New or interesting microfungi: III. A preliminary account of microfungi colonizing Laurus nobilis leaf litter

Abstract

A preliminary account of the microfungi colonizing leaf litter of Laurus nobilis is presented. Of the 25 species recorded, 4 are described as new and 5 are new to the British Isles.

Full text

, Part 3
r.
mycol.
Soc. 77 (3),457-473 (1981) Printed in Great Britain
December
1981
NEW OR
INTERESTING
MICROFUNGI
III.
A
PRELIMINARY
ACCOUNT
OF
MICROFUNGI
COLONIZING
LAURUS
NOBILIS
LEAF
LITTER
ByP.M.
KIRK
Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Ferry Lane, Kes»,
Richmond, Surrey,
U.K.,
TW9
3AF
Apreliminary account of the microfungi colonizing leaf litter of Laurus nobilis is presented.
Of the 25 species recorded, 4 are described as new and 5 are new to the British Isles.
Laurus nobilis L., the Sweet Bay, was introduced
to Britain from the Mediterranean in 1562
(Mitchell, 1974)
and
is frequently grown as a
tub-
plant
or shrub, rarely as a tree, in the south of
England.
The
microfungi which colonize the leaf litter
have never been thoroughly investigated. Sutton &
Pirozynski (1963) reported the occurrence of two
species of Zygosporium, a genus of hyphomycetes
with apredominantly tropical distribution, and a
Stegopezizaon dead leaves collected in Dorset.
The
occurrence of Zygosporium spp. suggested
that
an
investigation of this substratum could possibly
yield additional records of essentially tropical
microfungi, especially hyphomycetes, and further
extend their known ranges. Sutton (1979) reported
four predominantly tropical microfungi from
Eucalyptus spp. leaf litter and capsules collected
in western Scotland.
Whilst the author was in Cornwall, and with
Sutton
&Pirozynski's records in mind, the oppor-
tunity arose to make a collection of L. nobilis leaf
litter from a number of well-established trees. An
examination of this material proved to be most
interesting and the results obtained are presented
below. Collection details for all the specimens
cited are: St Minver, Cornwall,
U.K.,
26
June
1980.
HYPHOMYCETES
Beltraniella
pirozynskii
P. M. Kirk sp.nov.
(Fig. 1) (etym, K. A. Pirozynski, mycologist)
Coloniae
effusae, pilosae, albae ad bulbinae. My-
celium in substrato plerumque immersum, ex hyphis
palIide
brunneis, laevibus, ramosis, 2-3
/Lm
Iatis,
septatis compositurn, ut conidiophoras et superficiale
mycelium restrictum fingat epidermidemet cuticulum
penetrans.Conidiophorae setiformes, macronematosae,
mononematosae, e cellula basali radialiter lobata ori-
entes, erectae,
laeves,
rectae velleviter
flexuosae,
soli-
tares,
simplices
velramosae, septatae, pallidebrunneae,
Volume 77,
Part
2,
was issued 10 November 1981
15
ad basem fuscae, 70-15° ( - 400)
/Lm
aItae, ad basem
4-6/Lm latae, ad setiformem apicem 1'5-2/Lm latum
contractae,cellulae conidiogenae verticillate infra septa
orientes, cum 1-4 talium verticillorum. Steriles setae
absentes. Cellulae conidiogenae discretae, pleuro-
genosae, in 1-3 verticillis dispositae, polyblasticae,
sympodiales,
ovoideae
ad ampulliformes, 8-10/Lm
longae, 2'5-4/Lm latae. Conidia solitaria, sicca,
elongato-turbinata,
laevia,
pallidissime olivaceo-brun-
nea, quaeque cum zona hyalina vix visibili, 20-
24'S
/Lm
longa,6-6'5 (
-7)
/Lm
lata.
In folioemortuoLauri
nobilis,
St. Minver, Cornwall,
U.K., 16 June 1980, P.M. Kirk 623,
IMI
249596,
holotypus.
Colonies effuse, hairy, white to buff. Mycelium
mostly immersed in the substratum, composed of
pale brown, smooth, branched, 2-3
pm
wide,
septate hyphae, penetrating the epidermis and
cuticle to form the conidiophores and a scant
superficial mycelium. Conidiophores setiform,
macronematous,mononematous, arising from radi-
ally lobed basal cells, erect, smooth, straight or
slightly flexuous, solitary, simple or branched,
septate, pale brown, darker at the base, 70-150
( - 400)flmhigh,
4-6
flm wideat the base, taperingto
asetiform apex 1'5-2
pm
wide, conidiogenous cells
arising in verticils immediately below the septa,
with
1-4
such verticils. Sterile setae absent. Conidia-
genous cells discrete, pleurogenous, arranged in
verticils of 1-3, polyblastic, sympodial, ovoid to
ampulliform, 8-10 flm long,
2'5-4
flm
wide. Con-
idia solitary, dry, elongate-turbinate, smooth, very
pale olivaceous-brown, with an indistinct hyaline
band, 20-24'5 flm long, 6-6'5
(-7)
flm wide.
Specimens
examined:
IMI
249596,
holotype;
IMI
249597a; IMI
249598a.
Beltraniella pirozynskii is closely related to
B.
porosa
Pirozynski &Patil (1970).
The
conidio-
phores in the two species are identical with a
central setiform component and lateral elements
arising by proliferation of the conidiogenous cells.
MYC
77

