A key to the Neotropical genera of Eumeninae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

Abstract

A key to the currently recognized genera of neotropical Eumeninae is presented. Distribution and number of neotropical species is given for each genus. A new synonym is Eumenemorphus Gusenleitner, 1995, = Symmorphus Wesmael, 1836. Resumen.-Se presenta una clave para los géneros neotropicales actualmente reconocidos de Eumeninae. Se da la distribución y el número de especies neotropicales para cada género. Un nuevo sinónimo es Eumenemorphus Gusenleitner, 1995 = Symmorphus Wesmael, 1836.

Full text

Bol. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Parag. Vol. 14 (1-2), Setiembre 2002, pp. 52 - 73
A KEY TO THE NEOTROPICAL GENERA OF EUMENINAE
(HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE)
JAMES M. CARPENTER1 and BOLÍVAR R. GARCETE-BARRETT2
1Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West
at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, U. S. A. e-mail: carpente@amnh.org
2Museo Nacional de Historia Natural del Paraguay, Sucursal 1 Campus U.N.A., 2169 CDP,
Central XI, San Lorenzo, PARAGUAY. e-mail: bolosphex@sce.cnc.una.py
Abstract.- A key to the currently recognized genera of neotropical Eumeninae is presented. Distribution and
number of neotropical species is given for each genus. A new synonym is Eumenemorphus Gusenleitner, 1995, =
Symmorphus Wesmael, 1836.
Resumen.- Se presenta una clave para los géneros neotropicales actualmente reconocidos de Eumeninae. Se
da la distribución y el número de especies neotropicales para cada género. Un nuevo sinónimo es Eumenemorphus
Gusenleitner, 1995 = Symmorphus Wesmael, 1836.
There has been no key to the genera of
Eumeninae in the Neotropical Region published
since the revision by Zavattari (1912). Of
course, the classification has changed dramati-
cally during the intervening years: Zavattari
recognized 15 genera (one of which, Gayella, is
actually a masarine), while presently 43 taxa
are treated as genera, as well as one introduced
genus (Delta, established in Jamaica). It is al-
most needless to say that this proliferation of
genera is merely the sort of extreme splitting
that Menke and Stange (1986) termed “irratio-
nal,” which has been haphazardly pursued dur-
ing much of the last century, and which has re-
sulted in a worldwide generic classification of
Eumeninae that Parker (1966) termed “chaotic.”
Interestingly, the author of the last comprehen-
sive monograph on neotropical Eumeninae,
Zavattari himself, criticized the proliferation of
genera espoused earlier by Ashmead and
Brèthes, writing (Zavattari, 1912: 4):
“Bezüglich der Gattungen hat Ashmead
fast alle von Saussure aufgestellen
Untergattungen zur Gattung erhoben, aber
schon nach einem flüchtigen Studium
erkennt man, daß es unmöglich ist, diese
Gattungen getrennt zu halten, da immer
zahreiche Übergangsformen gehörend.”
which can be translated as:
“Respecting the genera, Ashmead has
raised almost all subgenera installed by
Saussure to genera, but already after a fleet-
ing study one recognizes that it is impos-
sible to hold these genera separated, since
numerous transition-forms always occur.”
Clearly, the situation with the generic clas-
sification of neotropical Eumeninae will have
to be rationalized by synonymy of numerous
taxa. Two monotypic genera have been already
synonymized by the senior author of this pa-
per (van der Vecht and Carpenter, 1990:
Araucodynerus synonymized with
Hypodynerus; Carpenter and van der Vecht,
1991: Tricomenes synonymized with
Pirhosigma), but further synonymy will not be
undertaken on a large scale in the present work,
as we prefer to do so in the context of cladistic
analysis. Instead, we present a key to pres-
ently recognized genera - which will empha-
size how questionable is the separation among
various taxa, and which will contribute to a
basis for later synonymy. However, we will
establish one synonym here, because it is trivial,
as detailed in the following.
Eumenemorphus was described by
Gusenleitner (1995) as monotypic for the new

53
SETIEMBRE 2002 A KEY TO THE NEOTROPICAL GENERA OF EUMENINAE
species Eumenemorphus chiriquiensis
Gusenleitner, 1995, from Panama. In his de-
scription, Gusenleitner (1995: 153) compared
the new genus to Symmorphus and Eumenes,
stating that Eumenemorphus was similar to
Symmorphus in metasomal Tergum I being
coarsely punctate and with a transverse carina,
but that it was like Eumenes in having this seg-
ment petiolate. He also stated that
Eumenemorphus contrasted with Symmorphus
in having no epicnemial carina, and having the
propodeum completely vertical, with only a flat
concavity and vertical mid-furrow.
The comparison with Symmorphus is apt:
in addition to the transverse carina on Tergum I,
Eumenemorphus also has a broad median lon-
gitudinal furrow posterior to the carina (the se-
nior author has seen specimens from Costa Rica,
but fig. 3 in Gusenleitner (1995) clearly shows
this feature). Further, like Symmorphus, the
female cephalic foveae are well separated, pos-
terior to each lateral ocellus, and filled with se-
tae. These two characters are two of the three
defining features of Symmorphus listed by
Cumming (1989). The third feature, male an-
tennae simple apically, cannot be checked yet;
the male of Eumenemorphus remains unknown.
One may predict that its antennae will similarly
be simple apically. Eumenemorphus differs from
Symmorphus in just one respect, with metasomal
segment I petiolate. The other two features that
Gusenleitner cites as differentiating Symmorphus
are incorrect: presence of the epicnemial carina
is variable in Symmorphus, as is presence of a
superior propodeal shelf and medial carina (see
Cumming, 1989).
Concerning the petiole, then, in
Eumenemorphus segment I differs from
Symmorphus only by being petiolate basally:
posterior to the transverse carina, the segment
is similar to species of Symmorphus with a nar-
row first segment. A petiolate metasoma has
not only evolved on numerous occasions within
Eumeninae, with various differences in form,
numerous transitions occur as well (see Carpen-
ter and Cumming, 1985). For this reason, de
Saussure (1853: xxv) had already dismissed a
petiole as a character of primary importance.
Recognition of a genus based solely on such an
inconsistent character is questionable in itself,
moreover, whereas the petiole is derived rela-
tive to species of Symmorphus, that leaves the
question as to how Symmorphus might be de-
fined without including Eumenemorphus - that
is, whether it is paraphyletic in terms of
Eumenemorphus. If Eumenemorphus is in-
cluded within Symmorphus, that is not a con-
cern, and this course has the further advantage
that the combination of carina + median furrow
and female cephalic foveae thus remain diag-
nostic at the generic level. The choice, then, is
clear, and we now establish the synonymy:
Symmorphus Wesmael, 1836, =
Eumenemorphus Gusenleitner, 1995, NEW
SYNONYMY.
The senior author has elsewhere published a
key to the genera of Mesoamerica (West-
Eberhard et al., 1995) and a key to the genera
occurring in Brazil (Carpenter and Marques,
2001); the following key is modified compared
to both. For neotropical species identification,
Giordani Soika (1975, 1978, 1990) provided
keys to species of the genera Alphamenes,
Brachymenes, Cyphomenes, Eumenes,
Laevimenes, Minixi, Omicron, Pachymenes,
Pararhaphidoglossa, Pirhosigma, Santamenes,
Stenosigma and Zeta, which are all Eumenes in
the old sense. Other keys to species are avail-
able for Cephalastor (Garcete-Barrett, 2001a
and 2002d), Ctenochilus (part; Giordani Soika,
1964), Gamma (Cooper, 1999b),
Hypalastoroides (Giordani Soika, 1982),
Hypodynerus (part; Willink, 1970, 1978),
Incodynerus (Willink, 1969; see also Garcete-
Barrett, 2002a), Monobia and Montezumia
(Willink, 1982), Pachodynerus (Willink and
Roig-Alsina, 1998), Parazumia (part; Ajmat and
Willink, 1980), Pseudacaromenes (Garcete-
Barrett, 2001b), Pseudodynerus (Bequaert,
1941), Stenodynerus (Mesoamerican species;
Bohart, 1980), Stenonartonia (part; Giordani
Soika, 1941; see also Garcete-Barrett, 2002b)

