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Taxonomy of Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta): The state of affairs
Abstract and Figures
The Serpulidae are a large group of sedentary polychaetes inhabiting calcareous tubes. The relationships within the group are poorly understood and taxonomy of the group is very confused which is a major obstacle to accessing their phylogeny. This review provides up-to-date information on the current state of taxonomy of Serpulidae sensu lato (not including Spirorbinae). The morphology of the group is reviewed with special reference to the features that can provide characters for future phylogenetic analyses. Scanning electron micrographs illustrate the structure of the chaetae and uncini. The list of 46âin our opinion validâgenera is accompanied by detailed generic diagnoses, species composition and distribution (checklist), and remarks on major taxonomic literature. A taxonomic key to the genera and a list of invalid genera with synonymy is also provided.
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... Calcareous tubes are developed in all known serpulid genera (Vinn et al. 2008b, c;Vinn 2019Vinn , 2020, in a single genus of sabellids (Glomerula; Vinn et al. 2008a;Vinn & Wilson 2010;Vinn & Hosgör 2023;Slowiński et al. 2023) and in some cirratulid species of the genus Dodecaceria (Kočí et al. 2021). Calcareous tubeworms first appeared in the Permian (Sanfilippo et al. 2017(Sanfilippo et al. , 2018, and they greatly diversified from the Jurassic (Goldfuss 1831;Ippolitov 2007aIppolitov , b, 2010Vinn & Wilson 2010;Jäger & Lang 2017;Kočí et al. 2019;Ippolitov & Martill 2020;Kočí & Fözy 2022;Slovinski et al. 2022) and onwards to recent (ten Hove & Kupriyanova 2009;Kupriyanova et al. 2020Kupriyanova et al. , 2023aRouse et al. 2022 and many references herein). The research on tube-bearing polychaetes from the Jurassic of Europe is limited, if compared to the far more extensive research of Cretaceous tube-dwelling polychaetes (Jäger 1983;Sklenář et al. 2013;Ippolitov et al. 2014;Kočí et al. 2017;Kočová et al. 2021 and many references herein). ...
Serpulid remains are very rare in the Lower Jurassic Hasle Formation of Bornholm, Denmark. A historical specimen mentioned, but not figured by Malling & Grön wall (1909) was reexamined and attributed to Pentaditrupa quinquesculcata and here f igured for the first time. New finds of additional well-preserved serpulid tubes are described as Serpula? alicecooperi sp. nov, which show adaptations for a lifestyle on fine-grained sediment in a nearshore environment.
... The shape and sculpture of the serpulid tubes are quite diverse: e.g. tusk-shaped in Ditrupa Berkeley, 1835; coiled in several genera and the members of the subfamily Spirorbinae Chamberlin, 1919; with transverse ridges in some species of Pseudochitinopoma Zibrowius, 1969; with distinct tube peristomes in Ficopomatus enigmaticus (Fauvel, 1923); and with spines in Janita fimbriata (Delle Chiaje, 1822) and Placostegus Philippi, 1844 (see reviews by ten Hove and Kupriyanova 2009;Ippolitov et al. 2014;Vinn et al. 2023). The species of the Spirobranchus kraussii complex construct a conspicuous 'flap', a flat projection of a keel over the mouth of the tubes (e.g. ...
Marine worms of the family Serpulidae (Annelida) construct calcareous tubes that adhere to hard substrata. The tubes of the Spirobranchus kraussii complex have a flat projection, known as a ‘flap’, over the opening of the tube. In the present study, we examined the reconstruction growth rates of the flap of Spirobranchus akitsushima after artificial removal, compared with the normal growth rates (control), for approximately a month at a study site in Shirahama, Wakayama, Japan. Although the difference in the length of the flap on day 8 compared with the original length (before the removal treatment) was significant in the treatment group, the differences became nonsignificant after day 13. The flap growth rate was found to be higher than the growth rates of the tubes of other serpulid species, including Spirobranchus sp. 5 sensu Kobayashi & Goto (2021) of the S. kraussii complex, as reported in previous studies. In contrast, the length of the flap in the control group did not differ significantly during the survey period. These results indicate that the flap is more quickly reconstructed after removal compared with growth under normal conditions. Our findings imply that the flap may be of importance for the survival of S. akitsushima.
... The family Serpulidae Rafinesque, 1815 is one of the most abundant and well-known families of polychaetes, comprising 506-576 species and 74 accepted genera (Bastida-Zavala and Sánchez-Ovando 2021; Rouse et al. 2022;Kupriyanova et al. 2023). All the serpulids are suspension-feeding sessile tubeworms, thus ecologically important since they remove and transform suspended organic matter directly from the water mass (Jordana et al. 2000;ten Hove and Kupriyanova 2009;Kupriyanova et al. 2019). Serpulids build their calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) tubes, and most species attach to various types of hard substrates (Bastida-Zavala and Sánchez-Ovando 2021). ...