45
8
Microfungi
onLaurus
nobilis
litter
Fig. 1. Beltraniella pirozynskii.
...
~
" "

P.M.
Kirk
459
20/lm
......
A
v:
,"
."
..
..
".:
..:..
'
.
~
~
'
•••
t "
':
::.
'
;
..
':'
.
.:
.'~
"
~
.
. .
. " . "
.::'
..
".:.
.:,
:'-:
'.,
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',:':
"
.':: .
Fig.
2.
(A) Camposporium pellucidum, (B) Chalara affinis. (C) Codinaea simplex.
(D)
Dictyosporium
toruloides. (E) Phragmocephala elliptica. (F) Tricladium castaneicola.
(G)
Zygosporium gibbum.
15-2

Microfungi
on
Laurus nobilis
litter
The
conidia are, however, quite distinct. Whilst
those of B.
porosa
are characterized by four or five
circularhyaline pores arranged transversely around
the
conidium, in B. pirozynskii
the
only evidence
of structural modification is an indistinct hyaline
band.
The
conidia are typically subhyaline or very
pale olivaceous brown, distinctly less pigmented
than
those of B.
porosa.
Also, separating cells,
which are present in B. porosawere
not
observed
in B. pirozynskii although
the
fungus was growing
and
sporulating vigorously.
None
of
the
several described species of Bel-
traniella Subramanian (1952), a genus of
pre-
dominantly tropical to subtropical, typically
foliicolous microfungi, has been recorded from
the
British Isles.
CAMPOSPORIUM CAMBRENSE S. Hughes, Mycol.
Pap. 36: 11 (1951).
Conidia cylindrical, smooth, rounded at
the
ends
but
with
the
apical cell somewhat flattened
and
the
basal cell hemispherical with a slightly
raised
and
protuberant scar, pale brown to brown
with
the
end
cells paler, 60-84
pm
long,
7-9
pm
wide, 10 to 14-septate.
Specimen
examined:
IMI
249597c.
Camposporium
cambrense
is especially common
on decaying cupules of Fagussylvatica
L.
and has
previously been recorded from
Quercus
ilex
L.
leaves (Herb.
IMI,
unpubl.).
Illustrations: M. B. Ellis (1971), Hughes (1951).
CAMPOSPORIUM PELLUCIDUM (Grove) S. Hughes,
Mycol. Pap. 36: 9 (1951). (Fig. 2A)
Conidia cylindrical, smooth, tapered towards
the
ends with
the
apical cell somewhat conical
and
oftenelongated into a long filiform septate append-
age
and
the basal cell conico-truncate, pale-brown
throughout, 70-115
pm
long (excluding append-
age), 8-10
pm
wide, 8 to tz-septate, appendage
up to 100
pm
long,
2-2'5
pm
wide.
Specimen
examined:
IMI
249605
a.
Based on collections in
Herb.
IMI,
this species
has a wider host range
than
Camposporium
cam-
brense,
It
is quite common on Fagussyloatica cap-
sules
and
has been recorded from
Quercus
ilex
leaves
but
there are several collections on dead
herbaceous and other sterns.
Illustrations: M.B. Ellis (1971), Hughes (1951).
CANDELABRUM SPINULOSUM van Beverwijk, Antonie
van Leeuwenhoek, J.
Microbio!.
Sero!. 17: 11
(1951).
Sutton(1975) recorded this species from cupules
of Castanea sativa Mill. and discussed its ecology,
substratum range and distribution. Recent collec-
tions in
herb
IMI
indicate
that
this easily recogniz-
able species occurs on a wide variety of wood, stem
and
leaf types in
both
wet, moist
and
apparently
dry environments.
Illustrations: Arnaud(1952, as Dionysia
coronata
Arnaud); van Beverwijk (1951); Bottomley (1954);
Tubaki
(1971).
Specimen
examined:
IMI
249608a.
CHALARA AFFINIS
Sacco
&Berl.,
Atti
Ist, veneto Sci.
3: 741 (1885). (Fig. 2B)
Phialides lageniform, 32-50
pm
high. Venter
pale brown, ellipsoid, 14-24
pm
long,
5-7
pm
wide. Collarette paler
than
venter, cylindrical,
18-25
pm
long, 2'5
pm
wide. Conidia formed in
easily fragmenting chains, cylindrical, ends slightly
rounded, hyaline, non-septate, 10-14
pm
long,
2pm
wide.
Specimen
examined:
IMI
249603.
Nag
Raj &Kendrick (1975) redescribed and
illustrated this plurivorous species of Chalara.
They
recorded it from Italy,
New
Zealand
and
the
British Isles and of eight collections cited three
(from New Zealand) were on decaying leaves, four
(from the British Isles) were on decaying cupules
and nuts of Fagaceae and Betulaceae
and
the
sub-
strate of
the
remaining collection (the holotype)
was rotten wood. Additional recent collections
would suggest
that
in
the
British Isles C.
affinis
is
predominantly foliicolous.
Circinotrichum
britannicum
P.
M.
Kirk
sp.
nov. (Fig. 3)
Coloniae effusae, pilosae,fuscae ad atrae. Mycelium
plerumque superficiale, ex hyphis pallide brunneis,
laevibus, ramosis et anastomosis, 1'5-2'5 p,m latis,
septatis compositum. Setae subulatae, erectae, rectae,
simplices, crassi-tunicatae,
laeves,
septatae, atrobrun-
neae, 70-150p,m altae, ad basem 3-5 p,m latae, ad
apicem1-1'5 p,mlatae.Conidiophoraemicronematosae,
repentes,hue illucqueramosaeet anastomosae, pallidis-
sime brunneae,
laeves.
Cellulaeconidiogenae polyblas-
ticae, percurrentes visu, discretae, solitares, parvis in
turbis, lageniformes ad subulatae,hyalinaead pallidis-
simebrunneae, 9-20 p,m altae,3-4'5 p,m latae. Conidia
solitaria, acrogenosa, sicca, cylindrica, sine septis,
hyalina, recta, ad apicem rarius corniformia, 12-16p,m
longa, 1·6-2 p,m lata.
In folioemortuo Lauri
nobilis,
St Minver, Cornwall,
U.K., 16 June 1980, P. M. Kirk 626,
IMI
249599,
holotypus.
Colonies
effuse, hairy, blackish brown to black.
Mycelium mostly superficial, composed of pale
brown, smooth, branched and anastomosing,
t-
5-
2'5
pm
wide, septatehyphae. Setae subulate, erect,
straight, simple, thick-walled, smooth, septate,

