailments such as localized pain, rheumatism, convulsion, arthritis, vertigo, diarrhea, sclerosis, respiratory, metabolic and mental disorders. As the herbal medicines gaining importance in recent years, usage and systematic documentation of such herb are found essential. Thus an effort has been made to collect review about the study on chemistry, its cultivation, medicinal utilization besides its ethnobotanical documentation. Various pharmacological studies revealed that extracts from sage have shown to possess anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-cancer and hypolipidemic properties. There were several reports on in-vitro and animal studies confirming its potential cognitive property and its use on memory and nerve related disorders. Environmental conditions suitable for the plant growth, propagation methods, cultural practices, and harvesting methodology are also discussed in detail.
... offi cinalis are mainly phenolic acids and fl avonoids, namely rosmarinic acid, caff eic acid, carnosol, and carnosic acid [15][16]. Th rough their free radical scavenging capacity, S. offi ...
The aim of study shows Salvia officinalis aqueous extract activity. 20 adult male rats using in study and divided as following groups (each group consist 5 rats); negative group received ad libidium, positive group was given normal water containing 0.5% of hydrogen peroxide and 1% of cholesterol in the feed for 60 days for induction of hyperlipidemia. Third group rats with hyperlipidemia and treated with (50mg/kg/daily) aqueous extract, fourth group rats with hyperlipidemia and treated with (100mg/kg/daily) aqueous extract, The results show high significant increase (P < 0.05) in levels of ALT, AST, cholesterol and triglyceride and significant decrease (P < 0.05) in levels of HDL in positive group compare with control group. Oxidative stress factor in an infected group significant increase (P < 0.05) in levels of MDA (malonedialdehyied) and significant decrease (P < 0.05) in levels of glutathione (GSH) compare with control group. While, after using S. officinalis aqueous extract in treatment, the results showed non-significant changes (P < 0.05) in liver enzymes lipid profile, MDA, and GSH compare with control group. It was concluded that S. officinalis extract has been a protective effect in rats with hyperlipidemia.
... Certains auteurs ont rapporté que les propriétés antioxydantes des feuilles de Moringa oleifera sont dues à la présence d'un polyphénol: le kaempférol (Bajpai et al., 2005). En effet, les polyphénols possèdent une structure chimique idéale pour capturer les radicaux libres et d'après certaines études, ils sembleraient être responsables de l'activité de piégeage de ces derniers (Santos-Gomes et al., 2002;Babu et al., 2006;Karou et al., 2011). ...
... It is cultivated in various parts of continental Europe and the Americas, including Spain, Italy, Yugoslavia, Greece, Albania, Argentina, Germany, France, Malta, Turkey, England, Canada and the USA (Glisic et al., 2010;Prakash, 1990). Its use as a culinary herb has facilitated its spread into many countries and now it is cultivated throughout the world for dried leaves, used as raw material for medicine, perfumery and food industries (Gomes et al., 2002). Sage is predominantly recognized as a culinary herb in western cooking and is used in poultry stuffing, flavouring of meat, sausages and fish. ...
... It is cultivated in various parts of continental Europe and the Americas, including Spain, Italy, Yugoslavia, Greece, Albania, Argentina, Germany, France, Malta, Turkey, England, Canada and the USA (Glisic et al., 2010;Prakash, 1990). Its use as a culinary herb has facilitated its spread into many countries and now it is cultivated throughout the world for dried leaves, used as raw material for medicine, perfumery and food industries (Gomes et al., 2002). Sage is predominantly recognized as a culinary herb in western cooking and is used in poultry stuffing, flavouring of meat, sausages and fish. ...
Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) is an important medicinal and aromatic herb, used as a raw material for various perfumery, pharmaceutical, food and cosmetics industries. Traditionally it has been used for the treatment of multitude of ailments such as seizure, ulcers, gout, rheumatism, inflammation, dizziness, tremor, paralysis, diarrhea and hyperglycemia. Seed based multiplication is the most effective, realistic and convenient means for most species. However in sage, seed germination is a problem of great concern, as the germination percentage is less than 50 % due to dormancy, resulting lack of synchronized crop establishment. Hence an investigation was carried out to break the seed dormancy for uniform and early seed germination by using low cost organic seed priming techniques. Ten pre-sowing organic seed treatments were imposed by using locally available resources such as; water soaking (cold and hot), cow urine (5, 10, 15 and 20 %), cow dung slurry, buttermilk, compost tea and Agnihotra ash along with an untreated control. Among the different treatments, seed germination percentage was significantly high (79.67) in cow dung slurry treatment followed by cow urine at 5 per cent (72.33) as compared to control (35.33 %). Cow dung slurry treatment also recorded uniform and early germination (6 days for initiation and completed in 10 days) with significantly high rate of germination (22.14). Number of leaves, shoot length, root length and seedling vigour index was also recorded maximum in cow dung treated seeds followed by cow urine (5 %), hot water and cold water soaking treatments.