Serpulids are the only polychaetes in which all species secrete calcium carbonate tubes. Some serpulid lineages, such as species in the genus Spirobranchus, possess a second kind of hard-calcified part—the operculum. The tube and operculum microstructure and mineralogy are highly variable among serpulid species, but this type of information is still scarce for some species. Furthermore, comparing the microstructure and mineralogical composition of species from warm and temperate waters helps to determine which are more susceptible to the effects of climate change. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine and describe the microstructure and mineralogical composition of the tubes and opercula of three Spirobranchus species from warm and temperate waters of the Mexican Pacific. The microstructures of the two hard structures were analyzed with a scanning microscope and complemented by X-ray computed nanotomography; the mineralogy was determined by X-ray diffractometry. The tubes of the three species had two layers—inner and outer—and five microstructures were found in the tubes. Numerous pores cover the operculum of all three species and have an irregularly oriented prismatic (IOP) structure. The tubes of the three species were bimineralic but had different percentages of calcite and aragonite, whereas the opercula were only composed of aragonite. Given the mineralogical characteristics of S. spinosus and because its distribution is only in temperate waters, we may conclude it could probably be the main species negatively affected according to the climate change scenarios predicted for the end of this century.
... The earliest serpulids and sabellids are reported from the Permian (Sanfilippo et al. 2017), and cirratulids from the Oligocene (Vinn 2009). Among polychaetes, only serpulids dwell exclusively within calcareous tubes (ten Hove & Kupriyanova 2009;Kupriyanova et al. 2023). Serpulids build their tubes from calcite, aragonite or a mixture of both CaCo 3 minerals. ...
The tube wall of Spiraserpula sp. from Badenian of Austria has three layers with somewhat transitional boundaries. The external layer of tube wall has a crossed lamellar structure. The external tube layer is about 30 µm thick. The structure of the tube wall shows two clearly non-horizontal but constant dip directions of its elongate structural units relative to the depositional surface. The traditional carbonate slurry model, even backed up with possible specific rotational activities of the serpu-lid collar, cannot explain the formation of crossed lamellar structure in Spiraserpula sp. suggesting a matrix controlled biomineralization.
Increasing habitat modification and species loss demand consistent efforts to describe and understand biodiversity patterns. The BIOTA/FAPESP Program was created in this context and it has been a successful initiative to promote studies on biodiversity and conservation in Brazil. The BIOTA/Araçá is an interdisciplinary project that provided a detailed evaluation of the biodiversity of Araçá Bay, a coastal seascape located on the North coast of the state of São Paulo, Southeast Brazil. The bay encompasses multiple habitats, such as beaches, mangroves, rocky shores, and a tidal flat, and provides important ecosystem services. Unfortunately, the bay is the subject of complex social-environmental conflicts that oppose economic, social, and environmental demands (i.e., the expansion of neighboring harbor activities vs. small-scale artisanal fisheries and protection of biodiversity). The present study presents a survey of the benthic species occurring in the different habitats of Araçá Bay, including data obtained during the BIOTA/Araçá project and previous assessments of the area. The benthic species play an important role in marine environments and studying the diversity of these organisms that live associated with the bottom is indispensable for comprehending the environment’s functioning. The macrofauna, meiofauna, and microorganisms associated with soft and hard bottom were listed, and additional information, such as the habitat and geographical distribution, were provided for each species. The checklist includes 826 species, almost 70% recorded during the BIOTA/Araçá project. The most speciose taxa were the annelids (225 spp.), mollusks (194 spp.), and crustaceans (177 spp.). Seven benthic species are endemic to Araçá Bay, 14 are considered threatened, and seven are economically exploited. Furthermore, the bay is the type locality of many taxa, and 11 new benthic species were described based on specimens sampled during the project. This project shows the importance of Araçá Bay as a unique biologically rich environment and highlights the need for conservation efforts in light of the current threats.
Tropical marine lakes are small land-locked marine waterbodies occurring in karstic coastal areas. During biodiversity surveys in 12 marine lakes in Raja Ampat, Southwest Papua province, Indonesia, we recorded at least 37 species belonging to 29 genera of hard corals. Their observed associated symbiont fauna consisted of bivalve molluscs and polychaete worms. Marine lake temperature ranged from 30.0 to 32.5 °C, acidity from pH 7.6 to 8.1, and salinity from 26.4 to 33.2 ppt. This study provides the first inventory of the marginal coral communities in the extreme habitat of marine lakes, under chronic extreme environmental conditions of higher temperatures, land-based nutrient loads, and sedimentation.