.:-
r;
..
:
P.M.
Kirk
IO/lffi
Fig. 3. Circinotrichum britannicum,

Microfungi
on
Laurus
nobilis
litter
.
'.
:.:
"
.........
.
,
~
...
.
L.J
.
, ':
':'
..
' . '
'
..
"
;
. .
'
.
.
~
.
:
:
' ;
..
.
:,
:-
:
".
' .'
.
.'
~
. .
c·· · ....
/.
.):
Fig. 4·
Coryne
sporopsis
uniseptata.

P.
M.
Kirk
dark brown, 70-150
pm
high,
3-5
pm
wide at the
base, 1-1'5
pm
wide at the apex.
Conidiophores
micronematous, repent, irregularly branched and
anastomosing, very pale brown, smooth. Conidia-
genous
cells
polyblastic, apparently percurrent,
discrete, solitary, gregarious, lageniform to sub-
ulate, hyaline to very pale brown, 9-20
pm
high,
3-4'5
pm
wide. Conidia solitary, aerogenous, dry,
cylindrical, non-septate, hyaline, straight, rarely
corniform at the apex, 12-16
pm
long, 1·6-2
pm
wide.
Specimen
examined:
IMI
249599,
holotype,
Of the several species of Circinotrichum Nees ex
Pers. described (Hughes &Pirozynski, 1971;
Pirozynski, 1962; Pirozynski &Hodges, 1973;
Pirozynski &Patil, 1970; Sutton, 1980b; Varghese
&Rao, 1978) only two, C. papakurae S. Hughes &
Piroz, (1971)
and
C. rigidum B.
Sutton
&Alcorn
(Sutton, 1980b), are characterized by straight,
sterile setae. Circinotrichum britannicum differs
significantly from both of these.
In
the former
species the setae are less robust and less pigmented
than
those in C. britannicum, the conidiogenous
cells are smaller, and the conidia are corniform at
the apex, whilst in the latter species the setae are
more robust although of similar pigmentation and
the conidia are distinctly falcate.
Circinotrichum and the closely related Gyrothrix
(Corda) Corda (Pirozynski, 1962) are predomin-
antly tropical to subtropical in distribution.
Two
species of Gyrothrix are known to occur, albeit
rarely, in the British Isles. G.
podosperma
(Corda)
Rabenh. has been collected on dead leaves of
Carex riparia Curt.
and
Ph
rag
mitessp, whilst
G. uerticillataPiroz. is known from dead stems of
Urtica
dioica
L.
and dead leaves of Crataegus
monogyna
[acq. Circinotrichum has not yet been
reported from the British Isles.
Acomparison between C. britannicum and G.
oerticillata is most interesting.
The
setae in
G. oerticillata are typically branched, comprising
1 or 2 whorls of 3 or 4 branches arising at right
angles to the vertical axis. Rarely unbranched
setae are found and these possess quite distinct
nodose swellings which appear to be at pointswhere
branches would have arisen.
In
C. britannicum
branched setae have never been observed and
although some slight irregularities in the outline
of the setae could be interpretedas nodose swellings
they are never as distinct as those in G. oerticillata
and
are more likely to be growth abnormalities
caused by environmental factors.
However, further collections may show
that
C. britannicum and G. uerticillata are more variable
than
was originally thought and the two species
may have to be united.
If
such were the case the
reasons for retaining Circinotrichum and Gyrothrix
as distinct genera would need to be reassessed.
Recently,
Kendr
ick (1980) has presented evidence
in favour of uniting the two .genera,
CODINAEA
SIMPLEX S. Hughes &Kendr., N.Z.
] . Bot. 6: 363 (1968). (Fig.
2C)
From
the records in Herb.
IMI,
Codinaea
sim-
plex would seem to be the most common species
of Codinaeain the British Isles.
It
occurs on a wide
variety of decaying leaves, cupules of Fagus syl-
vatica and other Fagaceae and herbaceous stems
but
has not been recorded on rotten wood.
Illustrations:Hughes &Kendrick (1968),
Mat-
sushima (1975).
Specimen
examined:
IMI 249598b.
Corynesporopsis
uniseptata
P. M. Kirk sp,
nov. (Fig. 4)
Coloniae
effusae,
pilosae, fuscaead atrae, Mycelium
partim superficiale, partim in substrate immersum,ex
hyphis pallidebrunneis ad brunneis, laevibus, ramosis,
septatis, 2'5-4'5 pm latis cornpositum.Conidiophorae
rnacronematosae, mononernatosae, simplices, ple-
rumque solitares sed interdum fasciculatae, erectae,
rectae vel leviter curvatae, brunneae, septatae,
laeves,
60-100
pm
altae, 3-4
pm
latae, Cellulae conidiogenae
inconidiophoris incorporatae, terminales,rnonotreticae,
determinataevelraro percurrentes.Conidiaacrogenosa,
sicca, breviter catenata, ellipsoidea, r-septata, ad
septum constricta, brunnea, ad septum saepe plus
pigmentata,12-16
pm
longa,5-7
pm
lata.
In folioemortuoLauri nobilis, St Minver, Cornwall,
U.K., 16 June 1980,P. M. Kirk 633a, IMI 249606a,
holotypus,
Colonies
effuse, hairy, blackish brown to black.
Myceliumpartly superficial, partly immersed in the
substratum, composed of pale brown to brown,
smooth, branched, septate, 2
'5-4
'5
pm
wide
hyphae. Conidiophores macronematous, mono-
nematous, simple, usually solitary
but
sometimes
fasciculate, erect, straightor slightly curved, brown,
septate, smooth, 60-100
pm
high,
3-4
pm
wide.
Conidiogenous
cells
integrated,terminal, monotretic,
determinate or rarely percurrent, Conidia aero-
genous, dry, shortly catenate, ellipsoid, r-septate,
constricted at the septum, brown, often with
darker pigmentationat the septum, 12-16
pm
long,
5-7
pm
wide.
Specim
en examined: 1M! 249606a, holotype,
Kirk
(1981) established
Corynesporop
sis for de-
matiaceous hyphomycetes characterized by shortly
catenate conidia produced from a terminal mono-
tretic conidiogenous cell.
The
present species
differs from the holotype, C. quercicola(Borowska)
P. M. Kirk, in the smaller dimensions of
the
conidiophores and the one-septate conidia.