Plant-derived bioactive compounds displayed major therapeutic and chemo-preventive roles in the pathogenesis of numerous chronic malignancies such as cancer and enhanced oxidative stress and inflammation. Antioxidants found in food, such as genkwanin, may reduce oxidative stress and the release of cytokines or pathways that promote inflammation. The goal of this work is to summarize the potential for anticancer effects of genkwanin, a methoxyflavone that is present in a variety of plant species. This review examined and analyzed numerous research studies on identifying, isolating, measuring, and analyzing anticancer properties of genkwanin. The mechanisms involved cellular and molecular activities at various levels, including apoptosis induction and cancer cell growth and proliferation inhibition. Preclinical studies have demonstrated genkwanin’s effects and mechanism of action; however, further research is required to investigate its therapeutic potential thoroughly. Additional research is needed to further our understanding of the pharmacodynamic effects of genkwanin. Additional toxicological study is necessary to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of genkwanin, which would help scientists to elucidate a potent drug candidate for cancer management.
The current study was aimed at evaluating the effect of pruning and fertilizer levels on the growth, phytochemistry and biological activity of Sutherlandia frutescens.
Szałwia lekarska (Salvia officinalis) jest rośliną o bardzo szerokich właściwościach leczniczych, wśród których najistotniejsze to działanie odkażające, przeciwzapalne i przeciwpotne. Wyciągi z szałwii regulują pracę układu pokarmowego, obniżają poziom cukru we krwi, a także są silnym lekiem antyseptycznym unieczynniającym toksyny bakteryjne oraz hamującym rozmnażanie wielu rodzajów bakterii Gram dodatnich i Gram ujemnych, także odpornych na antybiotyki. Swoje wszechstronne zastosowanie szałwia zawdzięcza olejkowi eterycznemu o złożonym składzie, zawierającym m.in. tujon, cyneol, kamforę, borneol i pinen. Oprócz tego występują w nim garbniki katechinowe, trójterpeny, flawonoidy, gorycze (karnozol), kwasy organiczne, a także witaminy B1, C, PP oraz karoteny. Techniki in vitro umożliwiają masowe namnażanie wyselekcjonowanych roślin o najlepszych parametrach leczniczych lub roślin o nowych cechach uzyskanych na drodze transformacji. Celem badań było określenie wpływu wybranych cytokinin na wydajność mikropropagacji szałwii. Materiał do badań stanowiły eksplantaty wierzchołkowe szałwii, odmiany Bona. Hodowlę prowadzono na pożywkach Murashige Skoog (MS), zawierających różne stężenie kinetyny, BAP oraz zeatyny (2, 5, 10 mg/l). Najlepszy współczynnik namnażania roślin otrzymano przy użyciu cytokininy BAP (3,5–3, w zależności od stężenia), jednak zbyt duży odsetek zwitryfikowanych roślin skłonił do obniżenia poziomu tego fitohormonu. Wydajność i stabilność mikropropagacji przy użyciu BAP w stężeniu 0,3 mg/l sprawdzono podczas długookresowej hodowli (do pokolenia n-6). Praca obejmuje również zastosowanie cytokininy meta-Topolina (mT) jako alternatywy do fitohormonu BAP. Najlepsze rezultaty w mikropropagacji szałwii uzyskano przy zastosowaniu pożywki modyfikowanej 0,3 mg/l BAP. Współczynnik namanażania w tym przypadku oscylował w granicach 2,4–3,4 w kolejnych cyklach namnożeniowych.
