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Underwater archaeological knowledge analysis and representation in the VENUS project
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One of the VENUS' objectives aims to provide underwater archaeologists with software for signal, data and information processing and management. In last decades, such tools have only focused on the geometric aspects; however, in order to integrate the archaeologist's knowledge and designing tools managing both data and knowledge, an appropriate formal representation is required. Our goal is to in-vestigate how artificial intelligence methods and tools could be used to represent archaeological information and to formalize reasoning processes used within this context. The paper presents a preliminary underwater archaeological knowledge analysis performed after the first mission of the project on the wreck site of Pianosa in october 2006. It proposes a preliminary representation of underwater archaeological observations and related knowledge by means of an ontology, based on the CIDOC-CRM model.
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... In addition to all the traditional methods of detecting archeological and excavation sites, some based on artificial intelligence have recently been developed relating to archeological sites not only terrestrial, but also marine. The following will analyze the artificial intelligence techniques used in the search for archaeological sites in Brandenburg [69], the "princely" tombs in the Eurasian steppe [70], the urban area of the ancient city of Falerii Novi [71], the monumental site of Kuelap in Peru [72], and the exploration of marine archaeological sites [73,74]. ...
... VENUS [73,74] is a project funded by the European Community, aimed at the virtual exploration of marine archeological sites, such as shipwrecks. It started on July 1st 2006, lasted 36 months, and, at its end, all the details and results of the project were collected at the web address. ...
This paper analyses the application of artificial intelligence techniques to various areas of archaeology and more specifically: (1) the use of software tools as a creative stimulus for the organization of exhibitions; the use of humanoid robots and holographic displays as guides that interact and involve museum visitors; (2) the analysis of methods for the classification of fragments found in archaeological excavations and for the reconstruction of ceramics, with the recomposition of the parts of text missing from historical documents and epigraphs; (3) the cataloging and study of human remains to understand the social and historical context of belonging with the demonstration of the effectiveness of the AI techniques used; (4) the detection of particularly difficult terrestrial archaeological sites with the analysis of the architectures of the Artificial Neural Networks most suitable for solving the problems presented by the site; the design of a study for the exploration of marine archaeological sites, located at depths that cannot be reached by man, through the construction of a freely explorable 3D version.
... In addition to all the traditional methods of detecting archeological and excavation sites, some based on artificial intelligence have recently been developed relating to archeological sites not only terrestrial, but also marine. The following will analyze the artificial intelligence techniques used in the search for archaeological sites in Brandenburg [73], the "princely" tombs in the Eurasian steppe [74] and the exploration of marine archaeological sites [75], [76]. ...
... VENUS [75], [76] is a project funded by the European Community, aimed at the virtual exploration of marine archeological sites, such as shipwrecks. It started on July 1st 2006, lasted 36 months and, at its end, all the details and results of the project were collected at the following web address: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/034924. ...
This paper analyses the application of artificial intelligence techniques to various areas of archaeology and more specifically: a) The use of software tools as a creative stimulus for the organization of exhibitions; the use of humanoid robots and holographic displays as guides that interact and involve museum visitors; b) The analysis of methods for the classification of fragments found in archaeological excavations and for the reconstruction of ceramics, with the recomposition of the parts of text missing from historical documents and epigraphs; c) The cataloguing and study of human remains to understand the social and historical context of belonging with the demonstration of the effectiveness of the AI techniques used; d) The detection of particularly difficult terrestrial archaeological sites with the analysis of the architectures of the Artificial Neural Networks most suitable for solving the problems presented by the site; the design of a study for the exploration of marine archaeological sites, located at depths that cannot be reached by man, through the construction of a freely explorable 3D version.
... Dans le domaine du patrimoine culturel, l'ontologie CIDOC-CRM 4 est une référence qui est devenue un standard. Cette ontologie est largement utilisée dans différents travaux, comme le projet VENUS (Jeansoulin, Papini, 2007) qui propose une représentation d'observations sous-marines à l'aide des concepts et des relations de cette ontologie. Cependant les ontologies n'offrent pas d'opérateurs directement adaptés à la représentation des connaissances imparfaites, seules des plateformes plus complexes mixant plusieurs paradigmes pour la modélisation des connaissances permettent de représenter et d'exploiter cette variété d'information. ...
La prise en compte de donnees imparfaites est un enjeu essentiel pour les systemes d'information archeologiques, notamment parce que la constitution d'un corpus est un travail intrinsequement collaboratif et interdisciplinaire. L'imperfection des donnees collectees est en partie liee a la fiabilite des sources qui contribuent a les enrichir. Notre contribution porte sur l'utilisation de plusieurs logiques modales pour modeliser et tester les effets de la prise en compte de donnees incertaines, mais aussi pour faciliter la verification de la qualite du corpus dans une plateforme ouverte et extensible permettant de gerer les donnees archeologiques. Pour la partie applicative, le raisonneur utilise, base sur la logique du premier ordre, fournit aux archeologues les moyens de valider ou non leurs hypotheses. Plusieurs raisonnements avec differentes modalites sont proposes autour d'un exemple simple qui rassemble les types d'incertitudes habituellement rencontres.
... Resolution of such maps can be increased by means of the sonar data collected, at close distance, by the ROV and optical images can be represented on them. In addition, tags containing notes or links to data bases of archaeological interest can be added in order to augment the content of information [11]. 3D augmented maps can be imported into virtual reality environments, which reproduce the submarine world, and be navigated in order to simulate a tour of the site. ...