Microfungi
on Laurus nobilis litter
It
is of interest to note
that
the substratum is
different in the two species.
Corynesporopsis
querci-
cola is at present known only from rotten wood
(Kirk, 1981) whilst the present species is on de-
caying leaves. However, this is not thought to be
significant since several of the fungi described in
this paper were previously regarded as distinctly
lignicolous, corticolous or caulicolous.
CYLINDROTRICHUM
CLAVATUM
W. Gams, Stud.
Mycol. 13: 54 (1976). (Fig. 5A)
Colonies effuse, hairy, black. Mycelium partly
superficial, partly immersed in the substratum.
Conidiophores rnacronematous, mononematous,
erect, straight or slightly flexuous, simple, smooth,
septate, brown to dark brown, paler towards the
apex, 55-110
#m
high, 3'5-4'5
#m
wide. Conidia-
genous cells monophialidic, terminal, determinate.
Conidia accumulating in white heads, cylindrical,
usually narrower at the protuberant truncate base,
hyaline, smooth, 9'5-12
#m
long, 3'5-4'5
#m
wide.
Specimens
examined:
IMI
249605b,
IMI
249609b.
Gams
apud
Gams &Holubova-jechova (1976)
described this species from rotten wood of Ulmus
glabra Huds. collected in Sweden.
Two
other
specimens were cited, one from Czechoslovakia
and one from Sutton, Warwickshire.
The
second
rather scant collection from the herbarium
ofW.
B.
Grove (in herb. K) has been examined and is here
referred to C. ellisii Morgan-Jones (1977, syn.
C. triseptata M. B. Ellis, 1976 non C. triseptata
Matsushima, 1975).
The
conidia are somewhat
irregular and appear to be becoming three septate.
The
present collections therefore constitute the
first record of C. clavatum from the British Isles.
DICTYOSPORlUM
TORULOlDES
(Corda) Gueguen,
Bull. Soc. Mycol. Fr. 21: 101 (1905). (Fig.
2D)
Colonies effuse, dark brown, granular. Conidia
cheiroid, with
3-6
columns of cells, apices some-
times with a hyaline swelling, 22-40 pm long,
16-30 pm wide.
Specimen
examined:
IMI
249604a.
This
distinctive hyphomycete is commonly
found on rotten wood and less often on herbaceous
stems and cupules of Fagus syloatica,
This
appears
to be the first record of its occurrence on decaying
leaves.
The
origin and function of the distinct swellings
at the apices of the conidia are obscure. Similar
structures have been observed in other genera of
Hyphomycetes, e.g, Sporidesmium hormiscioides
Corda (see M. B. Ellis, 1976: 95).
Illustrations: M. B. Ellis (1971).
PHRAGMOCEPHALA
ELLIPTICA
(Berk. &Br.) S.
Hughes,
N.Z.J.
Bot. 17: 164 (1979). (Fig. 2E)
This
species is by far the most frequently col-
lected Phragmocephala in the British Isles.
It
occurs on a wide variety of herbaceous
and
other
dead stems such as Epilobium, Filipendula, Rubus
and Urtica
and
has also been recorded on rotten
wood of Fagus, Populus and Salix (M. B. Ellis,
1971). It has recently been found to be common
on decaying cupules of Fagus sylvatica (Herb.
IMI,
unpubl.)
but
this appears to be the first record of
its occurrence on decaying leaves.
Illustrations: M. B. Ellis (1971), Mason &
Hughes (1951).
Specimen
examined:
IMI
249606b.
POLYSCYTALUM
GRAClLISPORUM
(Matsushima)
B. Sutton &Hodges, Nova Hedso, 28: 488
(1976). (Fig. 5B)
Sympodiella gracilispora Matsushima, Icon. micro-
fungo
Matsushima lect.: 151(1975).
Colonies effuse, hairy, pale buffto buff. Mycelium
partly superficial, partly immersed in the sub-
stratum. Conidiophores macronematous, mono-
nematous, solitary, erect, simple, straight, smooth,
pale brown, paler towards the apex, °or r-septate,
28-36
pm
high, 2'5-3'5
pm
wide, usually slightly
swollen at the base. Conidiogenous cellspolyblastic,
determinate, either terminal and integrated or
discrete and arranged in one or two umbells at the
apices of the conidiophore or primary conidio-
genous cells, with
1-4
short, broad, flat, un-
thickened dentic1es. Conidia forming readily frag-
menting aerogenous chains, cylindrical with
rounded ends, 1-septate, hyaline to very pale
olivaceous brown, smooth, 15-20
pm
long, 2 pm
wide.
Specimens
examined:
IMI
249607,
IMI
249609c.
Matsushima (1975) described Sympodiella gra-
cilispora from Podocarpus macrophylla D. Don
leaves collected in Japan. Sutton &Hodges (1976)
transferred the name of the species to Polyscytalum
when describing the similar species P. truncatum
B. Sutton &Hodges. Polyscytalum gracilisporum is
distinguished from the latter species by its con-
sistently longer conidia. Sutton &Hodges also
noted a difference in the colour of the colonies.
However, these differences are not considered
significant since colour is dependent on sporulation
and finally desiccation.
The
presentcollections constitute the first record
of P. gracilisporum from the British Isles.
Illustrations: Matsushima (1975).