Szałwia lekarska (Salvia officinalis L.) jest użyteczną rośliną zielarską wykazującą działanie antyseptyczne na szerokie spektrum bakterii, działanie przeciwzapalne, obniżające poziom cukru we krwi, leczące dolegliwości żołądkowe, a nawet mającą działanie antyoksydacyjne. Możliwość zastosowania licznych związków chemicznych zawartych w olejku eterycznym szałwii zwiększa zainteresowanie uprawą tego gatunku z wykorzystaniem metod biotechnologicznych. Opracowanie wydajnych metod regeneracji roślin ważnych z leczniczego punktu widzenia, takich jak szałwia lekarska, otwiera szereg możliwości począwszy od rozpoznania szlaków metabolicznych i zwiększonej produkcji metabolitów wtórnych, po mikropropagację jednorodnych genotypów, aż wreszcie do transformacji genetycznej czy produkcji biofarmaceutyków. Celem niniejszej pracy było opracowanie wydajnej metody regeneracji szałwii lekarskiej w kulturach in vitro na drodze organogenezy bezpośredniej i pośredniej. Organogeneza bezpośrednia była indukowana na pożywce Murashige Skoog (MS) oraz dwukrotnym rozcieńczeniu pożywki MS (1/2 MS) zawierających różne kombinacje i stężenia roślinnych regulatorów wzrostu: BA, mT, NAA oraz IAA. Proces indukcji tkanki kalusowej i próby regeneracji roślin metodą organogenezy pośredniej prowadzone były w trzech różnych doświadczeniach składających się z zestawu odmiennych pożywek. Doświadczenia te obejmowały różne eksplantaty wyjściowe. Najlepsze wyniki dla procesu regeneracji szałwii na drodze organogenezy bezpośredniej uzyskano przy użyciu pożywek MS z dodatkiem 0,3 mg/l BA lub 0,3 mg/l mT. Współczynnik rozmnażania podczas cyklicznej kultury mieścił się w zakresie 3,08–3,82 dla pożywek zawierających BA oraz 2,44–3,41 dla pożywek z mT. W badaniach nad organogenezą pośrednią na wszystkich zastosowanych podłożach otrzymano indukcję kalusa, jednak wzbudzenie właściwości morfogennych tkanki wymaga dalszego dopracowania.
Due to its rising antibiotic resistance and associated inflammations, Helicobacter pylori poses a challenge in modern medicine. Salvia officinalis, a member of the Lamiaceae family, is a promising medicinal herb. In this regard, a phytochemical screening followed by GC-MS and LC-MS was done to evaluate the chemical profile of the total ethanolic extract (TES) and the essential oil, respectively. The anti-H. pylori and the anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated by a micro-well dilution technique and COX-2 inhibition assay. Potential anti-H. pylori inhibitors were determined by an in silico study. The results revealed that the main metabolites were flavonoids, sterols, volatile oil, saponins, and carbohydrates. The LC-MS negative ionization mode demonstrated 12 compounds, while GC-MS showed 21 compounds. Carnosic acid (37.66%), epirosmanol (20.65%), carnosol1 (3.3%), and 12-O-methyl carnosol (6.15%) were predominated, while eucalyptol (50.04%) and camphor (17.75%) were dominant in LC-MS and GC-MS, respectively. TES exhibited the strongest anti-H. pylori activity (3.9 µg/mL) asymptotic to clarithromycin (0.43 µg/mL), followed by the oil (15.63 µg/mL). Carnosic acid has the best-fitting energy to inhibit H. pylori (−46.6769 Kcal/mol). TES showed the highest reduction in Cox-2 expression approaching celecoxib with IC50 = 1.7 ± 0.27 µg/mL, followed by the oil with IC50 = 5.3 ± 0.62 µg/mL. Our findings suggest that S. officinalis metabolites with anti-inflammatory capabilities could be useful in H. pylori management. Further in vivo studies are required to evaluate and assess its promising activity.
Ethyl acetate extracts of Tunisian Salvia aegyptiaca and S. verbenaca aerial parts, and S. officinalis leaves, were examined via bioanalytical profiling using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) combined with antibacterial (Aliivibrio fischeri, Bacillus subtilis, and Rhodococcus fascians), antifungal (Bipolaris sorokiniana, and Fusarium avenaceum), radical scavenging (DPPH·), and enzyme inhibitory (α-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase, and lipase) assays. The screening, using toluene - ethyl acetate – methanol 6:3:0.5 (V/V/V) as a mobile phase, revealed five bioactive zones (a-e) that were analyzed by HPTLC-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Zones b and c, observed exclusively in S. officinalis, were active in all assays except α-glucosidase, and only c inhibited F. avenaceum. Compounds in these zones were identified by HPLC-high resolution tandem MS (LC-HRMS/MS) as rosmanol/epi-rosmanol and methyl carnosate, respectively. In the bioactive zones a and e, corosolic/maslinic acids and ursolic/oleanolic acids isomer pairs were present, which could be identified in all three Salvia species after their HPTLC separation using pre-chromatographic derivatization with iodine and MS detection. The triterpenes inhibited B. subtilis and R. fascians bacteria and α-glucosidase enzyme. Linoleic and linolenic acids were detected in zone d, which showed strong lipase inhibition in all three sage species.