54 BOL. MUS. NAC. HIST. NAT. PARAG.VOL. 14 (1-2)
and Zethus (Bohart and Stange, 1965; see also
Stange, 1969, 1975, 1976, 1978, 1997; Garcete-
Barrett, 1998, 2002b, 2002c; Cooper, 1999a).
The two species of Cuyodynerus may be distin-
guished using the description in Cooper (2001),
and the two species of Sphaeromenes may be
distinguished using the description in van der
Vecht (1980). Antezumia (included species:
chalybea (de Saussure)) and Argentozethus (in-
cluded species: willinki Stange) remain mono-
typic, while a single species of Delta has be-
come established in Jamaica (see Menke and
Stange, 1986). Other genera remain unrevised
since Zavattari (1912).
KEY TO THE NEOTROPICAL GENERA
The Neotropics is here construed to
mean the continental land south of the Isth-
mus of Tehuantepec plus the Caribbean is-
lands, that is, the same area covered as in
the forthcoming book on Hymenoptera of
the Neotropics. In the figures, all scale bars
are 1 mm.
1. Anterior face of pronotum with two small,
close set, deeply impressed medial pits
or foveae (Fig. 1), which may be con-
tiguous (Fig. 2), or very faint in West
Indian species; tegula campanulate:
abruptly expanded and broadly rounded
posterolaterally (Fig. 3)........................2
— Anterior face of pronotum without two
close set, deeply impressed pits (Fig. 16),
sometimes with faint, shallow impressions,
rarely with one pit (species of
Ancistroceroides); tegula variously
shaped, usually more evenly convex (Figs.
14-15, 45-46).........................................5
2. Propodeal valvula enlarged, free posteri-
orly from submarginal carina, extending
as a somewhat rectangular lamella (Figs.
10-11); vertex strongly sloping posterior
to ocelli (Fig. 5; more so in female);
pronotum with anterior face coarsely punc-
tate lateral to foveae; Tergum I with trans-
verse carina at crest of anterior declivity
(Figs. 4, 6); metanotum cristate, sometimes
faintly. Cephalastor Giordani Soika
(Mexico to Paraguay: 12 species)
— Propodeal valvula not free posteriorly, never
rectangular (Fig. 12); vertex usually not
CLAVE PARA LOS GÉNEROS NEOTROPICALES
La Región Neotropical, en el sentido de
este trabajo, comprende las tierras
continentales al sur del Istmo de Tehuantepec
más las islas del Caribe, esto es, la misma
área cubierta por el próximo libro sobre Hy-
menoptera del Neotrópico. En las figuras
todas las escalas corresponden a 1 mm.
1. Cara anterior del pronoto con un par de pequeños
hoyuelos o foveas medios profundamente
impresos y cercanos entre sí (Fig. 1), que pueden
ser contíguos (Fig. 2) o, en algunas especies
antillanas, muy débiles; tégula campanulada:
abruptamente expandida y ampliamente
redondeada postero-lateralmente (Fig. 3).......2
— Cara anterior del pronoto sin un par de
hoyuelos cercanos y profundamente impresos
(Fig. 16), a veces con impresiones débiles,
superficiales, raras veces con un hoyuelo cen-
tral (algunos Ancistroceroides); tégula de
variadas formas, usualmente más suavemente
convexa (Figs 14-15, 45-46)......................5
2. Válvula propodeal alongada, libre de la carena
submarginal posteriormente, extendiéndose como
una lámina rectangular (Figs 10-11); vértice en
marcado declive por detrás de los ocelos (Fig. 5;
más marcado aún en las hembras); pronoto con
la cara anterior gruesamente punteada a ambos
lados de las foveas; Tergo I con una carena trans-
versal en la cima de la declividad anterior (Figs.
4-6); metanoto crestado transversalmente, a veces
levemente. Cephalastor Giordani Soika
(México a Paraguay: 12 especies)
— La válvula propodeal no está libre posteriormente
y nunca es rectangular (Fig. 12); vértice

55
SETIEMBRE 2002 A KEY TO THE NEOTROPICAL GENERA OF EUMENINAE
sloping; pronotum with or without puncta-
tion; Tergum I with or without carina;
metanotum rounded dorsally....................3
3. Pronotal foveae contiguous (Fig. 2); Ter-
gum I with transverse carina (Figs. 4,
6); pronotal carina projecting at humeri
(Fig. 2); Sternum II truncate in profile
(Fig. 4); male antennae with last article
obliquely truncate, often larger than pre-
ceding article.
Hypancistrocerus de Saussure
(Belize to Argentina: 14 species)
— Pronotal foveae not contiguous (Fig. 1);
Tergum I with or without transverse ca-
rina; pronotal carina projecting or not;
Sternum II truncate or not; male antennae
with last article smoothly tapering (Fig.
59)........................................................4
4. Tergum II smooth basally, forming
acarinarium beneath apex of first ter-
gum that is often full of mites (often
concealed, tergum should be bent back-
usualmente sin declive, pronoto con o sin
punteado; Tergo I con o sin carena transversal;
metanoto dorsalmente convexo, sin cresta.........3
3. Foveas pronotales contíguas (Fig. 2); Tergo I
con carena transversal (Figs 4, 6); carena
pronotal proyectándose en los ángulos
humerales (Fig. 2); Esterno II de perfil truncado
(Fig. 4); último segmento de la antena del ma-
cho oblicuamente truncado, a menudo mayor
que el segmento precedente.
Hypancistrocerus de Saussure
(Belice a Argentina: 14 especies)
— Foveas pronotales no contíguas (Fig. 1);
Tergo I con o sin carena transversal; carena
pronotal proyectada o no; Esterno II
truncado o no; antena del macho con el
último segmento afinándose regularmente
hacia el ápice (Fig. 59)............................4
4. Tergo II liso en la base, formando un
acarinario por debajo del ápice del primer
tergo, que a menudo está lleno de ácaros (a
menudo cerrado, el tergo debe doblarse hacia
Figs. 1-5. 1) Parancistrocerus sp., head and pronotum in oblique dorsal view. 2) Hypancistrocerus dentiformis
(Fox), head and pronotum in frontal view. 3) Hypancistrocerus dentiformis (Fox), tegula and parategula in dorsal
view. 4) Hypancistrocerus dentiformis (Fox), metasomal segments I and II in lateral view. 5) Cephalastor sp.,
head in lateral view.
123
45