P. M. Kirk
IO/Jrn
~qy
8A
..
.
....
.'" ,
.......
..
.',: ':.
:,':.
','
..
...
...
:.
:
....
<::':
,:
::
.::.
...
.
.
..
..;
.......
..:.
...
..;
....
Fig. 5. (A) Cylindrotrichum clavatum. (B) Polyscytalum gracilisporum,

Mierofungi
on
Laurus nobilis
litter
Fig. 6. Subulispora minima.
Subulispora
minima
P. M. Kirk sp .nov, (F ig. 6)
Coloniae effusae, hyalinae, saepe inconspicuosae.
Mycelium plerumque superficiale, ex hyphis hyalinis,
ramosis, septatis, laevibus,
1-1'5
/l-m
latis compositum.
Conidiophorae micronernatosae vel semi-rnacronema-
tosae, mononematosae, solitares, erectae, rectae vel
leviter flexuosae, saepe geniculatae, ex superficiali
mycelio terminales et intercalares orientes, laeves,
hyalinae, saepe aseptatae,
4-151tm
altae, 1
'5-2/l-m
latae. Cellulaeconidiogenaemonoblasticae, in conidio-
phoris incorporatae, sympodialiter ad raro percur-
rentes, denticulatae, brevibus et latis cum denticulis.
Conidia solitaria, sicca, cylindrica, ad apicem rorun-
data, ad basem truncata, 1(-3) septata, hyalina, laevia,
16-25'5
/l-m
longa, 1'4-1'8
/l-m
lata.
In folio emortuo Lauri nobilis,St Minver, Cornwall,
U.K., 16 June 1980, P. M. Kirk 636a, IM1249609a,
holotypus.
Colonies effuse, hyaline, often inconspicuous.
Mycelium mostly superficial, composed of hyaline,
branched, septate, smooth, 1-1 '5 pm wide hyphae.
Conidiophores micronematous or semi-macro-
nematous, mononernatous, solitary, erect, straight
or slightly flexuous, often geniculate, arising
terminally
and
intercalary from
the
superficial
mycelium, smooth, hyaline, usually aseptate,
4-15
pm
high,
1'5-
2
pm
wide. Conidiogenous cells
monoblastic, integrated, sympodial or rarely
per-
current, denticulate,denticles short and broad.
Conidia solitary, dry, cylindrical,
rounded
at the
apex, truncate at
the
base, 1(-3) septate, hyaline,
smooth, 16-25'5 pm long, 1'4-1,8 pm wide.
Specimens examined:
IMI
2496093, holotype;
IMI
249610a.
It
is with some hesitation
that
this species is
referred to Subulispora
Tubaki
(Tubaki
&Yoko-
yama, 1971).
Of
the four known species, one,
S. hareae B.
Sutton
(1978a) , was recently trans-
ferred to another genus (Kirk, 1980).
The
remain-
ing three -S. procuroata
Tubaki
(1971)
the
holo-
type, S. rectilineata
Tubaki
(1971),
and
S. bri-
tannica B.
Sutton
(1973) - are characterized by
macronematous conidiophores bearing subulate
conidia
and
in this respect are clearly unlike
S. minima. However,
the
mode of conidiogenesis,
monoblastic sympodial,
and
the
solitary conidia of
S. minima are as observed in the
other
species of
Subulispora.
The
significance of the rarely found
percurrently proliferating conidiogenous cells is
at present obscure.
TRICLADIUM CASTANEICOLA B.
Sutton
,Trans. Br.
Mycol, Soc. 64 : 422 (1975). (Fig.2F).
Sutton
(1975) described this species from de-
caying cupules of Castanea sativa. Subsequently it
has been found on cupules of Fagus
syl
uatica,