Lamiaceae familyası üyelerinden olan Salvia cinsi tıbbi ve aromatik olarak önemli bir cinstir. Ülkemizde yetişen ve Anadolu adaçayı olarak isimlendirilen Salvia fruticosa Mill. türünün uçucu yağ içeriğinin diğer türlere göre daha yüksek olması, doğadan toplanarak ticaretinin yapılmasına ve ekonomik değerinin artmasına neden olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Salvia fruticosa tohumlarının 1/10 Murashige-Skoog (MS) (1962) besin ortamında çimlendirilmesi ile in vitro kültürlerde yararlanmak üzere aseptik fide elde edilmesi araştırılmıştır. Kültür öncesi tohumlar %70 etil alkole 2 dakika batırılmış ve takiben NaOCl (klor), H2O2 (oksidan) ve H2SO4 (asit) ile muamele edilmiştir. Bu tohumlar üç gruba ayrılmış: 1. ve 2. grup tohumlara soğuk uygulaması yapılmamış, 3. gruba soğuk uygulaması yapılmıştır. 1. grup tohumlar 1 hafta karanlığı takiben fotoperiyodik koşullara alınırken; 2. ve 3. gruptaki tohumlar fotoperiyodik koşulda tutulmuşlardır. En yüksek çimlenme %50’dir ve 3 dakika %30-31 H2O2 ile yüzeysel sterilizasyonu yapılmış tohumların karanlığı takiben fotoperiyodik koşuldaki kültüründen elde edilmiştir. Aynı koşuldaki tohumların filtre kâğıdı üzerindeki çimlenme testinde (kontrol) ise çimlenme %48 olmuştur. Soğuk uygulama yapılan ve fotoperiyodik koşulda tutulan tohumlarda ise enfeksiyon, düşük gözlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, Salvia fruticosa’nın farklı amaca yönelik in vitro kültürlerinde eksplant olarak kullanılabilecek steril fidelerin üretimi için en yüksek çimlenme yüzdesini (%50) veren H2O2’nin kullanıldığı prosedür uygulanabilir özelliktedir.
Background and Objective: Pyrethroids (i.e., deltamethrin) are one of the
most common insecticides that are used extensively in agriculture to control
the insects. Oxidative stress is one of the main mechanisms of pesticides,
including deltamethrin, in developing toxicity. Many plants contain high
levels of antioxidants that can play a role in absorbing and neutralizing free
radicals. The current study aimed to assess the oxidative and protective role
of Salvia officinalis extract (Sage) in alleviating the detrimental effect of
deltamethrin and the induced oxidative stress on the kidneys of the male rats.
Materials and Methods: In total, 30 Wistar rats were randomly divided into
five groups of six animals per group. Group 1 was considered the control
group, and group II received deltamethrin (15mg/kg). Moreover, group III
received deltamethrin and Salvia officinalis extract (100mg/kg), and group
IV received deltamethrin (15mg/kg) and Salvia officinalis extract
(200mg/kg). Group V received Salvia officinalis extract (100mg/kg). The
treatment was extended for one month, and subsequently, the kidney tissues
of all rats were evaluated to assess the malondialdehyde and glutathione
peroxidase levels using appropriate assessment kits. It is worth mentioning
that histopathological changes were also investigated in this study.
Results: The results showed that Salvia extract significantly reduced the
toxic effects of deltamethrin in the kidneys of the rats. Moreover, Salvia
extract significantly reduced malondialdehyde levels and improved
glutathione peroxidase activity. The results of kidney tissue pathology also
confirmed Salvia’s protective effect against deltamethrin.
Conclusion: The protective effect of Salvia extract can be due to phenolic
compounds and antioxidant activities, which can be used as an effective
factor in the prevention and improvement of the toxic effects of deltamethrin.
In addition to the primary metabolites, plants produce a vast number of chemically diversified economically valuable secondary metabolites (SMs) in specific cell types or tissue or organ of phylogenetically related family or genus or species or even to a single chemical race under tight environmental, developmental, and genetic control. Some SMs such as morphine and codeine are only synthesized in a particular organized and differentiated tissue or organ. Advancement in plant tissue culture and transcriptomic and metabolomic technologies have opened up a window to understand how the differentiation process is correlated to the secondary metabolic networks in diverse plant species. In vitro plant tissue culture provides a control artificial system for plant growth and development that nullified several other affecting factors associated with SM biosynthesis in ex vitro condition. Dedifferentiation, redifferentiation, and differentiation can be induced in in vitro culture by the exogenous application of different PGRs. Callus and cell suspension cultures represent undifferentiated or less differentiated state, and shoot or root organ cultures present more organized and differentiated state, whereas in vitro grown regenerated or micropropagated plants show fully differentiated and organized system with metabolic networks between different organs. Nowadays, differentiated and non-differentiated transformed cultures are very commonly utilized for production of SMs due to several advantages over other systems. This review attempts to highlight an overall knowledge about the role of differentiation and morphogenesis on SM production with genetic and biochemical stability of commonly used different in vitro cultures.