56 BOL. MUS. NAC. HIST. NAT. PARAG.VOL. 14 (1-2)
wards to expose acarinarium; Fig. 6).
Parancistrocerus Bequaert
(some Asiatic species; U.S.A. to Argen-
tina, Caribbean: 31 neotropical species)
— Tergum II ridged basally, not forming
acarinarium (Fig. 7).
Stenodynerus de Saussure
(mainly Holarctic; also Mexico to Argentina:
38 neotropical species)
5. Forewing with second submarginal cell peti-
olate anteriorly (Fig. 8).
Hypalastoroides de Saussure
(U.S.A. to Argentina: 28 neotropical species)
— Forewing with second submarginal cell
sessile (Fig. 9)........................................6
6. Tergum I with transverse carina at crest of
anterior declivity (Figs. 4, 6, 10, 12)..........7
— Tergum I without carina (Figs. 7, 50)........11
7. Pronotum with complete oblique humeral
carina (Figs. 52, 57).
Pachodynerus de Saussure, part
(West Indian species: P. atratus (Fabricius)
and P. cinerascens (Fabricius))
atrás para exponer el acarinario; Fig. 6).
Parancistrocerus Bequaert
(algunas especies asiáticas; Estados Unidos a
Argentina, Antillas: 31 especies neotropicales)
— Tergo II crenado basalmente, sin formar
acarinario (Fig. 7)..
Stenodynerus de Saussure
(principalmente holártico; también México
a Argentina: 38 especies neotropicales)
5. Ala anterior con la segunda celda submar-
ginal peciolada anteriormente (Fig. 8).
Hypalastoroides de Saussure
(Estados Unidos a Argentina: 28 especies neotropicales)
— Segunda celda submarginal del ala anterior
sésil (Fig. 9)...........................................6
6. Tergo I con una carena transversal en la cima
de la declividad anterior (Figs 4, 6, 10, 12).......7
— Tergo I sin carena transversal (Figs 7, 50).....11
7. Pronoto con carena humeral oblicua
completa (Figs 52, 57).
Pachodynerus de Saussure, en parte
(especies antillanas: P. atratus (Fabricius)
y P. cinerascens (Fabricius))
Figs. 6-9. 6) Parancistrocerus sp., metasoma in oblique lateral view. 7) Stenodynerus ochrogonius Bohart, metasoma
in oblique dorsal view. 8) Hypalastoroides melanosoma (de Saussure), forewing. 9) Hypancistrocerus dentiformis
(Fox), forewing.
67
89

57
SETIEMBRE 2002 A KEY TO THE NEOTROPICAL GENERA OF EUMENINAE
— Pronotum without oblique humeral carina......8
8. Propodeal valvula enlarged, free posteri-
orly from submarginal carina, extending
as a somewhat rectangular lamella (Figs.
10-11); submarginal carina extended pos-
teriorly as pointed process above valvula
(Fig. 10). Ancistroceroides de Saussure
(Mexico to Argentina, 29 species)
— Propodeal valvula not free posteriorly,
never rectangular (Fig. 12), if enlarged it
is fused to submarginal carina (Fig. 13);
submarginal carina not projecting, if
forming pointed process fused to val-
vula......................................................9
9. Tergum I with median longitudinal fur-
row posterior to carina; notauli clearly
indicated; male antenna simple
apically; female cephalic foveae if
present well separated, located midway
— Pronoto sin carena humeral oblicua.........8
8. Válvula propodeal alongada, posteriormente
libre de la carena submarginal, extendiéndose
como una lámina rectangular (Figs 10-11);
carena submarginal proyectada, extendiéndose
hacia atrás en forma de proceso agudo, por
encima de la válvula (Fig. 10).
Ancistroceroides de Saussure
(México a Argentina: 29 especies)
— La válvula propodeal no está libre posteriormente,
nunca de forma rectangular (Fig. 12), si es
alongada o extensa, está fusionada a la carena
submarginal (Fig. 13); carena submarginal no
proyectada, si forma un proceso agudo entonces
está fusionada a la válvula............................9
9. Tergo I con un surco medio longitudinal poste-
rior a la carena transversal; notauli claramente
marcados; antena del macho simple en su ápice;
foveas cefálicas de la hembra, si están presentes,
bien separadas entre sí, ubicadas a la mitad de
10 11
12 13
Figs. 10-13. 10) Ancistroceroides venustus (Brèthes), propodeum and metasomal segment I in lateral view.
11) Ancistroceroides venustus (Brèthes), propodeum in posterior view. 12) Ancistrocerus flavomarginatus
(Brèthes), propodeum and metasomal segment I in lateral view. 13) Stenonartonia apicipennis (Fox),
propodeum and metasomal segment I in lateral view.

58 BOL. MUS. NAC. HIST. NAT. PARAG.VOL. 14 (1-2)
between posterior ocelli and occipital
margin. Symmorphus Wesmael
(Holarctic; Oriental; also Central America:
2 neotropical species)
— Tergum I without broad groove posterior to
carina; notauli present or absent; male an-
tenna hooked apically (Fig. 59); female
cephalic foveae closely spaced, nearer oc-
cipital margin than posterior ocelli (Fig.
16).......................................................10
10. Axillary fossa broad (Fig. 14); propodeal
valvula not enlarged (Fig 12); forewing with
second recurrent vein not interstitial; female
cephalic foveae closely approximated, not
in distinct area of differentiated cuticle, in
slight depression. Ancistrocerus Wesmael
(primarily Holarctic; Mexico to
Argentina: 6 neotropical species)
— Axillary fossa narrow (Fig. 15); propodeal
valvula enlarged and fused to submarginal
carina (Fig. 13); forewing with second re-
current vein almost interstitial (ending al-
most in the limit between second and third
submarginal cells); female cephalic foveae
in distinct broad area of differentiated cu-
ticle (Fig. 16).
Stenonartonia Giordani Soika
(Peru to Argentina: 5 species)
la distancia entre los ocelos posteriores y el
margen occipital. Symmorphus Wesmael
(holártico; oriental; también Centroamérica:
2 especies neotropicales)
— Tergo I sin surco amplio posterior a la carena
transversal; notauli presentes o ausentes; antena
del macho en forma de gancho en el ápice (Fig.
59); Foveas cefálicas de la hembra cercanas
entre sí, más cerca del margen occipital que de
los ocelos posteriores (Fig. 16)...................10
10. Fosa axilar amplia (Fig. 14); válvula propodeal
de dimensiones modestas (Fig. 12); segunda
vena recurrente del ala anterior no intersticial;
foveas cefálicas de la hembra muy aproximadas
entre sí, ubicadas en una leve depresión, no en
un área de cutícula diferenciada.
Ancistrocerus Wesmael
(primariamente holártico; México a
Argentina: 6 especies neotropicales)
— Fosa axilar estrecha (Fig. 15); válvula
propodeal grande y fusionada a la carena
submarginal (Fig. 13); segunda vena
recurrente del ala anterior casi intersticial
(terminando casi en el límite de las celdas
submarginales segunda y tercera); foveas
cefálicas ubicadas en un área amplia de
cutícula diferenciada (Fig. 16).
Stenonartonia Giordani Soika
(Perú a Argentina: 5 especies)
Figs. 14-16. 14) Ancistrocerus flavomarginatus (Brèthes), head and mesosoma in dorsal view. 15) Stenonartonia
apicipennis (Fox), head and mesosoma in dorsal view. 16) Stenonartonia apicipennis (Fox), head in dorsal view.
14 15 16