P.
M.
Kirk
Quercus robur
L.
and
leaves of Quercus ilex (Herb.
IMI,
unpublished data).
Further
collecting in
suitable habitats will undoubtedly yield additional
substratum records for this apparently plurivorous
aero-aquatic hyphomycete,
Illustrations:
Sutton
(1975).
Specimen examined:
IMl
249598.
WIESNERIOMYCES
JAVANICUS
Koorders,
Bot.
Unter-
such. 19°7: 246 (1907). (Fig. 7)
Colonies effuse, composed of scattered sporo-
dochia. Mycelium immersed.Sporodochia pulvin-
ate, with a brown hemispherical stromatic base
bearing
the
conidiophores and a circle of peripheral
setae. Setae typically curvedinwards, brownto dark
brown, smooth, simple, septate, subulate. Conidia-
phores macronematous, hyaline, smooth, apically
branched. Conidiogenous cells polyblastic, discrete,
determinate, denticulate. Conidia aggregated into
a slimy, initially white
but
finally golden yellow
mass, individually hyaline, smooth, non-septate,
formed in acropetal chains of 4-5 and remaining
attached by narrow connectives, seceding only with
difficulty, overall length up to 45 /lm, maximum
width 2'5 /lm.
Specimens examined:
IMl
249597b,
IMl
249598d,
IMl
249601,
IMl
249608b, 1M! 249617d.
Koorders (1907) described this distinct sporo-
dochial hyphomycete from decaying leaves of Ficus
elastica Roxb. collected in Java. Maniotis &Strain
isolated it from garden soil from Central America.
M. B. Ellis (1971) reported
that
the fungus was
probably widely distributed in the tropics
but
that
some collections seen
had
smaller conidia and may
have represented distinct taxa. However, these
differences do
not
appear to be significant since a
complete range of conidium sizes are observable
when sufficient collections are examined.
In
the present collection the fungus is extremely
prolific on
both
the leaf blade
and
midrib, and,
especially, the petiole.
Sutton
(1978b) recorded
W.
javanicus from Eire on leaves of Rhododendron
sp., the present collection therefore constitutes
only the second published record from the British
Isles. Collections in herb.
IMI
are from
North
America (U.S.A.: Florida), SouthAmerica(Brazil),
West Indies (Puerto Rico), Africa (Ghana,
Tan-
zania), Asia (India, Pak istan, Sri Lanka), East
Indies (Java, Malaysia,
Papu
a New Guinea),
Melanesia (Western Samoa), Australasia (Austra-
lia, New Zealand), Polynesia (Hawaii)
and
Europe
(Eire).
Illustrations: M. B. Ellis (1971), Kendrick &
Carmichael (1973), Maniotis &Strain (1968),
Matsushima (1975).
467
ZYGOSPORIUM
GIBBUM
(Sacc., Rousseau &E.
Bommer) S. Hughes, Can. J.
Bot
.36: 825
(1958). (F ig. 2G)
Zygosporium parasiticum (Grove)Bunting&Mason
apud
Mason, Mycol.
Pap
.5: 137 (1941).
Sutton
&Pirozynski (1963) recorded Z. gibbum
(as Z . parasiticum) and
Z.
e
chinosporum
Bunting &
Mason (Mason, 1941) from Dorset and discussed
all previous collections of Zygosporium spp. from
the
British Isles.
Their
record of Z. e
chinosp
orum
(IMI
89646b) was erroneous since
the
determina-
tion was subsequently changed to Z. parasiticum
and later to Z. gibbum (herb.
IMI,
unpubl.). I have
examined this collection and can confirm
that
the
only species of Zygosporium present is Z. gibbum.
The
present collection is identical to
IMI
89646b
and
the
many tropical collections of this species in
herb.
IMI.
Zygosporium gibbum appears to be the
commonest species occurringin temperate regions,
and
is now known from seven collections, on
Laurusnobilis leaves, Passifiora sp. leaves, Pteridium
aquilinum (L.)
Kuhn
stems, Rhododendron ponti-
cum
L.
leaves
and
needles
of
Sequoia semperuirens
(Larnb.) Endl. from
the
British Isles.
Of
the
other species of Zygosporium which are
known to occur in
the
British Isles, Z. minus
S. Hughes is known from a single collection of
Phormium tenax J. R. & G.
Forst
(from Cornwall)
whilst Z. oscheoides
Mont.,
unknown on the main-
land is represented in herb.
IMI
by a single collec-
tion on Ilex aquifolium
L.
leaves from Eire and two
collections on Phormium tenax from Guernsey
(Channel Isles).
Illustrations:
M.
B. Ellis (1976); Hughes (1951);
Mason (1941)
Specimen examined:
IMl
2496003.
COELOMYCETES
COLEOPHOMA
EMPETRI
(Rostr.) Petrak,
Ann.
Mycol.
27:
331 (1929).
Sutton
(1980a) recorded this species on
Em-
petrum, Ficus, Eucalyptus, Rhododendron, Fraxinus,
Betula,
Lonicera and Taxus from
the
British Isles,
Germany and India.
The
closely related C.
cylindrospora (Desm.) Hohnel was recorded on
Laurus
but
upon
examination
the
substratum
proved to be Prunus laurocerasus
L.
Specimen examined: 1M! 249610b.
CYTOSPORA
LAURI
Grove, J. Boi., Lond. 60: 45
(1922)
Conidiomata immersed,gregarious.Ostiole circu-
lar to broadly ellipsoid, prominent, surrounded by
a white ring. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic,

A
B
Microfungi
onLaurus nobilis litter
Fig. 7.
Wiesneriomyces
[aoanicus, (A) Conidioma, x 250. (B) Conidia, x 1500.