Plants are an incredible treasure of lifesaving drugs and other products of diverse applications. Plant tissue cultures can be established routinely under sterile conditions from explants like plant leaves, stems, roots, meristems, etc. for both ways for multiplication and extraction of secondary metabolites. Strain improvement, methods for the selection of high-producing cell lines, and medium optimizations can lead to an enhancement in secondary metabolite production. Production of natural as well as recombinant bioactive products of commercial importance through the exploitation of plant cells has attracted substantial attention over the past few decades. Swift acceleration in the production of explicit secondary metabolism compounds at a rate similar or superior to the intact plants has been discovered through innovative plant cell cultures in the last few years. In view of obtaining optimum yields suitable for commercial exploitation, isolation of the biosynthetic activities of cultured cells has been focused upon, which is being achieved by the optimization of the cultural conditions, selection of high-yielding strains, and employment of transformation methods, precursor feeding, and immobilization techniques. Production of secondary metabolites through hairy root system is based on Agrobacterium rhizogenes inoculation and has grabbed substantial attention during the past few decades as an efficient method of secondary metabolite production in the plant roots. Due to certain reasons like very slow growth of root systems of higher plants and very difficult harvesting, alternative methods of bioactive compound production have been utilized and promising results have been obtained. Root cultures constitute a promising option for the production of medicinally important bioactive compounds. Organ cultures and in vitro biomass production often have sites of synthesis and storage of secondary metabolites in separate compartments. Elicitors, compounds triggering the formation of secondary metabolites, can be abiotic or biotic. Natural elicitors include polysaccharides such as pectin and chitosan, which are also used in the immobilization and permeabilization of plant cells. The present chapter reviews the secondary metabolite production through hairy root cultures, organ cultures, elicitation, and economically valuable secondary metabolites produced through tissue culture.
During the establishment of shoots of Salvia canariensis L., five environmental factor treatments were applied. For each axillary node two shoots grew well when explants were incubated at continued ligth for 15 days followed by 16 hrs photoperiod by 30 days. Shoots multiplication was improved on a modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) (1962) medium - MS + 825 mg/l NH 4NO 3 - supplemented with 10 -7 M BA and 10 -7 M NAA. The shoots produced well developed root systems within three weeks after transfer to the same culture medium supplemented with 5×10 -7 M NAA.
Sagerinic acid, a novel cyclobutane and salvianolic acid K, derived from rosmarinic acid,were isolated together with the parent compound from polar solvent extracts of Salvia officinalis.Their chemical structures were elucidated by NMR and, for sagerinic acid, the stereochemistry ofthe substituents on the cyclobutane moiety was established as 3β,4a-diaryl-1a,2β-dicarboxylicacid diester (m-truxinate form).
The effect of explant age, plant growth regulators and culture conditions on somatic embryogenesis and rosmarinic acid production
from leaf explants of Salvia officinalis and S. fruticosa plants collected in Greece was investigated. Embryogenic callus with numerous spherical somatic embryos could be induced
on explants derived from both species and cultured for 3 weeks on a Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1.8–18
μm 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and kinetin (Kin) or 10.5–21 μm 1-naphthalenacetic acid and 6-benzyladenine. Only explants from young plants (with six to eight leaves) responded to the
culture treatments and, in general, low light intensities (50 μmol m–2 s–1) favoured callus formation and induction of somatic embryos. Somatic embryos were further developed on the same medium. Heart-
and torpedo-shaped embryos (1–2 mm long) were subcultured on a growth-regulator-free MS medium for maturation. Maximum rosmarinic
acid accumulation in S. officinalis and S. fruticosa callus cultured on 4.5 μm 2,4-D and 4.5 μm Kin was 25.9 and 29.0 g/l, respectively.
The antioxidative activity of spices and spice extracts can usually be traced back to their content of phenolic compounds. Plant phenols may scavenge free radicals involved in lipid peroxidation as has been documented in several model systems, although other mechanisms should be considered especially in relation to the early stages of oxidative deterioration. Phenolic compounds isolated from spices have been found to react with hydroxyl radicals with nearly diffusion controlled reaction rates. An assay based on a combination of determination of phenol equivalents and determination of radical scavenging capacity by the ESR spin trapping technique confirms the nearly diffusion controlled reaction rates and may prove useful for exploration of new plant materials and for adjustment of extraction procedures, including selection of solvent. This and other assays based on oxygen depletion measurements are recommended prior to final testing in real foods. Co-extracted chlorophylls in spice extract present a problem as photosensitizers in food exposed to light during storage and use.
Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a natural antioxidant produced by cell suspension cultures of sage (Salvia officinalis L.). The growth and production of RA by these cells can be modified by the type of culture medium. Production can be increased 10-fold to attain 6.4 g.1(-1) under optimal conditions. Investigation of kinetics showed that a change in the medium caused shifts in peaks of growth and production, and modifications of the cell metabolism. RA production can be correlated with growth or begins only when growth has stopped.