Two new spirorbin species, Neomicrorbis israelicus sp. nov. and Spirorbis? hagadolensis sp. nov., are here described from the Callovian of Israel, together with two new variations of Neomicrorbis israelicus from the late Bathonian of northern France and Callovian of Madagascar. These are the geologically earliest true Spirorbinae. Our new data, and a literature review of microconchids and early spirorbins, suggest that the ecological switchover from spirorbiform microconchids to spirorbin polychaetes took place in the late Bathonian, and that the spread of spirorbins across the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous seas was rapid. The ecospace of spirally coiled spirorbiform microconchids could thus have been competitively taken over by true spirorbins. The true spirorbin polychaetes may have been ecologically more successful than their Paleozoic analogues-the microconchids. The general rarity of spirorbin-bearing localities in Europe from the Bathonian to Albian supports the hypothesis that the Spirorbinae likely originated in the equatorial Tethys and only occasionally spread to the northern hemisphere seas until the end of the Early Cretaceous. Spirorbins finally became common, diverse and widespread in the northern seas by the Late Cretaceous, and even more so in the Cenozoic.
Two serpulid species, Protula? antiquata? and Propomatoceros? sp., are recorded from the Morelos Formation (mid-Cre-taceous) in Mexico. Serpulid tube structure is microcrystalline; the examined tubes are slightly diagenetically altered, but growth layers are well preserved. The short, straight growth layers with slightly curved distal ends in Protula? antiquata? occur also in some other serpulids such as the genus Josephella. The Mexican serpulid tubes are of a calcitic composition. The diversity of the present serpulid association is low for shallow tropical seas of the Cretaceous in comparison to rich assemblages recorded from Europe. The low diversity presumably results from some local environmental conditions such as rapid sedimentation and low nutrient content of sea water.
Spirorbinae, a ubiquitous group of marine calcareous tubeworms with a small body size as adults, have a fascinating diversity of brooding modes that form the basis for their taxonomic division into six tribes (traditionally subfamilies): in-tube incubation, with varying degrees of attachment to adult structures (four tribes), and external incubation in a modified radiole (opercular brood chambers; two tribes). We investigated the evolutionary transitions among these brooding modes. Phylogenetic reconstruction with molecular (28s and 18s rDNA) and morphological data (83 characters) among 36 taxa (32 ingroup spirorbins; 4 filogranin outgroups) of the combined data set, using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian analyses, inferred Spirorbinae to be monophyletic, with strong support for the monophyly for five tribes (Circeini, Januini, Romanchellini, Paralaeospirini and Spirorbini), but non-monophyly for Pileolariini. However, deeper relationships among some tribes remain unresolved. Neomicrorbis was found to be the sistergroup to all other Spirorbinae. Alternative coding strategies for assessing the ancestral state reconstruction for the reproductive mode allowed for a range of conclusions as to the evolution of tube and opercular brooding in Spirorbinae. Two of the transformations suggest that opercular brooding may be ancestral for Spirorbinae, and the tube-incubating tribes may have been derived independently from opercular-brooding ancestors.
Marine invertebrates, excluding decapod Crustacea, collected during the Kermadec Biodiscovery Expedition 2011 are documented. Five hundred and nine taxa, including 170 species, are recorded, principally from samples of substrate obtained from depths of less than 30 metres, although results from limited intertidal and deeper sampling are also included. The highest diversity of taxa was found at Raoul and satellite islands but this is interpreted as reflecting sampling bias. The collection reinforces previously reported patterns of faunal connectivity being strongest
with the tropical and subtropical southwest Pacific. Significant discoveries to date include the recognition of approximately 20 undescribed species, 44 species distribution records that are new for New Zealand waters, an additional 25 higher level (genus or family) range extensions into New Zealand waters and 27 species distribution records that are new for the Kermadec Islands. These results indicate that there is considerable scope for further discoveries in attempts to document the
diversity of the invertebrate fauna in the nearshore marine environment of the Kermadec Islands. Some recommendations are made to aid future efforts in this endeavour.
A new species of the genus Metavermilia Bush, 1905 (Annelida, Polychaeta, Serpulidae) is described from deep-water locations (1600–1700 m) off Ogasawara Islands, Japan. The genus Metavermilia is characterized by a single synapomorphy, the structure of the opercular stalk (flat and ribbon-like) formed from the second dorsal branchial radiole. The Metavermilia ogasawaraensis n. sp., is most similar morphologically to M. nanshaensis in having a simple conical operculum covered with a brownish distal plate with a tubercle in the middle and short thoracic membranes. The two species differ from each other in details of tube morphology and thoracic uncini structure. The paper provides a key and a review of all 14 species currently known in the genus Metavermilia.