P. M. Kirk
terminal, subulate. Conidia allantoid,aseptate, hya-
line, smooth, eguttulate,
3-4'S
.urnlong, 1.um wide.
Specimen
examined:
IMI
249616.
This
species is easily recognized on the host by
the
prominent circular to broadly ellipsoid ostiole
surrounded
by an often distinct white ring
and
microscopically by
the
small allantoid conidia.
Grove
(1922) recorded it from
West
Kilbride,
Scotland, on dead twigs
and
suggested
that
it was
possibly the anamorph of a species of Valsa
Fr.
SEIMATOSPORlUM
LICHENICOLA
(Corda) Shoemaker
&E. Muller, Can. J. Bot. 42: 40S (1964).
Teleomorph:
Clathridium corticola (Fuckel) Shoe-
maker &E. Muller, Can. J. Bot. 42: 404
(1964)·
Sutton
(1980a) lists 17 synonyms for this pluri-
vorous species represented by
more
than
So collec-
tions in herb.
IMI,
including acollection on
L.
nobilis leaves from Bristol.
Other
hosts for
Britishmaterial are Cornus sanguinea L., Crataegus
oxyacantha L., Rosa canina L., Rubus fruticosus L.,
Salix
capraea L.,
and
Sorbus aucuparia L.
but
all
are woody substrata.
Specimen
examined:
IMI
249617
b.
ASCOMYCETES
DIAPORTHE
NOBILIS
Sacco &Speg., Michelia
1:
386 (1978). (Fig. 8A)
Anamorph:
Phomopsis laurella (Sacc.)
Trav.,
Fl.
Ital. Crypt. 2 (1): 276 (1906).
Ascomata immersed in
the
leaf
midrib,
sur-
rounded
by a distinct black margin, host epidermis
blackenedabove
the
perithecia,solitary,gregarious,
flattened, ostiole lateral. Paraphyses absent. Asci
elongate-clavate, becoming detached from the
ascogenous cells,
42-S6.um
long,
7-9
ftm wide,
with
anon-amyloid apical
ring
appearing as two
refractive bodies. Ascospores overlapping disti-
chous, ellipsoid, r-septate, cells equal, slightly
constrictedat the septa, hyaline, smooth, 11-14 ftm
long,
2-3'S.um
wide. Conidiomata pycnidial,
immersed in
the
leaf mesophyll, solitary, gre-
garious, erumpent. Conidiogenous cells monophia-
lidic, discrete, subulate to lageniform,
8-12.um
high,
2-2·S.um
wide at the base, 1.urn wide at
the
apex. Conidia aerogenous, a-conidia ellipsoid to
(rarely) obovoid, typically biguttulate, smooth,
hyaline,
7'S-10.um
long,
2'S-3
ftm wide, j1-conidia
not
observed.
Specimens
examined:
IMI
249614b (teleomorph),
IMI
249615
(anamorph).
Grove (1922) reported the anamorph on dead
branches collected in
Dublin
and West Kilbride
(Scotland) and also leaves collected at Kew.
Later
(Grove, 1933) the teleomorph
(and
the
anamorph)
was reported on material (a
dead
branch) collected
at Polperro, Cornwall.
In
the
present collections
the
anamorph is
quite
common on recently fallen leaves whilst
the
teleo-
morph
was only found on one
rather
older leaf.
MICROTHYRlUM
LAURI
Dennis &Spooner,
Kew
Bull. 32: 131 (1977). (Fig.
8B)
Ascomata thyriothecioid, mainly epiphyllous,
circular, up to
200.um
diam, Scutellum composed
of radiating rows of pale
brown
quadrilateral cells,
deeply pigmented
around
the
ostiole, elongated
and
divided at the
margin
to form adistinct,
brown fringe. Ascibitunicate, obclavate, thickened
at
the
apex, 8-spored,
38-43.um
long,
7-9.um
wide.
Ascospores
narrowly obovoid, straight or
slightly curved, i-septate, hyaline, smooth,
9'S-
12.um
long,
3-3'S
(-4) .urn wide,
the
upper
cell
longer
and
broader
than
the
lower cell, biguttulate
and
bearing medianly two tufts of
4-6
ciliate
appendages connected by a
short
dark thread,
lower cell rarely biguttulate.
Specimen
examined:
IMI
249612.
Dennis &Spooner
apud
Dennis, Reid &
Spooner (1977) illustrated
the
ascospores as pos-
sessing two apical or subapical appendages.
How-
ever,
upon
examining
the
holotype (on Laurus
azoricae (Saub.) Franco,
Mata
de
Junta
Geral,
Tereceira, Azores) the appendages were found to
be exactly as described above.
J. P. Ellis (1976) provided a key to
the
British
species of Microthyrium.
Those
species with
the
cells
around
the ostiole unthickened
and
with
appendages attached as described above are dis-
tinguished according to
host
substratum. Micro-
thyrium lauri appears to be most closely related to
M.
ciliatum
Gremmen
&de
Kam
(1969) var.
ciliatum differing from it in
the
dark pigmentation
of
the
cells
round
the ostiole, longer asci
and
shorter ascospores.
The
present collection constitutes
the
first
record of
M.
lauri from the British Isles.
MORENOINA
RHODODENDRI
J. P. Ellis, Trans.
Br.
Mycol. Soc. 74: 30S (1980).
Anamorph:
Sirothyriella
Hohnel
pertinens.
Ascomata thyriothecioid, simple, elongate,
branching
not
observed,60-2S0.umlong,
s0-80.um
wide. Scutellum opaque at
the
centre, brown at the
non-fimbriate margin. Asci bitunicate, obovoid,
1S-19 Jim long,
9-11.um
wide. Ascospores ovoid
to broadly ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline,
t-septate,
7·S-10.um
long,
2'S-3'S.um
wide, Conidiomata
pycnothyrioid, circular, pale brown,
s0-95.um