Zusammenfassung Die Konzentration phenolischer Diterpene (2,8–22,5%) in handelsüblichen Extrakten vonRosmarinus officinalis (Rosmarin) wurde per HPLC mit elektrochemischer Detektion bestimmt. Die antioxidative Wirksamkeit der Extrakte unter simulierten Lagerungsbedingungen und thermischer Belastung ist abhängig vom Gehalt an phenolischen Diterpenen. Es wurden Unterschiede in den Abbauraten der einzelnen phenolischen Diterpene bei verschiedenen Temperaturen festgestellt.
The phenolic diterpene carnosic acid appears to be the main substance for general oxidation leading to artifacts withγ-or δ-lactone structure in extracts ofRosmarinus officinalis andSalvia officinalis. Until now it was only possible to prepare carnosic acid by hydrogenolysis of carnosol. A semipreparative HPLC method has been developed isolating carnosic acid among other phenolic diterpenes. The separated substances were identified by13C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR),1H-NMR, mass and IR spetroscopy. Conversion of carnosic acid and carnosol to other phenolic diterpenes was investigated by HPLC.
The strong antioxidative activity ofRosmarinus officinalis andSalvia officinalis is caused by phenolic diterpenes. Extracts of these herbs are used as additives to stabilize fat and fat-containing foodstuffs against oxidation. To determine the concentration of individual phenolic diterpenes in pure extracts and fats an HPLC method with electrochemical detection has been developed.
A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography/diode-array detector procedure is proposed for the determination of six phenolic compounds (caffeic acid, luteolin 7-O-glucoside, rosmarinic acid, apigenin, hispidulin, and cirsimaritin) in sage. The chromatographic separation was achieved using a reversed-phase Spherisorb ODS2 (5-µm particle size, 25.0 × 0.46 cm) column. Of the several extractive solvents assayed only ethyl ether, ethyl acetate, and acetone were able to extract all the compounds mentioned. Best resolution was obtained using a gradient of water/ phosphoric acid (999:1) and acetonitrile. Ten samples cultivated in two experimental fields (1997-1999) were analyzed and the individual compounds quantified. Four commercially available samples were also analyzed and the results are discussed.
Ten phenolic compounds were isolated from a butanol fraction of sage extracts. Their structures were determined by spectral methods (NMR, MS, IR). Among them, a novel compound, 4-hydroxyacetophenone-4-O-β-d-apiofuranosyl-(1→6)-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, was identified. Two test systems, DPPH free radical scavenging activity and radical cation ABTS•+ scavenging activity, were used to evaluate their antioxidant activity. The most active compounds were found to be rosmarinic acid and luteolin-7-O-β-glucopyranoside. Keywords: Sage; Salvia officinalis; phenolic compounds; antioxidant activity
The antioxidant compounds of oleoresin of sage (Salvia officinalis) were separated by column chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. Six major compounds were purified and identified by IR, MS, and H-1 NMR spectrometry as carnosol, carnosic acid, rosmadial, rosmanol, epirosmanol, and methyl carnosate. Their antioxidative activity was measured with an accelerated test, and their content was quantified in sage and in four commercial rosemary extracts.
A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of carnosic acid and carnosol, phenolic diterpenes, which showed high antioxidative effect, is established. The analysis can be accomplished within 15 min under isocratic conditions with 0.1% phosphoric acid-60% acetonitrile as the mobile phase at a flow-rate of 1.0 ml/min, with detection at 230 nm. The detection limits of carnosic acid and carnosol are 0.104 and 0.521 ng per injection, respectively. This experimental system permits a good separation and quantification of these phenolic diterpenes in the leaves of Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Salvia officinalis L.
Callus and suspension cultures of two genotypes and two morphological forms (friable and compact) were established on MS medium
supplemented with 10.47 μM NAA and 4.5 μM BA. Biomass increase in 14-day-culture was calculated and ursolic acid (UA) content
was determined by HPLC and MS. The growth rate and UA accumulation was found to be significant in the two genotypes. The compact
biomass of both genotypes demonstrated a much slower growth rate and a lower UA accumulation than the friable biomasses. The
accumulation of UA in suspension culture was constant in time when derived from the friable callus but it declined, when derived
from the compact callus.