59
SETIEMBRE 2002 A KEY TO THE NEOTROPICAL GENERA OF EUMENINAE
11.Metasoma petiolate: first segment in dorsal
view with width half or less that of second,
and at least twice as long as wide, usually
longer (Figs. 17, 30-31, 34-35, 38, 45-46,
49).......................................................12
— Metasoma not petiolate: first segment with
width more than half that of second, much
less than twice as long as wide (Figs. 7, 18,
50, 55-56)............................................33
12.Propodeal orifice narrowly acute dor-
sally; propodeal valvula elongate,
pointed or somewhat rectangular (Fig.
19)....................................................13
— Propodeal orifice broadly rounded dorsally;
propodeal valvula short, rounded (Fig.
20).......................................................14
13.Female with psammophore formed by
broadly flattened and densely haired labial
palpi; mandibles elongate; metapleural ca-
rina complete from coxa to endophragmal
pit. Ctenochilus de Saussure
(Argentina and Chile: 5 species)
— Female with psammophore not developed,
labial palpi slender; mandibles not elongate;
11.Metasoma peciolado: primer segmento la
mitad o menos de ancho que el segundo
segmento en vista dorsal, y al menos el doble
de largo que ancho, a menudo más largo (Figs
17, 30-31, 34-35, 38, 45-46, 49).................12
— Metasoma no peciolado: primer segmento más
de la mitad de ancho que el segundo segmento en
vista dorsal, y claramente menos del doble de largo
que ancho (Figs 7, 18, 50, 55-56)...................33
12.Orificio propodeal estrecho y agudo
dorsalmente; válvula propodeal alongada,
más o menos rectangular o terminada en una
punta (Fig. 19)........................................13
— Orificio propodeal ampliamente redondeado
dorsalmente; válvula propodeal corta,
redondeada (Fig. 20)...............................14
13.Hembra con psamóforo formado por los
palpos labiales muy aplanados y
densamente pilosos; mandíbulas alargadas;
carena metapleural completa desde la coxa
hasta el orificio endofragmal.
Ctenochilus de Saussure
(Argentina y Chile: 5 especies)
— Hembra sin psamóforo desarrollado, palpos
labiales delgados; mandíbulas no alargadas;
17 18 19 20
Figs. 17-20. 17) Zethus sessilis Fox, metasoma in dorsal view. 18) Hypalastoroides melanosoma (de Saussure),
metasoma in dorsal view. 19) Zethus sessilis Fox, propodeum in posterior view. 20) Brachymenes dyscherus (de
Saussure), propodeum in posterior view.

60 BOL. MUS. NAC. HIST. NAT. PARAG.VOL. 14 (1-2)
metapleural carina usually incomplete (ex-
ceptions: fuscus and pallidus groups),
present only near coxa. Zethus Fabricius
(some in Africa and Nearctic Region; mostly
Neotropics: 208 neotropical species)
14.Midtibia with two spurs........................15
— Midtibia with one spur..........................16
15.Hindwing jugal lobe well developed,
preaxillary excision deep; pronotal carina
lamelliform medially (Fig. 24).
Argentozethus Stange
(Argentina: 1 species)
— Hindwing jugal lobe reduced, preaxillary
excision shallow; pronotal carina absent
medially. Protodiscoelius Dalla Torre
(Patagonia: 3 species)
16.Pronotum with oblique humeral carina (Fig.
21); Tergum II without translucent apical
lamella (Fig. 30). Zeta de Saussure
(Mexico to Argentina, Caribbean: 4 species)
carena metapleural usualmente incompleta
(excepto en los grupos: fuscus y pallidus),
presente sólo cerca de la coxa.
Zethus Fabricius
(algunas especies africanas y neárticas; sobre
todo neotropical: 208 especies neotropicales)
14. Tibia media con dos espolones apicales….....15
— Tibia media con un solo espolón apical.....16
15.Lóbulo jugal del ala posterior bien
desarrollado, excisión preaxilar profunda;
carena pronotal laminar en el medio (Fig. 24).
Argentozethus Stange
(Argentina: 1 especie)
— Lóbulo jugal del ala posterior reducido,
excisión preaxilar leve; carena pronotal
ausente en el medio.
Protodiscoelius Dalla Torre
(Patagonia: 3 especies)
16.Pronoto con carena humeral oblicua (Fig.
21); Tergo II sin lámina apical translúcida
(Fig. 30). Zeta de Saussure
(México a Argentina, Antillas: 4 especies)
21 22
23
Figs. 21-23. 21) Zeta argillaceum (Linnaeus), oblique anterolateral view. 22) Brachymenes dyscherus (de Saussure),
metasomal segment I in oblique lateral view. 23) Pachymenes ater (de Saussure), metasomal segment I in oblique
ventral view.

61
SETIEMBRE 2002 A KEY TO THE NEOTROPICAL GENERA OF EUMENINAE
— Pronotum without oblique humeral carina
(Fig. 24); Tergum II with (Fig. 31) or with-
out translucent apical lamella................17
17.Sternum I rather gradually widening to-
wards the apex, usually visible along entire
petiole length, never appearing as a poste-
rior crescentic sclerite; lateral margins of
Tergum I not meeting ventrally (Fig.
22)……................................................18
— Sternum I abruptly widening near apex,
forming a posterior crescentic sclerite; lat-
eral margins of Tergum I closely approach-
ing each other ventrally, usually fused (Fig.
23)..….....……….................................21
18.Pronotal carina lamelliform on humeri (Fig.
24); tempora wide above ocular emargin-
ation, length about equal to or greater than
that of eye (Fig. 26)..............................19
— Pronotal carina not lamelliform laterally
(Fig. 25); tempora narrow, length less than
that of eye (Fig. 27)...............................20
— Pronoto sin carena humeral oblicua (Fig.
24); Tergo II con (Fig. 31) o sin lámina
apical translúcida.................................17
17.Esterno I ensanchándose de manera más bien
gradual hacia el ápice, a menudo visible a
todo lo largo del peciolo, nunca formando
un esclerito posterior semilunar; los márgenes
laterales del Tergo I no se encuentran entre
sí ventralmente (Fig. 22).........................18
— Esterno I abruptamente ensanchado cerca
del ápice, formando un esclerito posterior
semilunar; márgenes laterales del Tergo I
encontrándose ventralmente muy cerca en-
tre sí, a menudo fusionados (Fig. 23)........21
18.Carena pronotal laminar en los hombros
(Fig. 24); sienes amplias por encima de la
emarginación ocular, siendo igual de
amplias o más que el ojo (Fig. 26)............19
— Carena pronotal no laminar lateralmente
(Fig. 25); sienes estrechas, más estrechas
que el ojo..............................................20
Figs. 24-27. 24) Brachymenes dyscherus (de Saussure), anterolateral view. 25) Pseudacaromenes sp.,anterolateral
view. 26) Brachymenes dyscherus (de Saussure), head in lateral view. 27) Pseudacaromenes sp., head in lateral
view.
24
25
26
27

62 BOL. MUS. NAC. HIST. NAT. PARAG.VOL. 14 (1-2)
19.Tergum II impunctate; median longitudinal
furrow of propodeum carinate along entire
length; submarginal carina present.
Gamma Zavattari
(Costa Rica to Bolivia: 6 species)
— Tergum II punctate apically; median longi-
tudinal furrow of propodeum not carinate
dorsally, but transversely striate; submar-
ginal carina absent.
Brachymenes Giordani Soika
(Central America to Argentina: 2 species)
20.Tergum I twice as long as wide in dorsal
view, maximum width well before apex.
Pseudacaromenes Giordani Soika
(Central America to Paraguay: 2 species)
— Tergum I three times as long as wide.
Delta de Saussure
(Old World; introduced in Jamaica:
1 species in the Neotropics)
21.Pronotal carina absent laterally below hu-
meri (Fig. 28), at least in part...................22
— Pronotal carina well developed along entire
length (Fig. 29).......................................23
19.Tergo II sin punteado; surco medio longitu-
dinal del propódeo carenado a todo lo largo;
carena submarginal presente.
Gamma Zavattari
(Costa Rica a Bolivia: 6 especies)
— Tergo II punteado apicalmente; surco medio
longitudinal del propódeo no carenado
dorsalmente, sino transversalmente estriado;
carena submarginal ausente.
Brachymenes Giordani Soika
(Centroamérica a Argentina: 2 especies)
20. Tergo I en vista dorsal dos veces más largo que
ancho, ancho máximo distanciado del ápice.
Pseudacaromenes Giordani Soika
(Centroamérica a Paraguay: 2 especies)
— Tergo I tres veces más largo que ancho.
Delta de Saussure
(Viejo Mundo; introducido en Jamaica:
1 especie en el Neotrópico)
21 .Carena pronotal ausente a los lados, por debajo de
los hombros (Fig. 28), al menos parcialmente..22
— Carena pronotal bien desarrollada a todo lo
ancho del pronoto (Fig. 29)......................23
Figs. 28-31. 28) Pachymenes ater (de Saussure), anterolateral view. 29) Pirhosigma superficiale (Fox), anterolat-
eral view. 30) Pachymenes ater (de Saussure), metasoma in lateral view. 31) Santamenes novarae (de Saussure),
metasoma in lateral view.
28 29
30 31