The use of remotely operated vehicles and of automatic data gathering and processing techniques can provide new tools and methods for the investigation of underwater archaeological sites. This paper describes part of the work done in this direction in the framework of the European research project VENUS, focusing on the development of efficient procedures for using Remotely Operated Vehicles in exploring and mapping underwater archaeological sites. © 2010 The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics.
This article describes on-going developments of the VENUS European Project (Virtual ExploratioN of Underwater Sites, http://www.venus-project.eu) concerning the first mission to sea in Pianosa Island, Italy in October 2006. The VENUS project aims at providing scientific methodologies and technological tools for the virtual exploration of deep underwater archaeological sites. The VENUS project will improve the accessibility of underwater sites by generating thorough and exhaustive 3D records for virtual exploration. In this paper we focus on the underwater photogrammetric approach used to survey the archaeological site of Pianosa. After a brief presentation of the archaeological context we shall see the calibration process in such a context. The next part of this paper is dedicated to the survey: it is divided into two parts: a DTM of the site (combining acoustic bathymetry and photogrammetry) and a specific artefact plotting dedicated to the amphorae present on the site.
This article describes on-going developments of the VENUS European Project (Virtual ExploratioN of Underwater Sites, http://www.venus-project.eu) concerning the first mission to sea in Pianosa Island, Italy in October 2006. The VENUS project aims at providing scientific methodologies and technological tools for the virtual exploration of deep underwater archaeological sites. The VENUS project will improve the accessibility of underwater sites by generating thorough and exhaustive 3D records for virtual exploration. In this paper we focus on the underwater photogrammetric approach used to survey the archaeological site of Pianosa. After a brief presentation of the archaeological context we shall see the calibration process in such a context. The next part of this paper is dedicated to the survey: it is divided into two parts: a DTM of the site (combining acoustic bathymetry and photogrammetry) and a specific artefact plotting dedicated to the amphorae present on the site.
This article describes on-going developments of the VENUS European Project (Virtual ExploratioN of Underwater Sites). The project main goal is to provide underwater archaeologists with a suite of automatic tools to produce georeferenced cartographic data including archaeologically relevant information. Automatic processing goes from the early data acquisition phase to the building of 3D models of the site and of the objects lying at the site to the final virtual reality rendering. The paper focuses on the first part of the process, and it describes the applied methodological approach and the obtained results from the Pianosa 2006 mission. In particular, the data acquisition system comprises a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) collecting optical data for photogrammetric processing and georeferenced through an acoustical positioning system. The data are saved in a specific format that makes available the optical image together with the ROV navigation data. The optical data have been processed through standard photogrammetric techniques to obtain a 3D Digital Terrain Model (DTM). Archaeological artefacts at the site have been identified on the DTM, and archaeological-based information has been incorporated in order to produce 3D virtual models of the objects to be modelled and inserted in the final representation. Metadata information, including the processing flow to obtain the virtual model of the artefacts are stored in a purposely developed data-base system. In this way the archaeologists have at their disposal a suite of cartographic information related to the site, which can be visualized one at the time or superimposed one to the other for analysis or evaluation purposes. Evaluation of the results must take into account two different aspects: the first is the accuracy in the 3D model reconstruction and in the geographical positioning, measured through standard metric; the second is the evaluation of the archaeologists regarding the use of the final cartographic instrument. The experimentation at Pianosa, where the seabed was mostly flat, shows bias of the order of 10 cm in elevation and of order of … in x-y coordinates. The final cartographic information has been produced under archaeological guidance to obtain drawings similar to those whom the archaeologists are familiar with, with the added value of being quantitatively accurate.
The interdisciplinary work we present here is aimed principally at administering diverse types of information collected during an archaeological excavation using a single data management system. The approach is global, from the consultation of three-dimensional data to simple textual data to the addition of data captured by a digital photogrammetry system called l'Arpenteur [Surveyor], which is fully integrated to the data management system.We are using an object formalisation of the manipulated archaeological data using JAVA 1.3, the language chosen for all developments, from the digital photogrammetry tool to the three-dimensional model generator (VRML or JAVA 3D) used as a navigation interface in the database.Following a brief introduction to the archaeological context, and the special aspects of the excavation due to the great depth of the shipwreck, we will then present the existing system and explain the problems encountered. Not all of them have yet been resolved, such as the translation of objects to and from the relational DBMS, the revision of data coming from different sources, and the automatic generation of three-dimensional models as a navigation interface.
Contrary to commonly held perceptions, the study of underwater cultural heritage in Australia is not restricted to historic shipwreck sites. Across the breadth of the country, there is a rich heritage of submerged archaeological sites that represent a range of human interaction with the sea, inland rivers and lakes. These sites vary in age from recent history to those of great antiquity. They are sites of significance to a number of cultural and other community groups including Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander, European and other migrant communities. Much of the archaeological work on these sites to date has been restricted to those submerged sites that are periodically exposed, either through tides, drought or through the management of artificial water storage facilities. There has been less work on permanently submerged sites. However, archaeologists working at Lake Jasper, on aircraft sites in the Northern Territory and Western Australia and excavations of the seabed associated with wharves and jetties around the country have clearly demonstrated the potential for a wealth of information to be gleaned through the archaeological investigation of these sites.
Work to date has been carried out by archaeologists with a variety of specialisations and experience - including Aboriginal, historic and underwater settings. These studies illustrate the need to combine a variety of skills and perspectives in order to gain the best outcomes for future site management, academic research and public information. This opens up new challenges and possibilities for archaeological endeavour and hopefully will lead to new insights and an increasing body of published material that will assist in improving cultural heritage management practices as well as public awareness, enthusiasm and support for their protection.
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