Eight sage (Salvia officinalis) and twenty-four rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) extracts, originating from pilot-plant or commercial sources, had different antioxidative activities as measured by accelerated
autoxidation of methyl linoleate. Twenty-seven compounds were characterized in the Labiatae family extracts by high-performance
liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with mass spectrometry, equipped with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization interface,
and by HPLC coupled with a photodiode array spectrophotometer. Twenty-two compounds were identified, including phenolic acids,
carnosol derivatives, and flavonoids. The extracts showed great variation in their HPLC profiles, and no correlation was apparent
between their antioxidative efficiency and their composition, in twenty specific phenols. Data indicated that the most effective
compounds were carnosol, rosmarinic acid, and carnosic acid, followed by caffeic acid, rosmanol, rosmadial, genkwanin, and
cirsimaritin.
The determination of carnosic acid in different foodstuffs is reported. The recovery efficiencies for carnosic acid ranged from 68.1% to 96.2% depending on the food matrices. Highest recoveries were found in mayonnaise and egg yolk. After acidification of milk, phenolic diterpenes were found almost exclusively in the casein fraction obtaining the lowest recovery rate. Although carnosic acid is considered to be unstable, particularly in solvents, considerable amounts were present following the ripening period of raw sausage. In lyophilized chicken meat carnosic acid degrades slowly and decreases storagedependent degradation of - and -tocopherol.
The use of tetramethylammonium hydroxide at room temperature is reported for the simple characterisation of trace amounts of chlorogenic acids belonging to the caffeoyl, p-coumaroyl, feruloyl and dicaffeoylquinic acid subgroups. The assignments proposed have been confirmed by conventional proton NMR.
It is suggested that green robusta coffee beans contain at least three, and possibly up to six, caffeoylferuloylquinic acid isomers (CFQA). This suggestion is based upon the action of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) upon the putative CFQA. The deduced structural assignments are not in complete agreement with previously published data, particularly recent data obtained by proton NMR. These apparently conflicting interpretations are critically discussed, and an explanation therefore, is proffered.
The phenolic diterpene carnosic acid appears to be the main substance for general oxidation leading to artifacts with gamma- or delta-lactone structure in extracts of Rosmarinus officinalis and Salvia officinalis. Until now it was only possible to prepare carnosic acid by hydrogenolysis of carnosol. A semipreparative HPLC method has been developed isolating carnosic acid among other phenolic diterpenes. The separated substances were identified by 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 1H-NMR, mass and IR spectroscopy. Conversion of carnosic acid and carnosol to other phenolic diterpenes was investigated by HPLC.
The strong antioxidative activity of Rosmarinus officinalis and Salvia officinalis is caused by phenolic diterpenes. Extracts of these herbs are used as additives to stabilize fat and fat-containing foodstuffs against oxidation. To determine the concentration of individual phenolic diterpenes in pure extracts and fats an HPLC method with electrochemical detection has been developed.
The concentration of phenolic diterpenes in commercially available extracts of Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) determined by HPLC with electrochemical detection ranged from 2.8 to 22.5%. Antioxidant activity of extracts under simultaneous storage and thermal stress depended directly on the concentration of phenolic diterpenes. Differences in rates of degradation of individual phenolic diterpenes at different temperatures were obtained.
To find antioxidative compounds present in plants, 65 types of plant extract were tested using the neotetrazolium method for evidence of superoxide anion-scavenging effects and 7 plant extracts were selected for further investigation. The activity of active-oxygen scavengers such as superoxide anion radicals, hydroxyl radicals, singlet oxygens and lipid peroxides in the 7 plant extracts (Aeseclus hippocastanum L., Hamamelis virginiana L. Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb., Quercus robur L., Rosemarinous officinalis L., Salvia officinalis L. and Sanguisorba officinalis L.) was examined in detail by both ESR spin-trapping and malondialdehyde generation. Furthermore, the active-oxygen scavenging activity of these plant extracts was evaluated using a murine dermal fibroblast culture system. Both Aeseclus hippocastanum L. and Hamamelis virginia L. were found to have strong active-oxygen scavenging activity of and protective activity against cell damage induced by active oxygen. Both Aeseclus hippocastanum L. and Hamamelis virginiana L. are proposed as potent plant extracts with potential application as anti-aging or anti-wrinkle material for the skin.
The antioxidant effects of aqueous methanolic extracts from three medicinal Lamiaceae species were investigated in enzyme-dependent and enzyme-independent lipid peroxidation systems. All these extracts caused a considerable concentration-dependent inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Phenolic components present in the plant extracts were evaluated for antioxidant activity and were found effective in both tests. Their concentrations in each extract were determined by TLC-densitometry.