63
SETIEMBRE 2002 A KEY TO THE NEOTROPICAL GENERA OF EUMENINAE
22.Tergum II without translucent apical lamella
(Fig. 30). Pachymenes de Saussure
(Mexico to Argentina: 13 species)
— Tergum II with translucent apical lamella
(Fig. 31). Santamenes Giordani Soika
(Mexico to Argentina: 4 species)
23.Pronotum without pretegular carina (Figs.
32, 39), or present only anterior to spiracu-
lar operculum.......................................24
— Pronotum with complete pretegular carina
(Fig. 33)................................................29
24. Tergum I with apical margin not thickened into
blunt ridge and without transverse preapical
furrow; preapical fossa developed (Fig. 35).
Pirhosigma Giordani Soika
(Mexico to Argentina: 7 species)
22.Tergo II sin lámina apical translúcida
(Fig. 30). Pachymenes de Saussure
(México a Argentina: 13 especies)
— Tergo II con lámina apical translúcida
(Fig. 31). Santamenes Giordani Soika
(México a Argentina: 4 especies)
23.Pronoto sin carena pretegular (Figs 32, 39)
o está presente sólo anterior al opérculo
espiracular............................................24
— Pronoto con carena pretegular completa
(Fig. 33)...............................................29
24.El Tergo I no tiene ni engrosamiento apical
ni surco preapical transversos; fosa
preapical desarrollada (Fig. 35).
Pirhosigma Giordani Soika
(México a Argentina: 7 especies)
Figs. 32-35. 32) Omicron opifex (Brèthes), lateral view. 33) Pararhaphidoglossa duckei (Zavattari), head and
mesosoma in lateral view. 34) Laevimenes laevigatus (Brèthes), metasomal segment I in lateral view. 35) Pirhosigma
superficiale (Fox), metasomal segment I in dorsal view.
32
33
34
35

64 BOL. MUS. NAC. HIST. NAT. PARAG.VOL. 14 (1-2)
— Tergum I with apical margin thickened
into blunt ridge and transverse furrow an-
terior to this (Figs. 34, 38); fossa present
or absent.............................................25
25.Tergum II without apical lamella (Fig. 30);
elongate species.
Laevimenes Giordani Soika
(Southern South America: 2 species)
— Tergum II with translucent apical lamella
(Figs. 31, 38)........................................26
26.Tergum I depressed, gradually widening
towards apex (Fig. 49); Tergum II very con-
vex, seeming spherical.
Sphaeromenes Giordani Soika
(Peru and Argentina: 2 species)
— Tergum I not depressed, usually abruptly
widening near apex (Figs. 34, 38; except
for some species of Eumenes, but in that
case Tergum II seeming rather laterally com-
pressed)................................................27
27.Pronotal carina sinuous on humeri (Fig. 36);
Tergum II usually with preapical longitudi-
nal swelling (Fig. 38); epicnemial carina
present ventrally.
Cyphomenes Giordani Soika
(Colombia to Argentina: 3 species)
— Pronotal carina regularly arcuate on humeri
(Figs. 37, 39-40); Tergum II without
— Tergo I con el margen apical engrosado,
formando una elevación roma, y con un surco
transverso anterior al mismo (Figs. 34, 38);
fosa preapical presente o ausente.............25
25.Tergo II sin lámina apical (Fig. 30); especies
de aspecto alargado.
Laevimenes Giordani Soika
(sur de Sudamérica: 2 especies)
— Tergo II con lámina apical translúcida (Figs
31, 38)..................................................26
26.Tergo I deprimido, engrosándose
gradualmente hacia el ápice (Fig. 49); Tergo
II muy convexo, de aspecto esferoidal.
Sphaeromenes Giordani Soika
(Perú y Argentina: 2 especies)
— Tergo I no deprimido, usualmente
engrosándose abruptamente cerca del ápice
(Figs 34, 38; excepto algunas especies de
Eumenes, pero en tal caso el Tergo II es
más bien lateralmente comprimido).........27
27.Carena pronotal sinuosa en los hombros (Fig.
36); Tergo II usualmente con una
tumescencia preapical longitudinal (Fig. 38);
carena epicnemial presente ventralmente.
Cyphomenes Giordani Soika
(Colombia a Argentina: 3 especies)
— Carena pronotal regularmente arqueada en
los hombros (Figs 37, 39-40); Tergo II sin
Figs. 36-38. 36) Cyphomenes anisitsii (Brèthes), oblique anterior view. 37) Omicron opifex (Brèthes), oblique
anterior view. 38) Cyphomenes anisitsii (Brèthes), metasoma in oblique dorsal view.
36 37 38

65
SETIEMBRE 2002 A KEY TO THE NEOTROPICAL GENERA OF EUMENINAE
preapical longitudinal swelling (except
Eumenes consobrinus); epicnemial carina
present or absent..................................28
28.Epicnemial carina present (Fig. 39).
Omicron de Saussure
(Mexico to Argentina: 52 species)
— Epicnemial carina absent (Fig. 40).
Eumenes Latreille
(Cosmopolitan: 7 neotropical species)
29. Tergum I with apical margin not thickened into
blunt ridge and without transverse preapical
furrow; preapical fossa present (Fig. 35).
Stenosigma Giordani Soika
(Panama to Bolivia: 4 species)
— Tergum I with apical margin thickened
into blunt ridge and transverse furrow an-
terior to this (Fig. 34); fossa present or
absent.................................................30
tumescencia preapical longitudinal (excepto
Eumenes consobrinus); carena epicnemial
presente o ausente.................................28
28.Carena epicnemial presente (Fig. 39).
Omicron de Saussure
(México a Argentina: 52 especies)
— Carena epicnemial ausente (Fig. 40).
Eumenes Latreille
(Cosmopolita: 7 especies neotropicales)
29.El Tergo I no tiene ni engrosamiento apical
ni surco preapical transversos; fosa
preapical presente (Fig. 35).
Stenosigma Giordani Soika
(Panamá a Bolivia: 4 especies)
— Tergo I con el margen apical engrosado
transversalmente en elevación roma, y con un
surco transverso anterior a la misma (Fig. 34);
fosa preapical presente o ausente..............30
Figs. 39-42. 39) Omicron tuberculatum (Fox), head and mesosoma in lateral view. 40) Eumenes rufomaculatus
(Fox), head and mesosoma in lateral view. 41) Pararhaphidoglossa duckei (Zavattari), head in frontal view. 42)
Pachyminixi arechavaletae (Brèthes), head in frontal view.
39 40
41 42