47°
Microfungi
on
Laurus
nobilis
litter
A
8
Fig. 8. (A) Diaporthe nobilis, anamorph and teleomorph. (B) Microthyrium lauri.

P. M.Kirk
A
B
IOllm
47
1
Fig. 9. (A) Nectriella
consolationis,
(B)
Saccothecium
sepincola.

47
2
Microfungi
on Laurus nobilis litter
diam. Conidia hyaline, smooth, cylindrical, 2
'5-
5
pm
long, 0'5-1
pm
wide.
Specimen examined:
IMI
249614b.
The
present collection agrees well with the
description given by J.P. Ellis (1980).
It
was de-
scribed from dead twigs of Rhododendron ponticum
and Vaccinium myrtilis L. collected in Devon,
Dorset and the Isle of Mull. Based on the collec-
tions available the different host family of the
present collection is not considered sufficient to
warrant establishing a new species.
Illustrations: J. P. Ellis (1980).
NECTRIELLA
CONSOLATIONIS
(Sacc.) E. Muller apud
Muller &Von Arx, Beit. Kryptfi.
Schweiz
11:
624 (1962). (Fig. 9A)
Charonectria consolationis Sacc., Michelia
2:
72
(1880).
Ascomata
perithecioid, immersed, erumpent,
solitary, pale orange. Ostiole protuberant, some-
what ellipsoid. Paraphyses not observed.
Asci
cylindrical to ellipsoid, not stalked, unitunicate,
lacking any observable apical apparatus, 8-spored,
75-85 p,m long, 14-16'5 pm wide.
Ascospores
ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline, r-septate, constricted
at the septum, guttulate, 20-26
Ilm
long, 7-8 p,m
wide.
Specimen examined:
IMI
249613a.
Saccardo (1880) introduced Charonectria
Sacco
for nectriaceous ascomycetes with immersed asco-
rnata and r-septate ascospores. He described C.
consolationis Sacc., from dead leaves of L. nobilis,
and added C. rousseliana (Mont.) Sacc., which
occurs on leaves of
Buxus
semperoirens L. Seaver
(1909) considered Charonectria to be a synonym of
Nectriella Nitschke (in Fuckel, 1870). Charo-
nectria consolationis was transferred to Nectriella
by Muller (in Muller &Von Arx, 1962).
The
ascospores in the present collection differ
slightly in size from the two previously published
descriptions. Saccardo (1880) reported the.asco-
spores as 30 x 8
pm,
Muller &Von Arx (1962)
gave them as 28-35 x
7-8
Ilm
whilst in the present
collection they arc 20-26 x 7-8
Ilm.
These differ-
ences are not considered to be significant.
This
collection constitutes the first record of
N.
consolationis from the British Isles.
SACCOTHEClUM
SEPINCOLA
(Fr.)
Fr.,
Summa
Veg.
Scand. Sect. Post . : 398 (1894). (Fig. 9B)
Ascomata perithecioid, associated with effete
conidiomata of Seimatosporium lichenieola, im-
mersed, solitary. Paraphyses not observed.
Asci
bitunicate, clavate, wall extensively thickened
above, base typically swollen, borne in a fascicle
upon ahemispherical basal aggregation of cells,
usually 8-spored
but
rarely 4-spored asci are
formed, 50-70 p,mlong, 15-20
pm
wide. Ascospores
narrowly ellipsoid to clavate-ellipsoid, asymmetric,
smooth, hyaline, straight or slightly curved, (2-)
5-7
(-11)
septate, with 1-4 longitudinal or oblique
septa, central septum constricted, (13-) 18'5-24
(-33)
pm
long,
5-7
pm
wide.
Specimen examined:
IMI
249617a.
Collections in herb.
IMI
are on twigs of Rosa
canina and
Rubus
fruticosus. It does
not
appear to
have previously been recorded from leaf material.
STEGOPEZIZA
LAURI
(Caldesi) Hohnel, S.B. Akad,
Wiss.
Wien,
Abt. 1 126: 308 (1917).
Sutton &Pirozynski (1963) described and illu-
strated this species from a collection made in
Dorset.
This
was the first British record and has
remained the only collection in herb. 1M1 to date.
Illustrations: Dennis (1978); Sutton &Piro-
zynski (1963).
Sp
ecimens examined:
IMl
249604b,
IMI
249611.
The
author is indebted to
Dr
B. C. Sutton for
helpful discussion,
Dr
D. W.
Minter
for correcting
the
Latin
diagnoses and the Director, Royal
Botanic Garden, Kew for access to collections in
his keeping.
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