A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography/diode-array detector procedure is proposed for the determination of six phenolic compounds (caffeic acid, luteolin 7-O-glucoside, rosmarinic acid, apigenin, hispidulin, and cirsimaritin) in sage. The chromatographic separation was achieved using a reversed-phase Spherisorb ODS2 (5-microm particle size, 25.0 x 0.46 cm) column. Of the several extractive solvents assayed only ethyl ether, ethyl acetate, and acetone were able to extract all the compounds mentioned. Best resolution was obtained using a gradient of water/phosphoric acid (999:1) and acetonitrile. Ten samples cultivated in two experimental fields (1997-1999) were analyzed and the individual compounds quantified. Four commercially available samples were also analyzed and the results are discussed.
More than 50 compounds were identified in essential oils from stems and leaves of Salvia officinalis L. plants harvested in July, in Arouca, in northern Portugal. About 40 of those compounds were also present in flower essential oils, collected from the same plants. alpha-Thujone was the major compound, representing about 55, 30, and 18% of the essential oils from stems, leaves, and flowers, respectively. Significant percentage variations in the main compound classes of the essential oils from shoots sampled over the year were recorded at two different sites in northern Portugal. From December to April, oxygenated monoterpenes (MO) decreased from approximately 67-72% to values of 42-43% of the essential oils. During the same time interval, the percentage of monoterpene hydrocarbons (MH) rose from 8-11% to 17-22%. At both sites, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (SH) rose from approximately 7% in February to 19-22% in April, decreasing thereafter to approximately 9% in July. Oxygenated sesquiterpenes (SO) increased from a minimum of approximately 5% in July to a maximum of 8-11% in February, decreasing thereafter. The compounds that mostly accounted for the essential oil composition variation were alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, and camphene, as MH; alpha-thujone and camphor, as MO; alpha-humulene and beta-caryophyllene, as SH; and viridiflorol, as SO.
A method is presented by which hundreds of haploid plants of various species of Nicotiana can be raised from pollen grains. Stamens should be excised when pollen grains have been individualized, but are still uninucleate and free of starch. When grown in vitro on a relatively simple medium, some pollen grains proliferate into embryo-liké, structures which develop in stages similar to those of zygotic embryos. The plantlets mature and flower profusely, but do not set seed.
The wastes of the industrial treatment of Salvia lavandulaefolia as source of biologically active flavonoids
- F Tomá-Lorente
- M Garcia-Grau
- F Tomá
F. Tomá-Lorente, M. Garcia-Grau, F. Tomá-Barbé, The wastes of the industrial treatment of Salvia lavandulaefolia as source of biologically active flavonoids, Fitoterapia 59 (1998) 62 Á/ 64.
Teneures en acide rosmarinique, en dérivé hydroxycinnamiques totaux et activité antioxydant chez les Apiacé, les Borraginacé et les Lamiacé mé
- J L Lamaison
- C Petitjean-Freytet
- A Carnat
J.L. Lamaison, C. Petitjean-Freytet, A. Carnat, Teneures en acide rosmarinique, en dérivé hydroxycinnamiques totaux et activité antioxydant chez les Apiacé, les Borraginacé et les Lamiacé mé, Ann. Pharmaceutiques Franç 48 (1990) 103 Á/ 108.
Antioxidat constituents of Rosmarinus officinalis and Salvia officinalis IV. Determination of carnosic acid in different foodstuffs
- Ternes
W. Ternes, K. Schwarz, Antioxidat constituents of Rosmarinus officinalis and Salvia officinalis IV. Determination of carnosic acid in different foodstuffs, Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch. 201 (1995) 548 Á/550.
Studies on the isolation of diterpenes from in vitro propagation of Salvia canariensis L., Plant Tissue Cult
- S M Molina
- L S André
- J Luis
- A Gonzá
S.M. Molina, L.S. André, J. Luis, A. Gonzá, Studies on the isolation of diterpenes from in vitro propagation of Salvia canariensis L., Plant Tissue Cult. 7 (1) (1997) 29 Á/34.
Lamiacé mé a ` propriété antioxydantes, sources potentielles d'acid rosmarinique
- J L Lamaison
- C Petitjean-Freytet
- A Carnat
J.L. Lamaison, C. Petitjean-Freytet, A. Carnat, Lamiacé mé a ` propriété antioxydantes, sources potentielles d'acid rosmarinique, Pharm. Acta Helv. 66 (1991) 185 Á/188.
In vitro propagation of two Spanish endemic species of Salvia through bud proliferation
- Cuenca
The wastes of the industrial treatment of Salvia lavandulaefolia as source of biologically active flavonoids
- Tomás-Lorente
Lamiacées médicinales à propriétés antioxydantes, sources potentielles d'acid rosmarinique
- Lamaison
Studies on the isolation of diterpenes from in vitro propagation of Salvia canariensis L.
- Molina
Teneures en acide rosmarinique, en dérivés hydroxycinnamiques totaux et activité antioxydant chez les Apiacées, les Borraginacées et les Lamiacées médicinales
- Lamaison