66 BOL. MUS. NAC. HIST. NAT. PARAG.VOL. 14 (1-2)
30.Free apical part of clypeus very short
(Fig. 41); forewing with 2m-cu usually
received by third submarginal cell or in-
terstitial (Fig. 43); epicnemial carina
absent (Fig. 40).
Pararhaphidoglossa von Schulthess
(Mexico to Argentina: 22 species)
— Free apical part of clypeus almost as long
as basal width (Fig. 42); forewing with 2m-
cu received by second submarginal cell (Fig.
44); epicnemial carina present or ab-
sent......................................................31
31.Propodeum swollen dorsolaterally (Fig. 45),
posterior median furrow deeply depressed
(Fig. 47); Tergum I abruptly swollen, cam-
panulate (Fig. 45).
Pachyminixi Giordani Soika
(Southern South America: 6 species)
— Propodeum not swollen dorsolaterally (Fig.
46) and posterior median furrow not deeply
depressed (Fig. 48); Tergum I with swell-
30.Parte apical libre del clípeo muy corta (Fig.
41); ala anterior con la vena 2m-cu usualmente
recibida por la tercera celda submarginal o
intersticial (Fig. 43); carena epicnemial
ausente (Fig. 40).
Pararhaphidoglossa von Schulthess
(México a Argentina: 22 especies)
— Parte apical libre del clípeo casi tan larga
como el ancho basal (Fig. 42); ala anterior
con la vena 2m-cu recibida por la segunda
celda submarginal (Fig. 44); carena
epicnemial presente o ausente.................31
31.Propódeo dorsolateralmente inchado (Fig.
45), surco medio posterior profundamente
deprimido (Fig. 47); Tergo I abruptamente
inchado, campanulado (Fig. 45).
Pachyminixi Giordani Soika
(sur de Sudamérica: 6 especies)
— Propódeo no inchado dorsolateralmente
(Fig. 46) y surco medio posterior no
profundamente deprimido (Fig. 48); Tergo
Figs. 43-48. 43) Pararhaphidoglossa invenusta (Fox), forewing. 44) Pachyminixi arechavaletae (Brèthes), forew-
ing. 45) Pachyminixi arechavaletae (Brèthes), dorsal view. 46) Minixi suffusum (Fox), dorsal view. 47) Pachyminixi
arechavaletae (Brèthes), propodeum in posterior view. 48) Minixi suffusum (Fox), propodeum in posterior view.
43 44
45 46
47
48

67
SETIEMBRE 2002 A KEY TO THE NEOTROPICAL GENERA OF EUMENINAE
ing more gradual, cone-shaped (Figs. 46,
49)........................................................32
32.Tergum I twice as long as wide in dorsal
view, not smoothly tapering to apex (Fig.
46). Minixi Giordani Soika
(U.S.A. to Paraguay: 4 species)
— Tergum I about three times as long as
wide in dorsal view, tapering to apex
(Fig. 49). Alphamenes van der Vecht
(Honduras to Paraguay: 7 species)
33.Propodeal dorsum nearly horizontal, at
about same level as metanotum (Figs. 50-
52).......................................................34
— Propodeal dorsum below plane of
metanotum, sloping posteroventrally (Fig.
57)........................................................35
34.Labrum nearly as wide as distance be-
tween antennal sockets; tegula laterally
emarginate. Plagiolabra von Schulthess
(Southern South America: 2 species)
I con el ensanchamiento más gradual, en
forma de cono (Figs. 46, 49)....................32
32.Tergo I en vista dorsal el doble de largo que
ancho, el ensanchamiento hacia el ápice no es
gradual (Fig. 46). Minixi Giordani Soika
(Estados Unidos a Paraguay: 4 especies)
— Tergo I en vista dorsal aproximadamente tres
veces más largo que ancho, ensanchándose
gradualmente hacia el ápice (Fig. 49).
Alphamenes van der Vecht
(Honduras a Paraguay: 7 especies)
33.Dorso propodeal casi horizontal,
prácticamente al mismo nivel que el
metanoto (Figs. 50-52)...........................34
— Dorso propodeal por debajo del plano del
metanoto, declinando posteroventralmente
(Fig. 57)..............................................35
34.Labro casi tan ancho como la distancia en-
tre los alveolos antenales; tégula emarginada
lateralmente. Plagiolabra von Schulthess
(sur de Sudamérica: 2 especies)
Figs. 49-52. 49) Alphamenes convexus (Fox), metasomal tergum I in dorsal view. 50) Pseudodynerus griseolus
(Brèthes), propodeum and metasomal segment I in lateral view. 51) Pseudodynerus griseolus (Brèthes), propodeum
in posterior view. 52) Pseudodynerus griseolus Brèthes, head and mesosoma in lateral view.
49
50
51
52

68 BOL. MUS. NAC. HIST. NAT. PARAG.VOL. 14 (1-2)
— Labrum much narrower than distance be-
tween antennal sockets; tegula not laterally
emarginate. Pseudodynerus de Saussure
(Eastern U.S.A. to Argentina: 10 species)
35.Axillary fossa extremely narrow, slitlike;
prestigma usually as long as pterostigma
(measured along posterior border, Fig. 53);
Sternum II without basomedian longitudi-
nal sulcus.............................................36
— Axillary fossa usually broad (Fig. 14),
only rarely even narrow, not slitlike;
prestigma at most little more than half the
length of pterostigma (Fig. 54); Sternum
II with or without basomedian longitudi-
nal sulcus............................................38
36.Mesepisternum without epicnemial carina;
maxilary palpus 6-segmented, labial palpus
4-segmented. Parazumia de Saussure
(U.S.A. to Paraguay: 4 neotropical species)
— Mesepisternum with epicnemial carina;
maxillary palpus 5-segmented, labial pal-
pus 3-segmented....................................37
37.Submarginal carina continuous above
propodeal orifice; propodeum with lateral
— Labro mucho más estrecho que la distancia
entre los alveolos antenales; tégula no
emarginada lateralmente.
Pseudodynerus de Saussure
(Este de Estados Unidos a Argentina: 10 especies)
35.Fosa axilar extremadamente estrecha, en
forma de ranura; prestigma usualmente tan
largo como el pterostigma (midiendo a lo
largo del borde posterior, Fig. 53); Esterno
II sin surco longitudinal basimedial..........36
— Fosa axilar usualmente amplia (Fig. 14),
sólo raramente estrecha, no en forma de
ranura; prestigma a lo sumo apenas más
larga que la mitad de la longitud del
pterostigma (Fig. 54); Esterno II con o sin
surco longitudinal basimedial.................38
36.Mesepisterno sin carena epicnemial; palpo
maxilar de 6 segmentos, palpo labial de 4
segmentos. Parazumia de Saussure
(Estados Unidos a Paraguay: 4 especies neotropicales)
— Mesepisterno con carena epicnemial; palpo
maxilar de 5 segmentos, palpo labial de 3
segmentos.............................................37
37.Carena submarginal continua por encima
del orificio propodeal; propódeo con los
Figs. 53-56. 53) Monobia angulosa de Saussure, forewing. 54) Hypodynerus vespiformis (Haliday), forewing.
55) Montezumia azurescens (Spinola), propodeum and metasomal tergum I in posterior view. 56) Monobia
angulosa de Saussure, propodeum and metasomal tergum I in posterior view.
53
54
55 56

69
SETIEMBRE 2002 A KEY TO THE NEOTROPICAL GENERA OF EUMENINAE
angles rounded (Fig. 55).
Montezumia de Saussure
(U.S.A. to Argentina: 47
neotropical species)
— Submarginal carina interrupted at propodeal
orifice; propodeum with lateral angles usu-
ally pointed (Fig. 56).
Monobia de Saussure
(U.S.A. to Argentina: 29
neotropical species)
38.Pronotum with complete oblique humeral
carina (Figs. 52, 57); male antenna with
apical two flagellomeres greatly reduced,
buttonlike or fused (Fig. 57); Sternum II
not strongly sulcate.
Pachodynerus de Saussure, part
(U.S.A. to Argentina: 44
neotropical species)
— Pronotum without oblique humeral carina;
or if partial carina present, male antenna
hooked (Fig. 59) and Sternum II sulcate
(Fig. 58).................................................39
39.Second submarginal cell of forewing with
first and second abscissae of M forming
obtuse basal angle (Fig. 8); metanotum
cristate. Leptochilus de Saussure
(Holarctic; also Central America and North-
ern South America: 4 neotropical species)
ángulos laterales redondeados (Fig. 55).
Montezumia de Saussure
(Estados Unidos a Argentina: 47
especies neotropicales)
— Carena submarginal interrumpida sobre el
orificio propodeal; propódeo con los ángulos
a menudo angulados (Fig. 56).
Monobia de Saussure
(Estados Unidos a Argentina: 29
especies neotropicales)
38.Pronoto con carena humeral oblicua completa
(Figs 52, 57); antena del macho con los dos
flagelómeros apicales reducidos en gran
medida, en forma de botón o fusionados (Fig.
57); Esterno II no fuertemente sulcado.
Pachodynerus de Saussure, en parte
(Estados Unidos a Argentina: 44
especies neotropicales)
— Pronoto sin carena humeral oblicua; si hay
una carena parcial, la antena del macho
termina en un gancho (Fig. 59) y el Esterno
II está sulcado (Fig. 58)..........................39
39.Segunda celda submarginal del ala anterior
con las abscisas primera y segunda de la vena
M formando un ángulo basal obtuso (Fig.
8); metanoto transversalmente crestado.
Leptochilus de Saussure
(holártico; también Centroamérica y norte
de Sudamérica: 4 especies neotropicales)
Figs. 57-58. 57) Pachodynerus brevithorax (de Saussure), head and mesosoma in lateral view. 58) Euodynerus
sp., metasoma in ventral view.
57 58

70 BOL. MUS. NAC. HIST. NAT. PARAG.VOL. 14 (1-2)
— Second submarginal cell with first and sec-
ond abscissae of M forming acute basal
angle (Fig. 9); metanotum rounded dor-
sally......................................................40
40.Pronotum without pretegular carina; Ter-
gum I in dorsal view narrower than succes-
sive terga; Sternum II in profile truncate
(Fig. 4), without basomedian longitudinal
sulcus; submarginal carina projecting above
vavula. Gastrodynerus Bohart
(U.S.A. and Mexico: 4 species; also undescribed
species in South America)
— Pronotum with pretegular carina (Fig. 33),
sometimes poorly developed; other charac-
ters variable..........................................41
41.Tergum I with preapical sulcus; female without
cephalic foveae; anterior face of pronotum
smooth or with shallow medial impressions.....42
— Tergum I usually without preapical sulcus;
or if with weak sulcus or fossa, female with
cephalic foveae (Fig. 16).......................44
42.Cuticle black and shining, without pale
marks; clypeus and dorsum of mesosoma
strongly flattened, planar.
Antezumia de Saussure
(Brazil: 1 species)
— Segunda cela submarginal del ala anterior con las
abscisas primera y segunda de la vena M
formando un ángulo basal agudo (Fig. 9);
metanoto dorsalmente convexo, no crestado... ...40
40.Pronoto sin carena pretegular; Tergo I en
vista dorsal más estrecho que los siguientes
tergos; Esterno II de perfil truncado (Fig.
4), sin sulco basimedial longitudinal; carena
submarginal proyectada por encima de la
válvula. Gastrodynerus Bohart
(Estados Unidos y México: 4 especies; también
especies no descritas en Sudamérica)
— Pronoto con carena pretegular (Fig. 33), a
veces pobremente desarrollada; otros
caracteres variables…….........................41
41.Tergo I con sulco preapical; hembra sin
foveas cefálias; cara enterior del pronoto
lisa o con leves impresiones medias..........42
— Tergo I normalmente sin sulco preapical; si
hay un sulco o fosa leve, hembra con foveas
cefálicas (Fig. 16)...................................44
42.Cutícula negra y brillante, sin marcas
pálidas; clípeo y dorso del mesosoma
marcadamente aplanados.
Antezumia de Saussure
(Brasil: 1 especie)
59 60
Figs. 59-60. 59) Stenonartonia apicipennis (Fox), male antenna. 60) Hypodynerus vespiformis (Haliday), metasoma
in oblique ventral view.

71
SETIEMBRE 2002 A KEY TO THE NEOTROPICAL GENERA OF EUMENINAE
— Cuticle not shining, usually with pale marks;
clypeus and dorsum of mesosoma not flat-
tened.....................................................43
43.Tergum II in dorsal view narrower than
Tergum I anteriorly, appearing emarginate
where terga meet; tegula rounded posteri-
orly, not emarginate adjoining parategula
but covering the latter; without abundant
long black hairs. Cuyodynerus Willink
(Argentina and Bolivia: 2 species)
— Tergum II wider than Tergum I where terga
meet; tegula emarginate adjoining
parategula; usually with abundant long
black hairs. Hypodynerus de Saussure
(Primarily Andean: 47 species)
44.Sternum II strongly truncate basally in pro-
file (Fig. 60), almost tuberculate; Tergum I
without translucent apical border.
Incodynerus Willink
(Andean: 10 species)
— Sternum II usually smoothly convex in pro-
file, never strongly declivous (Fig. 58); Ter-
gum I usually with transparent or translu-
cent apical border, at least laterally (some-
times narrow). Euodynerus Dalla Torre
(mostly Holarctic; Mexico to Costa Rica,
Caribbean: 4 neotropical species)
— Cutícula opaca, normalmente con marcas
pálidas; clípeo y dorso de mesosoma no
aplanados..............................................43
43.Tergo II en vista dorsal más estrecho que el
Tergo I, viéndose escotado en donde se unen
ambos; tégula redondeada posteriormente,
no escotada en la vecindad de la paratégula,
sino cubriéndola; cuerpo sin abundantes
pelos negros. Cuyodynerus Willink
(Argentina y Bolivia: 2 especies)
— Tergo II más ancho que el Tergo I en el punto
de unión de ambos; tégula escotada en la
vecindad de la paratégula; cuerpo usualmente
cubierto de abundantes pelos negros y largos.
Hypodynerus de Saussure
(Principalmente andino: 47 especies)
44.Esterno II de perfil fuertemente truncado en
la base (Fig. 60), casi tuberculado; Tergo I
sin borde apical translúcido.
Incodynerus Willink
(andino: 10 especies)
— Esterno II usualmente de perfil convexo,
nunca en fuerte declive (Fig. 58); Tergo I
usualmente con borde transparente o
translúcido, al menos lateralmente (a veces
estrecho). Euodynerus Dalla Torre
(Sobre todo holártico; México a Costa Rica,
Antillas: 4 especies neotropicales)
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Thanks to Martin Cooper, Charles Porter,
Leopoldo Castro and the late Abraham Willink
for critical comments on earlier versions of this
key. The illustrations were provided by Molly
Rightmyer.
LITERATURE
Ajmat, M. del V. and A. Willink. 1980. El
genero Parazumia Saussure (Hym.
Eumenidae). Acta Zool. Lilloana 36: 81-
86.
Bequaert, J. 1941. Pseudodynerus, a
neotropical complex of eumenine wasps
(Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Am. Mus.
Novitat. 1106: 1-10.
Bohart, R. M. 1980. The Middle American
species of Stenodynerus (Hymenoptera,
Eumenidae). Polskie Pismo Entomol. 50:
71-108.
Bohart, R. M. and L. A. Stange. 1965. A revi-
sion of the genus Zethus Fabricius in the
Western Hemisphere (Hymenoptera:
Eumenidae). Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol.
40: 1-208.
Carpenter, J. M. and J. M. Cumming. 1985. A

72 BOL. MUS. NAC. HIST. NAT. PARAG.VOL. 14 (1-2)
character analysis of the North Ameri-
can potter wasps (Hymenoptera:
Vespidae; Eumeninae). J. Nat. Hist. 19:
877-916.
Carpenter, J. M. and J. van der Vecht. 1991. A
study of the Vespidae described by Wil-
liam J. Fox (Insecta: Hymenoptera), with
assessment of taxonomic implications.
Ann. Carnegie Mus. Nat. Hist. 60: 211-
241.
Cooper, M. 1999a. A new species of Zethus F.
(Hym., Vespidae, Eumeninae) with un-
usual male genitalia. Entomol. Mon.
Mag. 135: 39-42.
Cooper, M. 1999b. New species of Gamma
Zavattari (Hym., Vespidae, Eumeninae).
Entomol. Mon. Mag. 135: 183-186.
Cooper, M. 2001. A new species of
Cuyodynerus Willink (Hym., Vespidae,
Eumeninae) from Bolivia. Entomol.
Mon. Mag. 137: 135.
Cumming, J. M. 1989. Classification and evo-
lution of the eumenine wasp genus
Symmorphus Wesmael (Hymenoptera:
Vespidae). Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can.
148: 1-168.
Garcete Barrett, B. R. 1998 (1997). The real
identity of Discoelius strigosus
costarricensis. J. New York Entomol.
Soc. 105:215-220.
Garcete Barrett, B. R. 2001a. La taxonomía
del género Cephalastor Soika, Parte 1:
El grupo relativus (Hymenoptera:
Vespidae: Eumeninae). Bol. Mus. Nac.
Hist. Nat. Parag. 13: 5-26.
Garcete Barrett, B. R. 2001b. Notes on
neotropical Eumeninae I (Hymenoptera:
Vespidae). Bol. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat.
Parag. 13: 38-40.
Garcete Barrett, B. R. 2002a [in press]. Notes
on neotropical Eumeninae (Hy-
menoptera: Vespidae) II, the genus
Incodynerus Willink. Bol. Mus. Nac.
Hist. Nat. Parag. 14.
Garcete Barrett, B. R. 2002b [in press]. Notas
sobre Eumeninae neotropicales III (Hy-
menoptera: Vespidae). Bol. Mus. Nac.
Hist. Nat. Parag. 14.
Garcete Barrett, B. R. 2002c [in press]. A new
species of Zethus (Hymenoptera:
Vespidae: Eumeninae) from Eastern
Paraguay. Bol. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat.
Parag. 14.
Garcete Barrett, B. R. 2002d [in press]. La
taxonomía del género Cephalastor
Soika, Parte II (Hymenoptera: Vespidae:
Eumeninae). Bol. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat.
Parag. 14.
Giordani Soika, A. 1941. Studi sui Vespidi
solitari. Boll. Soc. Venez. Stor. Nat. 2:
130-279 [II: 153-161; VII: 212-273. ].
Giordani Soika, A. 1964 (1962). Sul genere
Ctenochilus Sauss. Boll. Mus. Civ. Stor.
Nat. Venezia 15: 91-103.
Giordani Soika, A. 1975. Sul genere Zeta
(Sauss.). Boll. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat.
Venezia 27: 111-135.
Giordani Soika, A. 1978. Revisione degli
Eumenidi neotropicali appartenenti ai
generi Eumenes Latr., Omicron (Sauss.),
Pararaphidoglossa [sic] Schulth. ed
affini. Boll. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Venezia
29: 1-420.
Giordani Soika, A. 1982 (1981). Contributo
all conoscenza del genere neotropicale
Hypalastoroides Sauss. (Hym. Vesp.).
Boll. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Venezia 32:
33-59.
Giordani Soika, A. 1990. Revisione degli
Eumenidi neotropicali appartenenti ai
generi Pachymenes Sauss., Santamenes
n. gen., Brachymenes G. S.,
Pseudacaromenes G. S., Stenosigma G.
S. e Gamma Zav. (Hymenoptera). Boll.
Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Venezia 39: 71-172.
Griffin, F. J. 1939. On the dates of publication
of de Saussure (H. de): Etudes sur la
famille des Vespides 1—3. 1852—1858.
J. Soc. Bibl. Nat. Hist. 1: 211—212.
Gusenleitner, J. 1995. Zwei neue
Eumenidenarten aus Mittelamerika (Hy-
menoptera, Vespoidea, Eumenidae).

73
SETIEMBRE 2002 A KEY TO THE NEOTROPICAL GENERA OF EUMENINAE
Linz. Biol. Beitr. 27 (1): 151-157.
Menke, A. S. and L. A. Stange. 1986. Delta
campaniforme rendalli (Bingham) and
Zeta argillaceum argillaceum
(Linnaeus) established in southern
Florida, and comments on generic dis-
cretion in Eumenes s. l. (Hymenoptera:
Vespidae; Eumeninae). Fla. Entomol. 69:
697-702.
Parker, F. D. 1966. A revision of the North
American species in the genus
Leptochilus (Hymenoptera: Eumenidae).
Misc. Publ. Entomol. Soc. Am. 5: 153-
229.
Saussure, H. de. 1852-1853. Études sur la
famille des Vespides. 1. Monographie
des guêpes solitaires, ou de la tribu des
Eumeniens, etc. V. Masson, Paris, and
J. Cherbuliez, Genève, vi + 50 + 206
pp., 22 pls. [See Griffin, 1939, for pub-
lication dates of specific pages.]
Stange, L. A. 1969. Una especie nueva de
Zethus F. de Bolivia, con notas
biologicas (Hymenoptera: Eumenidae).
Acta Zool. Lilloana 25: 161-170.
Stange, L. A. 1975. Los Zethus de Bolivia.
Acta Zool. Lilloana 31: 77-98.
Stange, L. A. 1976. Una nueva especie de
Zethus F. del grupo sichelianus de Peru
(Hymenoptera: Eumenidae). Acta Zool.
Lilloana 32: 67-72.
Stange, L. A. 1978. Los Zethus del desierto
costero de Peru (Hymenoptera:
Eumenidae). Acta Zool. Lilloana 33: 71-
78.
Stange, L. A. 1997. The Zethus of Venezuela
(Hymenoptera: Eumenidae). Ins. Mundi
11 (3-4): 311-324.
Vecht, J. van der.1980. A new species of
Sphaeromenes Giordani Soika (Hy-
menoptera, Eumenidae). Entomol. Ber.,
Amst. 40: 14-16.
Vecht, J. van der and J. M. Carpenter. 1990. A
catalog of the genera of the Vespidae
(Hymenoptera). Zool. Verh., Leiden 260:
3-62.
Willink, A. 1969. Las especies del género
Incodynerus Willink (Hym.,
Eumenidae). Acta Zool. Lilloana 24: 65-
88, figs. 1-12.
Willink, A. 1970. Revisión del género
Hypodynerus Saussure (Hym,
Eumenidae). Acta Zool. Lilloana 25:
227-278, figs. 1-59.
Willink, A. 1978. Revision del género
Hypodynerus Saussure (Hym.,
Eumenidae). III. Grupo de H.
excipiendus (Spinola). Acta Zool.
Lilloana 33: 15-31.
Willink, A. 1982. Revision de los generos
Montezumia Saussure and Monobia
Saussure (Hymenoptera: Eumenidae).
Bol. Acad. Nac. Cienc., Cordoba 55: 3-
321.
Willink, A. and A. Roig-Alsina. 1998. Revi-
sion del genero Pachodynerus Saussure
(Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Eumeninae).
Contrib. Am. Entomol. Inst. 30 (5): 1-
117.
Zavattari, E. 1912. Materialien für eine
Monographie der Neotropischen
Eumeniden. Arch. Naturgesch. 78A (4):
1-272.